育才分流英语语法词法精品辅导 15页

育才分流英语语法词法精品辅导名词、主谓一致、介词、代词名词【要点点拨】一.可数名词的复数构成规则：1.规则变化：加-s,-es；辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies；把f/fe变成ves；(1)keys,threeHenrys；stomachs；safes；beliefs；proofs；roofs；gulfs；chiefs；heroes；potatoes；tomatoes；Negroes；dingoesA(2)缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或"s都可,如：someVIPs(VIP"s)；inhis50s/50"s；inthe1990s/1990"s；Therearetwot"sintheword"letter".2.不规则变化：(1)men,children,feet,teeth,geese,mice；oxen等；(2)单复数形式相同：sheep；deer；fish；means；works(工厂)；Chinese；Japanese；Swiss；(teas,fruits,fishes,metals等表示种类)；(3)只有复数形式：trousers,glasses(眼镜)；remains(遗体/物)；clothes；ashes；contents(目录)；goods；customs(海关)；arms(武器)；(4)复合名词的复数形式：shoeshops；lookers-on；grown-ups；passers-by；daughters-in-law (5)表示某国人的复数形式：A：单复一样：Chinese/Japanese)B：把man变成men：Englishmen；Frenchmen；C：其它加s(包括Germans)一、不可数名词1.量的表示：用some/alittle/much等表示数量的词(组)及单位名词(量词)，用得较多的有piece,article,bottle,head,loaf,bar等：apieceofadvice/bread/news/information/equipment/chalk/cloth/clothing/music/work/furniture/paper/wood/baggage；aloafofbread；abarofchocolate；twoheadofcattle2.不可数名词具体化：Thesegamesaregreatsuccesses；Thepartywasagreatsuccess.二、名词的所有格：1.表示有生命的名词后加"s,如一样东西为几人共有，则在最后一个名词后加"s：JackandTom"sroom(两人共有的房间)；Jack"sandTom"srooms(两人各自的房间)；表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示：thewindowsoftheroom；(但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加"s：China"sindustry；today"spaper；tenminutes"walk)2.表示"某人家里""某店铺"等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词：atmyaunt"s(house)；atthedoctor"s(office)；gotothechemist"s(shop)；3.双重所有格：a/an/this/that/these/those/some/any/afew/no/every/several/such/another/which等+名词+of+…."s/名词性物主代词(表示"部分"的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等)；比较： afriendofhermother"s她母亲的一个朋友(强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格)afriendofhermother她母亲的朋友(强调两人间的关系，为of所有格)apictureofhisbrother"s(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人)apictureofhisbrother(他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人)三、名词作定语修饰名词：前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用途；(1)一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上：shoeshop(s)；storybook(s)；coffeecup(s)；physicsteacher(s)；个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式：salesmanager；sportsmeet；由man/woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数：men/womendoctors；(2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义：adustbag(abagfordust)装灰尘的袋子/adustybag布满灰尘的袋子achemicalchange化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/achemistryteacher(ateacherofchemistry)一个化学老师agoldwatch一只金表(表材质)/agoldenwatch一只金黄色的表五.英语中"很多"的表达：只修饰可数名词：quiteafew/agreatmany(of)/many/a(large/small)numberof只修饰不可数名词：agreatdealof/agreatamountof(greatamountsof) 既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词：plentyof/alotof(lotsof)/a(large)quantityof/largequantitiesof主谓一致【要点点拨】英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1：either,neither,each,one,theother,another,anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,everything,everybody,everyone,noone,nothing,nobody做主语时，谓语一般用单数。Neitherofthetwosentencesiscorrect.Everythingaroundusismatter.(注意：none,neither,all,any作主语时，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，具体取决于说话人的意思。)Noneofthemowns/ownacar.Neitheroftheboysare/isinterestedingeography.Allarehere.Andallthatcanbedonehasbeendone.2：表示"时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积"等度量的名词做主语时，谓语用单数。Fiveminutesisenough.Fourhundredfrancsisalotofmoney. 3：each…andeach…，every…andevery；no…andno；manya…andmanya…等结构由于强调个体行为，因此谓语动词使用单数。EachboyandeachgirlhasgotanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Nosoundandnovoiceisheardforalongtime.4：从句、不定式、动名词或短语作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。Tosaysomethingisonething,todoitisanother.(tosaysomething,todo是不定式)"Howdoyoudo?"isnotaquestionbutagreeting.(Howdoyoudo?是句子，作主语)(注意：what引导主语从句时应注意其所指的具体内容来确定谓语的单复数。)Whatweneedismoretime,whilewhattheyneedaremoredoctorsandmedicines.5：oneandahalf后面带名词的复数，谓语动词常用单数。Oneandhalfbananasisleftonthetable.6：用and连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。TheheadmasterandPartysecretaryisgoingabroadnextmonth.Breadandbutterismyusualbreakfast.7：有些名词呈复数形式，但并不表示复数概念。Thenewsisdisappointingthatachemicalworksistobebuiltinthewestofthecity.8：名词由and或both…and连接主语时，谓语动词使用复数形式。 Bothcoffeeandbeerareonsaleintheshop.9：people,public,police,cattle做主语时，谓语动词习惯上使用复数。Thepolicehavecaughtthemurderer.Andpeoplearetalkingaboutthenews.考点10：表示成双、成套的名词作主语时，谓语动词使用复数。Yourtrousersaretoolong,buttheseshoesfityouquitewell.但有apairof连接时，谓语动词使用单数。Apairofglovesisanicepresentforher.11：不可数名词作主语，但前面有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。Threemilliontonsofoilareexploitedeveryyearintheoilfield.12：在or,either---or---,neither---nor---,notonly---butalso---,not---but---,therebe等结构中，采取就近原则，即谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近的主语的单复数。Eithertheteacherorthestudentsaretoblame.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherisenjoyingthefilm.考点13：下列结构用于引起一个附加的成分，谓语动词的形式应不受附加成分的影响而于前面的主语取得一致：aswellas；ratherthan；like；except；besides；with；alongwith；including；such---as---；；NoonebutJackandMaryknowsaboutit. Iaswellastheyamreadytohelpyou.考点14：someof；plentyof；alotof；mostof；therestof；all(of)；half(of)；分数或百分之+of+名词做主语时，以名词的单复数为准。Alotofstudentsarewaitingoutside.Andlotsofthetimehasbeenwasted.Morethan70%oftheearth"ssurfaceiscoveredbywater.Tenpercentoftheapplesarebad.Therestofthestoryneedsnotelling.Hestayedathomeandtherestoftheboyswereoutatplay.15：由akindof；thiskindof；manykindsof和名词+ofthiskind等以及与kind意思相近的type,sort等构成的类似的短语做主语时，谓语动词与of前的名词取得一致。ThiskindofapplesellswellinChina.Applesofthiskindarehighlypriced.16：morethan开头的句子，看其后面的名词。Morethanoneansweriswrittenontheblackboard.Morethantwohundredsoldierswerekilledinthebattle.17：定语从句中谓语动词的形式与先行词一致，但oneof+复数名词+who/that/which引导的定语从句的谓语动词的形式看one的前面是否有the(only)等修饰语，有为单数，无为复数。Thisisoneofthebestbooksthathaveappearedthisyear. Sheistheonlyoneofthosewomenwhodoesn"tknowathingaboutknitting(编织).18：population；company；class.team；family；group；nation；world；government等词做主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词使用单数；如果强调组成成员，谓语动词使用复数。Ourfamilyhasareunioneveryyear.Hisfamilyarewaitingforhim.19：the+形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数；若指单数，则用单数谓语动词。Thericharefortheplan,butthepoorareagainstit.Thetrueistobedistinguishedfromthefalse.真实应与假相区别。(thetrue/thefalse表单数概念)20：anumberof+复数名词结构应用复数动词。thenumberof+复数名词结构应用单数动词。如：Anumberofpeoplewerekilledandinjuredintheexplosion.Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledinthetsunami(海啸)hasgrownto160,000.介词【要点点拨】复习时要把握三点：A.要注意理解情景意义：同一介词可表达多种意义，同一场合意义不同则介词不同。 Hehasn"tcomeforamonth.(for持续时间)ThedayiswarmforApril.(for就…而言)B.要突破几个关键介词in,on,at,with,by,from,of,to,for.1.表示时间的：at；in；on,since,from,to,after,within,during,throughout,towards,over,by,till；2.表示穿越的：through,across,over3.表示地理位置的：in；on；to；4.表示原因、目的的：for；with；from；5.表示关于的：about,concerning,regarding,withregardto,asfor,asto；6.表示根据：on；accordingto；7.inthecorner；onthecorner,atthecorner的区别8.between和among9.besides；except；but；exceptfor10.in和withC.要注意介词搭配，集中归纳，反复练习。1.固定与to构成搭配的名词：key,answer,visit,apology,introduction,note,etc.2.与on有关的：mercy,congratulations3.与at有关的：angry,good,bad,clever,terrified,surprised；4.与of有关的：afraid,sure,full,tired,fond,proud,worthy,certain；5.与with有关的：angry,strict,careful,busy,poplar； 6.与to有关的：next,good,polite,kind,cruel,rude,known,anxious,married,close,near,similar,due；7.与for有关的：sorry,good,free,fit,unfit,eager,anxious,hungry；8.与from有关的：far,different,free,safe,absent,tired.代词【要点点拨】1、在定语从句中，当先行词是代词he/she/those/anyone等时，从句的引导词指人时用who,指物时用that。e.g.Thosewhoknowtheanswercangoonwiththeotherexercises.HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.Anythingthatbenefitsthepeoplewillbeaccepted.2、all(both,every,each)…not=notall(both,every,each)构成部分否定，他们的全部否定分别是：none,neither,noone(nothing)e.g.Notallthestudentscouldunderstandhisexplanation.Eachchildcannotgotoschoolinthemountainvillage.3、含有else的所有格有以下几种表示法：somebodyelse"s,anybodyelse"s,nobodyelse"s；whoelse"s=whoseelse4、定代词作主语，代词可用：it(指物)、he(指人)、they(指人、物)e.g.Everyoneknowshowtodoit,doesn"the/don"tthey? 4、all作主语时的数：代替可数名词，是复数；代替不可数名词，是单数；作"所…的一切"解释时，不可数，动词用单数。5、身代词：byoneself：亲自、独自、自动地；ofoneself：自动地；beoneself：身体好helponeself(to…)：自助、自己拿…；initself：本质上、就其本身而言。e.g.Themanistoooldtolivebyhimself./Thedoorclosedofitself.I"mnotquitemyselftoday./Thequestioninitselfisnotverydifficult.6.用人称代词简略回答时，要用人称代词的宾格。e.g.--Whoisknockingatthedoor?--Me,Tom.MetoplayPingpongwithhim?7.Therest、Theremainder作主语时，谓语动词取决于它们所替代的名词。e.g.Ihavereadhalfofthebook.Therestistobefinishedinaweek.Severalpeopleweresaved,buttheremainderwerestillinsidetheburninghouse.区别以下几组词：1、none,nothing,noone(nobody)none：(指三个以上之中)没有任何(人、物)，常用来否定回答以Howmany/Howmuch…? 引起的疑问句。可以后接介词短语of…；作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可以用复数。e.g.--Howmanysheepdidyouseeonthehill?--None.--Pleasegivemesomeink.--Sorry,thereisnone(noink)left.Noneofthestudentscouldanswerthequestion,whichmadetheteacherdisappointednothing：(视为单数)没什么，无事e.g.Afterthefire,nothingwasleftonthehills.Nothingdidhesayandhewenthomesilently.noone=nobody：没有一个人，只能指人，是单数，常用来否定回答Who…?的疑问句，后面不可接of介词短语。e.g.--Whobrokethewindow?--Noone.Itbrokeofitself.2、it/they，one/ones，theone/theones，that/thoseit/they：用来指前面所提及的名词本身，起替代作用，避免重复；e.g.Heboughtapen.Itcosthim50yuan./Hehastwobrothers.Theyarebothworkers.one/ones：用来指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个，是泛指；还可以泛指人。e.g.--Doyouhaveacamera?--No,butmyfatherhasone.Achairmadeofironisusuallyheavierthanonemadeofwood.Onecannotbetoocarefulwhencrossingtheroad.theone/theones：用来特指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个。e.g.--I"mlookingforapen.--Howdoyouliketheoneinthebox? --Whoaretheboys?--Youmeantheonesplayingbasketball?that/those："that"用来替代前面出现过的可数名词单数=theone或不可数名词，以避免重复；"those"用来替代前面出现过的可数名词复数=theones，以避免重复。e.g.Thepriceofapenisoftenhigherthanthatofapencil.TheweatherinBeijingiscolderthanthatinShanghai.ThestudentsinClassTwoaremorehard-workingthanthose(theones)inClassOne.3、some/any,everybody/anybody习惯上，some和everybody用于肯定句，any和anybody用于疑问、否定句。但当some用于疑问句时，表示对所涉及的名词持肯定态度，everybody用于疑问句时，译为"大家、每个人"。e.g.Iseverybodypleasedwiththeshow?试比较：Doyouhaveanywater?(对water持怀疑态度)--Doyoulikesomemorewater?--No,thanks.(对water持肯定态度)any和anybody也可以用于肯定句。当它们用于肯定句时，有很强的强调口气。e.g.--Whenshallwemeetagain?--Anytimeyoulike.Anybodyhereknowshowtotreatastranger.4、who/whoever,what/whatever,which/whichever,whom/whomever who/what/which/whom是疑问词，引起的句子具有疑问色彩；whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever是代词，并不引起疑问句，而用来引导名词性从句或让步状语从句。e.g.WhowillteachusEnglishisstillunknown.Whoeverdiditwillbepunished./Whoeverdidit,hewillbepunished.Whatwouldyoudoifyouhadthatsumofmoney?/Whateveryoudo,doitwell.5、other/others；theother/theothers；anotherother：作代词时，一般不单独使用，而必须与any,some,no等连用。e.g.HeisnootherbutTom./Theseareallwehave,wehavenoother(s).others：常与some连用，表示：一些…其它的…。e.g.Somepeoplelikefishing,somelikeboating,othersskating.theother：与one连用，构成词组：one…theother：指两者中"一个…另一个…"theothers：指在一定范围中的"其余的"。e.g.Inourclasssomestudentsaregoodatmaths,somearegoodatChinese,theothersaregoodatphysics.another：是形容词，"另一个、在一个"，一般作定语，既可以修饰单数名词，又可以修饰复数名词，还可以修饰数词。e.g.WestayedinNewYorkforanotherthreeweeks./Pleasehaveanotherapple. 当another修饰单数名词时，在上下文意思明确的情况下，可以把名词省略，这时another起代词作用。e.g.Aftereatinganapple,Ihadanother(one).6、all；both；each；every；eitherall：指三者或三者以上的所有，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。both：指"两者都"，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。each："每一个"，一般指两者中的每一个，也可指许多中的每一个；可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。e.g.Therearetreesoneachside/bothsidesoftheriver.Eachofushasachancetogotouniversity.Weeachhaveadictionary.every：指三者或三者以上中的每一个，是形容词，只能作定语，后面不能接of介词短语。either：指"两者中一个"或"两者中无论哪一个"，可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词作主语、宾语；后可接of介词短语。e.g.Ifyoukeepstill,youcansitoneitherendoftheboat.Idon"tlikeeitherofthem.Doyouhaveanyotherblouse?特别声明：1：资料来源于互联网，版权归属原作者2：资料内容属于网络意见，与本账号立场无关3：如有侵权，请告知，立即删除。