美国经济学家克鲁格曼获得2008年诺贝尔经济学奖.ppt 18页

IntroductiontoEconomicsChenyanru IntroductiontothecourseSyllabusTeachertextbook teacherChenYanru(Amy)ICBofficebusinessteachingdepartment62737142 Textbooks:EssentialsofEconomicsAuthor:PaulKrugmanProfessorofEconomicsatPrincetonUniversityReceivedBAfromYaleandhisPHDfromMIT.Hisresearchismainlyintheareaofinternationaltrade,whereheisoneofthefoundersofthenewtradetheory,whichfocusesonincreasingreturnsandimperfectcompetition,Healsoworksininternationalfinance,withaconcentrationincurrencycrises.Writewritesextensivelyfornontechnicalaudiences.HislatesttradebookisbestsellingcollectionofhisTimesarticlesentitledtheGreatUnraveling:LosingOurWayinthenewCentury. 美国经济学家克鲁格曼获得2008年诺贝尔经济学奖新华网斯德哥尔摩１０月１３日电 瑞典皇家科学院１３日宣布，将２００８年诺贝尔经济学奖授予美国普林斯顿大学经济学家保罗·克鲁格曼，以表彰他在分析国际贸易模式和经济活动的地域等方面所作的贡献。瑞典皇家科学院发表声明说，克鲁格曼整合了此前经济学界在国际贸易和地理经济学方面的研究，在自由贸易、全球化以及推动世界范围内城市化进程的动因方面形成了一套理论。 ContentsofthebookPart1whatiseconomicsPart2supplyanddemandPart3TheproducerPart4marketsandefficiencyPart5Marketstructure:beyondperfectcompetitionPart6ExtendingmarketboundariesPart7IntroductiontoMacro-economicsPart8Short-RuneconomicFluctuations TheOrdinaryBusinessofLifeImportantquestions:Howdoesoureconomicsystemwork?Howdoesitmanagetodeliverthegoods?Whenandwhydoesoureconomicsystemgoastray,leadingpeopleintocounterproductivebehavior?Whyarethereareupsanddownsintheeconomy?Thatis,whydoestheeconomysometimeshaveabadyear?Finally,whyisthelongrunmainlyastoryofupsanddowns? Basicconcepts Economyandeconomics:Economy:isasystemforcoordinatingsociety’sproductiveactivitiesEconomics:thestudyofeconomies,atthelevelbothofindividualsandofsocietyasawholeMicroeconomics:Individualdecision,individualcustomerandsuppliersMacroeconomics:overallupanddownsoftheeconomy:country,industry MarketeconomyandcommandeconomyMarketeconomy:aneconomyinwhichdecisionsaboutproductionandconsumptionaremadebyindividualproducersandconsumerCommandeconomy:thereisacentralauthoritymakingdecisionaboutproductionandconsumption. CommandandControlLaissez-FaireFreeMarketsMixedTheSpectrumofEconomicSystems InvisiblehandInvisiblehandrefertothewayamarketeconomymanagestoharnessthepoweroftheself-interestforthegoodofthesociety. Mybenefit,yourcosttrafficcongestion:Eachtimesomeonedrivestowork,asopposedtotakingpublictransportation,hecaneasilyimpose$15ormoreinhiddencostonotherdriver. MarketfailureWhentheindividualpursuitofone’sowninterest,insteadofpromotingtheinterestsofthesocietyasawhole,canactuallymakesocietyworseoff.TrafficcongestionAirandwaterpollutionOverexploitationofnaturalresource Goodtimes,badtimesgrowthFluctuationEconomiccycle:expansionprosperityContractionrecessionOrEconomicboomEconomicslowdownEconomicrecessionEconomicrecovery Thispatternrepeatsitselfregularly,thoughnotonafixedschedule.Thelengthofthecycleisn"tpredictableeitherandmaybemeasuredinmonthsorinyears. AnenginefordiscoveryWhydoeseconomygrowovertime?Whydoeseconomicsgrowthoccurfasterinsometimesandplacesthaninothers?Economics…isnotabodyofconcretetruth,butanengineforthediscoveryofconcretetruth.---AlfredMarshall