DB43∕T 274.2-2019 地理标志产品 雪峰蜜桔 第2部分：生产技术规程(湖南省) 13页

ICS65.020.20B05DB43湖南省地方标准DB43/T274.2—2019代替DB43/T274-2006地理标志产品雪峰蜜桔第2部分：生产技术规程ProductofGeographicalIndication-XuefengOrangePartIIProductionTechnicalRegulations2020-01-08发布2020-03-08实施湖南省市场监督管理局发布 DB43/T274.2—2019目次前言·························································································································································Ⅱ1范围·····················································································································································12规范性引用文件··································································································································13要求·····················································································································································13.1立地条件······································································································································13.2气候特点······································································································································13.3品种··············································································································································13.4园地选择与规划···························································································································14栽植·····················································································································································24.1品种选择······································································································································24.2苗木繁殖······································································································································24.3苗木质量······································································································································24.4栽植时间······································································································································24.5栽植密度······································································································································24.6栽植技术······································································································································25土肥水管理··········································································································································25.1土壤管理······································································································································25.2施肥··············································································································································35.3水分管理······································································································································36整形修剪··············································································································································46.1整形原则······································································································································46.2适宜的树形··································································································································46.3修剪要点······································································································································47花果管理··············································································································································47.1控花控果······································································································································48植物生长调节剂的应用·······················································································································58.1使用原则······································································································································58.2使用植物生长调节剂及技术要求································································································59病虫害防治··········································································································································59.1防治原则······································································································································5I DB43/T274.2—20199.2植物检疫······································································································································59.3农业防治······································································································································59.4物理防治······································································································································59.5生物防治······································································································································69.6化学防治······································································································································610果实采收············································································································································611粗加工················································································································································611.1挑选············································································································································611.2分级············································································································································611.3贮存············································································································································611.4保鲜············································································································································612档案管理············································································································································612.1生产记录····································································································································612.2施肥记录····································································································································612.3记录的保管································································································································7II DB43/T274.2—2019前言本部分按照GB/T1.1—2009给出的规则起草。请注意本部分的某些内容可能涉及专利，本标准发布机构不承担识别这些专利的责任。本部分为DB43/T274的第2部分。本部分由洞口县人民政府提出。本部分由湖南省知识产权局归口。本部分由洞口县市场监督管理局、洞口县农业农村局负责起草。本部分主要起草人：戴伟建、郭顺德、林江仁、廖铭夏、尹呈科、谢建文、张扬、杨庆、李婧铭、邓联清、周连成。III DB43/T274.2—2019地理标志产品雪峰蜜桔第2部分生产技术规程1范围本部分规定了地理标志产品雪峰蜜桔的产地环境要求和生产技术管理措施。本部分适用于地理标志产品雪峰蜜桔的生产。2规范性引用文件规范下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，仅所注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。NY/T496肥料合理食用准则通则NY/T1276农药安全使用规范总则NY5013—2006无公害食品林果类产品产地环境条件NY5016无公害食品柑桔产地环境条件品种和砧木选择GB/T8321农药安全使用准则GB/T9659—2008柑桔嫁接苗的定义与技术条件NY/2044—2011柑橘主要病虫害防治技术规范GB31621食品经营过程卫生规范3要求3.1立地条件保护区范围内海拔600米以下，土壤粘沙适中、疏松肥沃、PH值6.5至7.0，有机质含量≥1.5。3.2气候特点雪峰蜜桔原产地域具有冬季温度高,春季温度回升快的气候特点。年平均气温16.9℃,最低月平均气温2.8℃，极端最低气温-7.3℃,无霜期291d，年降雨量1507.5mm，年平均日照时数1641.9h。3.3品种雪峰蜜桔主要品种包括:宫本、市文、兴津、日南一号、山下红、宫川等特早熟、早熟品种；南柑20、尾张等中熟品种。3.4园地选择与规划3.4.1园地选择园地应位于地理标志保护范围内，其它按NY5013规定执行。3.4.2园地规划1 DB43/T274.2—2019平地及坡度在6度以下的缓坡地，栽植行向为南北向，采用长方形栽植；坡度在6～25度的山地、丘陵地，栽植行的行向与梯地走向相同，采用等高栽植，坡地水平走向应有3‰～5‰的比降，同时要修筑必要的道路、排灌和蓄水设施。4栽植4.1品种选择宫本、市文、日南一号、山下红、兴津、宫川、南柑20、尾张。4.2苗木繁殖以大叶枳壳做砧木嫁接繁殖。4.3苗木质量按GB／T9659规定执行，宜栽植营养床苗或营养砵苗。4.4栽植时间在9月～10月秋梢老熟后和次年2月～3月春梢萌芽前栽植。4.5栽植密度按667㎡栽植的永久的植株数计，宫本、市文、日南一号、山下红、兴津、宫川、南柑20、尾张等特早熱、早熟品种50～70株，株行距3m～3.5m×3.5m～4m，尾张、南柑20、天草、红美人等中、晚熟品种40～50株，株行距3.5m～4m×4.0m～4.5m。4.6栽植技术栽植穴长、宽、深各100cm或长、宽、深各80cm，将苗木的根系和枝叶适度修剪后植入穴中央，扩展根系并扶正，边填土边轻轻向上提高，踏实，使根系与土壤紧贴，培土后在树苗周围淋足、淋透定根水，栽植深度以根茎露出地面5cm～10cm为宜。5土肥水管理5.1土壤管理5.1.1深耕改土、熟化土壤深耕改土在摘果后和次年春梢萌动前进行。从树冠外围滴水线处开始，挖宽40cm～50cm，深60cm～80cm的壕沟或穴沟，回填时混以绿肥、有机肥、土杂肥、秸杆、腐熟的猪牛类及适量石灰等，表土层放在底层，心土层放表层，然后对穴内浇足水分。5.1.2间作或生草提倡柑桔园实行生草制，间种的作物或草类应是与柑桔无共生性病虫，浅根、矮杆，以豆科植物和禾本科牧草为宜，适时深翻埋于土壤或覆盖于树盘。5.1.3覆盖与培土2 DB43/T274.2—2019高温或干旱季节，提倡在树盘内用秸杆覆盖，厚度在5cm～10cm，覆盖物应与根茎部隔开5cm～10cm距离，培土在冬季中耕进行。可培入无污染或经无害化处理的塘泥，沙土或柑桔园附近的肥沃土壤，厚度在8cm～10cm。5.1.4中耕中耕可在夏、秋季和采果后进行，每年中耕1～2次，保持土壤疏松，中耕深度在8cm～15cm左右。5.2施肥5.2.1施肥原则不能施用含氯化肥，多施有机肥，推行测土配方施肥，其他按NY／T496规定执行。5.2.2施肥方法5.2.2.1土壤施肥可采用穴沟施肥、条沟施肥等方法，在树冠滴水线处挖沟（穴），深度20cm～40cm，东西南北对称轮换位置施肥，有微喷和滴灌设施的柑桔园，可进行灌溉施肥。5.2.2.2叶面追肥在不同的生长发育期，选用不同种类的肥料进行叶面追肥，春梢抽发期、花期以喷施硼、锌、镁肥为主，其他时期以缺补缺，高温干旱期应使用低浓度肥料，果实采收前20天内停止叶面追肥。5.2.2.3幼树施肥以氮肥为主，配合施用磷、钾肥，少量多次。春梢、夏梢、秋梢抽生期施肥4次～6次，顶芽自剪至新梢转绿前增加根外追肥，有冻害的地区，8月以后停止施用氮肥。1年～3年生幼树单株年施纯氮100g～400g，氮、磷、钾比例以1：0.25～0.3：0.5为宜。施肥量应由少到多逐年增加。5.2.2.4结果树施肥5.2.2.4.1施肥量以产果100kg计施纯氮0.6kg～0.8kg，氮、磷、钾比例以1：0.4～0.5：1为宜。5.2.2.4.2施肥时间及技术采果后，施好冬肥。肥料以腐熟的猪牛粪等有机肥为主，氮施用量占全年的20％～40％，磷施用量占全年的20％～25％，钾施用量占全年的30％；春肥（萌芽前）以氮、磷为主，氮施用量占全年的20％，磷施用量占全年的40％，钾施用量占全年的20％；稳（壮）果肥，施含钾量高的腐熟的饼肥为主，配合施用磷肥，提高品质，氮施用量占全年的40％～60％，磷施用量占全年的35％，钾施用量占全年的50％。5.3水分管理5.3.1灌水5.3.1.1要求灌溉水的水质应符合NY/5016规定柑桔树在春梢萌动及开花期（3月～5月）和果实膨大期（7月～10月）对水分敏感，此时若发生3 DB43/T274.2—2019干旱，应及时灌溉抗旱。5.3.1.2排水多雨季节或果园低洼地有积水时，应及时开沟排水，降低土壤含水量，提高果实品质。6整形修剪6.1整形原则因地制宜，因树因品种修剪，成林桔园采用大枝回缩修剪技术修剪，达到通风透光，立体结果，省力增效的目的。6.2适宜的树形有变侧主干形，自然开心形，多主枝放射形。6.3修剪要点6.3.1幼树期以轻剪为主，选定类中央主枝、副主枝延长后，对其进行中度至重度短截，并以短截程度和剪口芽方向调节各主枝之间生长势的平衡，轻剪其余枝梢，避免过多的疏剪和重短截，除对过密枝群作适当疏删外，内膛枝和树冠中下部较弱的一般均应保留。6.3.2初结果期继续选择和短截处理各级骨干枝延长枝，抹除夏梢，促长健壮梢，对过长的营养枝留8片～10片叶及时摘心，回缩或短截结果后培养结果枝组，抽生较多夏、秋梢营养枝时，采用三三制处理，即短截三分之一生长势强的，疏去三分之一衰弱的，保留三分之一中庸的。秋季对旺长树采用断根、控水等促花措施。6.3.3盛果期及时回缩结果枝组，落花落果枝组及衰退枝组，剪除枯枝、病虫枝，对较拥挤的干枝适当疏剪开出“天窗”，将光线引入树冠内膛，对当年抽生的夏、秋梢营养枝，通过短截其中部分枝梢或三三制处理调节翌年产量，防止大小年结果，花量较大的适量疏花或疏果，对无叶组在重疏删基础上，对大部分或全部枝梢短梢处理。7花果管理7.1控花控果7.1.1控花7.1.1.1抑花：冬季修剪以短截、回缩为主；进行花前复剪，强枝适当多留花，弱枝少留或不留，有叶单花多留，无叶花少留或不留；抹除畸形花、病虫花等。7.1.1.2促花：可在秋季采用环割、扭枝、控水或施用促花剂等措施促进幼旺树花芽分化。7.1.2控果4 DB43/T274.2—20197.1.2.1保花保果：适当抹除春梢营养枝谢花期和幼果期喷用保花保果剂、硼肥等。7.1.2.2提倡人工疏果。第一次疏果在第一次生理落果后，只疏除小果、病虫果、畸形果、密弱果；第二次疏果在第二次生理落果结束后，根据叶果比进行疏果。适宜的叶果比为：特早熟、早熟品种温州蜜桔30～35：1，中熟温州蜜桔20～25：1，弱树叶果比适度加大。7.1.2.3果实套袋提倡果实套袋，套袋适期为6月下旬～7月中旬（生理落果结束后），套袋前应根据病虫害发生情况全面喷药1次～2次。喷药后及时选择生长正常、健壮的果实进行套袋。纸袋要选择抗风吹雨淋、通气性好柑桔专用纸袋，以单层袋为宜。果实采摘前15天左右摘袋。8植物生长调节剂的应用8.1使用原则允许有限度使用能改善树体生长状况，提高产量，改善品质，并对环境和人体健康无害的生长调节剂。8.2使用植物生长调节剂及技术要求。8.2.1主要种类赤霉素类、乙稀利、矮壮素等。8.2.2使用要求严格按照规定的浓度、时间使用，每年可使用一次，安全间隔期在20天以上。8.2.3禁止使用的植物生长调节剂比久、荼乙酸、2、4－D等。9病虫害防治9.1防治原则积极贯彻“预防为主、综合防治”的植保方针。以农业防治、物理防治为基础，生物防治为核心，按照病虫害的发生规律和经济价值，科学使用化学防治技术，有效控制病虫危害。9.2植物检疫严禁检疫性病虫害传入，严禁从疫区调运苗木、接穗、果实和种子。9.3农业防治9.3.1种植防护林选用抗病品种、砧木，园内间作和生草栽培。9.3.2实施翻土、修剪、清园、排水、控梢等农业措施，减少病虫源，加强栽培管理，増强树势，提高树体自身抗病能力。提高采果质量，减少果实伤口，降低果实腐烂率。9.4物理防治5 DB43/T274.2—2019应用灯光防治害虫、应用趋化性防治害虫、应用色彩板防治虫、人工捕捉。9.5生物防治9.5.1人工引移繁殖释放天敌。9.5.1应用生物农药和矿物源农药。9.5.2利用性诱剂。9.5.3生态控制。9.6化学防治9.6.1农药种类选择：不应使用高毒、高残留农药，9.6.2使用药剂防治应符合NY/T1276—2007、GB/T8321（所有部分）的要求。9.6.3农药使用：对主要虫害防治，建议在适宜时期用药，病害防治发病初期进行，防治时期严格控制安全间隔期、施药费和施药次数，注意不同作用机理的农药交替使用和合理混用，避免产生抗药性。10果实采收安全间隔期满后，鲜销果在果实正常成熟，表现出本品种固有的品质特征（色泽，香味、气味和口感等）时采收，贮藏果比鲜销果宜早7天～10天采收，用圆头果剪采果，要求一果两剪，果蒂平齐。11粗加工11.1挑选对有机械损伤、病虫害及粗皮的果实进行筛选。11.2分级按NY/2044—2011标准执行。11.3贮存温度：产品贮存期，库内温度应保持在5℃～8℃。湿度：产品贮存期，库内相对湿度为85％～90％。通风：贮藏库应设有二个以上能开关的通风窗口，每日通风时间不低于1h。11.4保鲜严禁打蜡，保鲜技术应符合有关国家规定其他符合GB31621的规定。12档案管理12.1生产记录农产品生产企业、农民专业合作经济组织和农产品生产者应建立农产品生产记录，记录内容主要包括：使用农业投入品的名称、来源、用法、用量和使用、停用的日期；病虫草害的发生和防治情况；产品收获日期。12.2施肥记录施肥记录内容主要包括：肥料名称、养分含量、来源、用法、用量、使用次数和日期、使用人等情况。6 DB43/T274.2—201912.3记录的保管农产品生产记录应当保存二年，禁止任何单位或个人伪造农产品生产记录。7