“2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告 73页

HUAZHONGAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITY硕士学位论文MASTER’SDEGREEDISSERTATION“2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告REPORTONTRANSLATIONOFPPTFORTRAININGCOURSEONBEEPRODUCTIONANDGRAINANDOILCROPSBOOSTINGCOMPREHENSIVETECHNOLOGYFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,2017研究生:雷雪CANDIDATE：LEIXUE学号:2016312120015STUDENTNO.：专业:翻译硕士MAJOR：MASTEROFTRANSLATIONANDINTERPRETING导师:张瑞嵘副教授SUPERVISOR：ASSOCIATEPROFESSORZHANGRUIRONG中国武汉WUHAN，CHINA二○一八年六月JUNE，2018 华中农业大学硕士学位论文“2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告REPORTONTRANSLATIONOFPPTFORTRAININGCOURSEONBEEPRODUCTIONANDGRAINANDOILCROPSBOOSTINGCOMPREHENSIVETECHNOLOGYFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,2017研究生:雷雪学号:2016312120015指导教师:张瑞嵘副教授学位类型:翻译硕士领域：英语笔译华中农业大学外国语学院中国·武汉CollegeofForeignLanguages,HuazhongAgriculturalUniversityWuhan,China “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告ContentsAbstract................................................................................................................................i摘要..................................................................................................................................IIntroduction........................................................................................................................11.ProjectDescription.........................................................................................................31.1BackgroundoftheProject.......................................................................................31.2ContentoftheProject..............................................................................................31.3SignificanceoftheProject.......................................................................................42.ProcessDescription........................................................................................................52.1Preparation...............................................................................................................52.1.1AnalysisofSourceTexts...............................................................................52.1.2AnalysisofParallelTexts..............................................................................72.2TranslatingandProofreading................................................................................102.2.1Translating...................................................................................................102.2.2Proofreading................................................................................................113.TheoreticalFramework...............................................................................................123.1ContentofHuangZhonglian’sTheoryofTranslationVariation123.2SevenAppropriatedAdaptations...........................................................................134.CaseStudy.....................................................................................................................164.1SelectiveTranlation...............................................................................................174.2CondensedTranslation..........................................................................................194.3TranslationandEditing.........................................................................................204.3.1TranslationandEditingatMicrolevel........................................................214.3.2TranslationandEditingatMacrolevel.......................................................234.4ExplanatoryTranslation........................................................................................25Conclusion.........................................................................................................................27References..........................................................................................................................28Appendix:sourcetextsandtargettexts.........................................................................29Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................31I “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告AbstractPowerPointhasbecomeamajormediaandtoolforvariouscoursesandlectures.Itrequiresconciselanguageandsometimestheexplanationfromtablesorpictureswhichbringschallengestotranslatorsthroughvariousformsoftranslation,complicatedproceduresandcontentofdifferentfieldswhichcontainsalargeamountofterminologiesandprofessionalknowledge.Besidesconsolidatedbilingualbasisandtranslationskills,thetranslatorsarealsorequiredtohavecomprehensiveabilityoftranslating.ThustranslationofPPTdemonstratesthechallengesposedtotranslatorsinthenewera.FortranslationofPPT,ithassimilaritywithtranslationofcommoninformativetexts---objectivenessandfaithfulness.Butthelimitedspaceofslidesandlimitednumberofwordsontheslidesbringsomevariationtothetranslation.However,mostofcollegesoruniversitiesgivelittleconcerntotranslationofPowerPoint.ThuswecansaythatresearchontranslationofPowerPointisrelativelylaggedbehind.Thisreportisbasedonthetranslationpracticeofagriculturalforeignaidin2017.GuidedbyHuangZhonglian’sTranslationVariation,thereportfocusesonthecharacteristicsoftheoriginaltextandtheinterpretationonsiteandfurtherdiscussesthebettermethodtogivetargetreadersabetterunderstanding,inconsiderationoftheeducationdegreeofthemandwithinsuchalimitedspace,thusdeliveringamorecompletedclass.Inthemeantimewecanprovidesomereferencesforlaterrelatedtranslationpractice.Keywords:translationofforeignaid;informativetext;translationofPPT;translationvariatiI “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告摘要PPT如今已经成为课堂或各种培训的主要辅助工具和沟通媒介，幻灯片图文并茂，要求语言简洁干练，同时对译员在处理文本格式、图片翻译等方面提出了要求。因此，PPT课件翻译较好地呈现新时代背景下译员面对的挑战。从课件PPT的翻译来讲，既有与传统信息型文本翻译的相同之处，即其客观准确的真实性原则，但同时PPT版面大小和字数限制也对译文的展示形式产生影响。但目前，大多数院校的翻译专业对于PPT课件翻译都涉猎甚少，可以说在这方面的研究相对滞后。本文基于笔者于2017年参与的农业对外援助项目的课件英译翻译实践，以黄忠廉的变译理论为理论指导，关注原文文本类型特点以及现场的口译辅助工作，结合受训者自身特点，对此次项目中课件翻译中所采取的翻译策略进行探讨，并进一步探讨在课件PPT这种信息型文本但又篇幅小的情况下如何让目的语读者更好理解，以期在考虑到目的语读者文化程度的情况下，将课堂内容完整传递，达到较好的课堂效果。同时为后来的相关翻译者提供一些借鉴和启发。关键词：信息型文本；PPT课件翻译；变译理论；翻译策略i “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告IntroductionPPThasbecomeamajorassistanceandcommunicativemediainanassortmentofclassesandtrainingcourses.Itdeliversvisualoutputinbothpicturesandwordsandrequiresconciselanguage.Besides,itasksfortheabilityoftranslatorstodealwithtextformatandpictures.Therefore,translationofPPTdemonstratesthechallengesposedtotranslatorsagainstthebackdropofanewera.Atthispoint,however,thestudiesonthetranslationofPPTarestillinsufficientthusleadingtounguaranteedqualityofPPTtranslation,whichhasgreatlyreducedtheefficiencyofknowledgedeliveryandadverselyaffectedthecourseeffect.Currently,studiesconcerningtranslationofPPTmostlywerefromtheperspectiveoftypologyofthePPTormultimodalityofPPT.Severalrelativepaperswerepublished,diggingintotheexteriorassistanceforthetranslationofPowerPoint.Inthepastdecade,althoughresearcheshavebeentakenfrommultiplerespects,fewintegratedthefeaturesofPowerPointandcharacteristicsofthetargetaudience.Therefore,researchontranslationofPPTcoursewareremainsinsufficient.BasedontranslationpracticeinChinaforeignaidprogram“TrainingCourseonBeeProductionandGrainandOilCropsBoostingComprehensiveTechnologyforDevelopingCountries,2017”,thisreportmainlydiscussesthewaytoguaranteearelativelyhigheracceptabilityfromaudienceandreducetheinfluenceofculturalandlanguagebarrierstoboostthecourseeffect.WiththeguidanceofHuangZhonglian’stheoryoftranslationvariation,thisreport,byincorporatingfeaturesofthesourcetext,culturalenvironmentofthetargetaudienceandtheassistanceofon-siteinterpretation,aimstorevealthetranslationstrategiesandmethodsfortranslatingPPT.Thereportconsistsoffourparts.Thefirstpartintroducesthebackground,contentandsignificanceofthistranslationproject.Thesecondpartdiscussesthetaskperforming,includingpreparation,translationandproofreadingprocesses,andtalksaboutthedistinctivefeaturesoftranslationofPowerPointcoursewarefromtheperspectivesofintratextualfactorssuchasformatandcontentofthetextandextratextualfactorsincludingthepurposeofteaching,demandoftargetaudienceandassistanceofon-siteinterpretation.ThethirdpartintroducesHuangZhonglian’stheoryofTranslationvariation,pointingoutthattranslationofPPTisdifferentfromcompletetranslationbutbelongstotranslationvariation.Initstranslationprocess,suchmethodsasdeletion,1 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文contractionandadaptationshouldbeused.TheforthparttakessomeexamplesfromPowerPointcoursewareof“TrainingCourseonBeeProductionandGrainandOilCropsBoostingComprehensiveTechnologyforDevelopingCountries,2017”toanalyzeEnglishtranslationofPPT,andprovidesomeskillstofacilitateteachingandenhancecourseeffect.Atlast,thereportmakesasummaryonthetranslationprojectandgivesuggestionsforfuturetranslation.2 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告1.TaskDescription1.1BackgroundoftheProjectAgriculturalforeignaidprogramshasalwaysbeenanintegralpartinChina’sforeignaidandplaysaleadingroleinalleviatingpovertyandimprovingpeople’slivelihoodinotherdevelopingcountries.ThishasmakeitaadvantageousresourcesinChina’sagriculturaldiplomacy.WiththeraiseofChina’sstatusininternationalaidandthelaunchofBeltandRoadInitiativeandGoingGlobalStrategy,theeffectiveimplementationofforeignaid,especiallyagriculturalforeignaidbecomescritical.SponsoredbytheMinistryofCommerceofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandtheMinistryofCommerceofHunanProvince,“TrainingCourseonBeeProductionandGrainandOilCropsBoostingComprehensiveTechnologyforDevelopingCountries,2017”wasorganizedbyHunanAgriculturalGroup.TheauthorisresponsibleforthetranslationofPPTcoursewareofthetrainingcourseandon-siteinterpretationofclassesandvisitsandisrequiredtodeliveraccurateandrelativelycompletetranslationtoachievetheoptimizedcourseeffect.1.2ContentoftheProjectBasedonChina’sforeignaidprogramtodevelopingcountries,thistranslationprojectrequireshighqualityrenderingofcoursePowerPoint.Itinvolves2fieldsofknowledge,includingbeeproductiontechnologyandgrainandoilcropsboostingcomprehensivetechnology.ThesePPTshave50,000wordsintotal,andaretranslatedby2oftheprojectstaffintheprogram.TheauthorisresponsibleforthetranslationofPPTforHigh-efficiencyCultivationofRapeseeds,TheoryandTechnologyofHigh-yieldCultivationofHybridRice,ManagementofApiariesandOverviewofResourcesandIndustriesofHunanProvince,whichhavemorethan10000wordsandmainlyintroducestheproductionofgrainandoilcrops,requirementforhigh-yieldcultivationofthesecrops,theoryandtechnologyforsuchcultivation.Thetranslationtaskisfinishedin30days,aperiodinwhichamajorityofclasseswereheld,andtheprocessiscomprisedofpreparation,translationandproofreading.Sincethesourcetextinvolvesalargenumberof3 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文agriculturaltermsandbearsdistinctivefeatures,theauthorsearchedsomeparalleltextsandanalyzedthelinguisticfeaturesofbothChineseandEnglishagriculturaltextsandthetranslationofPPTcoursewarebeforetranslation.Aftertranslation,ithasbeenproofreadandrevisedforseveraltimes,inordertoguaranteetheaccuracyandsmoothnessoftargettexts.1.3SignificanceoftheProjectChina’sforeignaidprogramprovidesaseriesoftrainingcoursesfordevelopingcountries.Basedonthisprogram,thetranslationprojectisbeneficialinthefollowingaspects.Firstly,itprovidesguidancetoparticipantsofthetrainingcourse.Asakindofinformativetext,thePPTsofagriculturaltrainingcoursesconveyaccurateinformationtohelpparticipantsgainknowledgeofrelatedfields.ItimprovestheefficiencyofknowledgedeliveryandsetagoodimageofChinesegovernment.Secondly,throughthistranslationproject,theauthoracquiressomeprofessionalknowledgeofagriculturefieldandgainsexperienceoftranslatingPPTcourseware,thuslayingasolidfoundationforthefollowingtranslationpractice.Thirdly,thistranslationpracticeprovidessomereferenceforothertranslators.Inordertomeettargetusers’needandhelpteachersdeliverknowledge,theauthoradoptedsomemethodsandskillsintheprocess.ThisskillscanalsobeusedbyothertranslatorswhentheytranslatesimilarPowerPointcourseware,soastoachieveoptimizedcourseeffect.4 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告2.TranslationProcess2.1PreparationGoodpreparatoryworkisvitalfortranslationpractice.Beforetranslation,theauthoranalyzedthelinguisticfeaturesofbothsourcetextsandparalleltexts.Whenconductingsuchanalysis,intratextualandextratextualfactorsarealsoconsideredastheyhavesignificantinfluenceonthetranslationofthesourcetext.2.1.1AnalysisofSourceTextsPPTisthedefaultfileformatofPowerPointinMicrosoftOffice.Itismainlyusedassupportwhenpeoplearemakingaspeech.Inmoderneducation,PowerPointisfrequentlyusedwhenpreparingcoursewaretohelpguaranteeahigh-qualityclass.Ithastwofunctions:oneistoconveytheinformationthatthespeaker(teachers)wanttodelivertotheaudience(participants)inaconciseway,realizingagoodcourseeffect;theotheristopresentaccurateinformationthatwillmakeiteasierfortargetaudiencetounderstand.Agro-techPPTbearsitsdistinctivefeaturesasithashugedifferencefromPPTforbusinesspresentation.Businesspresentation,fromitsnature,iscloselyrelatedtomarketing,thereforecontainsadvertisementandcatchwordstoarousetheresonanceamongcustomers.Onthecontrary,fancywordsarenotneededforagro-techpresentationtoattracttheaudiencewhileplainandconciselanguageandobjectivedescriptionwithoutemotionsarerequired.Alsosuchkindoftextsfeaturewordswithstablelexicalmeaningsandrigorousstandards.PPTcoursewareiscategorizedasinformativetextandthedeliveryofitsinformationshouldnotbeaffectedbyotherfactors.Butstillsomeintratextualfactorsincludingformandcontentandextratextualfactorssuchaslengthofteaching,demandandeducationleveloftargetaudienceandassistanceofon-siteinterpretationwillbringmuchinfluencetoitsmanifestation.(1)ContentThecontentofPowerPointofthisprojectismainlyaboutagriculturaltechnology.Asakindofinformativetextsinagriculture,thelinguisticfeaturesoftheoriginaltextincludealargeamountofterminologyandprofessionalexpressions,precision,andconcisenessatlexicallevelandthestandardizedlanguage,objectivenessandlogicalness5 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文insyntax.Moreover,allofthesearepresentedinseveralslideswhichmeansahighconcentrationofinformationinalimitedspace.AccordingtoLeech(1983),“weshouldreducewherepossibletomakethetimeandeffortforencodinganddecodingisatitsminimumsothatthecommunicationcanbequickandeasy”.(2)LengthofteachingInthistrainingcourse,theclassisusuallyarrangedinahalfdaywith2periods,80minuteseach.Normally,20minutesbeforetheendoftheclass,therewillbeaQ&Apartforteachertoanswerquestionsfromparticipants,sothetotalteachingtimeisabout140minutesforatopicwithabout120slides.ThatmeansthePowerPointshouldcontainmostofthecontenttheteacherwilldeliversothattheteachercanmakethemostofthelimitedtimeinclass.(3)DemandoftheaudienceAccordingtoHatim,thecenteroftranslationshouldbetarget-textreadersandtheproducttheyreadshouldbedifferentinaccordancewiththeirmotivationandpurpose.Toachievethebesteffectthetranslatorsdesires,wemustbearthereaders’needsinmind.Inthistrainingcourse,thereare54participantsfrom13developingcountries.Formostofthem,thepurposeofthisvisitinChinaistolearntheadvancedtechnologyofbeekeepingandthehigh-yieldingcultivationofgrainandoilcrops.Besides,theywouldalsoliketoknowiftheycouldintroducesomeofthetechnologyorimportsomeofthegoodproductstotheircountryoriftherecouldbepossibilityofcooperationinanyform.ThePPTusuallycontainsthetechnologicalpartandthecooperation-relatedquestionwillsavefortheQ&Apart.(4)EducationleveloftheaudienceParticipantsinthistrainingcoursecomefromdevelopingcountriesinNorthAmerica,AsiaandAfrica,includingGrenada,SouthSudan,Panama,Nepal,Uzbekistan,Jamaica,Samoa,SriLankaandUganda.OnlyveryfewofthemspeakEnglishasmotherlanguage,whilemostofthemdon’t.EventhosewhospeakEnglishasnativelanguagecannotwriteinEnglish.Andtheyareagriculturalpractitionerandfarmers.Althoughafewareprofessors,theycannotspeakfluentEnglish.Sohereisaspecialculturalenvironmentthatthetranslatorshouldadaptto.AccordingtoSunYifeng(2012),iftheculturalenvironmentofthetarget-textreadersarenotgivenenoughattentiontoorevenignored,theacceptabilitywillbeundermined.So“thetranslatorneedtotakeafullconsiderationofcross-culturalbarriersandtargetreaders’languagecustom”(Hempel,2009:11),soastodeliveranaccurateandunderstandablerendition.6 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告(5)On-siteinterpretationWhiletheteachersaregivinglecturesinChinese,theinterpreterwilldoconsecutiveinterpretationtohelpparticipantsunderstandthelectures.Thatmeanssomeofthecontentisshowninkeywords,insteadofcompletesentences,withsomeinformationaddedbytheteacherandinterpreterinclass.Forthispart,thetranslator/interpretershoulddoadjustmenttocontentofthePPT.2.1.2AnalysisofParallelTextsAccordingtoGöpferich(1999:184),paralleltextreferstooriginaltextsofdifferentlanguages,thatarewrittenbycompetentnativespeakersinthebestofcases,theyresembleoneanotherinthetopictheydiscussandintheircommunicativefunction,i.e.theybelongtothesametexttype,andarenottranslationsofoneanother.Itconcernstheknowledge(cultural,specialorother)activatedbyandneededforunderstandingthesourcetext,andthecontextofknowledgewithinwhichthetargettextwillfunctionasatranslationandalsoconstitutethecontextintowhichthetargettextwillbeembeddedinthereproductionphaseofthetranslationprocess.Therefore,itisofgreatsignificancetoanalyzetheparalleltextbeforeconductingtranslation.Becausetherearefewparalleltextwithexactsameformsandfunctions,so2typesofparalleltextswithsimilarfunctionsandformswerecollectedrespectively.Becausethisisatrainingcourseofagriculturaltechnology,agro-techrelatedtextsweretakenasoneofthemostimportantparalleltexts.ThesourcetextwastobeusedascoursewareintheformofPowerPoint,thereforecoursePPTswerealsocollectedtobetakenasreference.First,theauthorsearchedthecourse-relatedkeywordssuchashybridriceandbeekeepinginGoogleandgetsomewebsitesandpapersaboutthesetopicsbutallofthesedidn’tgiveenoughinformation.Thentheauthorsuddenlyrealizethatinforeigncountriesthereareusuallymanualsincertainfieldtogiveinstructiontobeginners.Thentheauthorput“manualfor”beforethekeywordswhensearchingonGoogleandgetmanyusefulparalleltextsforthetranslationtask.Throughcomparisonandidentification,threeofthemwerechosenforreference.TheyareManualforHybridRiceProduction,APracticalManuelofBeekeepingandBasicBeekeepingManual.AndbeforetheholdingofTrainingCourseonBeeProductionandGrainandOilCropsBoostingComprehensiveTechnologyforDevelopingCountries,2017,thecompanyorganizedseveralothertrainingcourses,thereforetherearesometranslatedPPTcoursewareathand,3ofthem7 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文areselectedasreference,includingPlantingandProcessingofPeanuts,High-yieldCultivationTechniquesofMaizeandBeeBiology.Atlexicallevel,theagro-techtextsemployalargenumberoftechnicaltermsandpropernames,coveringawiderange.Whileatsyntacticallevel,itfeaturesalargeamountofpassivevoiceandnominalization.(1)TechnicaltermsandpropernamesJustasthenameofthistypeoftexttellsus,agro-techtextsareusedtointroduceagriculturalproductionandtechnology.Inevitably,therewillbeterminologythatbelongstocertainfields.Forexample,inparalleltextofAPracticalManuelofBeekeeping,propernameslike“waxmoth(蜡螟）”，“AmericanFoulBrood(AFB)（美洲幼虫腐臭病）”“super（继箱）”and“Bacillusthuringiensis（苏云金杆菌）”arefrequentlyusedtointroducehowtopreventandcontroldiseasesandpestsinapiary.Besides,beekeepingandhybridricerelatedtopicsalsoinvolveothersubjectssuchasbiologyandmeteorology,inordertoteachbeekeepershowtobuildapiaryaccordingtohoneybees’bodystructureandfarmerstoseedlingorharvestinginaccordancetochangesofweather.(2)PassiveVoiceThecontentofagro-techtextsareintroductionofconceptsofcertainfield,researchresultsorstatementsofagriculturalortechnologicalfactswhichisofhighobjectivity.Thus,syntactically,passivevoiceisverycommonlyusedinagro-techtexts.Herearetwoexamples:Eg.1:Pollinationcanbeachievedonlybyusinglargenumbersofhoney-bees(只有大量蜜蜂共同工作才能够完成授粉）Eg.2：Buckwheathoneyhasbeenfoundinclinicaltrialstobemoreeffectiveasacoughtreatmentthanmanyover-the-countercoughmedicines.（临床试验发现，荞麦蜜比大多数非处方药治愈咳嗽的效果更好）ThetwoexamplesabovecomefromtheparalleltextAPracticalManuelofBeekeeping.Ontheonehand,subjectivenessaregreatlyreducedinpassivevoicesothatthestatementismorelogicandrigorous.Ontheotherhand,inmostcases,sentenceswritteninpassivevoiceisshorterandconciserthanthoseinactivevoice,andbyputtingthemostimportantthingatthebeginningofthesentence,wemaketheobjectivematterthatwearearguingaboutmoreprominentandmoreattractivetoreaders.(3)NominalizationStructure8 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告Textsofagriculturalsciencesismainlyabouttheresearchanddevelopmentonplantbreedingandgenetics,horticulture,productiontechniques,biologyofagriculturalcropsandanimals,etc.whichfeaturesobjectiveness,precisionandaccuracy.AccordingtoHalliday(1988),nominalizationareoftenusedinagro-techtextsrepresentingeventsandqualitiesofobjectsandsuchstructurepackscomplexinformationintoacompactunit.Herearetwoexamples:Eg1:Theendospermisafoodreserveforthegerminatingembryoduringitsearlygrowth.(胚乳储存胚胎发育早期所需营养）Eg2:Pollinationisthefirststepinreproduction.(授粉是繁殖的第一步）Botheg1andeg2employnominalizationstructure,foritisnotonlyshortandlucidbutalsoimpersonal.Itplaysakeyroleinconstitutingtechnicalityinscientificdiscourse.PPTcoursewareasPowerPointfilealsohasitsownfeature.Oneofthemoststrikingfeaturesisthelimitedspaceoneachslide.Normally,fontsizeonPPTshouldnolessthan28pointssothatevenpeoplesitatthebackrowcanseeitclearly.Thatmeans,ononePPTslide,thereare110Englishwordsatmost,whichisthenumberofwordsthatisfarfromenoughforexplainingsomeconceptsorgivingdetailedinformationaboutcertainthingsinmostcases.Especiallyforagro-techPPTs,theycontainlargeamountofinformationsothemostcommonwayofpresentingsuchkindofinformationisthroughkeywordsorbulletpointssometimesevengraphsbutnotcompletesentences.Notonlydoesthiscutconcentratedinformationintosmallpartsbutalsoavoiddistractionfromblocksoftexts,thereforehelpspeakersachieveoptimizedeffects.Herearetwoexamples:Eg1:ChineseversionofoneofthePPTslidesfromPlantingandProcessingofPeanuts:花生属于豆科，一年生草本，又名落花生、地豆、地果，皆因其生长特性得名。花生先在地上开花，花落后才在地下结果。又因花生营养丰富，能增进人体健康，延年益寿的功能，故民间又称为“长生果”。花生主要生长在热带和亚热带，以及地中海沿岸。它是我国最主要的油料作物之一，主要产区在黄河流域的中下游，在山东、河北、河南、江苏、广东、广西等省，产量较多，辽宁、四川、安徽、湖南等省也生产不少。EnglishversionofthesamePPTslide:Peanutismemberoflegumefamily,andisannualherb.Peanutsarerichinnutrition.PeanutsgrowintropicalandsubtropicalregionsandtheMediterraneancoast.9 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文Plantingarea:ThepeanutisoneofthemajoroilcropsinChinaanditsmainplantingareasareShangdong,Hebei,Henan,Jiangsu,Gugangdong,Guangxiprovincesandsoon.InsomeplacesinLiangning,Sichuan,Anhui,Hunanprovinces,peanutsarealsoplanted.Eg2:ChineseversionofoneofthePPTslidesfromBeeBiology:蜂王和工蜂幼虫饲料在生物蝶呤、新蝶呤和泛酸等含量上存在差异。每克幼虫食物中泛酸、生物蝶呤和新蝶呤含量,蜂王和工蜂分别为110μg~320μg、25μg、3μg和24μg~26μg、4μg、0.3μgEnglishversionofthesamePPTslide:CasteofbeesQueenlarvaeWorkerlarvae(/g)(/g)Ingredientspantothenicacid4μg0.3μgbiopertin110μg～320μg25μgneopertin3μg24μg～26μgBothtwoexampleshaveahighdensityininformationandtherenderingoftheminbulletpointsandtablemakesthemmuchclearerforaudience.ThusEffectivelycuttinginformationapartisaveryprominentfeatureinPPTtexts.Throughanalysis,itcanbefoundthattheagro-techPPTcoursewarebearcertainlexicalandsyntacticalfeaturesofagriculturalsciencesanddistinctivefeaturesthattheformofPPTbrings.Whenconducttranslation,thetranslatorshouldbearthesefeaturesinmind,andincreasetheaccuracyandreadabilityoftargettextsasmuchaspossible.2.2TranslatingandProofreading2.2.1TranslatingSincethesourcetextsinvolvealargenumberofagriculturaltermsandabbreviations,agriculturaldictionariesarequitenecessaryforthetranslatorswhoarenotfamiliarwiththisfield.Beforetranslation,theauthorchoseseveralprinteddictionariesforreference,includingAConciseEnglish-ChineseAgriculturalDictionary,10 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告English-ChineseDictionaryofAgriculture,TheBritishFarmer"sCyclopaedia,AChinese-EnglishClassifiedDictionaryofAgriculture.Whentranslatingsomestrangeagriculturalterms,theauthorwouldrefertoprintedspecifieddictionariesforaccurateexpressionofthoseterms,andmakeaglossaryforfollowinguse.Besides,therearesomeagriculturaltermsthatarenotadequatelycoveredintheprinteddictionaries.Asfortheseterms,theauthorresortedtoonlinereferencetools,suchasGoogle,Bing,EudicDictionary,YoudaoDictionaryandLinguee,toensuretheaccuratetranslationofthem.Atfirstplace,theauthorgotseveralexpressionofatermthroughYoudaoandLinguee.Then,theauthorputthesewordsintoBingonebyone,andseesiftheycanbefoundinnativeEnglishorAmericanwebsites.Themostfrequentlyusedexpressionswerechosefortranslation.Withthehelpofthesetools,thetranslationdifficultyofagriculturetermsisresolved.2.2.2ProofreadingProofreadingisnecessaryforhigh-qualitytranslatedtexts.Aftertranslation,thetargettextsweresubmittedtosupervisorandprofessionalsincludingthelecturerforproofreading.Atfirstplace,theauthorchecksthetranslatedtextbyherself,mainlycheckingthegrammaticalmistakes,contentomissionandinappropriateexpressions.Then,afterdoublecheckbyanothertranslatorandthesupervisor,someissuethatarenotsureaboutarediscussed,especiallythoseinvolvingtranslationandtargetreaders.Throughdiscussion,someminorproblemscanberesolved.Finally,thetextsweresubmittedtoprofessionalsorlecturers,whofoundoutproblemsinprofessionalknowledgeandgavesuggestionsforcorrection.ProfessionalknowledgeisvitalforagriculturalPPTcoursewaretranslation.Inordertoensuretheaccuracyoftranslatedtexts,thetextwasfinallyexaminedbyprofessionals,whopossessknowledgeaboutspecificfieldsofthetrainingcourseandrichtranslationexperience.Afterreceivingtheirfeedback,theauthorrevisedtherenditioncarefully,untilmeetthequalificationofthistranslationprogram.Withthehelpofsupervisorsandprofessionals,thePowerPointcoursewareweretranslatedaccurately.11 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文3.TheoreticalBasis3.1ContentofHuangZhonglian’sTheoryofTranslationVariationIn1996,HuangZhongliangaveaspeechnamed“ProspectiveofTranslationofChineseTechnology”.Inhisspeechhesuggestedthatwhentranslatingresearchresultsofothercountries,notonlyshouldtranslatorstransfertheinformationbutalsoexploreit---makesomevariationsonitsformandcontentsoastoutilizeandstudyonitmoreeffectively.Afterthat,rootedinChinesetranslation,heraisetheconceptincontrastwith“completetranslation”---“translationvariation”whichfocusesontranslationofpragmatictexts.AccordingtoHuangZhonglian(1997),translationvariationistorepresentcontentsandmessagesoftheoriginalbyusingappropriateadaptationssuchasexpansion,deletion,edition,commentary,condensation,combinationandreformationtomeetspecialneedsofcertaingroupoftarget-textreadersundercertaincircumstances.Translationvariationcanbeanalyzedintwoways:itsdifferencefromcompletetranslationandtheconnectionbetweentranslationvariationandcompletetranslation.Differenceofthetwokindsoftranslationliesinthefollowing5aspects:(1)ContentofinformationCompletetranslationpursesamaximumdeliveryoftheoriginaltextswhiletranslationvariationbreakstheparadoxofcontentandformofthesourcetextsasitdiscardstheformandtakesthecoreofthecontentorpartofit.(2)MacroformVariationinmacroformsofsourcetextsaredemonstratedmostprominentlyingenreandstructure.Theremayalsobechangesinquantityorlengthoftheoriginal.(3)InputofthetranslatorTranslatorswillhavetoinvestmoretimeandenergyinselectionofinformation,analysisofthestructureoftheoriginal,correspondenceofthetopicandthecontent,analysisofneedsofthereaders,andmacroorganizationandmicroadaptationofthetranslatedtextsthanforcompletetranslation.(4)Qualityofinformation12 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告Intheperspectiveofinformationquality,translationafterselectionandvariationofthetranslatorwillhashigherqualitythancompletetranslationforthegoaloftranslationvariationistodeliverinformationthereadersneedandincreaseunitinformationquantity.(5)RatiooftranslationandcreationCreativityincompletetranslationislimitedwhileintranslationvariation,ifneeded,translatorscangivefullplaytotheirtalentandincreasetheratioofcreation.Connectionofcompletetranslationandtranslationvariationisthatthoughtranslationvariationisnotcompletetranslationitcontainscomponentsoftranslation(itcontainsinformationfromtheoriginaltexts.Bothtypesoftranslationformtheentiretranslationactivity.Completetranslationandtheoriginalareliketwothingsmadefromthesamemodewhilecontentoftranslationvariationispartlyorentirelyfromtheoriginalbutmorereader-oriented,thuslikeanew-borntoitsfather.DuetolimitofspaceonPPTslides,translationofagriculturePPTcoursewarerequirestranslatortotaketheoriginalworkastheobjectivetoadopttheappropriatetranslationvariationstrategiesinaccordancewiththeneedsofaudiencetohelplecturersbetterpresentthecontentandaudienceeasilygraspit.Duringthetranslationprocess,thetranslatorneedstoselectinformation,takefullconsiderationoftheculturalbackgroundofthetwolanguageswhentherelevantcontentsarecapturedtomeetthereader’sneeds.ThereforetranslationvariationtheoryisusedtoguidethetranslationprocessofPPTcoursewareof“TrainingCourseonBeeProductionandGrainandOilCropsBoostingComprehensiveTechnologyforDevelopingCountries,2017”.3.2SevenAppropriatedAdaptationsAsthebreachoftheoriginalwork,therearesevenadaptationmethodsincludingexpandablestrategy,narrativestrategy,editingstrategy,deletablestrategy,combinedstrategy,condensedstrategy,reformablestrategy.(1)ExpandablestrategyTherearecaseswhentheaudiencecannotunderstandpartoftheinformationwhichmaybewithrichculturalconnotationorprofessionalcontentorraisedoubtinaudiencethatnoexplanationwouldmakethembeconfused.Atthistime,thetranslatormayhavetoaddsomethingasexplanation.Sometimes,togivereadersamorein-depthunderstandingortoletthemknowthevalueoftheinformation,commentsofthe13 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文translatorwillbeadded.Othercaseswouldbethattranslatorsmayaddcontentrelevanttotheoriginalworkforlayingbackgroundorascomplementary.(2)DeletablestrategyDeletionistoremovetheinformationthatisunnecessaryforreaderstomakesurethatthetranslationexactlymeettheneedsofthereaders.Demandistheinitiativefortranslationwhichmeansthatinformationdirectlyorindirectlymeettheneedsoftheaudiencecanbeexactedandkeptandthatcontentdeviatedfromorhaslittleconnectionwithreaders’needscanbedeleted.(3)EditingstrategyEditingreferstobehaviorsthatmaketheoriginalworkmoreclarifiedandlogicalsuchaseditingasentencegrouporaparagraphtohighlightthetopicsothatitwouldbeprominentenoughtogiveadeepimpressiontoreaders.Editingisoneofthemostimportantadaptationsasalmosteveryadaptationcontainspartofit.(4)NarrativestrategyNarrativestrategyistorewritetheoriginalintargetlanguage.Word-for-wordtranslationorsequenceofsentencesisnotrequired,whilemeaningisthefocalpointofthesuchadaptation.Thatmeansformofthesource-textisnotatitsoriginandusuallyfeaturesdiscardofdetailsandsketchiness.(5)CondensedstrategyCondensingthesourcetextistouseconciselanguagecutsomeinformationfromtheoriginalworksothatthevolumeofinformationshrinksandthetextisalsoshortenedwhichcanconveythemostimportantanddominatingcontent.Insomecases,translator’scapabilityofleadingthereadertotheessenceinanewformandofextractinginformationfromtheoriginalworkdecideswhetherreaderscanspendmuchlesstimetofindoutinformationtheyneed.(6)CombinedstrategyCombinedstrategy,alsoasitsnamesays,referstocombiningtwoormorepartsofthesametypeorwithlogicalconnectionfromthesourcetext.Oneofthetworeasonsforthatisthestructureoftheoriginallacksoforderorisnotlogical.Anotheroneisthattranslatorsshouldsummarizethecontentsthatarerelevanttotheoriginalorputseveralworksintoone.(7)ReformablestrategyReformationmeansmakingadaptationsforabigchangeoftheoriginaltext,forexamplechangingcontentsorform.Purposesforthatincludeadaptingtotarget-language14 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告culture,connectingtheoriginalworkwithreaders’needsandovercomingimperfectionintheoriginaltext.Throughtheunderstandingofthestrategiesmentionedabove,wenowknowthattheultimategoalofthemistomakechangesandvariationstomeettheneedsofreaders.AccordingtoHuangZhonglian(2002:251),currentlythereisadramaticriseinthenumberofscientificworkinvarioustypesandindifferentlanguages.Theyalsofeaturesloosedistribution,repeatedcontentandfrequentupdate.Moreover,readersoftheseworkswantittobescientific,reliable,effective,up-to-date,easilyunderstandableandlesstime-consuming.Allofthismakesvariationsintranslationofscientificworkinevitable.Agro-techPPTcoursewarejustfitallthesecharacteristicsasitcontainslargeamountofinformationwhichishighlyprofessionalontheonehand.Itrequiresquickandeffectivedeliveryontheotherhand.Thatmeansinordertoachieveanoptimizedcourseeffect,variationsarenecessarywhentranslatingsuchtypeoftext.ThesefactorsmentionedabovejustifythatTranslationVariationTheoryisverysuitableforanalyzingtranslationofPPTcoursewareofforeign-aidtrainingcourse.15 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文4.CaseStudyAsdiscussedabove,theTranslationVariationTheoryprovidesagoodguidanceforagro-techPPTcourseware.Accordingtothetheory,thereare11translationvarietiesderivedfromthesevenappropriatetranslationsservingdifferentpurposesoftranslatorsandreaders.Inthispart,fouroftheeleventranslationvarieties,includingselectivetranslation,condensedtranslation,translationandeditingandexplanatorytranslation,areusedtoanalyzedifficultiesandskillsintranslationofPPTcoursewareof“TrainingCourseonBeeProductionandGrainandOilCropsBoostingComprehensiveTechnologyforDevelopingCountries,2017”.4.1SelectiveTranslationHuangZhonglianstatedinSevenAdaptationsofTranslationVariation(2002)thatdeletionistocutthosecontentthathaslittleconnectionwithreaders’needasawayofimprovingthematchoftranslationanddemand.Andanotherpurposeofdeletion(selection)istohighlightvaluableinformationofthetext.Selectivetranslationisoneofthetranslationvarietiesthatderivesfromdeletion,oneofthesevenadaptations.BeforeanalyzingtheselectivetranslationofPPTcoursewareofforeign-aidtrainingcourse,itisnecessarytointroduceaconcepthere,i.e.textdensity,whichmanipulatesthecontextoftheinformationpresented.Itdealswiththerelationshipbetweencharactersandblankspacesonacomputerscreen(Schultz,1989).Textdensityvariablesincludesuchattributesaslengthofmaterial(numberofwords),redundancyofideas,anddepthofconceptualsupportforthemainideas(Morrisonetal.,1989a,1989b).Forthisstudy,textdensitycriteriaincludedetailsofcontent,richness,themainideaandkeywords.Asmentionedinparttwo,thetargetreadersareagriculturepractitionersandsomeagricultureprofessorswhocannotspeakfluentEnglish.Astheyhaverelativelyinadequatecomprehensionability.Complextextwithhightextdensitymayconfusethemandaffecttheircomprehensionthusunderminingthecourseeffect.Therefore,severalskillsshouldbeadoptedtoreducethetextdensity.Hereareseveralexamples:Eg1：ST：敌害造成的损害敌害攻击虽然时间短,但往往造成十分严重的损害,如:一只熊一夜能毁坏数十箱16 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告蜜蜂,造成子、蜜脾毁坏,蜂箱破裂;两只金环胡雄蜂2~3天之间可咬杀4000余只的外勤蜂;蜂场周围的蜂虎,可造成婚飞的处女王损失;一只小小的蟾蜍也可一口气吞食百余只外勤蜂;黄喉貂一夜出游,可使数箱至十几箱蜜蜂遭翻箱毁脾的灭顶之灾。所以对敌害要有充分的认识。特别在山区,有时某种敌害的威胁高于病害的威胁,造成的损失也大于病害,千万不可掉以轻心。TT1：Damagecausedbybeeenemies:Abearcandestroydozensofbeehivesovernightbykillingbeelarvaeanddamaginghoneycomb;TwoVespamandariniacankillmorethan4000workerbeesinjust2to3days;Bee-eaterscankillvirginbeequeens.Atoadcanswallowaboutahundredworkerbeesatonetime.Asaresult,weshouldhaveafullunderstandingofthedamageofbeeenemieswhichcausegreaterdamageespeciallyinmountains.TT2：DamagescausedbybeeenemiesBeeenemiescancausemuchgreaterdamagethanbeediseases,especiallyinmountainousareas.E.g.Abearcandestroydozensofbeehivesovernightbykillingbeelarvaeanddamaginghoneycomb;Twowaspscankillmorethan4000workerbeesinjust2to3days;Bee-eaterscankillvirginbeequeens;Atoadcanswallowaboutahundredworkerbeesatonetime.Therulesfortextswithlowtextdensityare:(1)reducesentencestotheirmainideas;(2)deletesentencesorwordsthatsummarizewithoutpresentingnewinformation;(3)useavailablewordsorarticlestoreducetextinformationwithoutloosingthemainidea(Morrisonetal.,1989a,1989b,1988b).ThesourcetextprovidedinEg.1containsseveralexamplesandallofthemservethesametopicsentence“Beeenemiescancausemuchgreaterdamagethanbeediseases”.Inthesourcetext,however,ChinesepeopleprefertouserepetitionforemphasiswhichisaquitedifferentwayfromWesternpeople.HuangZhonglian(1999:53-54)statesthat,therewillalwaysbepriorityinatextandselectivetranslationistomakethetopicprominentbyextractingimportantinformationthatservesthepurpose.Sointhesecondtranslatedversion,thetranslatorputthetopicsentenceatthebeginningofthetextanddeletetherepetitionattheendoftheparagraph,thushighlightingthemainideawhileloweringthetextdensity.Eg.2:ST：欧洲幼虫腐臭病于1885年首次系统报道,目前广泛发生于世界几乎所有的养17 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文蜂国家。我国于20世纪50年代初在广东省首先发现,60年代初南方诸省相继出现病害,随后则蔓延全国。该病害不仅西方蜜蜂感染,东方蜜圃"蜂特别是中蜂发病比西方蜜蜂严重得多。TT1：Europeanfoulbrood(EFB)wasreportedsystematicallyforthefirsttimein1885andcurrentlybecomethemostwidespreadbeebrooddiseaseintheworld.ItwasfirstlyfoundinGuangdongProvince,Chinainthe1950sandspreadtosouthernChinaandthenalloverthecountry.ItdoesnotonlyaffectWesternbeesbutalsobringmoredamagetoChinesebees.TT2：Europeanfoulbrood(EFB),isthemostwidespreadanddestructiveofthebeebrooddiseases.Eg.3:病害的发生有明显的季节性。在我国南方,一年之中常有两个发病高峰。一个是3月初到4月中,即油菜花期到荔枝花期,另一个是8月下到10月初(福建南部可至12月)。两个发病高峰期,都基本与蜂群繁殖高峰期相重叠,即与春繁、秋繁相重叠。蜂群内幼虫多,抚育任务重时,病害易发生,抚育任务轻时,病害轻。所以,病害常见于繁殖高峰期、弱群,大流蜜期的到来,病害常常"自愈",可往往随采蜜期过后,开始繁殖下一次适龄采集蜂时,又抬头。TT1:Theoccurrenceofthediseaseisseasonal.InSouthernChina,thereare2peakseasons.ThefirstisfromearlyMarchtomid-April,i.e.floweringseasonofrapeseedandlitchi.AnotherpeaktimeisfromlateAugusttoearlyOctober(occurrenceremaininsomeareaofsouthernFujianProvinceeveninDecember）.Bothperiodsareoverlappedwithpeakofcolonybreedinginspringandautumn.Thatmeanswhentherearelargeramountoflarvae,theswarmismorevulnerableasthereisaheavierburdenofbreeding.Therefore,thediseaseusuallyoccursinpeaktimeofcolonybreedingandweakswarmwhiletheswarmwillbeself-healedinhoney-flowperiods.TT2:Theoccurrenceofthediseaseisseasonal,usuallyoverlappingwithpeaktimeofcolonybreeding.Thatmeanswhentherearelargeramountoflarvae,theswarmismorevulnerableasthereisaheavierburdenofbreeding.Therefore,thediseaseusuallyoccursinpeaktimeofcolonybreedingandweakswarmwhiletheswarmwillbeself-healedinhoney-flowperiods.Wecanseefromeg.2andeg.3thatthesecondtranslatedversionismuchmoresimple(concise)thanthefirstone.Thesubjectofdeletionusuallycontainsrepetition,overlapping,redundancy,orinformationthatdoesn’tmattertothereaders(Huang18 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告Zhonglian,1999:26).Thereasonfortheselection（deletion）hereliesinthataudienceofthePPT(orthelecture)arefromotherdevelopingcountriesandtheirconcernsareonlyaboutconditionsofbeediseasesthatcoulddamagetheirproduction(atleastinthislecture).ButtheoriginaltexthassomefactsaboutthehistoryofthediseaseinChinainEg2andtheoccurrenceseasoninChina(floweringseasonsaredifferentintheSouthernHemisphereandtheNorthernHemisphere)whichhaslittletodowiththeaudiencebutonlymakesthispartredundant.ConsideringthelimitedspaceonthePPTslideandtheon-siteinterpretationgivingleewaytoimpromptuaddition,suchdeletionismade.4.2CondensedTranslationAsmentionedabove,thetrainingcoursethetranslatorworkedwithonlylastedfor60daysandtheoreticalcourses(includingcoursesofChineseculture)onlycountsforhalfofit,thatis30days.Andthetrainingcourseinvolvesseveralfields,itisimpossibletomaketheaudiencegraspeveryinformationconcerningtheireducationlevel.ThereforewhentranslatingthePPTcourseware,thetranslatordiscussedwiththelecturerandmakesomecondensationonthecontent.Besides,therearesomedifferencesbetweencondensedtranslationandabridgedtranslation.Condensedtranslationisofhigherlevelofcondensationandsummary.Thebasicunitofcondensedtranslationisparagraphwhilethatofabridgedtranslationcanbesentence.Theprinciplesofcondensedtranslation,especiallyapplicableintranslationofscientifictexts,aretousehighlyconciselanguagetosummarizethecontentoftheoriginalworkwithoutreplicatingformandlogicofthesourcetext.Herearesomeexamples:Eg.1:ST：蜂房球菌为致病菌。该菌单个的形态为披针形。革兰氏染色阳性,常结成链状或成簇排列。感染欧幼病的蜜蜂幼虫有许多菌，这些次生菌能加速幼虫的死亡。最常见的次生菌为尤瑞狄斯杆菌,大小约0.8~2.511μm×0.5μm,革兰氏染色阴性,一般培养基上易生长,菌落0.5mm,白色培养基上培养出的菌体具多型性,单个或成链状,或似链球状,随不同培养基而定,所以常与蜂房球菌相混淆。另一个常见的次生菌是粪链球菌,菌体直径0.8~11μm,呈链状排列,在培养基上生长微弱,菌落小,白色,表面凸起,形态与蜂房球菌十分相似,该菌是蜜蜂从野外带入箱的。它寄生于病虫后,其生长结果引起酸味。19 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文再一个常见的次生菌是蜂房芽孢杆菌,状,0.5~0.81×2.0~5.01μm,电镜量照片测量0.6~0.8μm×2.2~4.51μm,革兰氏染色阳性,不稳定或阴性。运动,具周生鞭毛。芽孢椭圆形,中生、亚端生或端生,抱囊膨大,在生于包培养基中,涂片中常常发现并排芽孢的长列。该菌寄生病虫后,产生难闻的臭味。在死虫的干尸中,只有蜂房球菌及蜂房芽孢杆菌的芽泡能长期存活。TT：ThecommoncausalagentisMelissococcusplutonandothersaresecondarybacteria.Enterococcusfaecalis(E.faecalis)isoneofthesecondarybacteriathatcancauseEFB.Itisusuallybroughttothebeehivebybeesfromthefieldandwillleadtothesoursmellinthehive.BacdllusaiaeiisalsooneofthePathogenicbacteria.Infectedlarvaewillproduceafoulsmell.Amongthethreecausalagents,onlyMelissococcusplutonandBacdllusaiaeicanexistforalongtimeindeadbodyoflarvae.Eg.2:ST:中胸背板位于前翅的翅基上,由盾片和小盾片组成,为胸壁最高部位。小盾片呈弧形隆起,其色泽是蜜蜂品种特征之一。中胸背板隆起部分向前急剧倾斜至前胸背板。后胸背板为一狭窄的环带状骨片,紧密地模在中胸和并胸腹节之间。后胸背板在近翅基处略向外扩展。中胸和后胸侧板愈合。并胸腹节由前部宽大后部突然变窄的背板和狭窄的横形腹腔板组成,背板两侧有一对椭圆形气门。TT:Locatingattheforewingbase,mesonotumismadeofseveralplatesandthecoloroftheplatesisoneofthedefeiningcharacteristicsofcertainspeciesofbee.Thereare2pairsofstegmasonbothsidesofthemetanotum.Eg.3:ST：施药防治:常用土霉素(10万IU/10框蜂),或四环素(10万IU/10框蜂),配于饱和糖浆内喂病群,但易造成蜂蜜污染。建议配制含药花粉饼或抗生素馀糖喂饲。含药花粉的配制:上述药剂及药量,将药物粉碎,拌人适量花粉(10框蜂取食2~3天量),用饱和糖浆或蜂蜜揉至面粉团状,不粘手即可,置于巢框上框梁上,供工蜂搬运饲喂。抗生素与糖配制:24g热蜜加5g糖粉,稍凉后加入7g的红霉素粉,搓至硬,可喂500群中等群势的蜂群。重病群可连续喂3~5次,轻病群5~7天喂一次,喂至不见病虫即可停药。TT：Medication:Terramycin(ortetracyclinetablets)Dosage:100,000IUfor10framesofbeesMethods:Thetabletsaremashedandmixedwithsyrupwhichisfedonceaday,7days1courseoftreatmentforthreecourses20 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告InEg.1andEg.2,itisobviousthatthetranslationismuchshorterthantheoriginaltexts.Thisisbecausethesourcetextscontaintoomuchdetailedinformationwhichisbeyondtheknowledgeleveltheaudienceareat.InEg.1,mostofthecontentarenotwhattheaudienceneedtoknowasitbelongstoBacteriology.AndinEg.2theusageofthemedicationisover-detailed.Thereasonofdeletion,ontheonehand,isthatsomeofthemethodsaredifferentinvariousregions.Ontheotherhand,suchcondensationcansavespaceandtimeandifnecessaryon-siteinterpretationwilldothejob.InEg.3,whattheaudiencewantstoknowinthiscourseissomebasicknowledgeofhoneybeesandhowtokeepbeesbutlargepartofthecontentbringsnohelptothatasitbelongstoEntomologyanditisnotwhattheywouldneedtoknowtostartbeekeeping.Sothetranslator,afterdiscussingwiththelecturer,selectedcontentthatisnecessarytotranslate.AccordingtoHuangZhonglian(1999),incondensedtranslation,logicoftheoriginaltextoncontentandstructurewillbesavedbutthecondensedversionwillusefewerwords,suchasone-tenth,one-hundredthorone-thousandthoftheoriginalworkandexpressionstoreproducethecoreoftheoriginal.Therefore,condensationismadetodeletepartofthecontentthatmayleadtoconfusionoftheaudience.Inconclusion,readers’needsshouldbethefirstconsiderationduringPPTtranslation.Takingintoconsiderationboththefeaturesofparalleltextsandaudienceperceptionability,theauthorattemptstoreducetextdensitybydeletinguselessinformationorrepetitionandextractingthemostimportantinformationfortheaudience.Withclearpresentation,audiencecangraspknowledgeofbeekeepinginaneffectiveway.4.3TranslationandEditingDifferentfromcondensedtranslationandselectivetranslation,translationandeditingintranslationvariationputsmoreemphasisoneditinginbothmicroandmacroaspects.Thetranseditinginmicroaspectincludesextracting,combining,summarizing,sequencingandretelling.Inter-paragraphtransediting,intra-paragraphtranseditingandextra-paragraphtranseditingaretranslatingandeditingmethodsinmacroaspect.Herearesomeexamples:4.3.1TranslationandEditingatMicroLevelEg.1ST:我国于20世纪50年代初在广东省首先发现,60年代初南方诸省相继出现病21 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文害,随后则蔓延全国。该病害不仅西方蜜蜂感染,东方蜜蜂特别是中蜂发病比西方蜜蜂严重得多。TT:EuropeanFoulbrood(EFB)affectsbothApismelliferaandApiscerana,butbringslessdamagetotheformerthanthelatter.AsalloftheaudiencearefromotherdevelopingcountriesthanChina,theoriesorfactsthatsuitstheirlocalconditionistheirprioritytoknow.Whileinthesourcetext,mostofthecontentarerelatedtoChinaandtheChineselocalbeespecies(Apiscerana)whilealmostalloftheaudiencekeepthecounterpart(ApisMelliferra)andbarelyhaveApisceranaintheircountries.Thus,someeditingshouldbedoneheretoadapttoaudienceneeds.HuangZhonglian(1999;77)suggeststhattheinteriorconnectionofdifferentaspectsofasubjectisquitecomplicatedwhichmeanstherearepriorities.Whenmakingastatementorexplanationweneedtohighlightthemainpoint.Therefore,itisnecessarytosequencecontentofthesourcetexttomakethemainideaclear.Here,thetranslatorextractedthemainideaoftheparagraph,thatistoexplaintheinfluenceofEuropeanFoulbroodandputitatthebeginningoftheparagraph.Moreover,lotsoffactsaboutApisceranathatisirrelevanttotheaudienceshouldbedeletedtosavetimeforreadersandspaceonthePPTslidesandensureatextdensitythatisnotsohigh.Eg.2:ST:探寻《阿凡达》电影中的群山漂浮、星罗棋布的玄幻莫测世界--“哈利路亚山”即“南天一柱”（又名乾坤柱），参观云雾飘绕、峰峦叠嶂，继往气势磅礴的迷魂台、天下第一桥等空中绝景。峡谷深处，千百根石峰石柱奇伟突立。峻峭之石，如英武将帅；嵯峨之峰，似勇猛壮士。有声有色，若静若动，形象逼真，呼之欲出。TT:YuanjiajieScenicAreaAvatarHallelujahMountain（formerlyknownas"QianKunColumn"(ThePillarbetweenHeavenandEarth)orSouthernSkyColumn);theFascinatePlatform(MiHunTai);theNo.1BridgeunderHeaven(TianXiaDiYiQiao)Eg.2isfromPPTcoursewareofGeneralReviewofResourceandIndustriesinHunanProvince.AndthefunctionofthisslideistoshowthetourismresourcesofHunanProvinceaspartoftheintroductionoftheresourceconditionintheprovince.Inthisexample,theChineseversioncontainslotsoffancydescriptionsofthemountainwhicharetypicalChinesewayofwriting.AsdescriptionsinChinesetourismtextnotonly22 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告describestheview,butwiththeexactpurposeofstimulatingtheadmirationoftouriststowardsthesceneandmakethemhavetheimpulsetovisitthescenicarea.Therefore,citationfromancientpoetryandoldsayingsandalargenumberofnounsarebeingusedinsuchkindoftext(CuiWei,2014).Butliterarytranslationofthesewillmakethetextlackforfocusandwillconfusereaders.Sosummarizinganddeletionofthehyperboliclanguageareneededheretogivetheaudienceaclearintroductionoftheview.Besides,therewouldbepicturesofthescenicspots,whichlowerthetextdensityandwouldallowaudiencetohaveabettervisualexperience.4.3.2TranslationandEditingatMacroLevelWhentranslatingagro-techPPTcourseware,intra-paragraphtranseditingisthemostcommonway,amongwhichtechniqueofformatarrangementisoneofthemostusefulway.AccordingtoHuangZhonglian,translationandeditingcanalsobedoneinanon-verbalway,includingtheapplicationofforms,graphsandsymbolswhichavoidwasteofspacebydescription.Moreover,thefunctionsofsomesymbolsarehardtobeexplained.Thisisespeciallyappropriateandnecessaryinthecaseofscientifictexttranslation.Andherearesomeexamples:Eg1.ST:检疫方法(仅供参考)：(1)抽查件数蜜蜂:种用蜂:不低于总件数20%~50%。生产群100群以下不低于15%~20%;101~200群不低于10%~15%;201~300群不低于10%;300群以上不低于5%~10%。蜂产品:不低于总件数0.5%~5%。TT:SamplesSamplingsizeBeebreeders20~50%1~100colonies15~20%101~200colonies10~15%colonies201~300colonies10%300+colonies10%Beeproducts0.5~5%Beeequipment0.596~5%Eg2.23 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文ST:欧幼病一般只感染日龄小于2日龄的幼虫,通常病虫在4~5日龄死亡。患病后,虫体变色,失去肥胖状态。从珍珠般白色变为淡黄色、黄色、浅褐色,直至黑褐色。刚变褐色时,透过表皮清晰可见幼虫的气管系统。随着变色,幼虫塌陷,似乎被扭曲,最后在巢房底部腐烂,干枯,易清除的鳞片。虫体腐烂时有难闻的酸臭味。若病害发生严重,巢脾上"花子"严重,由于幼虫大量死亡,蜂群中长期只见卵、虫不见封盖子。TT:Susceptiblebeecaste:larvaewithagelessthan2daysareusuallymorevulnerableSymptoms:①Changesofcolor(normalpearlywhite→yellowish→brown→grayishblack)②Appearanceofundernourishmentonlarvae.③Theirbreathingtubes,ortracheae,arevisibleasdistinctwhitelines.④Larvalremainsoftenappeartwistedormeltedtothebottomsideofthecell.⑤Sunkenorperforatedcappings(pepperpot)Ineg.1andeg.2theformsofthesourcetextsarechangedbutnotthecontent.Intheoriginalwork,thecontentispresentedintheformofparagraph,whichmaydistractthetargetaudiencefromthelectureasittakessomeefforttofindouttheinformationneededorthatismoreimportant.Bothchangesturntheoriginaltextwhichisofhightextdensityintoaversionthatismucheasierforreaderstoread.AccordingtoLiXiuyun(2014),thestandardofscientifictexttranslationisconciseincontentandhighlightonmainpoint.Thisisalsotheshowcaseofadvantagesoftranslationvariation----maximizingtheamountofinformationtobetransferred,improvingthetransferringefficiency,savingtime,effortandspacefortransferandmakingthetranslationhighlytargeted.4.4ExplanatoryTranslationExplanatorytranslationisoftenusedwhenthetargetreadersareunfamiliarwiththewords,phrases,orsentencesorevenparagraphthathaslonghistoryorrichculturalconnotation.Itaimstopresenttheculturalvalueoforiginaltextbyreleasingthecondensedculturalinformationfortargetreaders.Duringthetrainingcourse,theorganizeralsoneedtodeliversomeknowledgeofthesituationofindustriesinHunanProvincesoastopromotethecooperationbetweentwo24 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告countries.Thereforesomecontentwithrichculturalconnotationisinvolved.Translatorsshouldexpoundstheproperunknownorunclearlycontentstobemoreconcreteorclearerbyexplainingthem.Herearesomeexamples:Eg1.ST:“三湘四水”是湖南的又一称谓，“三湘”是指“潇湘”、“蒸湘”和“沅湘”。四水则指湘江、资江、沅江和澧水。TT1:HunanProviceisalsoknownas“ThreeXiangsandFourRivers”whichmeans“XiaoXiang”,“ZhengXiang”,“YuanXiang”andTheXiang,theZi,theYuanandtheLishuiRiverrespectivelyTT2:HunanProviceisalsoknownas“ThreeXiangsandFourRivers”whichmeans“XiaoXiang”,“ZhengXiang”,“YuanXiang”andTheXiang,theZi,theYuanandtheLishuiRiverrespectively.(“ThreeXiang”and“FourRiver”arewaystodescribethegeologicalfeaturesofHunanProvincebyancientpeople).Eg2.ST:教育部直属全国重点大学，985大学，全国双一流，中南大学由原湖南医科大学、长沙铁道学院与中南工业大学合并组建而成TT1:CentralSouthUniversity(CSU)isacomprehensiveandnationalkeyuniversityunderthedirectadministrationoftheMinistryofEducationofChina.TheUniversityisadmittedintoProject985andisselectedtoparticipatethecountry’s"DoubleFirst-Class"initiative.Itisestablishedbymergingthreeseparateuniversities:HunanMedicalUniversity(HMU),ChangshaRailwayUniversity(CRU),andCentralSouthUniversityofTechnology(CSUT)TT2:CentralSouthUniversity(CSU)isacomprehensiveandnationalkeyuniversityunderthedirectadministrationoftheMinistryofEducationofChina.TheUniversityisadmittedintoProject985(ajointconstructiveprojectofbuildingworld-classuniversities)andisselectedtoparticipatethecountry’s"DoubleFirst-Class"initiative(China’sconstructionplanofworld-classuniversitiesandfirst-classdiscipline).Itisestablishedbymergingthreeseparateuniversities:HunanMedicalUniversity(HMU),ChangshaRailwayUniversity(CRU),andCentralSouthUniversityofTechnology(CSUT).Inthetheexamplesabove,thetranslatorgaveexplanationtocertainwords,whichisoneofthemethodstodoexplanatorytranslation.Asineg1.,eventhoughthewords“Xiao25 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文Xiang”,“ZhengXiang”,“YuanXiang”ismoredetailthan“ThreeXiangandFourRiver”,stillseemslikenonsensetothetargetreaders.ButthisonlyaccountsforaverysmallpartinthePPT,sothetranslatorchosethebriefestexplanationtohelptargetaudienceunderstandthecontent.Andthisisalsothecaseineg2.ThetwonamesofprojectsmaymeanalottonativeChinesepeople,butforforeigners,theyarenothingmorethanjustcombinationofwords.ConsideringthespaceonthePPTslideandthepriorityofcontentafterthat,thetranslatorusedthiskindofvarietiestomakethecontentbeeasilyunderstood.26 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告ConclusionAsChinaissparingnoeffortinthepursuitoftheBeltandRoadinitiative.Foreignaidprogramsisoneofthesignificantparts.AsitimprovesthesoftpowerofChinaontheonehandandbooststherelationsbetweenChinaandotherdevelopingcountries.ThecoursewareofChina’sforeignaidprogramsservesasabridgetothispurpose.Well-translatedcoursewarecannotonlyenhancetheefficiencyofknowledgedeliveryandcourseeffect,butalsosetupagoodinternationalimageforChina.BasedonthePPTtranslationproject,thisreportconductedadetailedanalysisoftranslationvariation,thethefeaturesofcoursewareofforeignaidprogramsanditstargetaudience,andprovidesrelevantstrategiesandmethodstooptimizethetranslation.Attheend,somefindingsconcerningtranslationPPTcoursewareofforeignaidprogramsweredrawnfromthisproject.Firstly,HuangZhonglian’sTranslationVariationtheorywereintroducedandtherelationsbetweenfeaturesofthetextandthesevenappropriatedadaptationsarediscussedinthereport.AccordingtoHuangZhonglian,comparedwithcompletetranslation,translationvariationismoreappropriatewhentranslatingpragmatictextssuchasscientifictexts.Secondly,thereportanalyzedthecharacteristicsofsourcetextsandparalleltexts,aswellasthefeaturesoftargetaudience.Thecoursewareofforeignaidprogramrequiresplainandconciselanguagecomparedwithbusinesspresentation,aimingtorealizehighlyeffectiveknowledgedeliverytoparticipants.Finally,thereporttooksomeexamplestoanalyzetheuseofdifferenttranslationvariationmethodsintranslationofPPTcoursewarewhichcanprovidereferenceforthefollowingtranslationpractice.Throughthispractice,sometranslationskillscanbedrawnasfollows:Selectivetranslationshouldbeusedwhenlowertextdensityisrequiredsoastoreducethedifficultyforaudiencetocomprehendinformation.Methodstoachievethatincludereducingsentencestotheirmainideas,deletingsentencesorwordsthatsummarizewithoutpresentingnewinformationandusingavailablewordsorarticlestoreducetextinformationwithoutloosingthemainidea.Forexample,sentenceslike“Asaresult,weshouldhaveafullunderstandingofthedamageofbeeenemieswhichcausegreaterdamageespeciallyinmountains”isbetterdeleted,asitisonlyasummaryanddoesn’tgiveanynewinformationatall.27 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文Condensedtranslationisagoodwaytosaveeffortsandtimefortargetaudienceasthetimeofthetrainingcourseislimitedandtheknowledgeleveloftheaudienceisanotherconsiderationwhentranslating,therefore,over-detailedinformationshouldbedeletedandthelongtextsshouldbeshortenedtofacilitatethegraspofknowledgefortheaudience.Besides,translationandeditingisanotherwaytohelptheeffectivedeliveryofinformation.Astranslatorscanmakesomechangestotheformofpresentation,suchasturnparagraphsintoformstoavoidvisualfatiguecausedbyhightextdensity.Inconclusion,translationofcoursewareforforeignaidprogramsbearsitsownfeaturesandrequiresappropriatemethods.WiththeguidanceofHuangZhonglian’sTranslationVariationtheory,theauthoradoptedthreedifferentstrategieswhendealingwithdifferenttexts.Duringthetranslationprocess,theaudiencearealwaysthefocusandmanysimplesentenceswereusedtoenhancetheirunderstandingoftheinformationtobedelivered.Inthefuture,whatshouldbeconsideredistoconducttranslationaccordingtodistinctivefeaturesofcoursewareofforeignaidprogram,soastomeettargetreaders’need.Onlybydoingso,high-qualitytranslationofforeignaidprogramcoursewarecanbemadeandoptimizedcourseeffectcanbeachieved.28 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告References[1]House,J.TranslationQualityAssessment:aModelrevisited[M].Naar:Tubingen,1997.[2]MundayJ.IntroducingTranslationStudies:TheoriesandApplications[M].London&NewYorkRoutledge，2001.[3]MundayJ.IntroducingTranslationStudies:TheoriesandApplications[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2010.[4]NordC.TranslatingasaPurposeActivity[M].Manchester.UK:St.JeromePublishing,1997.[5]Reiss,K.TextTypes,TranslationTypesandTranslationAssessment[A].InChesterman,A.(ed.)ReadingsinTranslationTheory[M].FinnLecturaAb.1989.[6]NewmarkJ.ATextbookofTranslation[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001:34.[7]Nord,C.(2005)TextAnalysisinTranslation:Theory,Methodology,andDidacticApplicationofaModelforTranslation-OrientedTextAnalysis.Amsterdam:Rodopi.[8]LawrenceV.TheTranslationStudiesReader[M].Routledge,2012.[9]PinkhamJN.TheTranslator"sGuidetoChinglish[J].Progressive,2000.[10]KatharinaR.TranslationCriticism.ThePotentialsandLimitations:CategoriesandCriteriaforTranslationQualityAssessment[J].QuadernsRevistaDeTraducció,2000.[11]崔薇.旅游文本的特点与翻译[J].产业与科技论坛,2014(4):158-159[12]方梦之.英汉-汉英应用翻译教程[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2003.[13]胡壮麟.2007.PowerPoint一工具，语篇，语类，文体[J].外语教学（4）：1-5[14]黄昆.对农业英语语言特点与翻译方法的研究[J].中国科教创新导刊,2013(22):87-88.[15]李长栓.2009.非文学翻译[M].北京：外语教育与研究出版社[16]李长栓.《非文学翻译》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2009.[17]廖七一．当代西方翻译理论探索［Ｍ].南京：译林出版社，2000[18]刘军平.西方翻译理论通史[M].武汉大学.2009.[19]刘宓庆.文体与翻译[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1998.[20]刘宓庆.新编汉英对比与翻译[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,2006.[21]农业词典编纂委员会.农业大词典.北京:中国农业出版社,1998.[22]孙小小.2010.PPT演示之道——写给非设计人员的幻灯片指南[M].北京：电子工业出版社[23]陶莉.农业专业术语翻译方法管窥[J].海外英语,2011(4):164-165.29 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文[24]信娜.术语翻译标准体系刍议[J].中国科技翻译,2011(2):24-28..[25]余浩.援外农业项目中译员角色的思考[J].海外英语,2012(10x):161-162.[26]张燕清,席东,张建昌.新版英汉互译理论与实践[M].中国矿业大学出版社,2013.30 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告Appendix:sourcetextsandtargettexts蜜蜂病敌害及其防治PreventionandControlofHoneybeeDiseasesandEnemies目录Contents第一节病敌害的概念ChapterOneTheConceptionofDisease第二节蜜蜂病害综合防治的原理及措施ChapterTwoThePrinciplesandMeasuresofIntegratedPreventionofHoneybeeDiseases&Enemies第三节蜜蜂病害的防治Prevention&ControlofHoneybeeDiseases第四节蜜蜂敌害的防治Prevention&ControlofHoneybeeEnemies第一节病敌害的概念Conceptionofhoneybeedisease什么是病害？Definition:Thenormalmetabolismofbeesis蜜蜂病害的含义：蜜蜂周围的生物或非生物因disturbedanddestructedleadingtoaseriesof素发生了剧烈的变化，其作用超过了蜜蜂种群pathologicalchangesofphysiologicalfunctionor的适应限度，那么蜜蜂的正常代谢作用就会遭structureshowingabnormalities(viruses)eveor到干扰和破坏其生理机能或组织结构就发生了evendeath.一系列的病理变化,表现出异常即病毒,甚至死Characteristics：Threetypesofbeesare亡。interdependentandindispensable,inacolonyso蜜蜂病害的特点：蜜蜂其三型蜂都不适宜单独thatthediseaseisdefinedintermsoftheentire在蜂群外生活,三型蜂互相依赖,缺一不可,因此colony.其疾病是以整个蜂群而言的。在蜂群三型蜂中,Classification:Basedonpathogen任何一型蜂的发病。都导致蜂群停止发展,都可1.Infectiousdiseases:bacterial以认为是整个群蜂发病了。diseases,fungaldiseases,viraldiseases,蜜蜂病害的分类:按疾病的病原分类,建立在客protozoandisease.观存在的病原特征基础上,它可立即找出病害的2invasivediseases:variousparasitic病因,对确诊病害提供了基础条件。按此分类法,dragonfly,parasiticinsects,parasiticnematodes.蜜蜂病害可分为:3.Non-communicablediseases:1.传染性病害包括细菌病、真菌病、病毒geneticdiseases,physiologicaldisorders,病、原生动物病。nutritionaldisorders,metabolicdisorders,2.侵袭性病害包括各种寄生蜻、寄生性昆poisoning,aswellassomeunusualbehaviors.虫、寄生性线虫等。3.非传染性病害包括遗传病、生理障碍、营养障碍、代谢异常、中毒以及一些异常的行为等蜜蜂疾病症状的分类：Classificationofsymptoms腐烂主要由于宿主的组织细胞受到病原物Decay:Thehostcellsaredamagedby的寄生而被破坏;或者由于非生物因素使有parasiticpathogensorduetonon-biological机体组织细胞死亡,最终被分解成腐烂物。病原factorsleadingtothedeathoforganismtissue菌引起的腐烂常带有各种不同的腐臭气味,这是cellresultingindecomposedintodecaying由于细菌的各种蛋白分解酶引起细胞蛋白质的matter.Decayoftencomeswithavarietyof脱竣作用,使氨基酸分解,产生胶类,以及含硫氨rancidodor.基酸被分解产生盹S,这些物质均有难闻的臭味。Discoloration:Changingfrombrighttodim,31 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文变色蜜蜂感病后,不论虫态、虫龄,或是病原fromlighttodark,andfromshinywhitetopale的种类、病蜂体色均发生变化,通常由明亮变成toyellowandfinallytoblack.暗涩,由浅色变为深色。感病的虫体色亦由明亮Deformity:Referringtoabnormal光泽的白色变成苍白,继而转黄变黑色。morphologysuchastheresidualormissingof畸形指肢体的残、缺或躯体的肿胀等偏离了limb,orswellingofthebody.正常的形态。常见的蜜蜂畸形有:蜻害及高、低Perforation:“starredcomb”referstothe温引起的卷翅、缺翅;许多病原菌引起的腹胀等。phenomenonthatthesurfaceisdottedwith“花子”“穿孔”感病幼虫逐一被内勤蜂cappedcells,emptycells,cellsofeggsandcells清除出巢房,无病的幼虫正常发育,蜂王又在清ofvariousstagesofbeelarvae.除后的空房内产卵,或空殖房。造成在同一封盖Perforationreferstothelittleholeinthe子脾的平面上,同时出现健康的封盖子、空巢房、cappedcellbitbyworkerbeesafterthedeathof卵房和日龄不一的幼虫房相间排列的状态,谓larvaeofpupae.“花子”。“穿孔”是指蜜蜂子脾巢房封盖,由于感病后房内虫、蜗的死亡,内勤蜂啃咬房盖而造成房盖上的小孔。蜜蜂疾病的传播途径病原体在蜜蜂内的传播Transmissionofbeediseases：可分为：1.Internalswarm:Horizontally,throughthemain1.群内传播即蜂群内各个体间的病原体传activitiesofhostsuchasfeeding,excretion,spit播,其传播途径有两种,一为水平传播,指病原微liquid,physicaltouch,flying,etc;Vertically,生物借宿主的活动如取食、排泄、吐液、躯体pathogenicmicroorganismsarepassedonfrom接触、飞翔等,通过伤口或经口引起同一种群体parenttooffspringthroughreproductivecells.间相互感染,不断重复感染循环。二为垂直传播,2.Betweenswarms:honey,pollenandhoney指病原微生物借昆虫的生殖细胞从亲代传递给combthatareinfectedweretransferredtoa子代的一种传播方式。healthycolony;Beekeepingequipmentthatare2.群间传播即蜂群间的病原体传播。主要notdisinfectedwereappliedtoahealthy是通过水平传播发生的，如迷巢工蜂、雄蜂失colony;Workerbeesthatareinfectedwere王逃群,盗蜂和病健蜂共同采集同一水源、蜜粉mistakenlyputinahealthycolony;Mergehealthy源。另外不恰当地合并蜂群,介绍蜂王，王台,病、andinfectedcolonies;Contaminatedfeeding健群互调子脾、蜜粉脾,添加巢牌等管理措施,也是引起群间传播的重要途径。什么是敌害？Conceptionofenemy敌害的含义及发生特点：以蜜蜂躯体为捕食对Definitionandcharacteristics:animalstaking象的其他动物;一些掠食蜂群内蜜、粉及严重骚beesasprey,snatchinghoneyandpolleninthe扰蜜蜂正常生活的动物；毁坏蜂箱、巢牌的动combandharassingbeelife,destroyingbeehive物;自然界中与蜜蜂竞争蜜、粉源的动物。andhoneycomb,andcompetingfornectarand对蜜蜂个体的捕杀是敌害最突出的特点,往往发pollencrops.Featuringinsudden,shorttimeand生突然,时较短，但危害程度十分严重。seriousharm.蜜蜂敌害的分类Classification昆虫及蜘蛛昆虫包括鳞翅目、双翅目膜翅目、InsectsandspidersAmphibians:frogsandtoads缕翅目、蜻蜓目、瞠鄙目等13个目；蛛形纲包Birds:bee-eater括蜘蛛目及伪蝇目的种类蜜蜂敌害的分类Mammals:bear,weasel两栖动物主要为蛙及蟾蜍鸟类主要是食蜂鸟Insectivores:hedgehog（蜂虎）哺乳类包括了肉食动物如熊，黄喉貌，Primates臭鼬等；啃齿动物如各种鼠类；食虫动物32 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告如刺猬等；食蚁动物及各类灵长类动物敌害造成的损害Damagescausedbybeeenemies敌害攻击虽然时间短,但往往造成十分严重的损Beeenemiescancausemuchgreaterdamage害,如:一只熊一夜能毁坏数十箱蜜蜂,造成子、蜜thanbeediseases,especiallyinmountainous脾毁坏,蜂箱破裂;两只金环胡雄蜂2~3天之间可areas.咬杀4000余只的外勤蜂;蜂场周围的蜂虎,可造E.g.Abearcandestroydozensofbeehives成婚飞的处女王损失;一只小小的蟾蜍也可一口overnightbykillingbeelarvaeanddamaging气吞食百余只外勤蜂;黄喉貌一夜出游,可使数honeycomb;箱至十几箱蜜蜂遭翻箱毁脾的灭顶之灾。所以Twowaspscankillmorethan4000workerbees对敌害要有充分的认识。特别在山区,有时某种injust2to3days;敌害的威胁高于病害的威胁,造成的损失也大于Bee-eaterscankillvirginbeequeens;病害,千万不可掉以轻心Atoadcanswallowaboutahundredworkerbeesatonetime.第二节蜜蜂病害综合防治的原理及措施ChapterTwoPrinciplesandMeasuresofManagementofBeeDiseases研究蜜蜂病理学的最终目的,是保证养蜂生产的Theultimateaimtostudybeepathologyisto产量及蜂产品品质的稳定和不断提高。ensurethattheproductionyieldandstabilityand防治病害的根据，明确这种病害发生的原因、qualityofbeeproducts.病原物的生活规律、发病过程以及各种有关的Accordingtodiseasecontrolandtreatment,it环境因素对蜜蜂个体与群体发病的影响,也就是shouldbeclearthecauseofthisdisease,要详细了解寄主的抗病性问题和病害的流行问pathogenpatternsoflife,diseaseprocessand题。effectsofavarietyofrelevantenvironmental蜂场防治病害应该考虑经济核算，在设计方案factorsonbeediseasethatis,tolearnmoreabout是应考虑的事项：1.如果在同一时间里,发生了diseaseresistanceofthehostandtheprevalence不止一种的病害,在无法兼顾治疗时,就必须考ofthedisease.虑哪一种为最主要病害,哪一种损失最大,就对Considerations：那一种先行防治。损失大小以对寄主损失的程1.Treatthediseasewhichcouldcausemore度或病害流行的程度两方面来衡量。2.蜜蜂病害lossesmeasuredbythelossofbeesandextendof的防治,要根据各类病害的发生规律,同时还考theepidemic.虑蜜蜂生活的特点和饲养条件,通过病情分析,2.Takediseaseoccurrenceandthecharacteristics寻求清除病原物有利环节。以经济、安全、有andbreedingconditionsofbees.Upholdingthe效为出发点,确定不同的防治策略,提出有效的principleofeconomy,safetyandeffectiveness.主要综合防治措施。3.考虑整个蜂业或国家利3.Considertheentireapicultureornational益,长远的利益,例如对于刚发生并很快蔓延的interest,long-termbenefits.一个新的危险性病害,要不惜代价全力扑灭,为养蜂业作贡献。防治的类别与实质Principlesandmeasures防治的原则：以防为主，防重于治，防治结合Principles:putpreventionfirstandcombine直接防治法与间接防治法：通过消灭或抑制病preventionwithtreatment原物而防治病害的方法,可称为直接的防治法。Directandindirectcontrolandtreatment:The反之,创造条件,以提高寄生的抗病性的方法,可formeristhroughthewayofeliminatingor称为间接的防治法。inhibitingpathogenswhilethelaterisby饲养管理技术：经常进行的饲养管理技术,可以improvingresistanceofbeedisease.发挥防治病害的效果,例如加强蜂具消毒、更换Improvefeedingmanagement：Strengthenbee33 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文蜂王、合理使用子脾等,均有很好的防病效果。equipmentdisinfection,replacethequeen,the综合防治的重要性：在病害防治上,必须抓住各rationaluseofhoneycombcouldeffectively种病害发生的主要环节去设计防治方法,但是有preventdiseases.些病害不能单用一种方法就能得到满意的效果,Comprehensivepreventionshouldlayemphasis必须采取综合防治法才有可能把病害基本控制onkeylinksofdiseasesforexample,inthe下来,例如对中蜂囊状幼虫病的防治。controlandtreatmentofsacbrooddiseaseof1.杜绝最重要是采取检疫手段,杜绝外来病原物Apiscerana.进入1.Stopforeignpathogensfromenteringby2.病原物入侵新区，个别蜂群感染后，做毁群处takingquarantinemeasures;理预防病害的措施2.Destroyinganindividualcolonyaffectedby3.抑制改变环境条件，使之不适于病原物生存newpathogentostopspreading;4.阻扰病原与蜜蜂接触，如迁出发病蜂群3.Changesenvironmentalconditionstomakeit5.防御培育或饲养抗病品种等unsuitableforpathogensurvival;4.Movetheaffectedcoloniestostopcontact;5.Breeddisease-resistantvarieties.为什么蜜蜂病虫害的防治原则是：以防为主，Whyshouldwestickto防重于治，防治结合？theprinciple?因为在蜜蜂发病之后才去治疗,蜜蜂已经受到了1.Itwillsufferlossestotaketreatment一定的损失;蜜蜂病害一旦发生,发展很快，治疗afterward;往往跟不上病害发展的速度;一些病害的治疗,Diseasespreadsrapidly往往需要较长的时间,且效果也不彻底;一些病2.Ittakeslongtimetocurethedisease害目前尚无十分有效的防治方法;在蜂群内对一3.Noeffectivemethods些蜜蜂虫害的防治难以进行。4.Itisdifficulttotreatthediseaseofaffectedbeesinthecolony.蜜蜂病敌害的检疫Quarantineinspectionofdiseasesandenemiesofhoneybees1.蜜蜂检疫的意义：积极主动地杜绝或防止蜜蜂1.Significnace：Aneffectivemeansofproactively危险性疾病、虫害扩大蔓延的重要手段。我国eliminatingorpreventingdangerousdiseasesof对外蜜蜂检疫工作实际上从20世纪70年代开honeybeesandspreadingofpests始,各省、地之间的蜜蜂检疫起始于1958年前后。2.检疫的种类：2.Typesofquarantineinspection：Ⅰ国际间输出检疫根据贸易双方的合同或输入Ⅰ.Internationalexportquarantine国的检疫对象的规定,对输出的蜜蜂及其产品必Ⅱ.Domesticquarantineinspection须经过检疫,合格者发给合格证书准许输出。不Infectedbees,beeproducts,whether合格者不能放行,或经严格消毒处理再检合格后contaminatedornot,willbeallowedto输出。transportedout;infectedbeeequipmentisⅡ国内的检疫可以防止国内局部地区危险性病forbiddentotransportedoutorsold害扩大蔓延,其措施如下:疫区的蜜蜂、蜂产品,otherwiseitshouldpassrigorousdisinfectionand不论带菌与否,一律不准外运。若经检验病害严getquarantinequalification.重程度在允许范围内,必须在检疫员监督下就地治疗直到元发现危险性病虫,才能放行。同时禁34 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告止疫区蜂具外调或外售,否则同样必须通过严格的消毒处理后,经检疫合格者放行。3.检疫的原则：3.Priciples:(1)危险性病虫主要靠人为传播的种类例如多种(1)Avarietyofviruses,bacteriaandbeemites病毒、细菌、蜂瞒等不能离开蜜蜂或其产品而aretransmittedthroughbeesorbeeproducts传播,而这些传播又通过人为地引种、饲养管理whichisintegratedwithbreedintroduction,及产品流通环节进行的;但蜜蜂的一些虫害例如feedingandmanagementandproducts胡蜂、萤蝶、蜡琪等一般不考虑列为检疫对象,circulation.However,somepestslikewasps,因为它们的传播主要靠自然条件。hotarubutterfliesetc.aregenerallynot(2)给经济上造成严重损失的危险性病虫例如美consideredasquarantineobjects,becausethe洲幼虫腐臭病、欧洲幼虫腐臭病中蜂囊状幼虫transmissionismainlythroughnatural病、自主病以及多种蜂蜻暴发流行,均能造成conditions.50%以上的蜂群损失。(2)BeesaffectedbyAmericanandEuropean(3)国内、省内尚未发生或分布不广的危险性病foulbrood,sacbrooddiseaseallofwhich虫例如蜜蜂壁虱病、美洲幼虫腐臭病、蜜蜂慢couldcause50%lossofcolonies.性麻痹病、蜂虱等。(3)BeesaffectedwithAcarapisWooaiRenni,Chronicbeepraralysisofthebeesandbeelouse,whichdoesn’toccurornotwidelydistributed.4.检疫的途径:4.Quarantineapproaches:（1）检疫从国外省外引进蜜蜂良种或作为科研(1)Quarantinebeesintroducedfromabroador材料的蜜蜂。otherprovinceastheimprovedvarietiesor（2）检疫蜜蜂的产品包括蜂蜜、蜂花粉等可以materialsforscienceandresearch.携带各蜜蜂幼虫病的病原体。如疫区的蜂花粉(2)Quarantinebeeproductswhichcancarry可含大量的自要病的菌丝体及泡囊。pathogenslikemyceliumandvesicle（3）检疫转地放养的蜂群。它是我国目前实施causingbeebrooddiseases.检疫最重要的途径。(3)Quarantinemigratorycolonies,whichisanimportantway.5.检疫方法(仅供参考)：(1)抽查件数蜜蜂:种用5.Concretemethods:蜂:不低于总件数20%~50%。生产群100群以下不低于15%~20%;101~200群不低于10%~15%;201~300群不低于10%;300群以上不低于5%~10%。蜂产品:不低于总件数0.5%~5%。蜂具:不低于总件数0.596~5%抽查样品最低限量:蜂种不低于10件,若是邮寄种用蜂王,100件以内要逐件进行现场检查,可疑者必须进一步进行室内病原或病理鉴定。生产蜂群及其产品或蜂具不低于5件。(2)检疫方法常用有下列几种。现场检疫:输入品(2)Commonlyusedmethods:属于禁人范围的,应予退回或销毁;蜂群检疫先On-sitequarantine:35 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文注意观察蜂箱周围或蜂场上有无不正常的死蜂,Importedproductsbelongingtoprohibitedrange后按抽样比例,随机确定检查蜂群(或逐群检查)shallbereturnedordestroyed.Inquarantine,开箱认真检查有否发生检疫对象的那些症状。attentionshouldbepaidtothedeadbeesaround实验室检验:在现场检查它们症状的基础上,取beehivesorthebeeyardandthentakea回可疑材料,进行实验室进一步检验。通常通过samplinginspectiontocheckthesymptoms.常规的制片或解剖镜检,能分辨哪种病原物的存Labquarantine:在,即可认定感染哪一种病害了。Takesuspiciousmaterialstothelabforfurther饲养观察:经过临床症状,室内病原物形态检验testing.Itcanbeidentifiedthekindofdisease之后,仍难确诊为哪一种病害时,而病害初期的byanatomicalexamination.可疑症状仍无法排除。必须将可疑的材料(蜂群)Feedingobservation:放入一个周围元蜜蜂存在的相对孤立的地区(岛Takethesuspiciousbeestoanisolatedarea屿或山区)或隔离完善的试验场所,进行较长时(islandormountain)tobreedforalongtimeand间的饲养观察,一般通过一个发病季节的观察,makerecordsofobservation.Usually,ittakesa即可明确有否发病,一旦发现检疫性病害症状,seasonofoccurrencetoidentifythedisease.完整记录档案和留下制作标本材料外,样本蜂群Samplingbeesshouldbeimmediatelyburnedout应立即烧毁处理,防止病害蔓延,饲养观察检疫topreventthespreadofdisease.一般用于向国外引种业务上。6.实施检疫注意事项：6.fairwarningsofquarantine:预防在检疫中病害的蔓延,要事先做好产地病害Makeagoodpreparatoryworkinthe的调查工作;并了解病虫害分布情况,供检疫参investigationoftheoriginalareatogetknown考。若产地就是检疫性病虫的疫区,应建议不准thedistributionofdiseasesandenemies;Ifthe该疫区的蜜蜂出境,并组织力量定时做好检查检originfallsintotheepidemicarea,itisadvisable验和扑灭工作,一直到彻底消灭为止。在普查病thatbeesshouldnotbetransportedoutandwork虫害的基础上,明确本管辖区内有否检疫对象和needstobedonetocompletelydestroythe检疫对象分布情况,明确划分检疫区的范围,提colonies.高检疫质量。内地或新近发展起来的养蜂生产Itshouldbemadeclearthatthequarantine区域,往往病虫较轻,要特别注意防范。如果蜜蜂objectsandtheirdistributionandthescopeof品种相同或亲缘关系相近,自然条件相似的地quarantinearea.区,由疫区传人检疫性病虫,危害性往往很大,最Particularattentionshouldbepaidtonewly要严防。勿在疫区引人新种。对引进的蜂种最developedareasofbeekeeping.好要集中饲养观察一定时间,经过一周期繁育后Strictprecautionshouldbegiventobeevarieties确证无危险性病虫后再使用。andareasofsimilarities.Don’tintroducenewbreedfromtheepidemicarea.Newvarietiesshouldbebredforacycletoconfirmthattheyarenon-hazardous.抗病蜂种的选育Breedingofdisease-resistantbeevarieties蜜蜂不仅具有各种各样抗病性的差别,而且每种Resistanceisaffectedbygeneticand蜜蜂的抗病能力在不断的变化中。这就为我们environmentalconditions.提供了选择、创造和利用抗病蜂种的可能性。Samegeneticvarietiesshowdifferent抗病性同时受到遗传性和环境条件的支配。相performancesindifferentclimate,feedingand同遗传性的品种在不同的气候条件及饲养管理managementconditions,条件下,抗病性的表现是不同的。采用抗病品种Breedingdisease-resistantvarietiesisavery是一种十分经济的防病措施,可以广泛地应用,economicalpreventionmeasures,whichcanbe它对许多病毒病害的防治更具有重要的意义。widelyusedandplaysasignificantrolein36 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告在抗病品种的选育中,一般地说,对于专性较强controlandtreatmentofdiseasesandenemiesof的病原物,抗病性比较明显,抗病品种的选育也bees.较容易,相反地,专性低的病原,抗病性差异也较Inthebreedingofresistantvarieties,ingeneral,it不明显,选(育)种工作也较困难实践证明,在现有iseasiertobreedbeevarietiesresisting的蜜蜂品种中,存在着抗病的优良品种或个体,pathogenswithdistinctivefeatures.可以进行选择与繁育,也可以利用杂交的方法,Atpresent,therearefinedisease-resistant定向培育杂种后代,以培育新的抗病品种，并进varietiesorindividualswhichcanbeelectedand行品种的连续选择,不断提高抗病水平。bred.Hybridizationcanalsobeusedtocultivatetarget-orienteddisease-resistantvarieties.Throughcontinuousselection,wecouldimprovethedisease-resistance.近代来,国内外已利用人工授精的技术手段来培Athomeandabroad,artificialinseminationhas育优良的蜜蜂品种。而现代的遗传工程技术则beenadoptedtocultivateexcellentbeevarieties.为蜜蜂育种开拓了广阔的前景。在选育抗病品Moderngeneticengineeringopenupabroad种时,必须注意,一个理想的品种不但表现高度roadforbeebreeding.Inadditionto的抗病性,而且生产性状要好,蜜蜂的性情勤劳disease-resistance,weshouldtakeproduction,而温顺,蜂王产卵力高。抗病性只是这些优良性industriousanddocilepropertiesandhigh状中的一种而已。spawningofqueensintoconsideration.因此,在选育种工作中,不能单纯要求抗病性而Intermsofdisease-resistance,wehopetobreed忽视其他性状,当多种多样性的综合要求不能同beevarietiesacquiringcomprehensiveabilityto时都得到满足时,抗病性状应占的地位如何,须resistmajordiseasesandenemies.以病害的严重程度而定。由抗病性这一项来看,我们希望获得的是对一些主要的病害具有综合的抵抗能力,或谓集团免疫性的蜂种。如果不能如愿,那么,在每一地区往往有某一种要求的抗病品种,以抵抗最重要的病害。管理技术防治Controlandtreatmentthroughmanagement科学的饲养管理是以蜜蜂和病原体的生物学特Scientificfeedingandmanagementarebasedon性为根据的，给蜜蜂创造一个良好的繁育而不biologicalcharacteristicsofbeesandpathogens宜病原体繁殖的环境,从而达到减轻病害之目tocreateagoodbreedingenvironmentsuitable的。措施如下：forbeesandunfitforpathogenpropagationstoreducedisease.Measuresareasfollows:1.温度管理蜜蜂属变温动物,而蜂群的正常活动1.TemperatureManagement:beesare又需34~35℃的相对恒温,这就需靠蜜蜂群体活ectothermicinsects动来调节群温。冬季的适当保温、夏季的遮阳降温都是温度管理的重要工作。甚至饲料、水的供应都会影响群温。2.要养好蜂首先应给最适宜的饲料。强群是高2.Appropriatefeed:fresh,nomildewandno产稳产的基本，意味着群内饲料条件好，不仅bacterium.Strongswarmisthefoundationfor贮存有充足的蜂蜜，还有充足的蜂粮，能提供highproduction.Itreferstogoodfeeding必要的维生素、盐类等。在南方，采春蜜于梅condition,includingsufficienthoneyandbee雨时节更要留有余地，并随时注意群内饲料。bread,providingvitaminandsalttobees.Inarea喂花粉应注意新鲜，无霉变，不带菌offrequentrainsattentionshouldbepaidtopollenasitshouldbedryandfresh.37 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文3.蜂王管理优质蜂王是饲养强群获得高产量的3.Breedqualityqueens.重要因素之一。通过对蜂王的科学管理,可为繁Queenswithhighmetabolismandstrong殖、采蜜双丰收创造了条件。从防治病害的角resistancetodiseasesarebetter.Andwhen度来看,一般地讲,新王新陈代谢旺盛,生活力强,Chinesesacbroodoccurs,thechangeofqueen抗病力也强。例如在防治中蜂囊状幼虫病中,仅willguarantee2generationsofbeesnottobe采取更换蜂王措施,也能保证1~2子代不发病或infected.仅少数幼虫发病。同时换王也是加强繁殖,争取当年高产的需要药物防治Medication1.药物防治的重要性：利用化学药物来消灭病原1.Significance：Theuseofchemicalstodestroy体或抑制其感染力,是一种广泛施行的专业方pathogensorinhibittheinfectionisa法。特别在其他防除方法不能奏效时,就要求助professionalapproachwidelyimplemented.Drug于药物防治方法。从目前来看,药物防治方法仍preventionisstillplaysasignificantroleinthe是许多重要的蜜蜂病害主要的防治方法。因此,controlandtreatmentofdiseasesandenemiesof至今药物防治方法仍是蜜蜂病害整个防治措施bees.中的一个主要组成部分。2.Role:(1)Bactericidecankilloffgermandprotectbees.Appliedwithbactericide,somepathogensarekilled,someareinhibitedbutwhenthemedicationiswearingofforwashedoff,somebacteriacanrestoreitsactivity.(2)Protectiveagentsareusedbeforetheinfectiontoeliminateorinhibitpathogens:①destroypathogenssources:sterilizebeeequipment;②Applythemedicinetobeebodiestoprotectbeesorreduceinfectedbees.2.药剂防治的作用：2.Roles:(1)治疗和杀菌药剂的治疗杀菌,实际上也是保(1)Bactericidecankilloffgermandprotect护蜜蜂的作用。因为蜜蜂个体一旦被感染,并已bees.表现了症状,即使在药剂的作用下,很难想象已Appliedwithbactericide,somepathogensare感病的蜜蜂个体还会康复,这是与哺乳动物和许killed,someareinhibitedbutwhenthe多禽兽所不同的。许多药剂与病原体接触时,部medicationiswearingofforwashedoff,some分病原体被杀死,部分抑制了它们的活动,如病bacteriacanrestoreitsactivity.原菌的袍子不能萌发,菌丝不能生长,但当药剂(2)Protectiveagentsareusedbeforethe消失或被冲洗以后,部分细菌又可以恢复它的活infectiontoeliminateorinhibitpathogens:①动能力;有的只是制止病原菌的繁殖作用,许多destroypathogenssources:sterilizebee抗生素药剂,就是属此类的药剂。equipment;②Applythemedicinetobeebodies(2)保护药剂在病原菌未感染蜂体之前,加以消灭toprotectbeesorreduceinfectedbees.或抑制其活动:①消灭病原体来源,饲养过病样的蜂箱或接触过病毒的器具表面带着病原,消毒这些器具的表面即可把贮存的病原体消灭;②将药剂施用于蜂体,保护蜜蜂,使病原体不能或减38 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告少感染蜜蜂。3.药剂防治的优缺点3.Advantagesanddisadvantages(1)优点可在短期内见效。有的一种药可兼治多(1)Advantages:Effectiveintheshortterm.Some种病虫害;通常防治方法容易掌握。kindofmedicinecangetridofavarietyofpests(2)缺点因为蜜蜂也是昆虫,其产品为食品,所以anddiseases;有许多药剂是不能直接使用于蜂群防治;药物残(2)Disadvantages:Beeproductsareforfoodso留量影响蜂产品品质,用药后对其残留量检查操thatsomemedicinecannotbedirectlyusedin作较复杂费时。应特别注意的是一旦我国加人thecolonycontrol;Drugresiduesaffectthewto后,蜂产品的药剂污染问题将直接影响我国qualityofbeeproductsanditsinspectionismuch的蜂蜜出口。另外许多病毒病用药物治疗效果morecomplexandtime-consuming.不好。4.抗生素的合理应用4.Properuseofantibiotics(1)掌握抗生素的适应症临床上选用抗生素时应Getafullunderstandingofindicationsof对致病菌种、药物抗菌作用,病理机能状态等全antibiotics.Inclinicalpractice,comprehensive面考虑,严格地根据适应症选用,可用可不用者attentionshouldbegiventopathogenic尽量不用,可用狭谱就不用广谱抗生素,病原不bacterium,antibacterialfunctionsofthedrugand明者,一般也不用。尽量避免预防性用药,一旦使pathologicalfunctionalstatus,etc.Trytoavoid用,必须掌握适当剂量、疗程和给药途径,以免产preventivemedicationandunderstand生耐药性及蜂产品污染。appropriatedose,duration,androuteof(2)抗生素药物的联合使用和轮换使用为加强疗administration,inordertoavoiddrugresistance效,降低毒性,减少或延缓耐药性的产生,有时可andbeeproductspollution.采用联合用药。即单一抗生素不能控制严重混(2)Jointandconsecutiveuseofantibiotics合感染者;长期用药则多采用轮换用药,防止耐enhancetheefficacyandreducetoxicityand药性或二重感染的产生,并注意用药的途径,减drugresistance.少对蜂产品污染。reduceordelaytheemergenceofdrug(3)不用或须慎用抗生素类药物的情况①抗生素resistance,combinationtherapymaybeused对病毒病治疗一般无效,因病毒对抗生素不敏(3)Cautionshouldbegiveninthefollowing感,但有时为防止细菌的继发感染也有应用的;circumstances:②病情不太严重,病因不明,通常不轻易使用;③Firstly,antibiotictreatmentisgenerally有条件时可先做药敏试验,而且有目的地选择最ineffectiveagainstviraldiseases,becausethe敏感的药物。virusisnotsensitivetoantibiotics;Secondly,antibioticisnotusedtotreatlessseverediseaseorunknownetiology;Thirdly,choosethetargetedantibiotictotreatsusceptiblebacteria.5.蜂场常用的消毒药5.Commonlyuseddisinfectantsintheapiary(1)福尔马林含甲醒40%,与蛋白质氨基结合,有(1)Formalin(HCHO40%),强大的杀菌作用,能杀灭芽孢、病毒,但对皮肤蒙Combinedwithproteinaminogroups,the古膜刺激性强。以5%~10%溶液喷洒蜂具、用具、solutionhasastrongbactericidaleffectkilling环境,也可应用甲醒气体消毒密闭的疑有病菌感spores,virusbutisirritatingtoskin.5%to10%染的蜂具仓库,每立方米容积用15ml本品,加水solutioncanbesprayedtothesurfaceofbee20时,加热蒸发或加高锤酸何饨,消毒6h以上。appliancesandequipmentortheair.(2)氢氧化纳(饵)杀菌作用强,热水溶液可杀病Formaldehydevaporcanalsobeadoptedtothe毒。但它对机体有腐蚀性,消毒后需用清水冲洗。sterilizationofasealedwarehouseinfectedby常以10%~20%溶液作蜂具、环境等喷射消毒。pathogenwith15mlin20Lwaterpercubic39 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文(3)草木灰主要含有碳酸何发挥抗菌作用。以lastingaslongas6hours.30%草木灰水煮沸,过滤所得上清液,可用消毒蜂(2)Alkaline(NaOH):10%to20%ofthesolution箱等蜂具。若消毒液加热至50~70℃,效果更佳,issprayedfordisinfection.山区的蜂场可以就地取材,减少开支,但对细菌(3)Plantash(containingcarbonicacid):30%ash芽孢元效。waterisheatedtoboilingandthefresh(4)生石灰遇水生成氢氧化钙,起消毒作用。10%supernatantcanbeusedtosterilizebee石灰乳(1kg生石灰,先加1L水熟化,再加9L水即equipmentsuchasbeehives.成)。可用浸泡蜂箱等进行蜂具消毒。石灰粉用(4)calciumoxide(CaO)andwaterisgenerated于贮存蜂蜜或巢脾仓库的地面消毒。tocalciumhydroxideisadisinfector.(5)漂白粉为次氯酸钙和氢氧化钙的混合物。含(5)Bleachingpowderisamixtureofcalcium有效氯20%~30%,次氯酸钙在酸性溶液中释放游hypochloriteandcalciumhydroxidewith5%离氧而与细菌蛋白中的氨基结合而发挥抗菌作aqueoussolutiontodisinfectbeehive,equipment用,以5%水溶液来消毒被病原体所污染的蜂箱、orwinteringroomcontaminatedbypathogens.蜂具和越冬室等。也可用0.2%~1%的上清液来beehive,beeandwinteringroom.浸泡有病巢脾。(6)新洁尔灭本品为广谱抗菌,短时间内可杀死革(6)Bromo-geramine:Abroad-spectrum兰氏阳性和阴性细菌。对部分真菌和病毒也有antibioticcankillbacteriainashorttime效,刺激性小。目前在养蜂生产上逐步应用0.1%especiallyiseffectiveinkillingGram-positive的水溶液来消毒被各种幼虫病污染的巢牌和蜂and-negativebacteriaandsomefungiandvirus.箱等蜂具。也可以作处理完病群后洗手消毒。(7)Glacialaceticacid:effectiveinsporozoan(7)冰醋酸冰醋酸蒸气对抱子虫,变形虫以及蜡蟆andamoeba.的幼虫和卵,均有强的杀灭作用。(8)Carbondisulfideisaclearliquidwitha(8)二硫化碳是一种带有微黄色的透明液体,对蜡slightlyyellowcolorandpungentodorwhichis螺有杀伤力,有较强的刺激性气味,极易燃烧,并extremelyflammableandhighlytoxic有剧毒,使用时要注意安全。常用于巢脾熏蒸。(9)Sulfurdioxide(9)二氧化硫是燃烧硫磺所产生的气体。熏蒸使用,除了对蜡蟆外,对多种细菌、真菌都有杀灭作用。有刺激性。小结Summery贯彻以预防为主,是根据各种病害与蜜蜂、饲养Stickingtotheruleofputtingpreventionfirstis管理、定地或频繁转地的养蜂生产、蜜蜂的群basedontherelationsbetweenavarietyof体生活等各种因素之间的辩证关系,因地因时制diseasesandbeefeeding,management,宜,合理利用蜜蜂检疫、饲养管理、蜂场E生、migratorybeekeepingandotherfactors.Asresult物理、化学等各种防治措施,进行综合防治,以最comprehensivepreventionandcontrolincluding经济、最安全、最有效的措施地把各种病害控beequarantine,breeding,management,physical制在不能造成危害或最低危害的程度。同时还andchemicalmeanswillbetakentoreducethe要把蜂群内对产品可能造成的污染予以杜绝或harmtothelowestlevel.What’smore,the减少到最低程度。通过大量的饲养管理技术措pollutiontohiveproductsshouldbelimited.施,创造不利于病原体生长繁殖的条件,控制病Measuresaretakenfromthefollowingaspects:害的发生数量,减轻危害。选育和使用抗病蜂种,1.Selectionandbreedingofdisease-resistant日常保持蜂场干燥卫生,蜂具、饲料的清洁,科学bees;2.Maintainsanitationinapiary,bee使用药物治疗,在保证疗效的前提下,尽量减少equipmentandfeed;3.Underthepremiseof剂量与用药次数,以达到经济、安全有效地控制ensuringtheefficacy,thedoseandfrequencyof40 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告病害。蜜蜂病害种类繁多,在防治工作中必须根administrationshouldbeminimized.据各种病害与各地的具体情况,制订出切实可行的综合防治的方案。第三节蜜蜂病害的防治Beediseases细菌性病害Bacteriosis真菌性病害Mycosis病毒Virosis病原虫Protozoosis幼虫腐臭病、蜜蜂败血病Foulbrood,Thebeesepticemia蜜蜂白垩病、蜜蜂黄曲病、囊状幼虫病StoneBrood,Sacbrood蜜蜂慢性麻弊病、阿肯色蜜蜂病毒病Chonicdiseaseofparalysisofbees,Arkansasbeevirusdisease蜜蜂微孢子病、蜜蜂马氏管变形虫病Microspordiosis,Malpighiantubulesamebiasis美洲幼虫腐臭病Americanfoulbrooddisease发生情况Americanfoulbrood(AFB),isthemost美洲幼虫腐臭病是一种蜜蜂幼虫病害。该病于widespreadanddestructiveofthebeebrood1907年确定。目前广泛发生于温带与亚热带地diseases.区的几乎所有国家。1.Pathogen:Bacilluslarvae1.病原美洲幼虫腐臭病由幼虫芽孢杆菌引起,菌体杆状,大小约2~51μm×0.5~0.81μm,革兰size:2~51μm×0.5~0.81μm氏染色阳性,具周生鞭毛,能运动,在条件不利时Gram-positive,surroundingflagellin,in能形成椭圆形的芽孢,芽孢大小约1.31μm×0.6unfavorableconditionsitcanformovalsporesofμm。芽孢抵抗力极强,对热、化学消毒剂、干thesizeof1.31μm×0.6μm.燥环境至少有35年的抵抗力。芽孢与蜜蜂的工Extremelystrongresistancetoheat,chemical蜂、蜂王、雄蜂幼虫的感病有直接的关系。disinfectantindryenvironment.2.症状被感染的蜜蜂幼虫平均在孵化后12.5天2.symptoms:表现出症状。首先体色明显变化,从正常的珍珠Affectedlarvae:larvaeof12.5d自变黄、淡褐色、褐色直至黑褐色。同时,虫体Colorchange:Dullwhite----light不断失水干瘪,最后成紧贴于巢房壁的、黑褐色brown----coffeebrown----darkbrown----almost的、难以清除的鳞片状物。病虫的死亡几乎都black.发生于封盖期,通常是幼虫的前蜗期,少数在幼Scalecharacteristics:Liesuniformlyflaton虫期或蜗期死亡。死亡的幼虫伸直,头部伸向巢lowersideofcell.Adherestightlytocellwall.房口,它们的"吻"常从鳞片状物前部穿出,形如伸Fine,threadliketongueofdeadmaybepresent.出的舌。幼虫芽孢杆菌的"巨鞭"。病虫死亡后,Headliesflat.Blackincolor.在其腐烂过程中,能使蜡盖变色(颜色变深),湿润,Morphologychange:plump----lessplump下陷、穿孔,在封盖下陷时期,用火柴杆插入封盖(obvioustracheaobviously)----collapse----41 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文房,拉出时,能拉出褐色的、秸稠的、具腥臭味的distorted----rot----dry(non-sticky,flakes长丝easytoremove)Odorofdeadbrood:slightlytopronouncedputridodor.Appearanceofbroodcomb:Unsealedbrood.Somesealedbroodinadvancedcaseswithdiscolored,sunkenorpuncturedcapping.3.增殖幼虫芽孢杆菌在蜜蜂幼虫体内的增殖3.Germination幼虫取食了被污染的食物中的芽孢而被侵染。Bacilluslarvae:themultiplicationofbacillus通常侵染一只2日龄以上的幼虫需要数以百万larvaeinthebeelarvaeisthroughcontaminated计的芽孢,但是只要10个芽孢侵入幼虫体内,24hfeed.Larvaeupto3daysoldbecomeinfectedby之后,幼虫即患病,幼虫芽孢杆菌的营养体是不ingestingsporesthatarepresentintheirfood.会引起病害的。这可能是因为幼虫食物具有杀Younglarvaelessthan24hoursoldaremost菌作用,至少蜂王浆中的10-短基-2-葵烯酸等酸susceptibletoinfection.Sporesgerminateinthe性物质对细菌营养体有抑制和杀灭的作用。幼gutofthelarvaandthevegetativeformofthe虫芽孢杆菌的芽孢只侵染小日龄的蜜蜂幼虫(孵bacteriabeginstogrow,takingitsnourishment化后53h以内),而不能侵染老熟幼虫、蜗或成虫。fromthelarva.Sporeswillnotgerminatein芽孢在幼虫肠腔内萌发后,不生长,其蕾养体于larvaeover3daysold.Infectedlarvaenormally幼虫化蜗前的静止期侵入血体腔,生长并大量繁dieaftertheircellissealed.Thevegetativeform殖,引起幼虫败血症,迅速死亡。幼虫死亡后,细菌ofthebacteriumwilldiebutnotbeforeit开始形成芽孢,一只虫尸内,大约可形成25亿个producesmanymillionsofspores.Eachdead芽孢。细菌在形成芽拖过程中,释放了对其他细larvamaycontainasmanyas100millionspores.菌有顿顽作用的物质,所以在腐烂的虫尸上次生Thisdiseaseonlyaffectsthebeelarvaebutis菌不能生长。蜂群中三型蜂的幼虫都能被幼虫highlyinfectiousanddeadlytobeebrood.芽孢杆菌侵染,但幼虫对病原菌所表现出的敏感Infectedlarvaedarkenanddie.性不同。一般地,蜂王幼虫的敏感性大于工蜂幼虫,而工蜂幼虫的敏感性大于雄蜂幼虫。4.传播幼虫芽孢杆菌在蜂群中的传播被污染4.Transmission:food(contaminatedpollenand的食物(主要是被芽孢污染的花粉)和巢脾是病honeycomb)Thetransmissionisthroughrobber害传播的主要来源,哺育蜂的饲育活动,是群内bees,lostbees,expansionofhoneycomb,feed传播的主要方式。群间传播,蜂场间传播则主要andsooninthecolonyandapiary.由盗蜂、迷巢蜂、加脾,调整群势,饲喂等引起。5.流行规律美洲幼虫腐臭病的暴发没有明显5.Epidemicregularity:noseasonaloutbreaks的季节性,病害能在一年中的任何一个有幼虫的throughouttheyear.Coloniesturnforthebetter季节发生。病群在好的蜜源大流蜜期到来时,病orevenself–healinthephaseofflownectar.情减轻,甚至"自愈"。其原因为:Reasonsare:(1)芽孢可能被采进的花蜜稀释,从而降低了幼虫(1)Sporesmaybedilutedbythenectarreducing从食物中接受芽孢的机会;thechancesforlarvaetogetsporesfromthe(2)花蜜的充盈剌激了蜂群中内勤蜂的清洁行为,feeding.内勤蜂发现和清除病虫的能力也加强;(2)Theabundantflowofnectarstrengthensthe(3)刚采回的花秘作为幼虫的食物,在一定程度上abilitiesofhousebeestodetectandremove也减少了幼虫被芽孢侵染的机会。但是:在一个infectedlarvae.蜂群中,若病虫数量在百只以上,在通常情况下,(3)Thefreshnectarisfedtothelarvaereducing侵染将迅速传播,并使蜂群灭亡。thepossibilitiesoflarvaegettinginfectedby42 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告spores.6.诊断6.Diagnosis(1)根据典型的症状,特别是烂虫能“拉丝”来进(1)Fine,threadliketongueofthedeadlarvae行诊断。(2)Drylarvaebodyinspection:PutitunderaUV(2)于虫尸的检查:将干虫尸置紫外灯下,干鳞片lampandthedryscalesbeginstodissolve在紫外光的激发下,能发生强烈;随即凝乳块开immediatelyandcompletelyin15min,whichis始溶解,15min后,全部溶尽。这个作用是由幼虫causedbytheproteolyticenzymesreleasedby芽孢杆菌形成芽孢时释放的稳定的水解蛋白酶thebacillus.引起的(注意:巢内贮存的花精也会有这种反应,应注意区别花粉与干虫尸）。7.防治方法7.Preventionandcontrol预防:(1)加强检疫,控制病群的流动;(2)及时Prevention:控制群内的蜻害,因研究发现蜂瞒也能携带、传Strengthenquarantineandcontroltheflowof播病原菌;(3)培育抗病品种。infectedgroup治疗:(1)在病害尚未大发生时,及时烧毁少Controldragonflyleadingtobeemiteswhichcan量病群,以免传播开损失更大;(2)用干净的箱、脾carryandspreadpathogen.将病群的箱、病虫脾、空脾换出消毒,箱脾的消Cultivatedisease-resistantvarieties.毒方法有:①60Coy-射线照射;②EO(乙烯氧化物)气体密闭熏蒸;③高锰酸钾加福尔马林密闭熏蒸Control:(3)换出的原群饲喂红霉素(0.25g/10框蜂),四环Burnoutafewcoloniestostopfurtherspreading.素(0.5g/10框蜂)。Usecleanhiveandhoneycombandsterilize药物的饲喂方法:①配制含药饱和糖浆,结thoseinhabitedbyinfectedlarvae:合奖饲蜂群,方便易行,但易造成蜂蜜的抗生素①60Coy-radiation;②EO(ethyleneoxide);③污染。②配制含药花粉,将药物(用药量同上)磨秘Potassiumpermanganateandformalin(3)new混于糖浆,调人蜀"花粉中(10框蜂取食2~3天量),coloniesarefedwitherythromycin(0.25g/10至不粘手为止,饲喂蜂群,效果好,也不易造成蜂framesofbee),tetracycline(0.5g/10framesof蜜;量污染。③配制含药炼糖饲喂蜂群,将药物磨bee).成极细粉来,加入炼糖中,揉均即可,每2~3天喂药一次,3~5次为一个疗程,看蜂群病情,酌情进行第二疗程,用药量同上。欧洲幼虫腐臭病Europeanfoulbrood(EFB),isthemost该病于1885年首次系统报道,目前广泛发生于widespreadanddestructiveofthebeebrood世界几乎所有的养蜂国家。diseases.1.病原蜂房球菌为致病菌。该菌单个的形态为1.Pathogen:披针形。革兰氏染色阳性,常结成链状或成簇排Melissococcusplutoniusisabacterium.列。感染欧幼病的蜜蜂幼虫有许多菌，这些次Melissococcusplutoniusisnotasporeforming生菌能加速幼虫的死亡。最常见的次生菌为尤bacteria,howeverbacterialcellscansurvive瑞狄斯杆菌,大小约0.8~2.511μm×0.5μm,革severalmonthsonwaxfoundation.兰氏染色阴性,一般培养基上易生长,菌落myceliamorphology：Lanceolate，diameter0.5mm,白色培养基上培养出的菌体具多型性,单0.5～1μm，Gram-positiveformingachainof个或成链状,或似链球状,随不同培养基而定,所clusters以常与蜂房球菌相混淆。culturalcharacter：Thebacteriadoesn’tnotgrow另一个常见的次生菌是粪链球菌,菌体ingeneralculturalandaerobiccondition直径0.8~11μm,呈链状排列,在培养基上生长微Secondaryhyphae:Susceptiblebeelarvaehave43 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文弱,菌落小,白色,表面凸起,形态与蜂房球菌十分manysecondarybacteriawhichcanaccelerate相似,该菌是蜜蜂从野外带入箱的。它寄生于病thedeath虫后,其生长结果引起酸味。Commonsecondaryhyphae：再一个常见的次生菌是蜂房芽孢杆菌,Buctriumeurydice，Gram-negative状,0.5~0.81×2.0~5.01μm,电镜量照片测量Streptococcusfaecalis，sour0.6~0.8μm×2.2~4.51μm,革兰氏染色阳性,不B.alvei，Gram-positiverod稳定或阴性。运动,具周生鞭毛。芽孢椭圆形,中生、亚端生或端生,抱囊膨大,在生于包培养基中,涂片中常常发现并排芽孢的长列。该菌寄生病虫后,产生难闻的臭味。在死虫的干尸中,只有蜂房球菌及蜂房芽孢杆菌的芽泡能长期存活。2.症状欧幼病一般只感染日龄小于2日龄2.Symptoms:的幼虫,通常病虫在4~5日龄死亡。患病后,虫体Symptomsincludedeadanddyinglarvae变色,失去肥胖状态。从珍珠般白色变为淡黄色、whichcanappearcurledupwards,brownor黄色、浅褐色,直至黑褐色。刚变褐色时,透过表yellow,meltedordeflatedwithtrachealtubes皮清晰可见幼虫的气管系统。随着变色,幼虫塌moreapparent,ordriedoutandrubbery陷,似乎被扭曲,最后在巢房底部腐烂,干枯,成为Affectedlarvae:larvaelessthan2d无编译蒙古性,易清除的鳞片。虫体腐烂时有难susceptible,4~5ddead闻的酸臭味。若病害发生严重,巢脾上"花子"严Colorchange:white(normal)----yellowish重,由于幼虫大量死亡,蜂群中长期只见卵、虫不----Yellow----Hazel----darkbrown见封盖子。Morphologychange:plump----lessplump(obvioustracheaobviously)----collapse----distorted----rot----dry(non-sticky,flakeseasytoremove)Odorofdeadbrood:Slightlytopenetratingsour.AppearanceofbroodcombUnsealedbrood.Somesealedbroodinadvancedcaseswithdiscolored,sunkenorpuncturedcapping.3.增殖蜂房球菌在蜜蜂幼虫中的增殖蜜蜂小Melissococcusplutongerminatesrapidlyinthe幼虫吞食被蜜蜂球菌污染的食物后,该菌在中肠midgutofbeelarvaeandtheninfectsepithelial迅速繁殖,破坏中肠围食膜,然后侵染上皮组织,tissue,andsometimesthecanbealmost有时病菌能几乎完全充满中肠,绝大多数病虫迅completelyfilledwithbacteriaintheintestines速死亡,少量幼虫可能意外地(可能是病原菌繁causingthedeathofthevastmajorityoflarvae.殖量少)存活至化蝠,在幼虫化蜗前,肠道内的细Theintestinalbacteriawiththefecesare菌随粪便排出沉积于幼虫巢房壁上,其中的蜂房depositedonthewallsofnestroom,where球菌能保留数年的侵染性,成为重要的感染源。bacteriacankeeptheinfectivityforseveralyearsbecominganimportantsourceofinfection4.传播蜂房球菌在蜂群中的传播子脾上的病4.Tranmission虫及幸存的病虫是主要的传染源,内勤蜂的清Infectedandsurvivalbeelarvaeare44 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告洁,哺育幼虫活动,将病原菌传播至全群。群间传importantsourceofinfection.播主要是由于调整群势,盗蜂、迷巢蜂等引起。Thetransmissionisthroughrobberbees,lostbees,expansionofhoneycomb,feedandsooninthecolonyandapiary.5.流行规律病害的发生有明显的季节性。在5Epidemicregularity我国南方,一年之中常有两个发病高峰。一个是Peakofepidemic3月初到4月中,即油菜花期到荔枝花期,另一个South:earlyMarchtothemiddleAprilofcanola是8月下.到10月初(福建南部可至12月)。两plantsfloweringandlateAugusttoearlyOctober个发病高峰期,都基本与蜂群繁殖高峰期相重oflitchiflowering(overlappingwiththepeakof叠,.即与春繁、秋繁相重叠。蜂群内幼虫多,抚colonybreeding）.育任务重时,病害易发生,抚育任务轻时,病害轻。SizeoftheswarmandEuropeanfoulbrood所以,病害常见于繁殖高峰期、弱群,大流蜜期的disease到来,病害常常"自愈",可往往随采蜜期过后,开Asmallswarmismorevulnerableand始繁殖下一次适龄采集蜂时,病害又抬头。spreadfasterthanthelargeronesduetopoorinsulation,inadequatefeedinsects,andcleaningupdeadinsectsbehindtime.6.诊断6.Diagnosis(1)利用典型症状诊断,先观察脾面是否Typicalsymptoms有“花子现象",再仔细检查是否有移位,扭曲或Usuallytwistedincell.Doesnotadheretocell腐烂于巢房底的小幼虫;wall.Rubberyandblackincolor.(2)挑出已移位,扭曲但尚未腐烂的病Ageofdeadbrood:4～5d（non“pointed”head）虫,置载玻片上,用两把银子夹住躯体中部的表Odorofdeadbrood——pronouncedputridodor.皮平稳地拉开,将中肠内容物留在载玻片上,里Pathogendiagnosticstaining:面有不透明、自墨色的凝块。挑出凝块,按细菌Placetheopaque,coloredchalkclotinthemid简单染色法染色,油镜下可见大量病原菌。健康intestinesonaslideandwatchthrough幼虫的中胁不容易解剖,而且中肠内容物是棕黄microscopeafterstainingthebacteria.(Midgut色的。ofahealthylarvaisnoteasytodissectwithbrowncolor)7.防治7.Preventionandtreatment:西方蜜蜂上欧洲幼虫腐臭病一般不甚严“self-healing”inphaseofhoneyflow重,通常无需治疗,多数蜂群可自愈。而中蜂欧洲Asmallswarmismorevulnerableandspread幼虫腐臭病常十分严重,严重影响春繁及秋繁,fasterthanthelargeronesduetopoorinsulation,而且病群几乎年年复发难以根治。但由于病原inadequatefeedinsects,andcleaningupdead对抗生素敏感,病群的病情用药物较易控制。需insectsbehindtime.注意的问题是,要合理用药,严防抗生素污染蜂⒈asmallnumberoflarvaeinneedoffeeding蜜。withinthegroupsothatthereisadequatenutritionforhealthanddevelopmentofthelarvae⒉Verysmallamountofaffectedlarvaearepromptlyremoved.防治方法:Prevention:(1)Breedingdisease-resistantbee预防:(1)选育对病害敏感性低的品系;varieties;(2)Adoptingnewqueensbreakingthe45 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文(2)换王,打破群内育虫周期,给内reproductivecycleswithinthegroup,giving勤蜂足够时间清除病虫和打扫巢房;housebeesenoughtimetoclearthebackoffice(3)病群内的重病脾取出销毁或beepestsandcleannestroom;(3)Destroyor严格消毒后再使用(消毒方法参见美洲幼虫腐臭strictlysterilizethecombs.病的防治。施药防治:常用土霉素(10万IU/10框蜂),或四环Medication:(1)Terramycin(ortetracycline素(10万IU/10框蜂),配于饱.和糖浆内喂病群,但tablets)易造成蜂蜜污染。建议配制含药花粉饼或抗生Dosage:100,000IUfor10framesof素馀糖喂饲。含药花粉的配制:上述药剂及药量,bees将药物粉碎,拌人适量花粉(10框蜂取食2~3天Methods:Thetabletsaremashedand量),用饱和糖浆或蜂蜜揉至面粉团状,不粘手即mixedwithsyrupwhichisfedonceaday,7d1可,置于巢框上框梁上,供工蜂搬运饲喂。抗生素courseoftreatmentforthreecourses馆糖配制:24g热蜜加5斜g糖粉,稍凉后加入7.悔的红霉素粉,搓至硬,可喂500群中等群势的蜂群。重病群可连续喂3~5次,轻病群5~7天喂一次,喂至不见病虫即可停药。其他细菌性病害Otherbacterialdiseases1蜜蜂败血病，病原为败血病杆菌。多发生于西1.Beesepticemiawiththepathogenof方蜜蜂septicemiacoliwhichofteninfectstheApis2蜜蜂伤寒病，病原为蜂房哈夫尼菌。多发生于mellifera.西方蜜蜂2.BeetyphoidwiththepathogenofHafniaalvei3蜜蜂螺原体病，病原为蜜蜂螺旋菌质体。仅发whichonlyinfectstheWesternhoneybee生于西方蜜蜂3.BeeSpiroplasmadiseasewiththepathogenof4.蜜蜂粉介病蜜蜂粉介病是一种较为罕见的蜜beespiroplasmawhichonlyinfectsApis蜂幼虫病害,病原菌为尘埃芽孢杆菌。mellifera.5.立克次氏体病在瑞士发现了蜜蜂立克次氏体4.Honeybeepowdery-scaleisararedisease.病,但其中有许多是蜜蜂线病毒病，只有部分可5.Beerickettsialdisease.能是类似于立克次氏体的布机体。蜜蜂白垩病Chalkbrooddisease1.病原菌为蜜蜂球囊霉。该病症是由真菌型蜂球1.Ascosphaeraapisisafungaldiseasethat囊菌寄生引起蜜蜂幼虫死亡的真菌性传染infeststhegutofthelarva.Thefunguswill病。症状病菌以孢子和子囊孢子入侵幼虫肠腔competewiththelarvaforfood,ultimately吸取其营养，并分泌毒素，从而导致幼虫组织causingittobestarvedtodeath.Thefunguswill细胞分解。该病菌会与蜜蜂幼虫争夺食物，主thengoontoconsumetherestofthelarva"s要引起大龄幼虫及封盖幼虫死亡，4日龄左右的body,causingittoappearwhiteand"chalky".雄蜂幼虫更易感染白垩病，多发生于夏秋高温Chalkbroodismostcommonlyvisibleduringwet多雨的潮湿季节。维持蜂群强盛，蜂巢内保持springs.HiveswithChalkbroodcangenerallybe干燥、适当通风及正常温度，真菌病害即不易recoveredbyincreasingtheventilationthrough发生。thehive.2.症状患白垩病的幼虫在封盖后的头两天或2.Symptoms:在前蜗期死亡。幼虫被侵染后先肿胀,微软,后期Affectedlarvae:larvaedieinthefirst2daysof则失水缩小成坚硬的块状物。当只有一个株系(+capping.或一)感染幼虫时,死亡的幼虫残体为白色粉笔Colorchange:样物;当两个株系共同在幼虫上生长时,死虫体white(normal)----chalky---greenishblackor46 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告表形成抱囊,干尸呈深墨绿色至黑色。在蜂群中blackofdriedlarvae.雄蜂幼虫比工蜂幼虫更易受到感染。在重病群Morphologychange:slightlyswollen----soft---a中,可能留下封盖房,但为零散的,封盖房中有结hardlump实的僵尸,当摇动巢脾时能发出撞击声响。Appearanceofbroodcomb:sporadicsealedbroodwithstiffdeadlarvae.3.增殖病原菌在蜜蜂幼虫体内的增殖蜜蜂幼3.Germination虫在3~4日龄吞食病原菌抱子,则最易感噩.染白Beelarvaeof3-4ddevouringbacteria歪病。孢子进入肠道后,萌发并开始生长。孢子sporesfallintothemostsusceptibleobjects.的萌芽需厌气条件,而菌丝生长需好气条件,故Theconditionofintestineof3-4dbee而3~4日龄幼虫的肠道厌气时间短,适合病原菌larvaeissuitableforthegerminationofthe的生物学特性。菌丝的生长特别喜在肠道的末sporeswhichneedaerobicenvironment.While端,接着菌丝穿过肠壁,最后幼虫躯体末端破裂,mycelianeedsagoodaerobicconditiongrowing菌丝蔓延至幼虫体表生长,并在死虫体表形成抱attheendoftheintestine.囊。蜜蜂球囊霉在稍变冷的幼虫体上生长最好,子实体大约在30℃形成。当幼虫封盖后,对幼虫进行短时间的降温(从正常的35℃降至30℃),大部分幼虫对病原菌敏感。4.病原菌的传播蜂群内的传播主要是孢子,孢4.Transmission子的抗性极强,至少能在自然条件下存活35年。菌丝体也能直接侵染幼虫。群间传播可能是飞Sporeswithhighresistancelastingforatleast35扬的袍子,也可能是别的种类的蜂,如切叶蜂、独years.Myceliumcandirectlyinfectlarvae.居蜂等(有报道蜜蜂球囊霉也能感染切叶蜂、独Inter-grouptransmissionmaytakeplaceby居蜂的幼虫)传染给蜜蜂的。蜂箱内的虫尸和被flyingsporesorotherspeciesofbees,suchas污染的食物是重要的传染源。白垩病自1990年cuttingsawfly,solitarybees.在我国发现后,1~2年间即传遍全国,其主要原因Deadlarvaeorcontaminatedfeedisalsoan为,我国生产花粉的蜂群集中于个别省份,而该importantsourceofinfection.花粉又普遍被病原菌污染,其他省份向其购入花粉于春季饲喂蜂群后,造成病害在数省同时暴发。5.流行规律发病的季节性较明显,一般为春季5.Epidemicregularity及初夏,气候多雨潮湿,温度不稳,变化频繁,蜂群Season:springorearlysummerwithrainyand又处于繁殖期,子圆大,边脾或脾边缘受冷机会humidclimateandunstabletemperaturewhen多,发病率较高。蜂箱通气不良,或贮蜜的含水量coloniesareintheirbreedingseasonsothat过高(22%以上)。都会促进病害的发展。白垩病honeycombsarelargeandroundwithhigher的发生与传播与蜂群内使用抗生素有关。因为chancesofedgesbeingaffectedbycold.抗生素的使用,破坏了蜜蜂肠内的微生物区系的Beehives:poorventilationinbeehivesorstoring平衡,从而促进了真菌的迅速繁殖。蜜蜂球囊菌honeywithmoistureofover22%.与其他蜂种的关系独居蜂或野生蜂在病传播中Theuseofantibiotics:Theuseofantibioticshas起了作用。在英格兰,在切叶蜂的死蜗上和切叶underminedintestinalmicroflorabalance,蜂的巢房里发现蜜蜂球囊霉。在美国,报道了在therebypromotingfungimutilationrapidly.切叶蜂和圃土巢蜂的粪便中发现了蜜蜂球囊TherelationshipbetweenAscosphaeraapisand霉。从土巢蜂上也分离出蜜蜂球囊霉。在碱蜂otherspeciesofbeessuchascuttingsawfly,和其他许多种蜂的蜜胃里发现过这种真菌,这是solitarybees.Ascophaeraapishasbeenfoundin47 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文因为多数蜂种的一些个体在一个区域同采一种thedeadlarvaeandbeecombofcuttingsawfly.蜜源,从而通过花传递这种病原。6.诊断6.Diagnosis(1)通过典型的症状诊断;(1)Typicalsymptoms;(2)取回干虫尸,刮取体表黑色物,置载玻片上做(2)Retrievedrydeadlarvae,scrapedblack水浸片,显微镜400倍观察,根据真菌抱囊及袍子substanceofthesurfaceandwatchthefungisac球,袍子的形态确定病原菌。andsporethrough400timesmicroscope7.防治方法7.Preventionandtreatment(1)用干净的蜂箱、巢脾换出病群的箱、重病脾,(1)Usecleanbeehives用福尔马林加高锺酸御密闭熏蒸消毒;严重的病(2)Spraythebodysurfaceofadultsbeesfor脾应考虑烧毁;sterilizationfor3days.(2)病群于晴天用0.5%的高锺酸饵喷雾做成年蜂(3)Addsorbicacidandsodiumpropionateto体表消毒,喷至成蜂体表雾湿状为止,每天一次,pollenasthefeedforinfectedcoloniesfor7连续3天;days;Amphotericin2g/60framesofbeesfor7(3)用山梨酸和丙酸纳掺入花粉中饲喂病群,连续days;7天;用二性霉素一B掺入花粉中饲喂病群(4)Payattentiontoventilationandlower(2g/60框蜂),连续7天;用左旋咪喽6片加制霉菌humiditytolessthan22%.素2片碾粉掺入花粉饲喂病群(治疗20框蜂),连续7天;用甲苯咪瞠2片碾粉掺入花粉饲喂病群(治20框蜂),连续7天;均可获得较好的疗效,且不伤蜂;(4)蜂群注意通风降湿,以含水量22%以下的蜂蜜作饲料,并注意及早控制其他病害,春季做好保温,使蜂箱内维持对蜜蜂发育有利的温度。蜜蜂黄曲霉病由黄曲霉引起。患黄曲霉病的幼Stonebroodisafungaldiseasecausedby虫可能是封盖的,也可能是未封盖的,病原菌有Aspergillusfumigatus,Aspergillusflavusand时也会侵略‘染蝇。得病初期幼虫变软,后来就Aspergillusniger.成苍白带褐色或黄绿色,幼虫死亡后失水并变得Itcausesmummificationofthebroodofa十分坚硬,虫尸表面长满绒毛状黄绿色的霉菌。honeybeecolony.Thefungiarecommonsoil气生菌丝会将虫尸与巢房壁紧连在一起。成蜂inhabitantsandarealsopathogenictoother也会受到黄曲霉的侵染。成蜂患病后最显著的insects,birdsandmammals.Thediseaseis症状是,工蜂不正常的骚动,病蜂圃无力,瘫痪。腹difficulttoidentifyintheearlystagesof部通常肿大,泡子在头部附近形成最早最多。死infection.蜂腹部常表现与幼虫整个体躯相似的干硬,死蜂Thesporesofthedifferentspecieshave不腐烂。体表上形成抱子。differentcoloursandcanalsocauserespiratory真菌在蜜蜂体内的增殖蜜蜂吞食抱子后即受damagetohumansandotheranimals.Whena害。于包子在消化道内萌发后,产生的菌丝体会beelarvatakesinsporestheymayhatchinthe为害所有的软组织。在被感染的幼虫体内,真菌gut,growingrapidlytoformacollarlikering生长很快,迅速穿透体表,在头后形成一个黄白nearthehead.Afterdeaththelarvaeturnblack一个黄白色环。andbecomedifficulttocrush,hencethename最终,菌丝体包裹整个幼虫如一层假皮。真stonebrood.菌即在死虫体表产生颜色为黄绿色的分生于包Eventuallythefunguseruptsfromthe子。真菌造成蜜蜂死亡的主要原因是,真菌在生integumentofthelarvaandformsafalseskin.In长过程中释放的黄曲霉毒素使蜜蜂机体中毒,死thisstagethelarvaearecoveredwithpowdery48 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告亡。菌丝对所有软组织有机械破坏作用,加速了fungalspores.Workerbeescleanouttheinfected蜜蜂的死亡。broodandthehivemayrecoverdependingonfactorssuchasthestrengthofthecolony,thelevelofinfection,andhygienichabitsofthestrainofbees(thereisvariationinthetraitamongdifferentsubspecies/races).囊状幼虫病Sacbrood病原引起囊状幼虫病的病原为蜜蜂囊状幼虫病1.Pathogen毒StonebroodisafungaldiseasecausedbyAspergillusfumigatus,AspergillusflavusandAspergillusniger.2症状2.Symptoms:患病初期的幼虫不封盖即被清除,蜂王重新在被Affectedlarvae:larvaedieinthefirst2daysof清理的蜜蜂囊状幼虫病病毒粒子空巢房中产卵,capping.从而许多巢房虫态不一,形成"花子"或出现埋房Colorchange:peal-likewhite----现象。病害严重期,由于病虫数量大,工蜂.清理不yellow---yellowishhazel---black及,脾面可见的典型病状为:初期病虫与健虫不Morphologychange:soft---Largeamountsof易区别,随后体色逐渐由珍珠样白色变黄、黄褐fluidaccumulatebetweenthesickbodyandskin褐,甚至黑色。伴随体色变化,虫体渐软化,大量的whichdoesn’ttakeoff---dryblackscalesticking液体聚积于病虫躯体和它的坚韧的未脱去的表tothewallofthehoneycomb---resemblea皮之间。巢房不封盖或封盖被工蜂咬开,可见"dragonboat尖头"。随虫体水分不断图例囊状幼虫病症状蒸Appearanceofbroodcomb:sealedorunsealed发,干燥成一片黑褐色的鳞片,贴于巢房的一边,broodwithvariousstagesofbees.头,尾部略上翘,形如"龙船状",腐烂虫体不具蒙古性,无臭味,易清除3.病毒的增殖病毒在幼虫体内的许多组织中3.Germination增殖。但幼虫在封盖前一直保持正常的状态,直Thevirusgerminatesinmanytissuesofthesick到前蜗期死亡,其原因为幼虫不能脱掉它最后一larvaewhichtakeanormalstatusbefore层皮,坚韧的表皮内层未被溶解(可能幼虫在感uncappingstage.Larvaeof2dismostsensitive染了病毒后,表皮腺体中分泌几丁质酶的结构被tothevirus.破坏)。在新、旧表皮间积累了蜕皮液,其中含大Adultworkerbeescanalsobeinfectedwith量的病毒粒子。2日龄的幼虫对病毒最敏感。病accumulationinthefat,headandpharynxgland.毒在成年工蜂体内也能增殖。脂肪体是其增殖Theviruscangerminateintheheadofdrones的主要场所,其次则为头部,在头部积累着比躯reachingabout0.1mgasmuchas100timesof体其他部位都多的病毒粒子。大量的病毒是在thatintheworkerbees.脑部及咽下腺内。病毒也能在雄蜂的脑部增殖,而且其数量比在工蜂脑中多得多,据推测有0.1mg左右的病毒,至少为工蜂脑中的100倍。4.病毒的传播因病致死的幼虫尸体内积聚着4.Transmisson的病毒可能成为污染物而使其他健康的幼虫致Deadlarvaefilledwithviruscouldbethe病,囊状幼虫病能在第二年春复发,并年年如此,sourceofinfectionleadingtothereoccurrenceof疾病是由没有明显症状的成年工蜂提供体内增Sacbrood.Youngworkerbeesaremore殖的病毒所致,年幼的工蜂最易受病毒感染,而susceptiblebecausetheygetinfectedduringthe49 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文它们的工作又是清巢与哺育。它们在清除病虫cleaningwhentheyswallowedthemoltedliquid时因啃咬与拖拉,吞咽了病虫的液体成分(如蜕andaccumulatedthevirusintheheadandthen皮液),在24h内这些病毒被聚集到头部腺体,在transmittedthevirustohealthylarvae.哺育过程中又将病毒传播给健康的幼虫。Changeofthebehaviorsofinfectedworkerbees:但是,被侵染的工蜂行为很快发生改变:(1)(1)Stopharvestingpollen;被病毒感染的工蜂很快停止取食花粉;(2)停止哺(2)Stopcleaningthehoneycomb育工作;(3)停止清巢工作,提前出巢从事采集活(3)Harvesthoneyonly.Theinfectedworker动,并且只采花蜜不采花粉(极少数例外)。伴随着beeswillexperiencethedeclineofmetabolism这些行为的发生,被感染的工蜂新陈代谢速率下andlifetime.Duetodecreasedmetabolicrate,降,寿命缩短,由病毒激发的这些作用进一步减theirresistancetocoldalsogetweak.Tomake少了这些工蜂传染病毒及活过冬季的机会。因mattersworse,lackofpollen,proteinandother新陈代谢速率下降,抗寒性也下降,易受冻,再加importantsubstances,workerbeesarehardto上停食花粉,缺少蛋白质与其他重要物质的补livethroughthewinter.However,thesurvivals充,更难顺利越冬。但在早春,蜂群内分工往往不maybecomethesourceofinfectionintheearly明确,并且少量被感染的工蜂熬过冬季,这时这spring.些幸存者就成为疾病传播者,病毒就由它们传播给幼虫,造成病害在春季的流行。5流行规律一年一般只有一个发病高峰,即越5.Epidemicregularity冬后蜂王重新产卵起开始发病,4月则是高峰期,April:theepidemicpeak.Theclimatefeaturesin因此时温度适宜,多雨潮湿,群内幼虫与成虫比moderatetemperature,morerainwhenbeelarvae例大,哺育力、清巢速度、蜂群保温相对较弱。tookadominateroleinthehoneycomb,sothat进入夏季病害明显减轻并自愈。秋季极少发病,theworkerbeesareweakinfeeding,cleaning有些年秋季多雨,环境类似早春,则可见病虫。andmaintainingthetemperature.6.防治6.Preventionandcontrol目前还无很有效抗生素能抑制囊状幼虫病,金霉Atpresent,thereisstillnoeffectiveantibioticsto素在捷克的试验表明有效;氯霉素能抑制用病毒treatsacbrood.Aureomycinwasfoundeffective悬液饲喂的测试群的囊状幼虫病。国内生产上,inthetreatmentofthedisease.Chloramphenicol,许多蜂农也使用土霉素、红霉素等药物治疗。terramycinanderythrocinarealsoadoptedby近来报道了核音和核昔酸类似物具有效性。beekeepers.中蜂囊状幼虫病ChineseSacbroodvirus(CSBV)1.发生情况1971年冬,广东省佛冈、从化、增1.Occurrence:startingin1971fromsomeareas城等地首先发生了中蜂囊状幼虫病,次年全省流ofGuangdongprovinceandspreadingtothe行。很快就迅速蔓延到福建、江苏、江西、浙wholeprovincein1972.Theoutbreaksinanew江、安徽、湖南、四川、青海、贵州等省,现已regionusuallyshowsfastspreadingandcauses蔓延至全国的中蜂饲养区。病害在新区暴发时,hugelosseskilling30%-90%colonies.In1990,传染速度极快,危害性很大,可造成30%~90%的thereoccurrenceofChinesesacbroodcaused蜂群损失。老病区病害虽已趋向平稳,但某些年50%lossofcolonies..ChineseSacbrood份也会突然重新短暂的流行,如福建省的部分地diseasemightbecausedbyanewvirusneeding区1990年春中蜂囊状幼虫病又局部流行,造成furtherstudyinmanyphysicalandchemical了约50%的蜂群损失。近年又有新的变异毒株characteristicsconfirm.出现,广大中蜂饲养地区应加强病害监测。2.病原病毒的直径为30nm,沉降系数1160S,2.Pathogen:浮密度(CsCI)为1.35g/ml,基因组份单链RNA,Chinesesacbroodvirus:Thediameterof分子量为2.8×106道尔顿thevirusparticleis30nmandsedimentation50 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告coefficientis1160swithbuoyantdensitybeing（CsCI）l.35g／ml.3.症状6日龄大幼虫死亡,30%死于封盖前,70%3.Symptoms:死于封盖后,发病初期出现“花子”,接着即可在Ageofdeadlarvae:6d,30%death牌面上出现“尖头”,抽出后可见不甚明显的囊beforecappingand70%deathaftercapping.状。体色由珍珠白变黄。继而变褐、黑褐色。Colorchange:pearl-like封盖的病虫房盖下陷、穿孔。虫尸干后不翘,无white---yellow---hazel—darkhazel臭,易清除。Morphology:driedlarvaewithoutsmellyodorandeasytoremoveAppearanceofthehoneycomb:starredcomboftheearlystageandthen“pointedhead”couldbefound.4.发生规律病情随温湿变化。的3月,以当年4.Epidemicregularity11~12月及翌年2月下旬至3月为最高峰,4~9Peak:fromNovembertoDecemberto月通常病害下降,夏季常自愈。发病严重与否主Februaryofthenextyear要与气温有关。温度低,温差大,蜂群保温差,易发Mitigation:fromApriltoSeptember病,特别是早春寒流袭击后,病害发展更为迅速。Self-heal:Summer春季摇蜜蜂子易受冻再加上机械损伤,所以常表Intheearlyspring,beelarvaeareeasyto现为每摇一次蜜,病害加重一次。另外疾病与食getfrostbittenduringtheperiodofextracting物也有关。病害的大暴发一般伴随着大流蜜期honeyandhurtbymechanicaldamage.的到来而出现,温度不稳,而蜂群子脾大,一旦缺Theoutbreaksofthediseaseoftencomes蜜,幼虫营养不足,群内蜜粉不足,幼虫缺食。夏、withmajorflowofnectar秋疾病自然好转,是由于温度稳定,天气干燥。蜂王减少产卵,成年蜂与幼虫比例大,为了度夏群内一般饲料较足,幼虫饲喂好,发育健壮,少量病虫很快被清除,残存于巢内的病毒在干燥的夏季迅速失去感染力。5.传播途径病虫是主要传染源,通过工蜂的饲5.Transmission:喂活动传播至健虫。早春及初冬,被侵染的工蜂Internalswarm:throughworkerbeesfeeding则是传染源。传染是经口进行,病毒随食物进入Betweenswarms:honey,pollenand幼虫体内。honeycombthatareinfectedweretransferredtoahealthycolony;Beekeepingequipmentthatarenotdisinfectedwereappliedtoahealthycolony;Workerbeesthatareinfectedweremistakenlyputinahealthycolony;Mergehealthyandinfectedcolonies;Contaminatedfeeding6.防治6.Preventionandtreatment(1)选育抗病品种(1)Breedsacbrood-resistantbeevarieties;(2)针对两个高峰期适时换王,特别是中蜂,换王(2)Adoptnewqueensduringthepeak:也是生产上的需要。换王抑制病害的意义在于:①Breakingoffbroodappropriatelytocutoff①断子,箱内缺少寄主,切断传染的循环,减少主sourceofinfection;要传染源;②体内带毒工蜂元虫可育,出巢采集,②Thenewbredworkerbeescoloniesare51 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文新出房的工蜂困群内无病虫,无需清除病虫,不notinfectedandwillnotbecomethevection会受到感染,在哺育下一批新王产卵孵化的幼虫ofinfection时不成为传染媒介;③通常新蜂王生活力强,带③Newqueensaremoreviableandcarryless毒也少;virus.(3)加强饲养管理。加强保温,以减少群内温度变(3)Strengthenmanagement:maintainthe化的幅度,非繁殖期可幽王断子;群内留足饲料,temperature;breakoffbroodappropriately;使幼虫发育正常;取蜜劳作要快、轻、稳,减轻幼provideenoughfeeding;improveskillsin虫受温湿度影响及机械损伤程度;extractinghoney.(4)药物治疗。国内筛选了许多有一定疗效的中(4)Medication:草药,现介绍几种:Virustatorpenicillin:Dosage:oneadultdoseforA.华千斤藤(海南金不换)干块根,8~10g,煎汤,可20framesofbees用于10~15框蜂的治疗。Methods:ThedrugismashedandmixedB.半校莲的干草5Og,煎汤,可治20~30框蜂。withsyrupwhichisfedonceaday,7d1coursec.五加皮3Og,金银花15g,桂枝9g,甘草饨,脯,可oftreatmentforthreecourses治40酬。StephaniasinicaDiels:Dosage:dryroottuber8~10gfor10to15framesofbeesMethods:Thesoupisaddedtosyrupandfedonceaday,7d1courseoftreatmentforthreecoursesscutellariaebarbatae:Dosage：hay50gfor20～30framesofbeesMethods：thesamewithStephaniasinicaDielsChineseherbalcompoundDosage：CortexAcanthopanacis30g、cassiatwig9g、liquorice6gfor40framesofbeesMethods：thesamewithStephaniasinicaDiels湖南省产业、重点企业和项目简介IntroductiontoIndustries,BackboneEnterprisesandProjectsofHunanProvince湖南省位于长江中游，省境绝大部分在洞庭湖LocatedinthemiddlereachesoftheYangtze以南，故称湖南；湘江贯穿省境南北，故简称River,HunanProvincemainlylocatedinsouthof湘。湖南东临江西，西接重庆、贵州，南毗广DongtingLake,withXiangRiverrunning东、广西，北连湖北。土地总面积211829平方throughit,thusthename“Xiang”.Hunanis公里，占全国土地总面积的2.21％，在全国各borderedtothenorthbyHubeiProvince,tothe省市区中居第10位。“三湘四水”是湖南的eastbyJiangxiProvince,tothesouthby又一称谓，“三湘”是指“潇湘”、“蒸湘”GuangdongandGuangxiProvinces,tothewest和“沅湘”。四水则指湘江、资江、沅江和澧byGuizhouProvince,andtothenorthwestby水。Chongqing.Coveringantotalareaof211829km2,HunanProvincecountsfor2.21%ofthetotalareaofChinaandrankedthe10thamongotherprovincesandregions.HunanProviceisalsoknownas“ThreeXiangandFourRiver”whichmeans“XiaoXiang”,“ZhengXiang”,“YuanXiang”andTheXiang,theZi,theYuan52 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告andtheLishuiRiverrespectively.全省以山地、丘陵地形为主。东、南、西三面East,SouthandWest,thesethreesidesare环山，中部丘岗起伏，北部湖盆平原展开。aroundthemountains,thecentralhillyupsand东北部经济发展良好，中部相对落后，西部贫downs,thenorthernpartislakebasinplains,困。whicharefertilelands.Northeastpartiseconomicllydevelopedwhilethecentralisless-developedandthewesternHunanisinpoverty.湖南省矿产丰富，素以“有色金属之乡”和“非Hunanprovinceenjoysareputationof“the金属之乡”著称。目前已发现各类矿产141种，landofnonferrousmetals”and“thelandof其中锑、钨、锰等41种的保有储量居全国前5nonmetals”.Currently,therearealready141types位，在全国乃至世界都具有重要地位。ofmineralresourceshere,amongwhichrecoverabledepositof41types,includingantimony,tunstenandmanganesearerankedamongtop5inChina.农业资源AgriculturalResources湖南是一个农业大省，自古以来就享有“九州Hunanisalargeagriculturalprovince,and粮仓”、“鱼米之乡”的美誉，主要农产品在enjoysthereputationof“thelandoffishand全国占有重要位置。不仅为本省国民经济和社rice”and“granary”.Itnotonlyprovides会发展提供了重要的物质基础，而且为确保全importantmaterialbasefordevelopmentof国农产品的有效供给和出口创汇作出了巨大贡economyandsocietybutalsomakesgreat献。contributiontotheeffectivesupplyandforeignexchangesofthecountry.旅游资源TourismResources国家级历史文化名城：长沙市、岳阳市、凤凰State-listfamoushistoricalandculturecities:县.Changshacity,Yueyangcity,Fenghuangcounty国家5A级景区：岳麓山、岳阳楼、湘潭韶山景区、南岳衡山景区、张家界武陵源National5Aclassscenicspot：YueluMountain,YueyangTower,ShaoMountainScenicSpotofXiangtan,HengshanScenicSpot,WulingyuanofZhangJiajie水电资源HydroelectricResources水电是技术成熟、运行稳定的可再生能源，受Hydroelectricity,awell-developedtechnology到世界各国的高度重视。目前，北美和欧洲等whichprovidesstableandrenewableenergy,地区的发达国家已基本完成水电开发任务；亚enjoyesgreatconcernfromallovertheworld.洲、南美等地区的多数发展中国家制定了发展Currently,developmentinNorthAmerica,规划，计划在2025年左右基本完成水电大规模Europeandotherdevelpedcountriesisbasically开发任务；finished.Asian,SouthAmericancountriesand非洲等地区的欠发达国家，虽然拥有丰富的水otherdevelopingcountrieshavesetoutplanfor能资源，也一直积极致力于水能资源开发，但thatandplantobasicallyfinishthelarge-scale因资金、技术等条件限制，水电开发仍面临诸developmentbefore2025.多困难。Developmentofhydroelectricitywillbe全球水电开发将集中于亚洲、非洲等资源开发concentratedinAsia,Africaandother程度不高、能源需求增长快、经济欠发达地区。under-developedcountrieswheretherearea53 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文rapidlyincreasingenergydemandandundervelopedeconomy.公元976年，宋真宗皇帝亲笔“岳麓书院”，ChinaAcademyMuseum,National是中国历史上赫赫闻名的四大书院之一，作为SupercomputingCenterinChangsha,Oneofthe世界上最古老的学府之一，公元1926年正式定sixgreatestuniversityinFinancialarea,moon名湖南大学至今1041年历史rover.国防科技大学NationalUniversityofDefenseTechnology中国第一台每秒钟运算一亿次以上的“银河”1983Yinhesupercomputer巨型计算机，1983年由国防科技大学研制成功。Beidousatellite,aircraftsystem,missilery,它填补了国内巨型计算机的空白，informationandcommunicationengineering,在北斗卫星、飞行器系统、导弹工程、信息与computerscienceanstechnology,aeronautical通信工程、计算机科学与技术、航空宇航科学andastronauticalscienceandtechnologyand与技术、软件工程位居世界一流水平softwareengineering中南大学CentralSouthUniversity(CSU)教育部直属全国重点大学，985大学，全国双一isacomprehensiveandnationalkeyuniversity流，中南大学由原湖南医科大学、长沙铁道underthedirectadministrationoftheMinistryof学院与中南工业大学合并组建而成，中国科学EducationofChina.TheUniversityisamongthe院院士2人，中国工程院院士14人，在医学上firstgroupadmittedintobothProject211,a素有“南协和，北湘雅”projectofbuildingnationalkeyuniversitiesandcollegesforthe21stcentury,andProject985,ajointconstructiveprojectofbuildingworld-classuniversities.Itisestablishedbymergingthreeseparateuniversities:HunanMedicalUniversity(HMU),ChangshaRailwayUniversity(CRU),andCentralSouthUniversityofTechnology(CSUT)湖湘文化HunanSpirit湖湘文化的基本精神是“淳朴重义”，“勇敢Honesty,Courage,ever-relentlessandcareabout尚武”，“经世致用”，“自强不息”。theworld.在14个市州中,特大城市主要分布在湘东、湘北Among14citiesandprefectures,megalopolisare和湘南,湘中和湘西城市规模相对较小,其中mainlyineastern,northernandsouthernpartof湘西的城市规模最小。可知湖南省城市等级分theprovince,whilecitiesinmid-orwestern布存在区域差异，这与湖南的地形地貌有很大provincearerelativelysmall,amongwhich关系。westernparthasthesmallestscaleofcities.Wecanknowfromthatthereisahierachyindistributionofcities,whichiscloselyrelatedtothetopography.铁路三纵四横Raiway:Fourverticalandthreehorizontallines高速公路五纵七横Expressway:FiveverticalandSevenhorizontal五大航空机场Fiveairports湘、资、沅、澧四大水运主通道Xiang,Zi,Yuan,Liwaterchannel大湘南经济圈————国家级承接产业转移示SouthernHunanProvinceeconomic范区circle----Nationalindustrialtransferdemonstrationregion54 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告以衡阳为中心城市，包括衡阳、郴州、永州市，CenteredbyHengYang,theindustrialstructure重点构建“三极四带”产业布局。即打造衡阳、of“3extremesandfourlines”wasformed,郴州和永州三极；形成以京珠高速和京广铁路、includingHengYang,ChenZhou,Yong武广客运专线，二广高速和洛湛铁路，泉南高Zhou.The4railwaylinesisshapedlike“Jing”速和湘桂铁路，厦蓉高速和台南高铁四组交通charaterinChineseandcnonnectHunanwith干线为主轴的四条“井”字形承接产业转移集southernChinaeconomiccircle.Withstrong聚带，最终对接华南经济圈。advantagesintransportationandabundant区位交通优势明显，土地、矿产、人力资源丰land,mineral,laborresourcesaswellasgood富，产业基础较好。作为湖南的南大门，大湘foundationofindustries,SouthernHunan南是珠三角、长三角经济圈、粤港澳经济辐射PorvinceisanimportatpartofPearlRiverDelta,的重要基地。YangtzeRiverDeltaandGuangzhou-HK-Macaoeconomiczone.大湘西经济圈—————旅游经济圈（2小时经WesternHunanEconomicZone---Tourism济圈）Zone(2-houreconomiczone)1.大湘西经济圈是指武陵、雪峰、云贵高原环绕WesternHunanEconomicZonereferstothevast的广大地区，经济不发达但旅游资源特色明显,areasurroundedbyWuling,Xuefengand民俗风情独特,自然山水神奇,在全国范围内具Yunnan-KweichowPlateau.Althougheconomy有不可替代性,尤其是世界自然遗产——武陵源thereislessdevelopedbutithasuniquetourism更是独一无二。resourcesandgorgeousnaturalbeauty,whichisirreplaceableinthecountry.WulingyuanScienicareaisunmatchedworldwide.“112310”确立空间模块“112310”spacialstructure1个中心——以吉首市为旅游发展中心；1center——JiShou1个龙头——以张家界市为旅游产业龙1industrialleader——ZhangJiajie头；2hubs——HuiHuaandChangDeCity2个枢纽——以怀化市和常德市为旅游交3keypoints——FengHuangAncientCity,通枢纽；HongJiangSupermarket,XinningMountain,3个重点——以凤凰古城、洪江古商城、LangShanaskeypoints,alsoasleaderfor新宁山崀山作为大湘西地区的重点,同时也分别developingtourisminXiangXiPrefecture,Huai是湘西州、怀化和邵阳旅游业发展的龙头。Hua,ShaoYang.10specialtourist10个特色旅游区——张家界、凤凰古城旅attraction——ZhangJiajie,FengHuangAncient游区、桃花源生态旅游区、洪江古商城等City,Taohuayuanecologicaltourismzarea,HongJiangSupermarket.环洞庭湖生态经济圈（1小时经济圈“呼之欲DongtingLakerimecologicaleconomiczone出”）(blooming1-houreconomiczone)全国重要的商品粮、油、麻、蚕桑、水产基地；Importantbaseforcommercialgrain,oil,linen,横跨鄂中南和湘北，城市密集，环绕着湖南常silkandaquaticproductofthecountry.Itstrides德、益阳、岳阳、汨罗、沅江等十余座城市；acrosscentralandsouthHubeiProvinceand洞庭湖担着长江及四水调节功能。northernHunanProvince.ItsurroundsChangde,Yiyang,Yueyang,MiluoandYuanjiangofHunanProvince.DongtingLakeplaysaroleofregulatingXiang,Zi,Yuan,Liriver.三条开发轴Threedevelopmentline东线的主轴线为京广铁路湖区段theBeijingGuangdongRailwaylineistheaxis55 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文西南线的主轴线为石门—长沙铁路，oftheeastline中线的主轴线为联结石首－华容－南县－茅草Shimen-ChangshaRailwaylineistheaxisofthe街－沅江－益阳的南北向公路干线south-westlineThesouthtonortharterialhighwayistheaxisofthemiddleline,connectingShishou,Huarong,Nanxian,MaocaoStreeet,YuanjiangandYiyang工业产业情况Industrialsituation2015年，新型优势产业链实现总产值6958亿元In2015,thetotalvalueofoutputofnew（见图1），工程机械、轨道交通和化工新材三advantagedindustrialchainachieved695.8大产业链产值规模排名前三。billionRMB.Engineeringmachinery,railtransit预计2020年实现总产值16990亿元，装配式建andchemicalindustryrankedtop3.筑、工程机械、轨道交通等六大产业链产值有Itisestimatedtorealize1699billionRMBtotal望突破2千亿。outputandbreakthroughof200billionRMBin“十三五”期间，20条产业链均保持较高增速，sixindustrialchainincludingpre-fabricated其中，自主可控计算机、空气治理技术及应用、construction,engineeringmachineryandrailIGBT大功率器件、装配式建筑四大产业链年均transit.增速有望突破50%。Duringthe13thFive-yearplan,20industrialchainsremainhighincreasingrates.Amongthem,annualincreasingrateofover50%isexpectedin4industrialchainincludingAutonomouscontrolledcomputer,Aircontroltechnologyanditsapplicationandpre-fabricatedconstruction.主要旅游资源Maintourismresources三千奇峰-袁家界YuanjiajieScenicarea探寻《阿凡达》电影中的群山漂浮、星罗棋布YuanjiajieScenicAreaislocatedatthe的玄幻莫测世界--“哈利路亚山”即“南天一柱”NorthwestoftheZhangjiajieForestPark.Itwas（又名乾坤柱），参观云雾飘绕、峰峦叠嶂，namedafteraclanwith“Yuan”astheirfamily继往气势磅礴的迷魂台、天下第一桥等空中绝name.Itcoversatotalareaof1200hectares,and景。峡谷深处，千百根石峰石柱奇伟突立。峻thusiscommonlynamedas“forty-eightLi(one峭之石，如英武将帅；嵯峨之峰，似勇猛壮士。Liequalstohalfkilometer)”Yuanjiajie.The有声有色，若静若动，形象逼真，呼之欲出。sceneriesinthisareaareknownforitssteepnessandwonderfulviews.Theairpathsetoverthe3500m’ssteepcliffconnectsmanywonderfulsightstogether,includingtheBackGarden,breathtakingMihunStage,MagicTurtleAskingHeaven,FiveWomenGoonanExpeditionandtheFirstBridgeundertheSun,andthusformsoneofthemostwonderfulanduniquepicturescrollinZhangjiajie.地下明珠-黄龙洞HuanglongCave洞中有洞，洞中有河，由石灰质溶液凝结而成Coveringatotalareaof48ha(120acres),the的石钟乳、石笋、石花、石幔、石枝、石管、cavesystemextendsto15km(9.3mi)inlength石珍珠、石珊瑚、定海神针等洞穴景观遍布其andisdividedintodryandwetlevels.Thereare56 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告中，无所不奇，无奇不有，仿佛一座神奇的地fourlevels,thirteenchambers,threeunderground下"魔宫"，享有“中华神奇洞府，世界溶洞奇观”waterfalls,twoundergroundrivers,threepools,之美誉。ninety-sixpassages,aswellasanundergroundlake.Thelargestchamberinthecaveis4,000m2(43,000sqft)andthehighestofthethreewaterfallsis50m(160ft)high.Theguidedtourthroughthecavelastsabouttwohoursandincludesaboatridedownoneoftheundergroundrivers.金鞭溪风景区Jinbianbrook金鞭溪风景区是张家界的黄金旅游区，全长JinbianBrookScenicAreaofZhangjiajiais5700米，溪水发源于土地垭，从张家界林场场namedforitsmainmountain.Itisnamed部到水绕四门，蜿转曲折，幽静异常，随山而becauseitpassesbytheGoldenWhip移，穿行在峰峦幽谷云间，迤逦延伸于鸟语花mountain.Whileyou’reinthepark,youcan香之中。因溪水流经金鞭岩而得名。enjoyanumberofthingswhileenjoyingallthe人沿清溪行，胜似画中游。beautifulsights,suchasrivertrips,rafting,hiking,climbingmountainsandsoon.Thisareaishometoavastamountofwildlifeand3000someontypesofplantlife.武陵之魂”【天门山】Tianmenmountain乘世界最长的高山客运索道上山：游览碧野瑶TianmenMountainCablewayisclaimedin台、觅仙奇境、天门洞开景区，体验“云在脚touristpublicationsasthe"longestpassenger下，奇峰尽览，万象目中”的豪迈感觉。cablewayofhighmountainsintheworld",with其间古树参天，藤蔓缠绕，青苔遍布，石笋、98carsandatotallengthof7,455m(24,459ft)石芽举步皆是，处处如天成的盆景，被世人誉andascentof1,279m(4,196ft)Thehighest为世界最美的空中花园和天界仙境。gradientis37degrees.“云天渡”位于湖南省的张家界大峡谷景区栗TheglassbridgeatTheGrandCanyonin树垭和吴王坡区域内，建成于2015年12月，Zhangjiajieiscalled“Yuntiandu”(cloudsky为一座景观桥梁，兼具景区行人通行、游览、pass).Itisabridgedesignedtohelpvisitors蹦极、溜索、T台等功能。appreciatethelandscape.Aswellasproviding结构为地锚式悬索桥，主缆主跨430米，passagefromAtoB,itisusedforsightseeing,加劲梁主跨度为385米，桥面长375米，宽6bungeejumping,andithasacablewayandaT米，桥面距谷底相对高度约300米。stage.Itsmainspanreaches430metersandthespanacrossthecanyonis375meterslongand6meterswide,withtherelativeheightofnearly300metersabovethevalleybottom.CNN将其列入世界上11座壮观的桥之一；并Itisbeenlistedasoneofthemostmagnificent创下世界最高最长玻璃桥、首次使用新型复合bridgebyCNNandbreaksmanyworldrecords.材料建造桥梁等多项世界之最。Astheworld’sfirstcable-stayedhighmountaincanyonglassbridge,theglassbridgeisalsothefirstbridgemadeofanadvancedcompositematerial.凤凰古城FenghuangAncientcity57 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文凤凰县自古以来一直是苗族和土家族的聚居地PhoenixAncientTown,akaFenghuangAncient区。明始设五寨长官司，清置凤凰厅，以境内Town,issituatedonthewesternboundaryof的凤凰山而得名。1913年改为凤凰县。2001年HunanProvinceinanareaofoutstandingnatural获中华人民共和国国务院特批，成为国家历史beautywheremountains,waterandblueskies文化名城之一。prevail."Fenghuang"isChinesefor"Phoenix".Thisisaworldthatisdominatedbythecolourgreen.凤凰古城始建于清康熙四十三年〔1704年〕，Themountainslopesarecoveredwithgreen历经300多年的风雨沧桑，古貌犹存。城内青foliage,thefieldsaregreenandeventheTuo石板街道，江边木结构吊脚楼，以及朝阳宫、JiangRiverreflectsthegreenery.Thebridges古城博物馆、杨家祠堂、沈从文故居、熊希龄overthewateranduniquehousesbuiltonstilts故居、天王庙、大成殿、万寿宫等建筑，无不displayaharmonythatissooftenportrayedin具古城特色。traditionalChinesepaintings.沱江泛舟TuoJiangRiver沱江河是古城凤凰的母亲河，她依着城墙缓缓TuoJiangRiveristheMotherRiverof流淌，世世代代哺育着古城儿女。坐上乌蓬船，FenghuangCounty,feedingtheFenghuang听着艄公的号子，看着两岸已有百年历史的土peoplefromgenerationstogenerations.Stone家吊脚楼，别有一番韵味。bridges,windingflagstonepaths,woodenwaterwheelsandbeautifulMiaoethicgirlsandTujiaethicgirlsintheirtraditionalcostumes.AglideonTuoJiangRiverinaWupengBoat(anancientstyledshedboatinstrongXiangxiflavor),listeningtothefolklaborsongoftheboatman,appreciatingthehundred-year-longuniquehousesbuiltonstiltsalongtheriverbankisaimpressiveandpeacefulexperience.陈斗南故居ResidenceChenDounan凤凰古城陈斗南宅院建于清光绪28年（1902ChenDounanoldhouseisbuiltin1902and年），占地面积366.6平方米。coversareaof366.6m2.南方长城SouthGreatWall中国南方长城始建于明嘉靖三十三年（公元ItissituatedinXiangxiAutonomousPrefecture1554年）竣工于明天启三年（公元1622年）长inHunanProvince.Therefore,itiscalled城南起与铜仁交界的亭子关，北到吉首的喜鹊MiaojiangGreatWall(GreatWallofMiao营，全长三百八十二里，被称为“苗疆万里墙”，Territory.Withatotallengthof190kilometers,是中国历史上工程浩大的古建筑之一。theMiaojiangGreatWallissituatedinFenghuangCountyandstartsnorthofXiquemilitarycamp(alsoknownasDanwumilitarycamp)ofGuzhangCountyinwesternHunanProvinceandsouthofTingziPassofTongrenCityinGuizhouProvince,andismostlyconstructedonprecipitousridges.58 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告沈从文故居ShenCongwenFormerResidence沈从文故居故居始建于清同治五年(1866年)，ShenCongwen’sformerresidenceislocatedin系木结构四合院建筑，占地600平方米，分为theSouthChinaCampStreet,atypicalfourof前后两栋共有房屋10间，沈先生1902年12月theSouthcarehomes,ithasasmallcourtyard28日诞生在这里，并在此度过了童年和少年时witharedstonepavedcourtyardsurroundingthe代，1988年沈老病逝于北京，骨灰葬于凤凰县historichousesofbrick-woodstructureatthe听涛山下，同年故居大修并向游人开放，现被centerofancienthomes.列为省级文物保护单位。南岳衡山又名寿岳、南山，为我国五岳名山之Hengshan(alsoknownasMountHeng),isa一，主峰坐落在湖南省第二大城市——衡阳市mountaininsouthcentralChina"sHunan南岳区，七十二群峰，层峦迭嶂，气势磅礴。Provinceknownasthesouthernmountainof素以「五岳独秀」、「宗教圣地」、「文明奥theFiveGreatMountainsofChinaTheHuiyan区」、「中华寿岳」著称于世。《诗经》中“福Peakisthesouthendofthepeaks,Yuelu如东海，寿比南山”的“南山”即衡山。现为MountaininChangshaCityisthenorthend,and国家级重点风景名胜区、国家级自然保护区、theZhurongPeakisthehighestat1,300metres全国文明风景旅游区示范点和国家AAAAA级旅(4,300ft)abovesealevel.游区。衡山山势雄伟，绵延数百公里，号称有Atthefootofthemountainstandsthelargest七十二峰，其中以祝融、天柱、芙蓉、紫盖、templeinsouthernChina,theGrandTempleof石禀五座最有名。南岳四绝是：“祝融峰之高，MountHeng(NanyueDamiao),whichisthe方广寺之深，藏经殿之秀，水帘洞之奇。”largestgroupofancientbuildingsinHunanProvince.麻姑仙境MaguWonderland麻姑仙境位于天柱峰下，相传为南岳魏夫人侍Accordingtolegend,MaguWonderlandwasthe女麻姑仙山飞天祝寿的地方，它采取“点石成placewherethepalacemaidMagucelebratedthe景，引水造景、修路出景、植树添景”的造景birthdayofhermasterLadyWei,theearliestnun气手法。主要景点有麻姑祝寿、绎珠亭、盗桃atMountHeng.石、卧虎石、灵芝石等。九龙峡漂流DraftinginJiulonggorge邺侯书院YehouAcademy崀山六绝SixwondersofMountLang第一绝是天下第一巷；Thegreatestalley第二绝是鲸鱼闹海；Whalesinthesea第三绝是将军石；Generalrock：circumferenve40m第四绝是骆驼峰；CamelPeak第五绝是天生桥Borntobeabridge第六绝是辣椒峰。PepperPeak湖南盐津铺子食品有限公司HunanDelightshopFoodCo.,Ltd.湖南盐津铺子食品有限公司是一家专业从事食AlistedfirmthatintegratedR&D,品科研、生产、加工、销售于一体的上市企业，production,processing,marketing.Establishedin2005年8月经浏阳市工商行政管理局批准登记August,2005withregisteredcapitalof93m59 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文注册成立[1]，注册资本9300万元。公司秉承RMB.“技术创新、科技领先，以人为本，持续改进”“Technologicalinnovationandpioneering,经营理念，专业、专注于休闲食品行业，致力puttingpeoplefirstandkeepimproving”.于为消费者提供最优质的产品，不断强化质量CenteredbyHunan,Shenzhen,Jiangxi意识，健全质量保证体系，完善质量监管机制。Province,bringmomentumtosurroundingcities顺利通过国家QS安全质量认证和ISO9001质量includingHubei,Guizhou,Guangxi,Yunnan,管理体系认证、HACCP认证。Shanxi,Fujian,AnhuiProvince.公司产品以“湖南、深圳、江西”为中心，StablecooperativepartnerwithWalmart,拉动湖北、贵州、广西、云南、山西、福建、Carrefour,Metro.Salesvolumeisamongleading安徽等周边省市、辐射全国，与“沃尔玛、家positionsdomesticallyandrankedtopamong乐福、麦德龙“等国际大型卖场建立了稳定的counterpartsfor3consecutiveyears.Sales合作关系。产品销量位居全国同行业前茅，连volumein08reaches200millionRMB.续三年在省内同行业销售名列第一，08年销售额近2亿元。盐津无籽葡萄Driedgrapewithoutseed即食小鱼仔Seasonedlittlefish鱼豆腐Fishtofu金梅姜Plumginger蜂蜜杨梅Honeyredbayberry芒果干Driedmango紫薯花生Sweetpotatoflavoredpeanuts蟹黄瓜子仁Crabyolkseed美国青豆Americangreenbeans蟹黄青豆Crabyolkgreenbeans企业优势Strengthoftheenterprise盐津产业园构想基于长沙国家生物产业基Boastingconvenienttransportation,excellent地。这里有便利的交通，通畅的物流，现代的logistics,modernizedmanagementand管理，专业的服务。professionalservice,YanjinIndustrialparkwas一个企业的成功离不开营销通道的打builtbasedonnationalbiologicalbasein造。盐津铺子始终强调：“人为本、质为先、Changsha.客为重”。通过“稳定成熟市场为基石，销售YnajinShoplaidstressonputtingpeopleand渠道下沉为方向”来打造品牌市场和提升产品qualityfirstwhilebaseingonstablemarketand竞争力。盐津铺子在创新盐津口味的同时，又sinkingmarketingchannels.Itinnovateson对“市场细分精确，市场目标准确，市场定位saltedfoodandhadarevolutionoftargeted正确”进行了一场革新。在短短几年内，就与marketanalysisandgoals.Itestablishedclose全国各地的经销商建立了密切的伙伴关系，与partnershipwithdistributorsalloverthecountry.全国各地的国际性连锁超市、区域性连锁超市Overyears,ithasdevelopedaprofessionaland保持直接的合作关系。盐津铺子随着十多年的efficientmarketingteamandall-covermarketing创业、发展与耕耘，已建立了以长沙为中心的networkcenteredChangsha.湖南营销总部，辐射全国各地的大型营销网络，并拥有一支技能专业、服务高效的营销团队。湖南金健米业股份有限公司HUNANJINJIANCEREALSINDUSTRYCO.,LTD湖南金健米业股份有限公司位于湖南省常德市LocatedNationaleconomicandTechnological60 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告国家级经济技术开发区，于1998年4月在上海DevelopmentZone,thecompanyarelistedin证券交易所上市，是我国粮食系统率先跻身资April1988本市场的企业，是首批农业产业化国家重点龙Isamongthefirstbatchofnationalkey头企业、“十五”第一批国家级科技创新型星agriculturalindustrializationleadingenterprises,火龙头企业、全国优秀食品工业企业、国家水thenationalexcellentfoodindustryenterprises,稻工程优质米示范基地、农业部稻米工程研发nationaldemonstrationbasesofhigh-qualityrice.分中心、湖南省稻米工程技术中心、湖南省重ItissupportedbytheMinistryofagriculture点支持的“双百工程”企业、湖南省重大科技engineeringresearchanddevelopmentcenter,专项示范企业和湖南省高新技术企业、郑州商Hunanprovincericeengineeringtechnology品交易所早籼稻及菜籽油指定交割库。centerofHunanProvince,andalsothespecialmajorscienceandtechnologydemonstrationenterprisesandhigh-techenterprisesinHunanProvince,Zhengzhoucommodityexchangeanddesignateddeliveryofearlyindicaricerapeseedoilbase.企业优势Strengthoftheenterprise公司积极探索现代农业产业化经营模式，以“中AimsforChinesestaplefoodnutritionexpert国主食营养专家”为企业追求，努力打造从田Ithasrealizedthefundamentalchangefromthe园到餐桌的大农业产业链，立足高起点、高标traditionalagriculturalroughprocessingtothe准走新型工业化路子，实现了从传统农业粗加deepprocessingofCerealsandOil工向粮油食品精深加工的根本性转变，“金健”Aftertenyearsofexploration,ithasformeda牌精米、面条双双成为行业中综合评分第一的crossregionalbusinesspatternwhichfocuson“中国名牌产品”，“金健”商标成为了“中high-qualityriceresearchanddevelopment,国驰名商标”。金健米业历经十年的艰辛探索，supplementedbythedeepprocessingofgrain形成了以优质稻种研发为先，以粮油食品精深andoilfood,pharmaceuticalandrealestate加工为主，以医药和房地产开发为辅的多元化、development,thecompanyhasalsodabbledin跨地域经营格局，产业还涉猎国际贸易、实业internationaltrade,industrialinvestment,modern投资、现代热带农业，分布在湖南、黑龙江、tropicalagriculture四川、海南、广东、河南、江西等地。强大的品牌优势树立了公司高端产品的市场形象，成为了面向全国中高端市场的强势品牌产品，甚至走出国门出口到欧盟、日本、韩国和中东地区，迈向了国际市场。湖南李文食品有限公司HunanLiWenFoodCo.,Ltd.企业简介Thecompanyhasdevelopedasugarorange,公司先后开发出糖水桔片、果冻、甜酸辣油椒jelly,sweetandsourspicypepperoilsauce,酱、清水冬笋、马蹄片等6个品种26个系列产waterbambooshoots,horseshoetabletsandother品，其中甜酸藠头系列产品经中国绿色食品发6varietiesof26seriesofproducts,amongwhich展中心认证，2000年经省出入境检验检疫局认sweetandsourAlliumChinenseproductsby定为出口免检产品，全部由日、韩客商包销海ChinaGreenFoodDevelopmentCenter外；功能性南瓜粉加工工艺技术领先国内，即certification.In2000,itiscertifiedasexportfree将批量投入生产；桔片在生产传统罐型的基础inspectionproducts.Itdevelopedworld-leading上，研发了具有国际领先水平的塑料杯产品，plasticcupwhichenteredtheterminalmarketof直接进入了美国终端市场；柑桔皮渣综合利用theUSA.ItsResearchonutilizationoforange61 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文研究与应用项目已进入中试阶段。skindregshasenteredstageoftrials.企业优势Strengthoftheenterprise李文食品创办于1996年，是全国新农村建设Establishedin1996,itisoneofthetop100百强示范企业，全国农产品加工业示范企业和demonstrationenterprisesfortheconstructionof湖南省农业产业化龙头企业。现与英国果的国newcountrysideinChina,thedemonstration际贸易有限公司合作，引进国际领先水平的桔enterpriseofagriculturalproductsprocessing片加工工艺。主要生产糖水桔片、果冻、甜酸藠industryandtheleadingenterpriseofagricultural头、辣油椒酱、马蹄片等产品。其中，甜酸藠industrializationinHunan.Thecompanyis头系列产品为出口免检产品，全部由日、韩客workingwithBritishfruitInternationalTrading商包销海外；桔片罐头是具有国际领先水平的Co.,Ltd.tointroducetheleadinginternational塑料杯产品，直接进入欧美终端市场。orangeprocessingtechnology.Itmainlyproducessugarorange,jelly,sweetandsourChineseonion,chilioil,chilisauce,etc.湖南正虹科技发展股份有限公司HunanZhenghongScienceandTechnologyDevelopCo.,Ltd企业简介Introduction公司是中国饲料行业中最早改制上市的股份制Theearlistcompanythatgoespublic(Thefirst企业（被新闻界誉为“中国饲料第一股”），listedcompanyinfeedtrade)是农业部等八部委联合评定的第一批“农业产jointlyapprovedbyMinistryofAgricultureand业化国家重点龙头企业”和农业部评定的第一other7departmentsasNationalleading批“全国农产品加工业示范企业”，在“湖南enterpriseforagriculturalindustrialization省十佳农业产业化龙头企业”中排名第一。公NationalModelagro-processingenterprises司致力于以饲料为龙头的农业产业化建设。除RankedfirstinTop10leadingenterprisesfor进行饲料生产和销售外，还从事优良种猪繁殖、AgricultureIndustrialization,Feedprocessing,畜禽养殖、肉食品加工、兽药研发与生产以及marketing,high-qualityswinebreeding,livestock进出口贸易等业务，拥有国内一流的现代化原feeding,R&Dofveterinarydrugsandother种猪场、大型屠宰加工厂和GMP标准兽药生importandexportbusiness.产厂。公司通过“公司+农户”的经营模式，“Company+farmers”,providesfamerswith向当地农民提供优良种猪和优质饲料贷放、畜high-qualitybreedingswine,preventionand病防治、养殖产品收购和屠宰加工等方面的服controloflivestockdisease,purchaseand务。公司立志在做大做强做精饲料主业的同时，processingofpoultry.多方位、多层次地推动“农业产业工业化”进程。企业优势Strengthoftheenterprise公司拥有国内饲料行业一流的科研机构、实验ThefirstFamousTrademarkofChinainfeed基地和技术人才，是国家权威部门联合认定的trade“高新技术企业”，其科研中心被科技部认定inthefirstbunchofnationalinspection-free为“国家认定企业技术中心”、被农业部评定productinfeedtrade为“国家饲料加工技术研发分中心”和“国家1997,thecompanywasapprovedtoestablishthe生猪核心育种场”，并获人事部批准建立了“企NationalpighighproteinconcentrateTechnology业博士后科研工作站”。目前，公司正朝着“绿PromotionResearchCenter色低碳，集约高效”的农业产业化方向调整产2003,NationalScienceandTechnologyProgress62 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告业结构，推动产业升级，为实现新一轮的快速AwardforResearchandpromotionofkey发展注入新的活力。technologyforindustrializationofhighquality湖南临武舜华鸭业发展有限责任公司andeffictivefeedforpigs2008,NationalScienceandTechnologyProgressAwardforNutritionregulationtechnologyresearchanddemonstrationpromotionofpighealthybreeding企业简介Introduction湖南临武舜华鸭业发展有限责任公司是国家农HunanLinwuShunhuaduckDevelopmentCo.,业产业化重点龙头企业和全国农产品加工业示Ltd.isanationalkeyleadingenterpriseof范企业。自1999年10月创建以来，公司以打agriculturalindustrializationandtheagricultural造百年品牌企业为目标，以“临武山水鸭天下”productprocessingindustrydemonstration为使命，坚持“名在质量、利在创新”的经营enterprise.SinceitsestablishmentinOctober理念，坚守“致富农民，报效社会”的经营宗1999,thecompanyaimstobuildabrand旨，建立了集种养、加工、商贸三大版块于一enterpriseofcentury.体的纵向全产业链条，成为全国最大的麻鸭养Thecountry"slargestduckbreedingand殖加工企业。processingenterprises企业优势Strengthoftheenterprise一体化产业链日趋完善Anever-improvingone-stopsupplychain核心竞争力不断增强Boostingcorecompetitiveness舜华品牌享誉国内外Brandrenownedathomeandabroad湖南临武舜华鸭业发展有限责任公司是农业Nationalleadingenterprisesofagricultural产业化国家重点龙头企业和全国农产品加工业industrializationanddemonstrationenterprisesof示范企业。自1999年10月创立以来，公司始nationalagriculturalproductsprocessing终贯彻“服务农民，报效社会”的经营宗旨，industry.SinceitsestablishmentinOctober1999,构建了“公司+协会+农场”的产业化经营模式，thecompanyhasalwaysbeenimplementingthe致力于中国八大名鸭之一——临武鸭的种苗孵principleof"bringbenefittofarmers,toservethe化、养殖、加工、销售一体化经营，取得了卓community",越的成绩。目前，舜华鸭业已建成现代化加工Aindustrymanagementmodelof"company+厂4座，种鸭场4个，养殖农场186个，带动association+farm",临武鸭养殖农户、辣椒种植和油茶种植农户2DedicatedtooneoftheeightChinaduck,Linwu万多户，成为中国最大的麻鸭养殖加工企业。duckseedlingshatching,breeding,processingandsalesofintegratedmanagement,andachievedremarkableresults加加集团JiajiaFoodGroupCo.,Ltd企业简介Introduction加加食品集团股份有限公司是一家集研发、生Establishedin1996,JiajiaFoodGroup产、营销于一体的大型调味食品上市企业，创Co.,Ltd.isadomesticfamouscondimentfood建于1996年，拥有4家全资子公司。公司先后enterpriserollingR&D,productionand荣获“中国名牌”、“中国驰名商标”、“国marketingintoone.Nowithasfive家级农业产业化重点龙头企业”、“国家食品wholly-ownedsubsidiariesandits工业重点企业”、“全国酿造酱油示范企业”、comprehensivestrengthranksthirdindomestic“高新技术企业”等荣誉称号。公司一直坚持soysauceindustry.以先进的管理和现代生物工程技术生产高品质ChinaFamousBrand,ChinaFamous63 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文的调味品，引进最先进的酱油生产设备和发酵TradeMark,Keyenterprisesofnational工艺，不断提升企业的“两化”融合和智能制agriculturalindustrialization,Keyenterprisesin造水平，成为中国调味品行业利用信息化提升thenationalfoodindustry,Highandnew食品安全水平的标杆企业。在广大消费者心目technologyenterprise.中，“加加”已成为优质、美味生活的一种象征。企业优势Strengthoftheenterprise公司实施以“加加”系列酱油为主导，食醋、Leadingby"Jiajia"seriesofsoysauce,italso鸡精、味精、伴餐食品和食用植物油等多品类producesandsalesvegetableoil,monosodium协同发展、共用营销渠道的经营战略。经过多glutamate,chickenessence,vinegarandnoodles.年的不断努力，陆续在全国各地发展了近1,200Afteryearsofeffort,ithasdevelopedover家总经销商，结合“互联网+食品”的新型商业1200dealersalloverthecountry,andthe模式，形成以湖南长沙、河南新郑、四川阆中marketingmodeof“Internet+food”.Ithas三大生产基地为中心，辐射全国的销售网络。productionbasesinChangsha,ZhengzhouandLangzhongandamarketingnetworkcenteredbythethreeecities.唐人神TangrenshenGroupCo.,Ltd企业简介Introduction唐人神集团以中国名牌、国家免检产品“骆驼”TRSgroupisthefirstkeyagricultural牌饲料和中国名牌、中国驰名商标“唐人神”industrializationleadingenterpriseengagedin肉品为两大支柱产品。良好的产品质量和优质theinternalmanagementofpigindustrialchain的服务赢得上广大消费者的赞誉，“饲料一枝inChina.Overyearsofdevelopment,theyhave花，骆驼富万家”，“唐人美食香，美食唐人formedadevelopmentmodeof“Breed神”传遍大江南北。集团下属40多家子公司，Improvement,SafeFeed,HealthyReproduction,年销售收入40亿元，以平均每年增长30%以上MeatProcessing,BrandMonopoly”andsetup的速度向前发展，形成了种苗、饲料、动物保morethan40branchesnationwide.Their“TRS”健、肉品加工、连锁销售一条龙经营的发展格and“Camel”brandsareChinawell-known局。trademarks,andTRSmeatandCamelfeedareChinafamousbrandproducts.ThegrouphasbeenlistedintoTop10EnterprisesamongfeedandmeatsectorandChinaTop500ManufacturingEnterprises,withannualincomeofover4billionRMBandanaverageincreasingrateofover30%.企业优势Strenghthoftheenterprise唐人神集团是首批农业产业化国家重点龙头企TangrenshenGroupCo.,Ltdismainlyengaged业。集团致力生猪产业链一体化经营，经过20intheinternalmanagementofpigindustrial多年的创业发展，已经形成了“品种改良、安chaininChina.Thecompanyproducesandsells全饲料、健康养殖、肉品加工、品牌专卖”五meatandfeedproducts.Thecompanywas大产业发展格局，在全国拥有40余家子公司。foundedin1992andisheadquarteredinHunan，集团旗下的“唐人神”、“骆驼”牌都是中国Breeding,feed,healthyhusbandry,meat驰名商标，“唐人神”肉品和“骆驼”牌饲料processing.都是中国名牌产品。“美神”种苗通过美国NSRUnderit,“Tangrenshen”,“Luotuo”64 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告认证，达到美国同步育种水平。集团位列饲料、TheCompanybreedsandsellspigsunderthe肉类行业十强，跨入中国制造业500强。brandofMeishen,NSRcertificateoftheUSATop500ofChina"smanufacturingindustry湖南农友机械集团有限公司HunanNongyouMachineryCo.,Ltd企业简介Introduction湖南省农友机械集团有限公司，坐落于-娄底市HunanNongyouMachineryCo.,Ltdintegrates双峰县科技工业园。是集设计、生产、销售“好design,production,marketingof“Haoyunlai”运来”品牌组合米机、智能柜式组合机，磨浆Ricemachine,intelligentcabinetcombination机、玉米脱粒机、耕整机、电动机等系列产品machine,grindingmachine,cornthresher,tillage为一体的大型集团企业。是国内米机行业的知machineandmotor.名企业、娄底市农机产业龙头企业。集团总资Itisrankedamongleadingcompaniesofrice产1.2亿元。旗下拥有7家企业，总占地面积machineinChina,leadingenterpriseofLoudi200亩，年销售收入2亿元，出口创汇160万美agriculturalmachineryindustry.Withatotalasset元。公司拥有先进的数控车床、数显铣床、线of120mRMB,itowns7companies,coveringan切割机、烤漆线等生产、检测设备300多台（套），areaof200acres,withanannualsalesincomeof年生产能力达40万台（套）。200millionyuan,exportearningsof$1.6million.ItscompanyinHunanprovincehasadvancedCNClathes,digitaldisplaymillingmachine,wirecuttingmachine,paintinglineandotherproductionandtestingequipmentmorethan300sets(sets),withanannualproductioncapacityof400thousandunits(sets).企业优势Strengthoftheenterprise为拓宽公司经营渠道，使公司从传统农机制造Inordertoexpandbusinesschannels,the行业转向现代农业装备制造的国际化企业，其companytransferfromtraditionalagricultural6NF-2.2型家用谷物加工组合机、智能柜式组合machinerymanufacturingindustrytothe米机、新型双辊耕整机、旋耕开沟机、收割机internationalizationofmodernagricultural等16个产品纳入国家、省支持推广的农业机械equipmentmanufacturingenterprises,It16产品目录和湖南、云南、贵州、广东、浙江、productsincluding6NF-2.2typegrain江西等13个省的农机购机补贴目录，产品畅销processingmachine,intelligentcombination20多个省市及东南亚、非洲等10多国家、地区。cabinetcombinedricemachine,newtypedoublerollerrotarytillagemachine,ditchingmachine,harvesters,etc.areincludedinthenationalandprovincialsupportingproject.Theenterprisesellsproductsinmorethan20provincesandmorethan10countriesandregionsincludingSoutheastAsiaandAfrica.马王堆蔬菜批发市场MaWangduiWholesaleMarketforVegetables新市场总占地面积1000多亩，投资20多亿元，Thenewmarketcoversareaofover1000分两期开发建设。”项目一期，占地500亩，mu(666,000m2).Itisdevelopedin2phasesand建筑面积17万平方米，主要承接马王堆蔬菜市thefirstphrasecovers500mu(333,000m2).场的整体搬入。65 华中农业大学2018届硕士研究生学位论文2003年10月3日，中共中央总书记、国家主席OnOct.3rd,generalsecretaryoftheCommunist胡锦涛视察了三一工业城。他高度评价了三一PartyofChina(CPC)CentralCommittee的过去，更对三一的明天寄予了殷切的期望。PresidentHuJintaopaidavisittoSanyIndustrial临行前，他与梁稳根董事长亲切握手，并寄语Park.HehighlycommendedthepastofSany三一人：你们已经取得了辉煌的过去，希望你Groupandgaveardentexpectationsonthefuture们齐心协力，有一个更加美好的未来！ofSanyGroup.Hetoldthepresidentofthegroupthatyou"vealreadyhadanspectacularpast.Ihopeyouuniteyourselvesandbuildabetterfuture.2015年，中共中央总书记、国家主席习近平和In2015,generalsecretaryofCommunistPartyof梁稳根董事长一起访问巴西ChinaCentralCommittee,presidentXiJinpingandchiefexecutiveofSanyGrouppaidastatevisittoBrazil.在世界工程机械领域名列三甲，公司在2010年Rankedtop3inworldconstructionmachinery,实现销售额800亿，集团净资产达1000多亿元。thecompanyachievedsalesvolumeof8billion在国内，三一建有北京、长沙、上海、沈阳、EMBin2010withanetassetofover100billion昆山、乌鲁木齐等六大产业基地。在海外，三RMB.InChina,SANYhasestablishedsix一建有印度、美国、德国、巴西等四大研发和industryparksinBeijing,Changsha,Shanghai,制造基地。目前，集团业务已覆盖全球100多Shenyang,KunshanandUrumchi.个国家和地区。WithglobalR&DcentersandmanufacturingbasesintheUS,Germany,IndiaandBrazil,SANY’sproductsareexportedto150countriesandregions.2014年中国南车全年新签订单1590亿元，期末In2014ChineseCSRsignedordersfor159在手未完订单1385亿元，同比分别增长18%和billionyuanfortheyear,volumnofunfinished25%。2014年申请专利2847项，获得授权专利orders138billion500millionyuan,an1769项。increaseof18%and25%respectively.In2014,2847patentswereappliedand1769patentswere此外，中国南车在国际化经营上也取得新突破，granted.2014年全年实现海外营业收入103.45亿元，同Moreover,CSRhasmadebreakthroughon比大幅度增长58.44%。internationalbusinessasitachieved10.345billionRMBforeignbusinessincome,a主要产品：机车、客车、动车组、城轨地铁year-on-yeargrowthof58.44%.Majorproducts:locomotives,coaches,MUs,Metro2015年蓝思科技股份有限公司在深圳证券交易LensTechnologyCo.,LtdwaslistedatShenzhen所上市，蓝思科技市值222.95亿元StockExchangeCenterin2015,withamarketvalueof22.295billionRMB.66 “2017年发展中国家蜜蜂生产与粮油作物增产综合技术培训班”PPT课件汉英翻译实践报告AcknowledgmentsIwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoanumberofpersonswhohaveprovidedguidanceforme.Withouttheirhelp,iwouldn’thavemadesuchachievements.Firstly,Iwouldliketoexpressmydeepestthankstomysupervisor,ProfessorZhangRuirong.Hisearnestnessinpursingstudieshaveinspiredmeforthepasttwoyears,anditwillsurelyinfluencemeintherestofmylife.Withhisencouragementandguidance,thispaperhasbeenaccomplishedsuccessfully.Iamhonoredtobehisstudentandthanksforhiscultivation.Secondly,iwouldliketothankthoseprofessorsandteachersattheForeignLanguageSchoolofHuazhongAgriculturalUniversity.ThanksfortheirteachingandIhavelearnedalotfromtheirlectures.Finally,mythanksalsogotomyfamilyandfriends,whohavewitnessedmyprogressinthepastyears.Theirunderstandingandsupportwillalwaysbetheencouragementofmyresearch.67