广东省天河区高考英语语法二轮复习：阅读理解精讲精炼04含答案 9页

阅读理解精讲精炼0415.Bonus（奖金）culturehasbecomethesubjectofmanystudiesnowadays・Manypeoplehavebeenangeredbythewaysomebankersandhighofficialsseemtohavebeenrewardedforfailure.Othersfindtheideaofofferingmany-million-dollarbonusesmorallydisgusting.Butfewhaveaskedwhetherperformsnce・relatedbonusesreallydoimproveperformance・Theanswerseemssoobviousthateventoaskthequestioncanappearridiculous・Indeed,inspiteofallthecomplaintsaboutthem,financialencouragementscontinuetobeintroducedinmoreandmoreareas,fromhealthcareandpublicservicestoteachinganduniversities.Soitmaycomeasashocktomanytolearnthatpayingforresultscanactuallymakepeopleperformbadlyinmanycircumstances,andthatthemoreyoupay,theworsetheyperform・Nooneisarguingthatbonusescanhelpcompaniesandinstitutionsattractandkeepthebeststaff.Nordoesanyoneargueagainsttheideathatyoucanencouragepeopletodospecifictasksbylinkingpaymentstothosetasks.Rather,thepointisabouthowtogetthebestoutofpeople.Doemployeesreallyperformbetter讦youpromisetopaythemmoreforgettingresults?Therearesomeobviousreasonswhysuchpaymentscanfail.Ithasbeenargued,forinstanee,thatcashbonusescontributedtothefinancialcrash,becausetradershadlittleenthusiasmtomakesurethattheircompaniesenjoyedIong-termsurvival.Mostbonusprojectsarepoorlydesigned,saysProfessorMalcolmHiggs.Hethinksthereasonisthatorganisationstrytokeepbonusarrangementssimple.Nevertheless,hethinksbonusprojectscanworkaslongastheylinktheinterestsofindividualemployeeswiththeIong-termgoalsofabusiness・Bonusescanalsoencouragecheating."Onceyoustartmakingpeople"srewardsdependentonoutcomesratherthanbehaviours,theevideneeispeoplewilldowhatevertheycantogetthoseoutcomes/saysProfessorEdwardDeci."Inmanycasesthehighofficialssimplyliedandcheatedtomakethestock（股票）pricegoupsotheygothugebonuses."ButtheworkofDeciandotherssuggeststheproblemwithbonusesrunsfardeeperthanpoordesignorcheating.In1971,heaskedstudentstosolvepuzzles,withsomereceivingcashprizesfordoingwellandothersgettingnothing.Decifoundthoseofferedcashwerelesslikelytokeepworkingonpuzzlesaftertheyhaddoneenoughtogetpaid.Thesestudiessuggestthatofferingrewardscanstoppeopledoingthingsforthepurejoyofit.This wasthebasisforaseriesofbooksbyKohninwhichhearguesthatrewardingchildren,studentsandworkerswithgrades,scholarshipsandother"bribes"（贿赂）leadstolow-qualityworkinthelongrun.Thosewhobelieveinthepowerofbonusesfailtodistinguishbetweeninnerdriveandoutsidepressure—wantingtodosomethingbecauseyoulikeitforitselfincontrasttodoingsomethingbecauseyouwantthereward,Kohnsays・"It"snotjustthatthesetwoaredifferent,it"softenthatthemoreyourewardpeoplefordoingsomething,themoretheirinnerdrivetendstodecline/A"dothisandgetthat"approachmightimproveperformaneeintheshortterm,butoverIongerperiodsitwillalwaysfail,Kohnsays・Peoplewhoreceivebonuswillnaturallyplaysafe,becomelesscreative,cooperatelessandfeellessvalued,headds・What"smore,thestudiesalsosuggestthatofferingrewardscanalsostoppeopletakingresponsibility・1.Theeffectofperformance-relatedbonuseshasnotbeenwellstudiedbecausepeople・A.takethefunctionofbonusesforgrantedB.seethatbonusofferingisdoneeverywhereC.thinkfinancialencouragementisdisgustingD.areshockedbythepracticeofrewardingforfailures2.AccordingtoMalcolmHiggs,designsthatarethegoodones・A.drivepeopletofinishshort-termtasksB.helptoattractandkeepgoodemployeesC.linkfinancialrewardswiththequalityoftheoutcomesD.connectindividualinterestswithlong-termbusinessgoals3・Ifapersonplayssafetogetabonus,heisprobablybeing・A.moreenthusiasticB.morerisk-takingC.1essdaringD.1essresponsible4.Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinktheauthorwouldmostprobablyagreewith?A.Companiesshouldmaketheirbonusprojectssimple.B.Thebenefitofbonushelpstogetthebestoutofpeople.C.Thebiggestproblemwithbonusisitcreatescheating.D.Bonusofferingcanstoppeopledoingthingsforpurejoy.5・Whichdoyouthinkisthebesttitleofthepassage? A.WhatIsBonus?B.DoesBonusWork?C.WhyBonusOffered?D.HowBonusWorks?【答案与解析】依据表现发奖金己为世人接受，似乎无对厚非。作者却反弹琵琶，条分缕析,阐述了奖金的弊端。1.A推理判断题。第二段的前半部分提到几乎没有人质疑过根据表现发奖金是否真的可以提升表现，答案看起来如此明显以至于询问这样问题似乎很荒谬，由此可推断人们想当然地肯定了奖金的功能。2.D细节理解题。，根据第六段后半部分的内容可知这位教授认为良好的奖金设汁是把员工的个人兴趣和公司的长期目标结合在一起。3.D细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句话可知，奖金会使人们不愿承担责任，故选D项。4.D作者态度题。作者在第二段屮提出了自己的观点，指出了奖金的弊端，下文则进行详细的剖析。根据倒数第三段第一句中的内容可知作者认为发奖金会阻止人们在做事过程中享受纯粹的快乐。5B主旨人意题。前两段是引题，概述的是人们对奖金的世俗看法，第二段则提出了相反的观点，下文则进行了深入的阐述，所以B项最能概括文章大意。16.Acancer-strickenBritishteenagesaidThursdayshehadbeenmovedbymessagesofsupportfromaroundtheworldafterwritinganonlinez/BucketList"ofthingsshewantedtodobeforedying.AlicePyne,15,createdaninternetbloginwhichshedescribedherfightagainstacancerofthewhitebloodcells."I"vebeenfightingcancerforalmostfouryearsandnowIknowthatthecancerisgainingonmeanditdoesn"tlooklikeI"mgoingtowinthisone,"shewrote・Forherlist,atthesitewww.alicepyne.blogspot.com,shehasineludedmakingeveryonesignuptobeabonemarrowdonor•（骨髄捐赠者），swimmingwithsharks,meetingboybandTakeThatandgettingapurpleiPadcomputer. themosttalkedaboutsubjectsonTwitter."Oh,dearandIthoughtthatIwasjustdoingalittleblogforafewfriends!"shewroteafterhersiteattractedhugeattention."Thankyousomuchforallyourlovelymessagestome。"Pyne,wholiveswithherfamilyinthenorthwestEnglishtownofUIverston,revealed（透露）themanagementofTakeThathadarrangedforhertoseethebandafterreadingherblog・AgroupoflocallawmakershavealsojoinedforceswiththeAnthonybloodcancercharitytoencouragepeopletojoinitsstemcellregister.1.WhathappenedafterAlicePynewroteher"BucketList"?A.Peoplearoundtheworldsentmessagestosupporther.B.Peoplesentgiftstoherfromallovertheworld・C.Alotofpeopleofferedtodonatebonemarrowtoher.D.Themediacalledonpeopletohelpher・1.AlicePynewroteher""BucketUst,?to.A.catchpeople"sattentionB.saygoodbyetoafewfriendsC.givecomforttotwoterminallyillmenD・expressherlastfewwishes2.ItcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthatAlicePyne.A.isunawareofherownconditionsB.isverysadtoknowthatshewilldieC.iscalmtoknowthatdeathisapproachingD.isstillquiteconfidentinfightingagainstcancer4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTonAlicePyne"s"BucketList"?A・Toaskpeopletodonatebonemarrow・B・Togetacoolcomputer・C.Toswimwithshark.D.Tomeetaboyo75.TakeThatwillarrangeto.A.meetPyneinpersonB・helpPyneinanypossiblewayC.donatemoneytoPyneD・invitePynetojointheband【答案与解析】身患癌症的英国少女AlicePyne把自己的临终遗愿张贴在网上以后，引起 了社会各界的普遍关注，再次阐述了"只要人人都献出一点爱，世界将变成美好的人间〃的真谛。1.A细节理解题。由倒数第三段的"MessagesofsupportandoffersofhelpquicklyfloodedherwebpageanditbecameoneofthemosttalkedaboutsubjectsonTwitter・以看出巾占子发布后，收到了世界各地的支持他的信息。2.D细节理解题。由第一段的"afterwritinganonline"BucketList"ofthingsshewantedtodobeforedying"可以看出，"BucketList"表达的就是他最后的愿望。3.C推理判断题。由该段的"Iknowthatthecancerisgainingonmeanditdoesn"tlooklikermgoingtowinthisone"对自己的病情和结果进行了平静的叙述，由此可知，C项符合语境。4.D细节判断题。第四段介绍了"BucketList"所有的内容，前三项都在里面，但是里面的"boybandTakeThat"是一个乐队，而不是想见某一个男孩，所以应该排除D。5.A细节理解题。由倒数第二段的"...revealed（透露）themanagementofTakeThathadarrangedforherw可以看出，她想见的那家乐队已经安排亲自见她了。故选A。17.Iamastrongbelieverthatifachildisraisedwithapproval,helearnstolovehimselfandwillbesuccessfulinhisownway.Severalweeksago,Iwasdoinghomeworkwithmysoninthethirdgradeandhekeptstandingupfromhischairtogooverthemathlines・Ikeptaskinghimtositdown,tellinghimthathewouldconcentratebetle匚Hesatbutsecondslater,asifhedicingevennoticehewasdoingit,hegotupagain.Iwasgettingfrustrated,butthenithitme.Istartednoticinghisanswersweremuchquickerandaccuratewhenhestoodup.Couldhebemoreintentwhilestandingup?ThismademestartquestioningmyselfandwhatIhadbeenraisedtobelieve.Iwasraisedtobelievethataquiet,calmchildwasasurewaytosuccess.Thischildwouldhavethedisciplinetostudyhard,getgoodgradesandbecomesomeoneimportantinlife.NowthosesamepeopleperhapscometorealizethattheirkidsarebornwiththeirownsetsofDNAandpersonalitytraits,andallyoucandoislovingandacceptingthem.Asparents,throughouttheirgrowingyearsandbeyondthat,weneedtobeourkids1bestcheerleaders,guidingthemandhelpingthemfindtheirway.Ihavestoppedaskingmysontositdownandconcentrate・Obviously,heisconcentratingjustin hisownwayandnotmine.Weneedtolearntoacceptourkids1waysofdoingthings.Somewaymayhaveworkedformebutdoesn"tmeanweneedtocarryitthroughgenerations.Thereisnothingsweeterthanbeingindividualandunique.ItmakesusfreeandhappyandthafsjustthewayIwantmykidstolivetheirownlife.1.Atthebeginning,theauthortriedtokeephissonseatedinordertomakehim.A.paymoreattentiontohisstudyB.keepsilentintheroomC.finishhishomeworkontimeD・getrightanswers2.Inspiredbythecaseofhisson,theauthorbegantodoubt・A・theimportanceofparentsB.theoldformofeducationC.therelationshipbetweenkidsandtheirparentsD.thegoodgradesofsomekids3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisright?A.Weshouldhelpkidscorrecttheirwrongways.B.Parentsshouldstudytheirkids"DNA・C.Kidsshouldbetaughttobehavethemselves.D・Parentsshouldloveandaccepttheirkids・4.Theauthorhasstoppedaskinghissontositdownbecause.A.hehaschangedhistraditionalideasB.hissonwantstobeuniqueC.hissondoesn^tfollowhisadviceD・hissorfsDNAisdifferent5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.Studyhardandyou"llbesuccessfulB.BefriendlytoyourchildrenC・Children"ssuccessintheirownstyleD.Parents*helpwiththeirchildren"sstudy【答案与解析】作者通过辅导孩子写作业的经历意识到用传统的教育方式约束孩子已不再适用，父母应该引导和帮助孩子找到适合他们白身的学习方法，培养独特的个性，进而获得成功。1.-A细节理解题。根据第一段的"Ikeptaskinghimtositdown,tellinghimthathewouldconcentratebetter.可知作者让他儿子坐下來是想让他更专心地学习。2.-B推理判断题。结合第三段前两句中的内容可推断作者开始怀疑传统教育。3.D正误判断题。根据第四段的"...andallyoucandoislovingandacceptingthem.可知父母 应该关爱并接受他们的孩子。1.-A推理判断题。第三段是对传统教育的质疑，第四段指出父母应该引导并帮助孩子发现适合他们自己的学习方式，最后一段提到作者不再要求孩子坐下专心学习，由此可推断作者改变了他的传统教育观念。2.C主旨大意题。文章第一段开门见山地提岀了本文的主题，如果孩子得到了认同，就能学会自爱并用自己的方式取得成功，所以C项最能概插文章大意。18.ThebrownwidowspiderbecameestablishedinSouthernCaliforniainearly2000andhasbecomepartofthelocalspiderfamilyinurbanLosAngelesandSanDiego.ThebrownwidowspideriscontinuingitsexpansioninSouthernCaliforniaandcouldpossiblymovenorthwardintoCentralCalifornia.ThebrownwidowissuspectedtohaveevolvedinAfricaalthoughitwasfirstdescribedfromSouthAmerica,whichaddsconfusionastowhereitmighthaveoriginated・ItisatropicalandsubtropicalspiderhavingestablishedpopulationsinHawaii,Florida,partsofAustralia,SouthAfricaandJapan・InNorthAmerica,thebrownwidowwasrestrictedformanydecadestotheFloridapeninsula・However,aroundtheyear2000,itstartedshowingupinotherGulfCoaststates.BrownwidowsarenowknownfromTexastoGeorgiaandSouthCarolina.Thebrownwidowbuildsitswebinprotectedsitesaroundhomesandinwoodyvegetationwithbranches・Sometypicalsitesselectedbybrownwidowsforwebbuildingareemptycontainerssuchasbucketsandnurserypots,mailboxes,entrywaycorners,undereaves,storageclosetsandgarages,undercarriagesofmotorvehiclesthatarestationaryforlongperiods,andtheundersidesofoutdoorfurniture・Theychooseplacesthataremoreexposedthansiteschosenbyblackwidowsandtherefore,appeartobeathigherriskforinteractionswithhumansasfarasbitesareconcerned.Onerecentstudydemonstratesthatthebrownwidowspiderislesspoisonousthanotherwidowspecies・Thereasonfortheweakereffectofbrownwidowbitesonhumansispossiblybecausethebrownwidowdoesnothavemuchpoisonasitslargerrelatives,butitisreallyathreattohumansastoitspoison.Thetwomajorsymptomsofabrownwidowbitewerethatthebitehurtwhenitwasgivenanditleftaredmark.Thesetwosymptomsarenotmuchdifferentfromthebiteofnormalhouseholdspiders・Thereisnospecificinformationregardingthecontrolofbrownwidowsbyfarmchemicals.Most currentadviceiswhatisusedforcontrollingspidersingeneral.Therefore,mostcommerciallyavailablefarmchemicalsshouldworkonbrownwidows・Avoidingamessofthehouseandthegarageshouldreducenestsitesforthem.Also,oneshouldstoregarageitemsinplasticbagswheretheremightbeinteractionswithspiders.Theseitemsineluderarelyworngarmentssuchasgardeningclothesandgloves,recreationalitemslikesportsequipment(i.e.,baseballgloves)andotheritemswherespiderscancrawlupintoholeswherefingerscanbeinserted・1.Theauthorwrotethisarticleto・A.announcetheresultofaresearchonspidersB.introducethewaystogetridofthespidersC.reportanewfindingofthewidowspeciesD.warnreadersagainstthebrownwidow2.Fromthepassagewecanconeludethat.A.brownwidowsarespreadingnorthwardB.thebrownwidoworiginatedfromAfricaC.brownwidowsnowcanbefoundinallcountriesD.thereusedtobenobrownwidowsinNorthAmerica3.Thethirdparagraphismainlyabout.A.thebrownwidow"swebbuildingB.thecharacteristicsofthebrownwidowC.thehabitatpreferencesofthebrownwidowD.thebrownwidow"sthreatentohumanbeings4.Itcanbeinferredthat.A.brownwidowscanbekilledwithanyfarmchemicalsB.atpresentpeoplecanonlycontrolbrownwidowspidersC.thebrownwidowhasmorepoisonthantheblackwidowD.victimsbittenbythebrownwidowneedn"tseethedoctor【答案与解析】一种褐色的毒蜘蛛正在美国蔓延，其危害不容忽视。更糟糕的是，目前还没有消灭它的方法，只能尽力进行控制和预防。1.D作者意图题。文章从这种蜘蛛的渊源谈起，预测了它的蔓延范阖，进而介绍了它的生活习性、危害以及控制方法，所以作者意在警告读者当心这种蜘蛛。 1.A细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句话可知它们可能会朝北方蔓延。2.C段落大意题。本段指出了这种蜘蛛经常选择的织网的地方，即主要介绍这种蜘蛛的栖息偏好。3.B推理判断题。最后一段提到还没有掌握控制这种蜘蛛应当使用的化学药品的具体信息，目前的建议是釆用控制蜘蛛的一般方法，并提供了一些预防措施，由此可推断目前人们只能控制它们。