英语语法大全之状语 5 11页

济南沃尔得国际英语7）疑问副词（短语）疑问副词（短语）必须用在助动词及主语前面：Whendoyoustart？Howcanyoudoit？WheredoesyourbrotherstudyEnglish？Whyshouldtheyresign？Inwhatwaydidhegetit？Forwhatreasoncouldhespeakillofme？Inwhichpaperdidyoureadthenews？Ofwhomareyouthinking（口语中多说Whoareyouthinkingof）？Whattimedidyoucome？b．关于副词（短语）位置的19条一般规则1）除了on，away，up，down这样的地点副词，没有其他副词（短语）可以放在及物动词及其宾语之间。下面例句中的副词（短语）都放在错误位置，应当放到宾语后面去：HespeaksfluentlyEnglish．Helikesverymuchmysuggestion．Heunderstandsveryclearlyyourviewpoint．Hereviewsagainandagainhislessons．但如果a）宾语比副词（短语）长得多，b）宾语被认为比较重要，或c）宾语是一个从句，则这个副词（短语）必须放宾语、动词或主语的前面：a）Hebroughttoschoolsomanybooks，pictures，magazinesetc．Icopiedfromhimthelecturenotesconcerningthestructureoftheatom．PleasereturnbeforeSundayallthebooksyouhaveborrowedfromthelibrary．Heputintoexecutiontheplanhemadeyearsago．ShetooktoheartwhatIhadtoldhim．（放在宾语前，主要动词后面）Wehave，withgreatdifficulty，defendedthisvillageofourfathersandsons．Theenemyhasmanytimesat－tackedthepeopleinhabitingthisarea．（放在主要动词前面）Heretheystudychemistry，physics，biologyandmathematics．Withincrediblespeed，heconqueredallhisopponentswhohadlookeddownuponhim．（放在主语前面）b）Hereceivedfromhisfriendsmanypreciousgifts．Heemphasizedfromtimetotimetheimportanceofloveandduty．Johnisreadingverycarefullyaletterfromhiswife．1www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语c）AfteramomentIsaidthatIcoulddonothingforher．Iaskedoutofcuriositywithwhichboyshedinedyesterdayevening．2）肯定、程度及频度副词绝大多数放在主要动词前或助动词后：Hecertainlyloveshisparents．Hewillprobablycometomorrow．Iverywellknowthevalueofhisassistance．Helittleunderstandswhathehimselfsays．Heseldomgoestothemovies．JohnhassometimeswrittentoMary．Ishallalwaysrememberwhatyouhavedoneforme．3）如果动词为be，则副词（短语）通常都放在be和补语之间：Heis，nodoubt，agooddoctor．Theamountis，inallprobability，thesameasbefore．Heis，tosomeextent（orinaway），afamousmusician．Heisrarelysick．Heisalwayslate．副词（短语）也可用在被动结构中，位置在be和过去分词之间：Itwillbealtogetherforgotten．Theworkerswerefullyemployed．Itisearnestlyhopedthat…Thewarisneed-lesslyprolonged．4）如果有几类副词（短语）一起用，它们的顺序可安排如下：肯定地点方式频度时间HeprobablywenttoJapanbyairtwicein1962．WemetthereunexpectedlylastMonday．2www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语He"scertainlygoneabroadwithhiswiferecently．IstudiedinLondonunderMr．Aforayear．5）如果有两个时间状语，表示较小单位时间的状语宜放在较大单位时间的前面：Iwillmeetyouatthreeo"clocktomorrow．IsawthefilmonTuesdayeveninglastweek．如果较大单位时间比较重要，或较小单位时间是后来想起的，则其顺序也可以颠倒：Iarrivedyesterdayafternoon，aboutfiveo"clock．SheandIgotmarriedin1968，inthemonthofJuly．6）有两个地点状语时，较小的单位一般放在前面，但有时也不如此，其顺序往往根据文体或句子平衡的需要来安排：Helivedatasmallvillageinanorthernstate．Wespenttheholidaysatacottageinthemountains．Wespenttheholidaysinthemountains，atacottagewerentedfromafriend．7）最好不要把所有的状语放在一个地方：Ireturned“tothevillage”“bytrain”“beforedark”“oneday”．（不好）“Onedaybeforedark”Ireturned“tothevillage”“bytrain．”（较好）8）如果把几个状语放在一起，通常宜于把最短的放在前面，把最长的放在最后：Hearrived“silently”“afterallhiscompanions”．Heslept“soundly”“onaverylargebed”．Hesat“down”“bymistake”“onthebackofasleepingcrocodile”．“Tomorrow”“atfive”“whenitbeginstodawn”，Ishallgotoadistantcity．Ishallstay“here”“forthreedays”“whilethefestivalisgoingon”．“Yesterday”“justbeforebreakfast”“whenIwaswritingaletter”，Mr．Acalledatmyhouse．（先是单词，然后是短语，最后是从句。）9）像referto，insiston，bewareof；playhellwith，takecareof，laystresson；liveupto，putupwith，lookdownon；lineup，getalong，foolabout，carryon，giveforth，gambleaway这样的成语最好不要分开：3www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Hehasalwaysfirmlyandpassionatelybelievedinmanners．（比believedfirmlyandpassionatelyinmanners．好）Hedependsuponhisuncleforhiseducation．（比dependsforhiseducationuponhisuncle好）shelookspatientlyafterthebaby．（中间有时可插入短的状语）10）包含this，that，like，such，so，thus，the这类词的状语，和其他与前面句子或段落有关的状语，最好放在主语前面：Justatthatmoment，amancame．Atsuchasight，theyallshuddered．Inthismannerhedied．Sotheysaid．SoIdo．SodoI．Thustheystartedtherebellion．Herehestopped．Afterthewar，manywerestarved．Inlikemannertheywerekilled．Fromwhathasbeensaid，thistheoryisveryeasytounderstand．11）放在动词前的状语带有装饰性，有时可以省掉，而放在动词后面的状语比较强调，更为重要：Theysuddenyattackedus．Theyattackedussuddenly．Wequietlywentaway．Wewentawayquietly．Iimmediatelycorrectedit．Icorrecteditimmediately．Ioftengotothepictures．Igotothepicturesveryoften．12）一个状语，为了强调而加以重复时，必须放在句子前面：Shedecidestogotomorrow，andtomorrowshemustgo．Shecriedsorrowfully，andsorrowfullyeveryonesighed．JohnlearnedChinesewithdifficulty，andwithdifficultyhehadlearnedeverything．（Cf．Heisashappyashappy（形容词）canbe．Ifmoth－erthinksImusthaveawife，wife（名词）Imusthave．）13）最好不要把状语放在两个动词之间，以免意思含糊不清。下面句子都不妥当，需要改正。例如在第一个句子中，如果immediately修饰第一个动词，那它应当放在wrote的前面，反之，如果它修饰第二个动词，它就应当放在tellthenews后面：4www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Iwroteimmediatelytotellhimthenews．Ihavetelephonedtohimthreetimestocome．（最好说Ihavethreetimestelephonedtohimtocome．或是说Ihavetelephonedtohimtocomethreetimes．）ToinformhimimmediatelyIranghimup．（在immediately之后应加一逗号）下面例句是正确的：Mysonnowandthenasked（×）tofollowmetothecinema．Heearnestlyhoped（×）toseeme．Johnkindlysuggested（×）takingcareofmylittlegirl．Shecandidlyadmitted（×）havinggoneoutwithherboyfriend．（“×”表示状语不宜放的位置。）14）如果主要动词前有两个助动词，修饰整个句子的副词（特别是频度及肯定副词）要放在两个助动词之间，而修饰主要动词的副词（特别是方式副词）应放在这个动词的前面：a）Tigershaveoftenbeendiscoveredinthisarea．Youcanneverhaveseensuchabeautifulplace．HewillprobablybemadePresidentoftheCompany．Hehassurelybeenpunishedforhisoffence．Hemay，unfortunately，bekilledbyrobbers．b）Thisdecisionwillbepubliclyannounced．Iwouldhavecarefullydoneit，ifithadbeenuseful．Hemusthaveseriouslyconsideredthismatter．15）要使副词（短语）尽可能靠近它修饰的动词：Wewenttodesertedvillagealmosttenmilesawayfromthecapitalyesterday．（不好）Wewentyesterdayto…capital．（较好）5www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Yesterdayaguestwhohadcomefromadistantcountrycalledonme．（不好）Aguest…meyesterday．（较好）Immediately，hetoldmetoleavehishouse．（不好）Hetoldmetoleavehishouseimmediately．（较好）16）某些副词，如only，alone，also，too，even，可能只与某个词有关，应尽量使之靠近这个词：OnlyJohn（n．）（Nobodyelse）sawMarytheretwodaysago．Johnonlysaw（v．）Mary（didnottalkwithher）theretwodaysago．JohnsawonlyMary（n．）（notanybodyelse）theretwodaysago．JohnsawMaryonlythere（adv．）（notinanyotherplace）twodaysago．JohnsawMarythereonlytwodaysago（adv－phrase）（notmorethantwodaysago）．Healone（Nobodyelse）lovesher．Helovedheralone（nobodyelse）．Helovesherforhersimplicityalone（notforanyotherreason）．EvenJohn（notonlyhiselderbrothersandsisters）writesarticlesforthenewspaper．Johnevenwritesarticlesforthenewspaper（notonlydoesotherthingslessimportant）．Johnwritesevenarticlesforthenewspaper（notonlyletters，whichareeasiertowrite）．Johnwritesarticlesevenforthenewspaper（notonlyforhisownschool）．Herhusband，too（notonlyshe），spendsalotofmoney．Herhusbandspendsalotofmoney，too（notonlyearnssomuch）．6www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Herhusbnadspendsalotofmoneyondresstoo（notonlyonotherthings）．17）一个包含否定词（或有否定意义的词）的副词（短语）可以放在“助动词+主语+主要动词”的前面来加以强调：NowherecanIfindacleanerplace．（否定的地点副词或短语）InnootherlanddoIwishtoliveanddie．Neitherfromthenorthnorfromthesouthdoeshecome．OnlytoAsia（=TonootherplacesthanAsia）canweexportourgoodsFromtheMiddleEastalone（＝FromnootherareasthantheMiddleEast）doesthiscountryobtainitsoil．Notuntilsixteenhadthisgreatwriterlearnedtowrite．（否定的时间副词或短语）NeverhaveIsaidanythingtohim．（正确）NohaveIsaidanythingtohim．（错句，not虽为否定词，都必须用在短语中，不能单独这样用。）NotoanyonehaveIsaidanything．（正确）NosoonerhadItouchthepillowthanIfellasleep．Foronlyafew（=notmany）monthscouldmymarriedlifebecalledhappy．LessthanamonthhaveIlearnedtocook．Noafigdoeshecare！（程度副词或短语）Ifyoudonotknowher，much（even，still）lessdoI．Ifyoucan"tanswerthequestion，nomorecanI．LeastofallcouldIkillanyone．Hardly（orScarcely）（＝Notquite）hadheseenmewhenhecalledouttome．7www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Neverinallherlifehassheseensuchahandsomeman．（频度副词或短语）Rarely（orSeldom）（=Notoften）didhenoticesuchamatter．NotinfrequentlymayIgetthepermissiontoseetheboss．NolongercanIstandhisimpudence．Bynomeansmustyousaythat．（方式副词或短语）Under（orIn）nocircumstancesmustanyoneviolatetherules．Onlybystealingcanhemakehisliving．Onlywhenonehasenoughtoeatcanonebehonest．（副词+状语从句）Nothoughyoumadearequestwouldheagree．Hardlyeverhastherebeenanycaselikethat．（注意therebeen的位置）NeverwilltherebeanyWorldWarⅢ．不过，要是一个短语，虽然包含否定词，却没有否定意义，句子仍用正常语序：Notlong（=Ashorttime）agoIstillsawhim．（不要说didIstillseehim．）Notmany（=Afew）monthslater，hecameagain．Notinfrequently（=Often）hetoldmethesamestory．（也可说didhetell…）Notonlysheagreed，butalsoherhusbandsaid“yes”．（也可说Notonlydidsheagree…）尽管副词（短语）并不是否定的，间或也可有“副词（短语）+助动词+主语+主要动词”这样的语序：InvainhaveIwrittenallthesearticles．8www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Fromtimetotimehashesaidthat，butnobodycares．StillmorewasIimpressedwithhermanners．ManyanightdidJohnwaitforheratthecorner．Ofthefiftystudents，canonlyfivepassthisyear．18）副词（短语），特别是地点和时间副词（短语），可以放在表示“存在”、“出现”、“发生”等的不及物动词前面，而主语（第一次出现的东西或加以强调的东西）放在后面（参阅1667a），1668a））：地点副词（短语）：Attheendofthewoodstoodachurch．Bythefrontdoorenteredthreesoldiers．Inthisbeautifulpalacelivedakingandhisdaughter．Allaroundthehousegrewmillionsofflowers．Onthegrass（there）layashepherd．（在状语和不及物动词之间可以加there，也可不加。）Bytheriver（there）hasapagoda（短的主语）stoodfor101years．Bytheriver（there）hasstoodapagodaashighas30meters．Therehappenedanaccidentinthiscity．（这里的there不可省略）时间副词（短语）：Soonafterthisomenbeganarevolt．Atlastcametheweddingday．In1952wasbornoneofmydaughters．WhenfatherreturnedfromFrance，therehappened（ortookplace）somethingstrange．（带有状语从句）Justastheydrankmerrily，therecameaterribleknockatthedoor．如果句子主语很长，可以放在不及物动词后面，而把副词（短语）放在动词前面：9www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Inallhersplendourappearedthebridefollowedbytwoprettychildren．Forthesakeofjusticediedhundredsofpeoplewhomadeapeacefulprotest．Insuchsurroundingstherewasborn（=appeared）amanofextraordinaryability，destinedtosavehisnation．（被动语态的动词在语法上相当于一个不及物动词）Inherhandswasplacedallhisbeingandallhishappiness．Therewastakentothemayoramanonehundredandtwentyyearsofageandstillingoodhealth．19）有些副词可以放在几个位置，而有不同的意思：NOWIamnow（＝atthismoment）readinganovel．Iamreadinganovelnow（更为强调）．Helostallhismoneyingambling．Now（用作连接副词，对前面的话加以解释，或只引起注意）thismoneyhehadborrowedfromhisaunt．AGAINIagain（=oncemore）triedtheproject．Itriedtheprojectagain（更为强调）．Heisascientist，andagain（=besides，用作连接副词）heknowssevenlanguages．SOItoldhimso（=thesamething）．Itisraining，so（=therefore，用作连接副词）Ican"tgoout．INDEEDHeknowsalotofthingsindeed（用来加强语气）．10www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Heis，indeed（系动词be之后），thebestmanIknow．Indeed（和but连用），heknowsalotofthings，butheisselfish．ONLYIcantellyouonly（放在宾语前面）this（=nothingelsethanthis）．Heisverykind，only（=yet，用作连接副词）hedoesn"tknowhowtotalk．ONCEIhavebeenthereonce（=onetime，ononeoccasion）．Heonce（=formerly）livedinthecountry．Once（=afteronetime，用作连接副词）Ivisitedtheplace，Icouldrecognizeallthestreets．YETHehasnotyet（=tillnow）come．HehasstudiedEnglishfiveyears，yet（=but）heisunabletowriteletters．11www.jnworld.cn