仁爱版初中英语语法全解 28页

教学资料教育精品资料中学英语语法网络图一．名词I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，可数名词不可数名词团体.机构名称个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishesleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,变-f和-fe为v再加-es以-f或-fe结wife-wives3尾的词belief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,加-sgulf-gulfs以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加4party-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities-es以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词5toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys以y结尾的，加-shero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,一般加-estomato-tomatoes以辅音字母6piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,加-o结尾的名词不少外来词加-ssolo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式mouse-micesheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesli,yuan,2单复数相同jin,ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,3只有复数形式compasses,contents 教学资料4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,5可以作复数（成员）government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,partycustoms(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),6复数形式表示特别含义drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,加-s表Europeans7示“某国单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese人”以-man或-woman结尾的改为Englishmen,Frenchwomen-men,-womensons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy将主体名词变为复数friends合8无主体名词时将最后一部分变成名词grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches为复数将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservantsIII.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,复数名词不规则复数名词后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均Japan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes须加’s表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末JapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather加’s表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s词省略2.’s所有格的用法：１表示时间today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表示自然现象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches表示国家城市等地方的3thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry名词4表示工作群体theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples与人类活动有特殊关系6thelife’stime,theplay’splot的名词7某些固定词组abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法： 教学资料用于无生命的东西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词：thestruggleoftheoppressed二．冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示“相同”相当于thesameWearenearlyofanage.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某AMr.Smithcametovisityouwhenyouwereout5名人有类似性质的人或事ThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,6用于固定词组中manyatime用于quite,rather,many,half,what,7Thisroomisratherabigone.such之后8用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.II.定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或3Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?事4用于乐器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”theGreens,theWangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,8名词前theFrench9用于表示发明物的单数名词前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代inthe1990’s11用于表示单位的名词前Ihiredthecarbythehour.用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间12Hepattedmeontheshoulder.的词组前III.零冠词的用法：专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名1BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air等名词前名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseis2every等限制this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前Helikesplayingfootball/chess. 教学资料6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前bytrain,byair,byland7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horsesareusefulanimals.三．代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类：人主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they1称代词宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them物形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their2主代词名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirsmyself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,3反身代词themselves4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,asone/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a7不定代词few/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代词用法注意点：1.one,some与any:1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.2)some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?Couldyougivemesomemoney?3)some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.4)some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.Doyoufeelanybettertoday?2.each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.3.none和no：no等于notany，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties. 教学资料4.other和another:1)other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指两者中的另外一个，复数为theothers。如：Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.2)another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.5.all和both,neither和eitherall表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.四．形容词和副词I.形容词：1.形容词的位置：1)形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等nobodyabsent,everything1构成的复合不定代词时possible以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或thebestbookavailable,theonly2only修饰的名词之后solutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置theonlypersonawake4和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslongahugeroomsimpleand5成对的形容词可以后置beautiful6形容词短语一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词冠词冠词大小前的指示代词性质新旧国籍材料序数词基数词长短颜色形容不定代词状态温度产地质地形状词代词所有格名the词allabeautifullargesecondonenewblackChinesesilkboththisgoodshortnextfourcoolyellowLondonstonesuchanotherpoorsquareyour3)复合形容词的构成：1形容词+名词kind-hearted名词+形容词world-famous6+ed 教学资料2形容词+形容dark-blue名词+现在分peace-loving7词词3形容词+现在ordinary-looking名词+过去分snow-covered8分词词4副词+现在分hard-working数词+名词+edthree-egged9词5副词+过去分newly-built数词+名词twenty-year10词II.副词副词的分类：soon,now,early,finally,always,often,frequently,1时间副词5频度副词once,recentlyseldom,neverhere,nearby,outside,2地点副词6疑问副词how,where,when,whyupwards,abovehard,well,fast,slowly,how,when,where,why,3方式副词7连接副词excitedly,reallywhether,however,meanwhilealmost,nearly,very,4程度副词8关系副词when,where,whyfairly,quite,ratherIII.形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。1.同级比较时常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…如：Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.2.可以修饰比较级的词有：much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore…themore…”句型。如：Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。五．介词I.介词分类：1简单介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2合成介词inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短语介词accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4双重介词fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween 教学资料5分词转化成的介词considering(就而论),including6形容词转化成的介like,unlike,near,next,opposite词II.常用介词区别：at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子1表示时间的in,on,at有关since指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from2表示时间的since,from指从时间的某一点开始in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或3表示时间的in,after用在过去时的一段时间中表示地理位置的in,on,in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范4to围之外5表示“在…上”的on,inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分表示“穿过”的through,through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面6across上通过，与on有关7表示“关于”的about,onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述between与among的区between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上8别的中间besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什9besides与except的区别么”，不放在句首with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，10表示“用”的in,with单位，语言，声音as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，11as与like的区别指情形相似in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的12in与into区别地或位置六．动词I.动词的时态：1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask进行am/is/arewas/wereshall/willbeshould/wouldbeaskingaskingaskingasking完成have/hashadaskedshall/willhaveshould/wouldhaveaskedaskedasked完成have/hasbeenhadbeenshall/willhaveshould/wouldhave进行askingaskingbeenaskingbeenasking2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在 教学资料造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书。4.一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句will/shall+动词表示将来发生的动作或存在的Mysisterwillbetennext1原形状态year.It’sgoingtoclearup.begoingto+动词含有“打算，计划，即将”做某2We’regoingtohavea原形事，或表示很有可能要发生某事partytonight.Heismovingtothego,come,start,move,leave,be+doing进行south.3arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划时表示将来Aretheyleavingfor即将发生的动作Europe?Iwasabouttoleave表示安排或计划中的马上就要beaboutto+动whenthebellrang.4发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状词原形Themeetingisaboutto语close.表示按计划进行或征求对方意We’retomeetatthe5beto+动词原形见schoolgateatnoon.Themeetingstartsatfive时刻表上或日程安排上早就定o’clock.6一般现在时表示将来好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将Theplaneleavesatten来thisevening.II.动词的被动语态：常用被动常用被构成构成语态动语态1一般现在am/is/areasked6过去进行时was/werebeingasked时2一般过去was/wereasked7现在完成时have/hasbeenasked时3一般将来shall/willbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked 教学资料时4过去将来should/wouldbeasked9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeen时asked5现在进行am/is/arebeingasked10含有情态动can/must/maybeasked时词的被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：Itisbelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itissupposed注意that…事项Itisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…Itishopedthat…下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Thedoorwon’tshut./Theplaywon’tact.Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等七．情态动词I.情态动词基本用法：情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答能力（体力，智力，技能）cannot/cannotcanCan…do…?允许或许可（口语中常用）/can’tdoYes,…can.可能性（表猜测，用于否couldcouldn’tdoNo,…can’t.定句或疑问句中）May…do…?maymaynotdoYes,…may.可以（问句中表示请求）No,…mustn’t/can’t.可能，或许（表推测）Might…do…?祝愿（用于倒装句中）mightmightnotdoYes,…mightNo,…mightnot.Must…do…?必须，应该（表主观要求）mustnot/mustn’tYes,…must.must肯定，想必（肯定句中表doNo,…needn’t/don’t推测）haveto. 教学资料Do…havetodo…?只好，不得不（客观的必havetodon’thavetodoYes,…do.No,…don’须，有时态人称变化）t.Ought…todo…?应当（表示义务责任，口oughtnotoughttoYes,…ought.语中多用shouldto/oughtn’ttodoNo,…oughtn’t.将要，会用于一三人称征求对方意Shall…do…?shallnot/shan’tshall见Yes,…shall.No,…shdo用于二三人称表示许诺、an’t.命令、警告、威胁等应当，应该（表义务责任）shouldshouldShould…do…?本该（含有责备意味）not/shouldn’tdowill意愿，决心willnot/won’tdoWill…do…?请求，建议，用在问句中wouldYes,…will.No,…wowouldwould比较委婉not/wouldn’tdon’t.Dare…do…?敢（常用于否定句和疑问darenot/daren’tdareYes,…dare.句中）doNo,…daren’t.需要Need…do…?neednot/needn’tneed必须（常用于否定句和疑Yes,…must.do问句中）No,…needn’t.Used…todo…?usedYes,…used.No,…usnot/usedn’t/usen’ttoe(d)n’t.usedto过去常常（现在已不再）doDid…usetodo…?didn’tusetodoYes,…did.No,…didn’t.II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测：以must为例。must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情；must+havedone是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1.must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.2.may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.3.can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear（.推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)III.情态动词注意点： 教学资料1.can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Beableto有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2.usedto和would:usedto表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’tdo；Need/dare…do…?做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/daretodo八．非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：构成非谓语形式特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构todotobedoneforsb.todo具有名词，副词和形容tobedoingtohavebeensth.词的作用不定式tohavedonedone在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语doingbeingdone现在havingdonehavingbeen具有副词和形容词的作用在分词非谓语分词done在句中做定、表、宾补和状前加not过语done去分词doingbeingdonesb’s具有名词的作用动名词havingdonehavingbeendoing在句中做主、宾、定和表语doneII.做宾语的非谓语动词比较：情况常用动词只接不定式做hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,宾语的动词manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happenmind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,consider只接动名词做can’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,be宾语的动词或短语engagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,sticktobegin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue（接不定式多指具体的动意义基作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）两本相同need,want,require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式者都可则应用被动形式）以意义相stoptodo停止手中事，去做另一件事反stopdoing停止正在做的事 教学资料remember/forget/regrettodo（指动作goontodo（接着做另外尚未发生）一件事）remember/forget/regretdoing（指动作goondoing（接着做同一已经发生）件事）意义不trytodo（设法，努力去做，尽力）meantodo（打算做，企同trydoing（试试去做，看有何结果）图做）meandoing（意识是，意味着）can’thelptodo（不能帮忙做）can’thelpdoing（忍不住要做）III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：与宾语的逻辑关系及常见动词例句时间概念ask,beg,expect,get,主谓关系。强调动作将Iheardhimcallmeorder,tell,want,wish,发生或已经完成severaltimes.不定encourage式have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make现在主谓关系。强调动作正Ifoundherlistening分词notice,see,watch,在进行，尚未完成totheradio.过去hear,find,keep,have,feel动宾关系。动作已经完Wefoundthevillage分词成，多强调状态greatlychanged.IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别：区别举例与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示Ihavealotofpaperstotype.不定将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成Ihavealotofpaperstobe式式表示在谓语动词之前发生typed.动名通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何Shallwegototheswimming词关系pool?现在与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与theboilingwater/theboiled分词谓语动作同时发生water与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发thedevelopingcountry/the过去生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成developedcountry分词thefallingleaves/thefallenleavesV.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：区别举例多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时Mydreamistobecomea可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时teacher.不可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用whatToobeythelawis定式来提问主语或表语。important.(dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语时常用) 教学资料与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名Itisnousesayingthatagain动词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，andagain.名词有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语Teachingismyjob.互换位置。无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性Thesituationisencouraging.质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，Thebookiswellwritten.可被very,quite,rather等副词修饰。(常见分词有astonishing,分现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主,语的性moving,tiring,disappointing,词质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表puzzling,shocking,boring,示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语amusing及其-ed形式)多是人。九．定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注Doyouknowthemanwhoiswho人主语talkingwithyourmother?Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingwhom人宾语Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinwhom,thewar..which和that在Ilikethosebookswhosetopics从句中做宾语whosareabouthistory.人，物定语时，常可以省eTheboywhosefatherworks略，但介词提前abroadismydeskmate.关时后面关系代Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.系代词词不能省略，也that人，物主语，宾语Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwantto不可以用thatseeverymuch.Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.which物主语，宾语Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.as做宾语as人，物主语，宾语ThisisthesamepenasIlost一般不省略yesterday.时Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen可用onwhen时间状语间wemetthere.which关地ThisisthehousewhereIwas可用in系副词where地点状语点born.whichwhy原因原因状语Ican’timaginethereasonwhyhe可用for 教学资料turneddownmyoffer.whichII.that与which,who,whom的用法区别：情况用法说明例句1．先行词为all,everything,anything,1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatnothing,little,much,等不定代词时。heknows.2．先行词被all,any,every,each,2.Allthebooksthatyoumuch,little,no,some,few等修饰时offeredhasbeengivenout.3．先行词有形容词最高级和序数词3.ThisisthebestfilmthatI修饰时haveeverread.只用that4．先行词既指人又指物时4.Wetalkedaboutthe的情况5．先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时personsandthingsthatwe6．句中已经有who或which时，为remembered.了避免重复时5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?1．在非限制性定语从句中，只能用Hehasason,whohasgonewhich指代物，用who/whom指人abroadforfurtherstudy.只用2．在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语Ilikethepersontowhomthewhich,who,从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。teacheristalking.whom的情况3．先行词本身是that时，关系词用Thosewhorespectothersarewhich,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。usuallyrespectedbyothers.III.as与which的区别：定语区别例句从句限制Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.名词前有such和thesame修饰时，性定语从Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’t关系代词用as,不能用which句中understand.Theywonthegame,aswehadas和which都可以指代前面整个主expected.非限句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’t制性定语在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；expected.从句中而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilm“正如”的意思。starinthe1980s.IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：类别语法意义及特征例句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主限制性Theaccidenthappenedat句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系定语从句thetimewhenIleft.十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不非限制十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分Hismother,whomheloved性定语从句开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关deeply,diedtenyearsago.系代词做宾语时也不能省略。 教学资料十．名词性从句种类作用常用关联词例句在复合句中做主语，相当Whetherhewillcomeornot主语于名词，一般置谓语之前，也doesn’tmattermuch.that,从句可用it作形式主语，主语从句Whoevercomesherewillbewhether,if,asif,放主句之后welcome.asthough,who,在复合句中做表语，相当Itlooksasifitisgoingto表语从句whose,which,于名词，位于系动词之后snow.how,when,在复合句中做宾语，相当于名Heaskedmewhichteam宾语从句where,why,词couldwinthegame.what,whatever,放在名词之后(news,Youhavenoideahowworriedwhoever,同位语从problem,idea,suggestion,weare.wherever句advice,thought,hope,fact等)Thefactthatheliedagain表明其具体内容greatlysurprisedus.十一。状语从句种类连接词注意点when,whenever,while,as,before,主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一时间状语hardly…when,nosooner…than,the般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句moment,theminute,immediately,directly,动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词instantly为短暂性的。地点状语where,whereverbecause语气最强，since较弱，表原因状语because,as,since,nowthat示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,on从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常条件状语conditionthat用一般时代替sothat和inorderthat后常接may,目的状语sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatshould,could,would等情态动词结果状语so…that,such…thatthan,as…as,notso/as…as,the比较状语more…themoreasif和asthough引导的从句一般方式状语asif,asthough,as用虚拟语气。though,although,evenif,eventhough,as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatter让步状语式；although和though用正常语序，可who,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,和yet连用，但不可和but连用nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen, 教学资料whenever十二。倒装句种类倒装条件例句here,there,up,down,in,out,off,awayOutrushedthechildren.等副词开头的句子表示强调完Underthetreestoodtwotablesand表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首全倒装fourchairs.强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平Presentatthemeetingwere1,000衡students.never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notHardlydidIknowwhathaduntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首happened.Onlythendidherealizedtheonly和修饰的状语放于句首importanceofEnglish.notonly…butalso连接并列的句子，前NotonlydoesheknowFrench,but倒后不倒alsoheisexpertatit.neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcare部倒装aboutit.分倒装so…that,such…that中的so或such及修Sobusyishethathecannotgoona饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒holiday.as引导的让步状语Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.于另外的人或事。用于表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthis省略if的虚拟条件way.十三。虚拟语气类别用法例句从句动词：过去式（be用were）与现在事Ifhewerehere,主句动词：should/would/could/might+动实相反hewouldhelpus.词原形If引导从句动词：had+过去分词IfIhadbeen与过去事的条件从主句动词：free,Iwouldhave实相反句should/would/could/might+have+过去分词visitedyou.从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/Ifitshouldrain与将来事were+不定式tomorrow,wewould实相反主句动词：should/would/could/might+动notgocamping. 教学资料词原形Theyaretalkingasif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式asiftheyhadbeen其它friendsforyears.状语从句Turnonthelightinorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/sothatwecanseeitcould/may/might/would等+动词原形clearly.Hesuggestedthatdemand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为wenotchangeourshould+动词原形宾语mind.从句IwishIcouldbewish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和apopsinger.should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat…,ItisItisstrangethat主语suggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等从句中，suchapersonshould从句谓语动词用should+动词原形beourfriends.Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原It’shightime形thatweleft.Iwouldrather其它wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成youstayedathome句型中式now.Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示Ifonlyourdream强烈的愿望hadcometrue!十四。重要句型1.Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.2.NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.3.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.4.Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand.5.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!6.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome!7.Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithbignoseanddeep-seteyes.8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience.9.Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead.10.SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists.12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn’thelpfeelingveryproud.13.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted.14.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.15.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields!16.Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom.17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory.18.Theregoesthebell. 教学资料19.Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere.20.Itisnousecryingforhelp.21.IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!22.Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain.23.OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis.24.“Heworksparticularlyhard.”“Sohedoes,andsodoyou.”25.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.26.SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements.十五。动词搭配1.addto增加，增进add…to把…加进…addup相加addupto总计，所有这一切说明1)Idon"tthinkthesefactswill________anything.2)Fiftynewbookshavebeen________thelibrary.3)Themusic_________ourenjoymentofthefilm.4)Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyou_______thebill________.(addupto,addedto,addto,added…up)2.breakawayfrom打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉breakdown出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开breakoff暂停，中断breakin强行进入，插话breakinto闯入breakintopieces成为碎片breakout爆发breakup捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散breakthrough突破1)Thecriminalmanagedtobreak_____________thepoliceandranintothewoods.2)Whenheheardthenews,hebroke_______andcried.3)Don"tbreak________whileothersarespeaking.4)Whydon"tyoubreak________forafewminutesandhavesomecoffee?5)Whendoesschoolbreak________?6)Afterharvestwebreak_________thesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen.(awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up)3.bringup抚养，呕吐，提出bringabout造成bringout拿出，出版bringin引入，引进，挣钱bringback使回想起bringdown使下降，使倒下1)Theshopkeeperbroughthisprice_________toonlyfivedollars. 教学资料2)Theschoolhasbrought_________newforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish.3)Thesongbrought___________happymemoriesofourschooldays.4)Doyouknowwhatbrought___________thismisunderstanding?5)Thekindoldmanagreedtobring__________theyoungorphan.6)Wedecidedtobringthematter___atthenextmeeting.7)Thewindbrought_______alotoftreeslastnight.8)Nextmonththeywillbring________aneweditionofthebook.(down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out)4.callon号召，拜访（某人）callat拜访、参观（某地）callfor去叫某人,要求,需要callup使回忆起,征召入伍callin召集，请某人来callout大喊，高叫calloff取消，不举行1)Doctorsareoftencalled_____inthemiddleofthewar.2)Pleasewaitformeathome.I"llcall_______youatyourhouseatseventonight.3)Thetrainscalls_______severalbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou.4)Hecalledhername__________,butshedidn"tanswer.5)Thesportsmeetwascalled____onaccountoftherain.(in,for,at,out,off)5.comeabout发生，出现comedown下跌，落，降，传下来comein进来comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)comeon来临/快点comeout出版，结果是comealong一道来，赶快cometo达到(anend/anagreement/astop)苏醒，合计，总共是comeover走过来comeup发芽，走近comeacross偶然碰到comeback回想起comefrom来自，源自1)Icome_________thebookIlentyoulastmonth.2)Howdiditcome_________thatyoubothgotlost?Ithoughtyouhadamap.3)Itsuddenlycame_________tomewhereIhadseentheboybefore.4)Come__________now,orelseweshallbelate.5)Hecame__________melikeatiger.6)Thepriceofpetrolhascome_________sincethebeginningofthisyear.7)Thewordcame__________usemanyyearsago.8)Whentheexaminationresultcame_________,hehadalreadygotajob. 教学资料9)Thebillcame__________overathousanddollars.10)Isowedtheseedsoveramonthago,buttheyhaven"tcome__________yet.(for,about,back,on,at,down,into,out,to,up)6.cutacross抄近路cutdown砍倒，削减cutoff切断，割掉，断绝关系cutup连根拔除，切碎through剪断，凿穿cutout删（省）掉，戒掉cutin插嘴1)Don"tcut___thistree.Itwillbeveryshadyinsummer.2)Youmustcut________thenumberofcigarettesyousmoke,oritwillcauseillness.3)Wedecidedtocut_________themoor（旷野）tothevillage.4)Cuttingthetree____meanscuttingthetreeintopieces.5)Theelectricitywascut___________whentheladyrefusedtopaythebill.6)WewerehavingapleasantconversationwhenTomcut__________.（down,down,across,up,off,in）7.dieof(disease/hunger/grief/oldage)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）diefrom死于（意外事故、情形）dieaway渐渐消逝dieout绝种diedown(炉火)渐熄dieoff逐一死去8.fallbehind落后falloverone"sfeet跌跤falldown掉下，跌倒fallback撤退，后退1)Babiesoftenfall_____whentheyarelearningtowalk.2)Ourteamseemstohavefallen__________theothers.3)Assoonastheenemiesfell__________,thepeoplereturnedtotheirvillage.4)Shefell__________thebenchandhadherlegbroken.（down,behind,back,over）9.goinfor从事，喜爱，参加gothrough通过，经受goover复习，检查goup（价格）上涨，建造起来goafter追捕，追赶goagainst违反goahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧goaway离开 教学资料goby时间过去godown下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉goon(with)继续进行gowith相配，陪同gowithout没有，缺少goout外出，熄灭goallout全力以赴gooff爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应gobackon背约，食言gobeyond超出1)Manynewfactorieshavegone__inthepastfewyears.2)Rentshavegone__________greatlyrecently.3)Manyyearshavegone___________sincewefirstmet.4)Let"scontinueourjourneyuntilthesungoes_______.5)Hisactionswent___________thewillofthepeople,6)Ican"tdoit,foritgoes___________myduty.7)Over100studentswent____________thisentranceexamination.8)Thebombwent____________andkilledtenpeople.9)Thebuyerwent___________thecarcarefullybeforereachingadecision.10)Thistiedoesn"tgo___________myblueshirt.11)Ifyouthinkyoucansolvetheproblem,go______.12)Manystudentswent__________playingbasketball.(up,up,by,down,against,beyond,through,off,over,with,ahead,infor)10.getdown下来，记下，使沮丧getdownto致力于，专心于geton进展，进步，穿上，上车getoff脱下,下车getin收集，插（话）getaway逃跑，逃脱，去休假getover忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复getalongwith进展，相处getup起床getthrough打通电话，完成，通过getround消息传开getclosetosth.接近，几乎getinto(trouble)getto(know)getback取回，收回getout1)ShespokesofastthatIcouldn"tget____whathesaid.2)Wewillfindwaystoget_________difficulties.3)Thestoryhasgot__________,andeveryoneknowsaboutit.4)WhenIget_________withthereport,I"llgotothecinema. 教学资料5)Afteradeliciousmealthetwomengot__________tobusiness.6)Don"talwaysget__________awordwhenothersarespeaking.7)Ittookmealongtimetoget___________suchanunpleasantexperience.(down,over,round,through,down,in,over)11.giveaway赠送，泄露，出卖giveout发出，疲劳，分发，公布giveoff发出（光、热、气体）givein(tosb.)屈服giveup放弃，让（座位）1)Hisaccentatlastgavehim__________.2)Theliquidgave________astrongsmell.3)Theheadmastergave___________thenamesoftheprize-winners.4)Thesoldiersgave_________thetowntotheenemies.5)Whowillhelpmetogivethebooks___________?6)Don"tbelieveinthosewhogivehisfriends________.7)Afteralongwalk,mystrengthgave____________.(away,off,out,up,out,away,out)12.handin交上，提交handout分发handdown流传，遗传13.hangabout闲逛hangup挂电话14.holdback阻止，隐瞒holdup举起，使停顿holdon别挂电话，等，坚持holdout持续，坚持，伸出holddown控制，镇压1)I"msureheisholdingsomething_________.2)Shemanagedtohold______heremotionuntilherguestshadleft.Thenshecried.3)Tellhimtohold________amoment.I"llcomesoon.4)Ourfoodsupplywon"thold_________formorethanafewdays.5)Thetrainwasheld________asaresultofthefloods.6)Thesemeasureshelpedtohold___________thecity"spopulation.7)Hold___________yourleftarm,please.(back,back,on,out,up,down,up)15.keepup(courage,English,spirits)保持，keepupwith跟上keepoff(grass)不接近，离开keepawayfrom避开，不接近，离…远远的 教学资料keepoutofkeepto(rules,promise)坚持，遵守keepon继续，坚持下来keepback阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下keepfrom克制，阻止1)Theangryladytoldthestrangerstokeep________fromher.2)Icanhardlykeep________mytearsafterhearinghiswords.3)Onlypridekepther__________burstingintotears.4)Icanscarcelykeep__________askinghimwhathehasdone.5)"Don"ttouchme,"screamedthewoman,"Keep__________!"6)Keep_________untilyousucceed.7)Keep_________yourcourage,andyou"llsucceedintheend.8)Thethickcoatcankeepthecold___________.9)Alwaystrytokeep___________theruleswhenyouplayagame.10)Ican"tkeep________witheverythingyou"redoing.(away,back,from,from,off,on,up,out,to,up)16.knockat/on敲knockinto撞到某人身上knockdown撞倒knockoutof把…敲出knockover撞倒knockoff停止工作，休息1)Theboxersoonknockedhisopponent_________.2)Theofficestuffknocks_________atsixeveryday.3)Tryknocking__________thewindowandseeifthereisanyoneindoors.4)Hewassoabsorbedinhisbookthatheknocked__________thecarparkedthere.(down,off,on,into)17.leavefor离开前往leaveout删去，遗漏leavebehind遗留,忘记拿走leaveto留给，遗嘱赠于leaveover遗留，剩下，延期1)"Whosenamehasbeenleft__________?"demandedtheteacher.2)Whenhedied,heleftallhisproperty_____hisniece.3)Hesuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthisumbrella___________.4)Don"tleavethismatter_________untiltomorrow.5)Leavesomemeat___________fortomorrow.6)Thosearequestionsleft_________byhistory.(out,to,behind,over,over,over)18.lookup查找，向上看lookthrough翻阅，浏览 教学资料lookon旁观lookon…as看作lookinto调查lookafter/at/for照顾/看/寻找lookout(for)当心lookabout/around/round四下查看lookdownupon瞧不起lookbackupon回忆，回顾lookab.upanddown仔细打量某人lookabintheface/eyes直视某人1)Ispenttwohourslooking______thestudents"papers.2)Look_______!Thereisabigholeinfront.3)Hetookpartinthegame,andtherestofusjustlooked______andcheeredforhim.4)Theoldmanlooked_____uponthedaysofhisyouth.5)Shewassosnobbish（势利）thatshelooked__________uponallhisneighbours.6)Thepolicepromisedtolook__________thecaseassoonaspossible.7)Helooked__________butsawnobody,andhelistenedbuthearnothing.(through,out,on,back,down,into,about/around/round)19.makeup编造，配制，打扮，组成makeupfor弥补makeinto/of/from制成makeout弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列（清单）makefor走向，驶往，促使1)Canyoumakethislengthofcloth__________asuit?2)Iaskedthedriverifhewasmaking___________London?3)Myfathermade__________acheckformetobuythecamera.4)Wemustmaketheloss_________nextweek./Hetriedhardtomake________forthedamagehehaddone.5)Hemade__________astory,whichIfoundhardtobelieve.6)Someoneiscoming,butIcan"tmake___________whoitis.(into,for,out,up/up,up,out)20.passaway去世passby经过passdown(on)…to传给passthrough经历passover漠视，忽视1)Theoldclockhasbeenpassed________tomefrommygrandfather"sgrandfather.2)Themanpassed___________lastweekinpeace.3)Wearepassing____________difficulttimes.4)Thesecretarypassed___________thedetailsinthefirstpartofhisreport.(down,away,through,over) 教学资料21.payback还钱，报复payfor付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应payoff还清1)Howmuchdidyoupay__________thedictionary?2)Youshouldpay_________themoneyyouborrowedfromme.3)I"llpayhim____________forallhiscrimes(罪行)againstme.4)Someday,you"llpay__________whatyouhavedonetoday.5)Hasshepay____________thedebtyet?（for,back,back,for,off）22.pickup拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language/knowledge)，恢复重获(pickuphealth)pickout挑选，辨认，看出1)Ipickedtheinformation__________whilewaitinginthequeue.2)Myfriendhasarrangedtopickme_________at6:00.3)Thepatienthaspicked_________healthduringthelasttwoweeks.4)Shepicked_______themostexpensivepairofshoes.5)Ican"tpickJohn___________inthecrowd.6)CanIpick__________VOAwiththisshort-waveradio?7)Hefelldownsuddenly,butpickedhimself___________quickly.(up,up,up,out,out,up,up)pickcotton/flower/leaves/words选词23.putup搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下putupwith忍受putout伸出，扑灭putoff推迟putinto放进，翻译putaway放好，存钱putdown记下，平息puton穿戴，上映，增加(putonweight/speed)putforward提出，提前putthrough接通电话putaside放到一边putback放回1)Heput_________halfhiswageeveryweek.2)Thegovernmentsoonput__________therevolt（暴乱）.3)Putyourwatch__________.It"sslow.4)Heput__________hishandformetoshake.5).Pleaseputme__________toExtension（分机）2.6)Weput___________fornightatthevillageinn.7)Heisveryproud,andheoftenput_________airs.（摆架子）8)Wehadatelephoneput_____________inouroffice. 教学资料9)Ican"tput______withyourlaziness.(away,down,forward,out,through,up,on)24.pulldown拆掉，推翻pullon匆匆穿上/off脱pullin进站pullout取出,(火车)离站pulldown往下拉,拆毁pullover驶到一边pullthrough恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境pullup（使）停住1)Thetrainslowlypulled__________anddisappearedinthedistance.2)Alltheoldhousesherehavenowbeenpulled______,andnewonesaretobebuilt.3)Thecarpulled_________whenIblewthehorn.4)Thedoctorthinksthemanwillpull__________.5)Thedriverpulled________atthetrafficlights.(out,down,over,through,up)25.pushover推倒，刮倒pushahead(on,forward)继续前进，坚持下去pushthrough排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过1)We"vedecidedtopush__________withourplantobuildanewroad2)Manytreeswerepushed__________inthehurricane.3)Theyweredeterminedtopushthenewrules________atanycost..4)Takecarenottopushthebaby_________.5)Theypushed___________thecrowdandatlastreachedus.(on,over,through,over,through)26.runacross偶然碰到runafter追逐，追捕runaway逃跑runfor竞选runinto偶然碰到（困难）遇见（人），相撞runoutof用完1)Ifyoudrivesofast,you"llrun_________someonesomeday.2)Iran__________afriendofmineintheexhibition.3)Ourwaterhasrun__________.Canyoufillupsomemorebottles?4)Whydoyoualwaysrun__________adventure?5)Hedidn"twanttorun___________presidentthatyear.6)Inthatwayyouwillonlyrun__________difficulties.(into,across/into,out,after,for,into)27.seeoff送行seethrough看透，识破seeto照料，照管28.sendfor派人去请sendoff送行sendout发出（光亮）等sendup发射 教学资料29.setup建立setoff出发，触发，引起setout动身，着手(todo)，陈述setabout开始着手(doing)settowork(n.)开始做setback拨回，使推迟1)Ishallsetmywatch___________byfiveminutes.2)Weset__________readingthetextaloudimmediatelythebellrang.3)Weset_________atdaybreakyesterdayandwe"vebeentravellingeversincethen.4)Iset__________toadvisehimnottodrink.5)Whatwerethereasonsheset___________inhisreport?6)Thepresidentset__________aspecialgroupofsoldierstoguardhim.7)Theunpopularlawset_________aseriesofprotests.（抗议）(back,about,off/out,out,out,up,off)30.takeoff脱掉，起飞takeon呈现雇佣takeaway拿走takein吸收，领会takeup从事，占用（时间空间）takedown记录，取下takeback收回takefor误认为takealong随身带takeover接管takeout1)Itake_________allIsaidabouthisdishonesty.2)Hewenttotheshelfandtook__________abookofpoems.3)AtfirstItookhim_________adoctor.4)Icanseethatmostofyouhavetaken________everythingthattheteachertaught.5)Billhasnowtaken__________hisfather"sbusiness.6)Myjobtakes__________mostofmytime.7)Thebosstook____________twentypeopleforhisnewcompany.(back,down,for,in,over,up,on)takechargeof负责,takesth.forgranted想当然,takeholdof抓住,takepridein以………为自豪,taketheplaceof,代替taketurnstodo轮流做,takeoffice就职31.thinkof想起thinkof…as把…看作thinkout想出thinkup想出thinkabout考虑thinkover仔细考虑thinkwellofsb.对某人看法好32.turnoff/on打开turnover翻身，反复考虑，翻（书页），翻转turnout证明为，结果，制造成品turnto转向，求助turndown调低，拒绝turnagainst变得敌视，反对 教学资料turnaway打发走，驱逐，转过脸去turnback返回，转回去turnround转过身来turnup向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大turnin上缴turnupsidedown把倒置，弄得乱七八糟1)Thechildturned__________itsmotherforcomfort.2)Turn___________andletmeseeyourface.3)Howevermuchheturnedtheproblem________inmind,hecouldfindnosatisfactorysolution.4)TheEnglisheveningpartyturned_________agreatsuccess.5)Thesightoftheaccidentwastoomuchforhertobear,andsheturned_______.6)Thefootballstadiumwasfull,andmanypeoplehadtobeturned__________.7)Thearmyturnedhim___________onaccountof(因为)hispoorhealth.8)Sheturnedthewholehouse___________inhersearchforhermissingpurse.9)Wheredidyourpurseturn____________?Ifounditinthesnow.10)Thevillagerssuddenlyturned__________theforeignerswholivednearby.11)Thefactoryturns____________2000newcarslastyear.(to,round,over,out,away,away,down,upsidedown,up,against,out)