诺贝尔生理学或医学奖1901-2000年(英文资料篇) 14页

上海生命科学研究院考研——专业课复习笔记石正国（西北农林科技大学生命科学学院）资料篇生物化学NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineWinners2000-1901broughttoyoubyTheNobelPrizeInternetArchive2000Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ARVIDCARLSSON,PAULGREENGARDandERICKANDELfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningsignaltransductioninthenervoussystem.1999Theprizewasawardedto:GÜNTERBLOBEL,forthediscoverythatproteinshaveintrinsicsignalsthatgoverntheirtransportandlocalizationinthecell.1998Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ROBERTF.FURCHGOTT,LOUISJ.IGNARROandFERIDMURADfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningnitricoxideasasignallingmoleculeinthecardiovascularsystem.1997STANLEYB.PRUSINERforhisdiscoveryofPrions-anewbiologicalprincipleofinfection1996Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:PETERC.DOHERTYandROLFM.ZINKERNAGELfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthespecificityofthecellmediatedimmunedefence.1995Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:EDWARDB.LEWIS,CHRISTIANENSLEIN-VOLHARDandERICF.WIESCHAUSfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthegeneticcontrolofearlyembryonicdevelopment.1994Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ALFREDG.GILMANandMARTINRODBELLfortheirdiscoveryofG-proteinsandtheroleoftheseproteinsinsignaltransductionincells.1993Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:RICHARDJ.ROBERTSandPHILLIPA.SHARPfortheirindependentdiscoveriesofsplitgenes.1992Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:EDMONDH.FISCHERandEDWING.KREBSfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningreversibleproteinphosphorylationasabiologicalregulatorymechanism.1991Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ERWINNEHERandBERTSAKMANNfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthefunctionofsingleionchannelsincells.1990Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:JOSEPHE.MURRAYandE.DONNALLTHOMASfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningorganandcelltransplantationinthetreatment23 上海生命科学研究院考研——专业课复习笔记石正国（西北农林科技大学生命科学学院）ofhumandisease.1989Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:J.MICHAELBISHOPandHAROLDE.VARMUSfortheirdiscoveryofthecellularoriginofretroviraloncogenes.1988Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRJAMESW.BLACK,GERTRUDEB.ELIONandGEORGEH.HITCHINGSfortheirdiscoveriesofimportantprinciplesfordrugtreatment.1987SUSUMUTONEGAWAforhisdiscoveryofthegeneticprincipleforgenerationofantibodydiversity.1986Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:STANLEYCOHENandRITALEVI-MONTALCINIfortheirdiscoveriesofgrowthfactors.1985Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:MICHAELS.BROWNandJOSEPHL.GOLDSTEINfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningtheregulationofcholesterolmetabolism.1984Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:NIELSK.JERNE,GEORGESJ.F.KLERandCARMILSTEINfortheoriesconcerningthespecificityindevelopmentandcontroloftheimmunesystemandthediscoveryoftheprincipleforproductionofmonoclonalantibodies.1983BARBARAMCCLINTOCKforherdiscoveryofmobilegeneticelements.1982Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SUNEK.BERGSTR,BENGTI.SAMUELSSONandSIRJOHNR.VANEfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningprostaglandinsandrelatedbiologicallyactivesubstances.1981Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedto:ROGERW.SPERRYforhisdiscoveriesconcerningthefunctionalspecializationofthecerebralhemispheres.andtheotherhalfawardedjointlyto:DAVIDH.HUBELandTORSTENN.WIESELfortheirdiscoveriesconcerninginformationprocessinginthevisualsystem.1980Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:BARUJBENACERRAF,JEANDAUSSETandGEORGED.SNELLfortheirdiscoveriesconcerninggeneticallydeterminedstructuresonthecellsurfacethatregulateimmunologicalreactions.1979Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ALANM.CORMACKandSIRGODFREYN.HOUNSFIELDforthedevelopmentofcomputerassistedtomography.1978Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:：WERNERARBER,DANIELNATHANSndHAMILTONO.SMITHforthediscoveryofrestrictionenzymesandtheirapplicationtoproblemsofmoleculargenetics.1977Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedjointlyto:ROGERGUILLEMINandANDREWV.SCHALLYfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthepeptidehormoneproductionofthebrainandtheotherhalfawardedto:ROSALYNYALOWforthedevelopmentofradioimmunoassaysofpeptidehormones.1976Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:BARUCHS.BLUMBERGandD.CARLETONGAJDUSEKfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningnewmechanismsfortheoriginanddisseminationofinfectiousdiseases.1975Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:DAVIDBALTIMORE,RENATODULBECCOandHOWARDMARTINTEMINfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningtheinteractionbetweentumourvirusesandthegeneticmaterialofthecell.1974Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ALBERTCLAUDE,CHRISTIANDEDUVEandGEORGEE.PALADEfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthestructuralandfunctionalorganizationofthecell.24 上海生命科学研究院考研——专业课复习笔记石正国（西北农林科技大学生命科学学院）1973Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:KARLVONFRISCH,KONRADLORENZandNIKOLAASTINBERGENfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningorganizationandelicitationofindividualandsocialbehaviourpatterns.1972Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:GERALDM.EDELMANandRODNEYR.PORTERfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthechemicalstructureofantibodies.1971EARLW.JR.SUTHERLANDforhisdiscoveriesconcerningthemechanismsoftheactionofhormones.1970Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRBERNARDKATZ,ULFVONEULERandJULIUSAXELRODfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthehumoraltransmittorsinthenerveterminalsandthemechanismfortheirstorage,releaseandinactivation.1969Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:MAXDELBRK,ALFREDD.HERSHEYandSALVADORE.LURIAfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthereplicationmechanismandthegenticstructureofviruses.1968Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ROBERTW.HOLLEY,HARGOBINDKHORANAandMARSHALLW.NIRENBERGfortheirinterpretationofthegeneticcodeanditsfunctioninproteinsynthesis.1967Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:RAGNARGRANIT,HALDANKEFFERHARTLINEandGEORGEWALDfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningtheprimaryphysiologicalandchemicalvisualprocessesintheeye.1966Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedto:PEYTONROUSforhisdiscoveryoftumorinducingvirusesandtheotherhalfto:CHARLESBRENTONHUGGINSforhisdiscoveriesconcerninghormonaltreatmentofprostaticcancer.1965Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:FRANISJACOB,ANDR?/font>LWOFFandJACOUESMONODfortheirdiscoveriesconcerninggeneticcontrolofenzymeandvirussynthesis.1964Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:KONRADBLOCHandFEODORLYNENfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthemechanismandregulationofthecholesterolandfattyacidmetabolism.1963Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRJOHNCAREWECCLES,SIRALANLLOYDHODGKINandSIRANDREWFIELDINGHUXLEYfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningtheionicmechanismsinvolvedinexcitationandinhibitionintheperipheralandcentralportionsofthenervecellmembrane.1962Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:FRANCISHARRYCOMPTONCRICK,JAMESDEWEYWATSONandMAURICEHUGHFREDERICKWILKINSfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthemolecularstructureofnuclearacidsanditssignificanceforinformationtransferinlivingmaterial.1961GEORGVONBYforhisdiscoveriesofthephysicalmechanismofstimulationwithinthecochlea.1960Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRFRANKMACFARLANEBURNETandSIRPETERBRIANMEDAWARfordiscoveryofacquiredimmunologicaltolerance.1959Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SEVEROOCHOAandARTHURKORNBERGfortheirdiscoveryofthemechanismsinthebiologicalsynthesisofribonucleicacidanddeoxiribonucleicacid.1958Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedjointlyto:GEORGEWELLSBEADLEandEDWARDLAWRIETATUMfortheirdiscoverythatgenesactbyregulating25 上海生命科学研究院考研——专业课复习笔记石正国（西北农林科技大学生命科学学院）definitechemicaleventsandtheotherhalfto:JOSHUALEDERBERGforhisdiscoveriesconcerninggeneticrecombinationandtheorganizationofthegeneticmaterialofbacteria.1957DANIELBOVETforhisdiscoveriesrelatingtosyntheticcompoundsthatinhibittheactionofcertainbodysubstances,andespeciallytheiractiononthevascularsystemandtheskeletalmuscles.1956Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ANDRfontFRICCOURNAND,WERNERFORSSMANNandDICKINSONW.RICHARDSfortheirdiscoveriesconcerningheartcatherizationandpathologicalchangesinthecirculatorysystem.1955AXELHUGOTHEODORTHEORELLforhisdiscoveriesconcerningthenatureandmodeofactionofoxidationenzymes.1954Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:JOHNFRANKLINENDERS,THOMASHUCKLEWELLERandFREDERICKCHAPMANROBBINSfortheirdiscoveryoftheabilityofpoliomyelitisvirusestogrowinculturesofvarioustypesoftissue.1953Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedto:SIRHANSADOLFKREBSforhisdiscoveryofthecitricacidcycleandtheotherhalfto:FRITZALBERTLIPMANNforhisdiscoveryofco-enzymeAanditsimportanceforintermediarymetabolism.1952SELMANABRAHAMWAKSMANforhisdiscoveryofstreptomycin,thefirstantibioticeffectiveagainsttuberculosis.1951MAXTHEILERforhisdiscoveriesconcerningyellowfeverandhowtocombatit.1950Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:EDWARDCALVINKENDALL,TADEUSREICHSTEINandPHILIPSHOWALTERHENCHfortheirdiscoveriesrelatingtothehormonesoftheadrenalcortex,theirstructureandbiologicaleffects.1949Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedto:WALTERRUDOLFHESSforhisdiscoveryofthefunctionalorganizationoftheinterbrainasacoordinatoroftheactivitiesoftheinternalorgansandtheotherhalfto:ANTONIOCAETANODEABREUFREIREEGASMONIZforhisdiscoveryofthetherapeuticvalueofleucotomyincertainpsychoses.1948PAULHERMANNMLERforhisdiscoveryofthehighefficiencyofDDTasacontactpoisonagainstseveralarthropods.1947Theprizewasdivided,onehalfawardedjointlyto:CARLFERDINANDCORIandGERTYTHERESACORInRADNITZfortheirdiscoveryofthecourseofthecatalyticconversionofglycogenandtheotherhalfawardedto:BERNARDOALBERTOHOUSSAYforhisdiscoveryofthepartplayedbythehormoneoftheanteriorpituitarylobeinthemetabolismofsugar.1946HERMANNJOSEPHMULLERforthediscoveryoftheproductionofmutationsbymeansofX-rayirradiation.1945Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRALEXANDERFLEMING,SIRERNSTBORISCHAINandLORDHOWARDWALTERFLOREYforthediscoveryofpenicillinanditscurativeeffectinvariousinfectiousdiseases.1944TheprizewasawardedjointlytoJOSEPHERLANGERandHERBERTSPENCERGASSERfortheirdiscoveriesrelatingtothehighlydifferentiatedfunctionsofsinglenervefibres.1943Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedto:HENRIKCARLPETERDAMforhisdiscoveryofvitaminK.andtheotherhalfto:EDWARDADELBERTDOISYfor26 上海生命科学研究院考研——专业课复习笔记石正国（西北农林科技大学生命科学学院）hisdiscoveryofthechemicalnatureofvitaminK.1942-1940TheprizemoneywasallocatedtotheMainFund(1/3)andtotheSpecialFund(2/3)ofthisprizesection.1939GERHARDDOMAGKforthediscoveryoftheantibacterialeffectsofprontosil.(Causedbytheauthoritiesofhiscountrytodeclinetheaward,butlaterreceivedthediplomaandthemedal.)1938CORNEILLEJEANFRANISHEYMANSforthediscoveryoftheroleplayedbythesinusandaorticmechanismsintheregulationofrespiration.1937ALBERTSZENT-GGYIVONNAGYRAPOLTforhisdiscoveriesinconnectionwiththebiologicalcombustionprocesses,withspecialreferencetovitaminCandthecatalysisoffumaricacid.1936Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRHENRYHALLETTDALEandOTTOLOEWIfortheirdiscoveriesrelatingtochemicaltransmissionofnerveimpulses.1935HANSSPEMANNforhisdiscoveryoftheorganizereffectinembryonicdevelopment.1934Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:GEORGEHOYTWHIPPLE,GEORGERICHARDSMINOTandWILLIAMPARRYMURPHYfortheirdiscoveriesconcerninglivertherapyincasesofanaemia.1933THOMASHUNTMORGANforhisdiscoveriesconcerningtheroleplayedbythechromosomeinheredity.1932Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRCHARLESSCOTTSHERRINGTONandLORDEDGARDOUGLASADRIANfortheirdiscoveriesregardingthefunctionsofneurons.1931OTTOHEINRICHWARBURGforhisdiscoveryofthenatureandmodeofactionoftherespiratoryenzyme.1930KARLLANDSTEINERforhisdiscoveryofhumanbloodgroups.1929Theprizewasdividedequally,onehalfawardedto:CHRISTIAANEIJKMANforhisdiscoveryoftheantineuriticvitaminandtheotherhalfawardedto:SIRFREDERICKGOWLANDHOPKINSforhisdiscoveryofthegrowth-stimulatingvitamins.1928CHARLESJULESHENRINICOLLEforhisworkontyphus.1927JULIUSWAGNER-JAUREGGforhisdiscoveryofthetherapeuticvalueofmalariainoculationinthetreatmentofdementiaparalytica.1926JOHANNESANDREASGRIBFIBIGERforhisdiscoveryoftheSpiropteracarcinoma.1925Theprizemoneyfor1925wasallocatedtotheSpecialFundofthisprizesection.1924WILLEMEINTHOVENforhisdiscoveryofthemechanismoftheelectrocardiogram.1923SIRFREDERICKGRANTBANTINGandJOHNJAMESRICHARDMACLEODforthediscoveryofinsulin.1922Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:SIRARCHIBALDVIVIANHILLforhisdiscoveryrelatingtotheproductionofheatinthemuscleandOTTOFRITZMEYERHOFforhisdiscoveryofthefixedrelationshipbetweentheconsumptionofoxygenandthemetabolismoflactidacidinthemuscle.1921Theprizemoneyfor1921wasallocatedtotheSpecialFundofthisprizesection.1920SCHACKAUGUSTSTEENBERGERKROGHforhisdiscoveryofthe27 上海生命科学研究院考研——专业课复习笔记石正国（西北农林科技大学生命科学学院）capillarymotorregulatingmechanism.1919JULESBORDETforhisdiscoveriesrelatingtoimmunity.1918-1915Theprizemoneyfor1918-1915wasallocatedtotheSpecialFundofthisprizesection.1914ROBERTBYforhisworkonthephysiologyandpathologyofthevestibularapparatus.1913CHARLESROBERTRICHETinrecognitionofhisworkonanaphylaxis.1912ALEXISCARRELinrecognitionofhisworkonvascularsutureandthetransplantationofblood-vesselsandorgans.1911ALLVARGULLSTRANDforhisworkonthedioptricsoftheeye.1910ALBRECHTKOSSELinrecognitionofthecontributionstoourknowledgeofcellchemistrymadethroughhisworkonproteins,includingthenucleicsubstances.1909EMILTHEODORKOCHERforhisworkonthephysiology,pathologyandsurgeryofthethyroidgland.1908Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ILYAILYICHMECHNIKOVandPAULEHRLICHinrecognitionoftheirworkonimmunity.1907CHARLESLOUISALPHONSELAVERANinrecognitionofhisworkontheroleplayedbyprotozoaincausingdiseases.1906Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:CAMILLOGOLGIandSANTIAGORAMONYCAJALinrecognitionoftheirworkonthestuctureofthenervoussystem.1905ROBERTKOCHforhisinvestigationsanddiscoveriesinrelationtotuberculosis.1904IVANPETROVICHPAVLOVinrecognitionofhisworkonthephysiologyofdigestion,throughwhichknowledgeonvitalaspectsofthesubjecthasbeentransformedandenlarged.1903NIELSRYBERGFINSENinrecognitionofhiscontributiontothetreatmentofdiseases,especiallylupusvulgaris,withconcentratedlightradiation,wherebyhehasopenedanewavenueformedicalscience.1902SIRRONALDROSSforhisworkonmalaria,bywhichhehasshownhowitenterstheorganismandtherebyhaslaidthefoundationforsuccessfulresesarchonthisdiseaseandmethodsofcombatingit.1901EMILADOLFVONBEHRINGforhisworkonserumtherapy,especiallyitsapplicationagainstdiphtheria,bywhichhehasopenedanewroadinthedomainofmedicalscienceandtherebyplacedinthehandsofthephysicianavictoriousweaponagainstillnessanddeaths.NobelPrizeinChemistryWinners2000-1901broughttoyoubyTheNobelPrizeInternetArchive2000Theprizeisbeingawardedwithonehalfjointlyto:ALANJ.HEEGER,ALANG.MACDIARMID,andHIDEKISHIRAKAWAforthediscoveryanddevelopmentof28 上海生命科学研究院考研——专业课复习笔记石正国（西北农林科技大学生命科学学院）conductivepolymers.1999AHMEDZEWAILforhisstudiesofthetransitionstatesofchemicalreactionsusingfemtosecondspectroscopy.1998Theprizewasawardedforpioneeringcontributionsindevelopingmethodsthatcanbeusedfortheoreticalstudiesofthepropertiesofmoleculesandthechemicalprocessesinwhichtheyareinvolved.Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:WALTERKOHNforhisdevelopmentofthedensity-functionaltheoryandJOHNA.POPLEforhisdevelopmentofcomputationalmethodsinquantumchemistry.1997Theprizewasdivided,onehalfbeingawardedjointlyto:PAULD.BOYERandJOHNE.WALKERfortheirelucidationoftheenzymaticmechanismunderlyingthesynthesisofadenosinetriphosphate(ATP)andwithonehalfto:JENSC.SKOUforthefirst++discoveryofanion-transportingenzyme,Na,K-ATPase.1996Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ROBERTF.CURL,Jr.,SIRHAROLDW.KROTO,andRICHARDE.SMALLEYfortheirdiscoveryoffullerenes.1995Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:PAULCRUTZEN,MARIOMOLINA,andF.SHERWOODROWLANDfortheirworkinatmosphericchemistry,particularlyconcerningtheformationanddecompositionofozone.1994GEORGEA.OLAHforhiscontributiontocarbocationchemistry.1993TheprizewasawardedforcontributionstothedevelopmentsofmethodswithinDNA-basedchemistryequallybetween:KARYB.MULLISforhisinventionofthepolymerasechainreaction(PCR)method.andMICHAELSMITHforhisfundamentalcontributionstotheestablishmentofoligonucleiotide-based,site-directedmutagenesisanditsdevelopmentforproteinstudies.1992RUDOLPHA.MARCUSforhiscontributionstothetheoryofelectrontransferreactionsinchemicalsystems.1991RICHARDR.ERNSTforhiscontributionstothedevelopmentofthemethodologyofhighresolutionnuclearmagneticresonance(NMR)spectroscopy.1990ELIASJAMESCOREYforhisdevelopmentofthetheoryandmethodologyoforganicsynthesis.1989Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIDNEYALTMANandTHOMASR.CECHfortheirdiscoveryofcatalyticpropertiesofRNA.1988Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:JOHANNDEISENHOFER,ROBERTHUBERandHARTMUTMICHELforthedeterminationofthethree-dimensionalstructureofaphotosyntheticreactioncentre.1987Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ONALDJ.CRAM,JEAN-MARIELEHNandCHARLESJ.PEDERSENfortheirdevelopmentanduseofmoleculeswithstructure-specificinteractionsofhighselectivity.1986Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:DUDLEYR.HERSCHBACH,YUANT.LEEandJOHNC.POLANYIfortheircontributionsconcerningthedynamicsofchemicalelementaryprocesses.1985Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:HERBERTA.HAUPTMANandJEROMEKARLEfortheiroutstandingachievementsinthedevelopmentofdirectmethodsforthedeterminationofcrystalstructures.1984ROBERTBRUCEMERRIFIELDforhisdevelopmentofmethodologyforchemicalsynthesisonasolidmatrix.29 上海生命科学研究院考研——专业课复习笔记石正国（西北农林科技大学生命科学学院）1983HENRYTAUBEforhisworkonthemechanismsofelectrontransferreactions,especiallyinmetalcomplexes.1982SIRAARONKLUGforhisdevelopmentofcrystallographicelectronmicroscopyandhisstructuralelucidationofbiologicallyimportantnucleiacid-proteincomplexes.1981Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:KENICHIFUKUIandROALDHOFFMANNfortheirtheories,developedindependently,concerningthecourseofchemicalreactions.1980Theprizewasdivided,onehalfbeingawardedto:PAULBERGforhisfundamentalstudiesofthebiochemistryofnucleicacids,withparticularregardtorecombinant-DNAandtheotherhalfjointlyto:WALTERGILBERTandFREDERICKSANGERfortheircontributionsconcerningthedeterminationofbasesequencesinnucleicacids.1979Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:HERBERTC.BROWNandGEORGWITTIGfortheirdevelopmentoftheuseofboron-andphosphorus-containingcompounds,respectively,intoimportantreagentsinorganicsynthesis.1978PETERD.MITCHELLforhiscontributiontotheunderstandingofbiologicalenergytransferthroughtheformulationofthechemiosmotictheory.1977ILYAPRIGOGINEforhiscontributionstonon-equilibriumthermodynamics,particularlythetheoryofdissipativestructures.1976WILLIAMN..LIPSCOMBforhisstudiesonthestructureofboranesilluminatingproblemsofchemicalbonding.1975Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:SIRJOHNWARCUPCORNFORTHforhisworkonthestereochemistryofenzyme-catalyzedreactionsandVLADIMIRPRELOGforhisresearchintothestereochemistryoforganicmoleculesandreactions.1974PAULJ.FLORYforhisfundamentalachievements,boththeoreticalandexperimental,inthephysicalchemistryofthemacromolecules.1973Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:ERNSTOTTOFISCHERandSIRGEOFFREYWILKINSONfortheirpioneeringwork,performedindependently,onthechemistryoftheorganometallic,socalledsandwichcompounds.1972Theprizewasdivided,onehalfbeingawardedto:CHRISTIANB.ANFINSENforhisworkonribonuclease,especiallyconcerningtheconnectionbetweentheaminoacidsequenceandthebiologicallyactiveconfirmationandtheotherhalfjointlyto:STANFORDMOOREandWILLIAMH.STEINfortheircontributiontotheunderstandingoftheconnectionbetweenchemicalstructureandcatalyticactivityoftheactivecentreoftheribonucleasemolecule.1971GERHARDHERZBERGforhiscontributionstotheknowledgeofelectronicstuctureandgeometryofmolecules,particularlyfreeradicals.1970LUISF.LELOIRforhisdiscoveryofsugarnucleotidesandtheirroleinthebiosynthesisofcarbohydrates.1969Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:SIRDEREKH.R.BARTONandODDHASSELfortheircontributionstothedevelopmentoftheconceptofconformationanditsapplicationinchemistry.1968LARSONSAGERforthediscoveryofthereciprocalrelationsbearinghisname,whicharefundamentalforthethermodynamicsofirreversibleprocesses.1967Theprizewasdivided,onehalfbeingawardedto:ANFREDEIGENandthe30 上海生命科学研究院考研——专业课复习笔记石正国（西北农林科技大学生命科学学院）otherhalfjointlyto:RONALDGEORGEWREYFORDNORRISHandLORDGEORGEPORTERfortheirstudiesofextremelyfastchemicalreactions,effectedbydisturbingtheequlibriumbymeansofveryshortpulsesofenergy.1966ROBERTS.MULLIKENforhisfundamentalworkconcerningchemicalbondsandtheelectronicstructureofmoleculesbythemolecularorbitalmethod.1965ROBERTBURNSWOODWARDforhisoutstandingachievementsintheartoforganicsynthesis.1964DOROTHYCROWFOOTHODGKINforherdeterminationsbyX-raytechniquesofthestructuresofimportantbiochemicalsubstances.1963Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:KARLZIEGLERandGIULIONATTAfortheirdiscoveriesinthefieldofthechemistryandtechnologyofhighpolymers.1962Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:MAXFERDINANDPERUTZandSIRJOHNCOWDERYKENDREWfortheirstudiesofthestructuresofglobularproteins.1961MELVINCALVINforhisresearchonthecarbondioxideassimilationinplants.1960WILLARDFRANKLIBBYforhismethodtousecarbon-14foragedeterminationinarchaeology,geology,geophysics,andotherbranchesofscience.1959JAROSLAVHEYROVSKYforhisdiscoveryanddevelopmentofthepolarographicmethodsofanalysis.1958FREDERICKSANGERforhisworkonthestructureofproteins,especiallythatofinsulin.1957LORDALEXANDERR.TODDforhisworkonnucleotidesandnucleotideco-enzymes.1956Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:SIRCYRILNORMANHINSHELWOODandNIKOLAYNIKOLAEVICHSEMENOVfortheirresearchesintothemechanismofchemicalreactions.1955VINCENTDUVIGNEAUDforhisworkonbiochemicallyimportantsulphurcompounds,especiallyforthefirstsynthesisofapolypeptidehormone.1954LINUSCARLPAULINGforhisresearchintothenatureofthechemicalbondanditsapplicationtotheelucidationofthestructureofcomplexsubstances.1953HERMANNSTAUDINGERforhisdiscoveriesinthefieldofmacromolecularchemistry.1952Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:ARCHERJOHNPORTERMARTINandRICHARDLAURENCEMILLINGTONSYNGEfortheirinventionofpartitionchromatography.1951Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:EDWINMATTISONMCMILLANandGLENNTHEODORESEABORGfortheirdiscoveriesinthechemistryofthetransuraniumelements.1950Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:OTTOPAULHERMANNDIELSandKURTALDERfortheirdiscoveryanddevelopmentofthedienesynthesis.1949WILLIAMFRANCISGIAUQUEforhiscontributionsinthefieldofchemicalthermodynamics,particularlyconcerningthebehaviourofsubstancesatextremelylowtemperatures.1948ARNEWILHELMKAURINTISELIUSforhisresearchonelectrophoresisandadsorptionanalysis,especiallyforhisdiscoveriesconcerningthecomplexnatureoftheserumproteins.31 上海生命科学研究院考研——专业课复习笔记石正国（西北农林科技大学生命科学学院）1947SIRROBERTROBINSONforhisinvestigationsonplantproductsofbiologicalimportance,especiallythealkaloids.1946Theprizewasdivided,onehalfbeingawardedto:JAMESBATCHELLERSUMNERforhisdiscoverythatenzymescanbecrystallized.theotherhalfjointlytoJOHNHOWARDNORTHROPandWENDELLMEREDITHSTANLEYfortheirpreparationofenzymesandvirusproteinsinapureform.1945ARTTURIILMARIVIRTANENforhisresearchandinventionsinagriculturalandnutritionchemistry,especiallyforhisfodderpreservationmethod.1944OTTOHAHNforhisdiscoveryofthefissionofheavynuclei.1943GEORGEDEHEVESYforhisworkontheuseofisotopesastracersinthestudyofchemicalprocesses.1942-1940TheprizemoneywasallocatedtotheMainFund(1/3)andtotheSpecialFund(2/3)ofthisprizesection.1939ADOLFFRIEDRICHJOHANNBUTENANDTforhisworkonsexhormones.(Causedbytheauthoritiesofhiscountrytodeclinetheawardbutlaterreceivedthediplomaandthemedal).andLEOPOLDRUZICKAforhisworkonpolymethylenesandhigherterpenes.1938RICHARDKUHNforhisworkoncarotenoidsandvitamins.(Causedbytheuthoritiesofhiscountrytodeclinetheawardbutlaterreceivedthediplomaandthemedal.)1937Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:SIRWALTERNORMANHAWORTHforhisinvestigationsoncarbohydratesandvitaminC.andPAULKARRERforhisinvestigationsoncarotenoids,flavinsandvitaminsAandB2.1936PETRUS(PETER)JOSEPHUSWILHELMUSDEBYEforhiscontributionstoourknowledgeofmolecularstructurethroughhisinvestigationsondipolemomentsandonthediffractionofX-raysandelectronsingases.1935Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:FRICJOLIOTandIREJOLIOT-CURIEinrecognitionoftheirsynthesisofnewradioactiveelements.1934HAROLDCLAYTONUREYforhisdiscoveryofheavyhydrogen.1933TheprizemoneywasallocatedtotheMainFund(1/3)andtotheSpecialFund(2/3)ofthisprizesection.1932IRVINGLANGMUIRforhisdiscoveriesandinvestigationsinsurfacechemistry.1931Theprizewasawardedjointlyto:CARLBOSCHandFRIEDRICHBERGIUSinrecognitionoftheircontributionstotheinventionanddevelopmentofchemicalhighpressuremethods.1930HANSFISCHERforhisresearchesintotheconstitutionofhaeminandchlorophyllandespeciallyforhissynthesisofhaemin.1929Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:SIRARTHURHARDENandHANSKARLAUGUSTSIMONVONEULER-CHELPINfortheirinvestigationsonthefermentationofsugarandfermentativeenzymes.1928ADOLFOTTOREINHOLDWINDAUSfortheservicesrenderedthroughhisresearchintotheconstitutionofthesterolsandtheirconnectionwiththevitamins.1927HEINRICHOTTOWIELANDforhisinvestigationsoftheconstitutionofthebileacidsandrelatedsubstances.1926THE(THEODOR)SVEDBERGforhisworkondispersesystems.32 上海生命科学研究院考研——专业课复习笔记石正国（西北农林科技大学生命科学学院）1925RICHARDADOLFZSIGMONDYforhisdemonstrationoftheheterogenousnatureofcolloidsolutionsandforthemethodsheused,whichhavesincebecomefundamentalinmoderncolloidchemistry.1924Theprizemoneyfor1924wasallocatedtotheSpecialFundofthisprizesection.1923FRITZPREGLforhisinventionofthemethodofmicro-analysisoforganicsubstances.1922FRANCISWILLIAMASTONforhisdiscovery,bymeansofhismassspectrograph,ofisotopes,inalargenumberofnon-radioactiveelements,andforhisenunciationofthewhole-numberrule.1921FREDERICKSODDY,forhiscontributionstoourknowledgeofthechemistryofradioactivesubstances,andhisinvestigationsintotheoriginandnatureofisotopes.1920WALTHERHERMANNNERNSTinrecognitionofhisworkinthermochemistry.1919Theprizemoneyfor1919wasallocatedtotheSpecialFundofthisprizesection.1918FRITZHABERforthesynthesisofammoniafromitselements.1917-1916Theprizemoneyfor1917-1916wasallocatedtotheSpecialFundofthisprizesection.1915RICHARDMARTINWILLSTTERforhisresearchesonplantpigments,especiallychlorophyll.1914THEODOREWILLIAMRICHARDS,inrecognitionofhisaccuratedeterminationsoftheatomicweightofalargenumberofchemicalelements.1913ALFREDWERNERinrecognitionofhisworkonthelinkageofatomsinmoleculesbywhichhehasthrownnewlightonearlierinvestigationsandopenedupnewfieldsofresearchespeciallyininorganicchemistry.1912Theprizewasdividedequallybetween:VICTORGRIGNARDforthediscoveryoftheso-calledGrignardreagent,whichinrecentyearshasgreatlyadvancedtheprogressoforganicchemistryandPAULSABATIERforhismethodofhydrogenatingorganiccompoundsinthepresenceoffinelydisintegratedmetalswherebytheprogressoforganicchemistryhasbeengreatlyadvancedinrecentyears.1911MARIECURIE,nMarieSklodowska,inrecognitionofherservicestotheadvancementofchemistrybythediscoveryoftheelementsradiumandpolonium,bytheisolationofradiumandthestudyofthenatureandcompoundsofthisremarkableelement.1910OTTOWALLACHinrecognitionofhisservicestoorganicchemistryandthechemicalindustrybyhispioneerworkinthefieldofalicycliccompounds.1909WILHELMOSTWALDinrecognitionofhisworkoncatalysisandforhisinvestigationsintothefundamentalprinciplesgoverningchemicalequilibriaandratesofreaction.1908LORDERNESTRUTHERFORDforhisinvestigationsintothedisintegrationoftheelements,andthechemistryofradioactivesubstances.1907EDUARDBUCHNERforhisbiochemicalresearchesandhisdiscoveryofcellfreefermentation.1906HENRIMOISSANinrecognitionofthegreatservicesrenderedbyhiminhisinvestigationandisolationoftheelementfluorine,andfortheadoptionintheserviceofscienceoftheelectricfurnacecalledafterhim.33 上海生命科学研究院考研——专业课复习笔记石正国（西北农林科技大学生命科学学院）1905JOHANNFRIEDRICHWILHELMADOLFVONBAEYERinrecognitionofhisservicesintheadvancementoforganicchemistryandthechemicalindustry,throughhisworkonorganicdyesandhydroaromaticcompounds.1904SIRWILLIAMRAMSAYinrecognitionofhisservicesinthediscoveryoftheinertgaseouselementsinair,andhisdeterminationoftheirplaceintheperiodicsystem.1903SVANTEAUGUSTARRHENIUSinrecognitionoftheextraordinaryserviceshehasrenderedtotheadvancementofchemistrybyhiselectrolytictheoryofdissociation.1902HERMANNEMILFISCHERinrecognitionoftheextraordinaryserviceshehasrenderedbyhisworkonsugarandpurinesyntheses.1901JACOBUSHENRICUSVAN"THOFFinrecognitionoftheextraordinaryserviceshehasrenderedbythediscoveryofthelawsofchemicaldynamicsandosmoticpressureinsolutions.生物化学研究的诺贝尔奖（1952——1999）1999年生理学或医学奖美国纽约洛克菲勒大学的GunterBlobel获得1999年诺贝尔生理学/医学奖。他的贡献是发现蛋白质具有控制其运输和定位的内在信号。1998年生理学或医学奖RolertF．Furchgott（美国），LouisJ．Ignarro（美国）和FeridMurad（美国），发现NO（一氧化氮）是心血管系统的信号分子1997年生理学或医学奖StanleyB．Prusiner（美国），发现一种新型的致病因子——感染性蛋白质颗粒Prion化学奖Paul．Boyer（美国）和JohnE．Walker（英国），阐明ATP酶促合成机制++JensC．Skou（丹麦），发现输送离子的Na，K-ATP酶1996年生理学或医学奖PeterC．eherty（美国）和ROlfM．Zinkernagel（瑞士），发现T细胞对病毒感染细胞的识别受MHC（主要组织相容性复合体）限制1994年生理学或医学奖lfredG．Gilman（美国）和MartinROdbell（美国），发现G蛋白及其在细胞内信号转导中的作用1993年生理学或医学奖RichardJ．ROberts（美国）和PhilliPA．SharP（美国），发现断裂基因化学奖Karyn．wtullis（美国），发明PCR方法MichaelSmith（加拿大），建立DNA合成用于定点诱变研究1992年生理学或医学奖EdmondH．Fischer（美国）和EdwinG．Krebs（美国），发现可逆蛋白质磷酸化是一种生物调节机制1989年生理学或医学奖HaroldE．Varmus（美国）和J．MichaelBishop（美国），发现反转录病毒癌基因的细胞起源34 上海生命科学研究院考研——专业课复习笔记石正国（西北农林科技大学生命科学学院）化学奖SidneyAltman（美国）和ThornR．Cech（美国），发现RNA的催化性质1988年生理学或医学奖JamesW．Black（英国），ertrudeB．Elion（美国）和GongH．Hitchings（美国），发现“代谢”有关药物处理的重要原则1986年生理学或医学奖StanleyCohen（美国）和RitaLevi-Montalcini（意大利），发现生长因子1985年生理学或医学奖MichaelS．Brown（美国）和JosephL．Goldstein（美国），发现胆固醇代谢的调节作用1984年化学奖BruceMerrfield（美国），建立和发展（蛋白质）因相化学合成方法1983年生理学或医学奖BarbarMcClintock（美国），发现可移动遗传元件1982年生理学或医学奖SuneK．Mtrom（瑞典），Bent．Samuelsson（瑞典）和JohnR．Vane（英国），发现前列腺素和相关生物活性物质化学奖AamKlug（英国），发展晶体电子显微镜技术测定核酸一蛋白质复合物的结构1980年化学奖PaulBerg（美国），关于核酸化学，特别是重组DNA的出色研究WalterGlbert（美国）和FrederiCkSanger（英国），测定DNA中的碱基序列1978年生理学或医学奖WernerArber（瑞士），DanielNathans（美）和HmiltorO．Smith（美），发现限制性内切酶并应用于解决分子遗传学问题化学奖PeterMitchell（英国），通过化学渗透理论了解生物能转换1977年生理学或医学奖ROgerGuillemin（美国）和ndrewV．SChally（美国），发现脑多肽激素的生成ROSalynS．Yalow美国），建立多肽激素的放射免疫测定法1976年生理学或医学奖Ba－ruchS．Bltirnberg（美）和D．CarletorGidusek（美），发现感染（乙型肝炎、库鲁病）的起源和散播的新机制1975年生理学或医学奖DavidBaltimore（美国），RenatOBulbecco（英国）和HOWardM．Tdrin（美国），发现肿瘤病毒和细胞遗传物质的相互作用，提出前病毒理论化学奖JOhnWarcupChmforth（英国），酶催化反应的立体化学1972年生理学或医学奖GeraldM．Edelman（美国）和RodneyR．Porter（英国），确定抗体的化学结构化学奖ChristianB．nfinsen（美国），RNase的研究，提出氨基酸序列与生物活性构象间的联系StanfordMoors（美国）和WilliamH．Stein（美国），关于RNase化学结构与35 上海生命科学研究院考研——专业课复习笔记石正国（西北农林科技大学生命科学学院）活性中心的催化活性间联系的新见解1971年生理学或医学奖Earl．Sutherand（美国），发现激素（如cAMP）作用机制1970年化学奖。LuisF．Lelhr（阿根廷）发现糖一核苷酸及它糖类生物合成中的功用1968年生理学或医学奖RobertW．HOlley（美国），HarG．Khorana（美国）和Marshall．Nirenbeng（美国），阐明蛋白质生物合成中遗传密码及其功能1965年生理学或医学奖FrancoisJacob（法国），ndreL、ff（法国）和JaCOquesMonod（法国），发现酶和病毒合成的基因调节1964年生理学或医学奖KonardBloch（美国）和FeoderLgnen（德国），发现胆固醇和脂肪酸代谢的机制和调节化学奖DerothyCrowfootHodgkin（英国），用X射线技术测定重要生化物质的结构1962年生理学或医学奖FrancisH．C．Crick（英国），JamesD．Watson（美国）和MauriceH．F．Wilkins（英国），发现核酸的分子结构（DNA双螺旋）及其对于活性物质中信息转移的重要性化学奖MaxF．Perutz（英国）和JOhnC．Kendrew（英国），关于球状蛋白质（血红蛋白、肌红蛋白）结构的研究1959年生理学或医学奖SeveroOchoa（美国）和ArthurKOrnbefg（美国），发现RNA和DNA生物合成机制1958年生理学或医学奖GeorgeW．Beadle（美国）和EdwardL．Tatum（美国），发现化学反应对基因的控制和影响JoshuaLederbeng（美国），发现细菌中遗传物质的基因重组和组织化学奖rederickSaflger（英国），蛋白质，特别是胰岛素结构的测定1957年化学奖AlexanderR．Tod（英国），核苷酸和核苷酸辅酶的研究1955年生理学或医学奖Axel．T．Theorell（瑞典），发现氧化酶的性质和作用方式1953年生理学或医学奖HansA．Krebs（英国），发现柠檬酸循环FritzA．Lipthann（美国），发现辅酶A及其在中间代谢中的重要性1952年化学奖ArcherJ．P．Mrtin和RichardL．M.ynge，发明分配层析:36