英语语法大全之省略 1 12页

济南沃尔得国际英语省略Ⅰ．为避免重复而作的省略当一个句子中有两个或更多相同的词出现时，其中一个必须保留，另外的则最好省略，以避免重复，使句子简练。需省略的词通常出现在复合句、复杂句及复合短语中。在大多数情况下，它都出现在需要保留的词后面，偶尔也出现在它的前面。在下面例句中，需保留的词印作斜体，而需省略的词都放在括号中，如果放在需保留的词的前面，则需省略的词印作黑体。句子中有各种成分可以省略，可以是S（主语），Aux（助动词），V（主要动词），O（宾语），C（补语）或其他成分：a．复合句中的省略：—S省略：Iarrivedheretoday，and（I）muststayhereoneortwoweeks．Hecameup，（he）satdown，and（he）staredatme．Theupper（shelf）andthelowershelfarefullofbooks．—Aux省略：Tedwillbeleavingthismorning，andLiz（willbe）comingthisevening．Ihavegotup，andmywife（has）preparedourbreak-fast．（正确，有两个不同的主语。）IhavegoupandI（have）takenbreakfast．（错句，有两个相同的主语。）Ihavegotupand（Ihave）takenbreakfast．（正确，主语和助动词一起省略。）—V省略：Theloserissad，butthewinner（is）happy．Hestudiesmath，buthisbrother（studies）dancing．Characterlivesinaman，andreputation（lives）outsideofhim．Somedieofhunger，others（die）ofeatingtoomuch．1www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Alargenumberofpeoplecometolookaround，butveryfew（come）tobuy．Youmustwork，butneedn"t（work）onSunday．（有助动词）“Hastheshowstarted？”“Itmayhave（started）．”Shecan（dance），butyouwon"tdance．=Shecandance，butyouwon"t（dance）．—S和Aux省略：Hewillcome，and（hewill）playatcardswithme．Tomisgivingupsmoking，and（Tomis）takingexer-ciseeverymorning．—Aux和V省略：IwillgiveMaryadoll，andaunt（willgive）Janeabook．Ihaveorderedmymentowaitforaction，andJimmyLee（hasordered）histoblowupthebridge．Imustgoandyou（mustgo）too．—V和O省略：HeteachesmeThaiandShe（teachesme）Malay．IaskedRextogo，butshe（askedRex）tostay．Youlikethisbluedress？Mywife（likesthisbluedress）too．（如宾语后不跟别的词应该加too）—单独的O不能省略：ItreatJanwell，buthetreats（Jan）better．（错句，像Jan这样一个单独的宾语不能省略，应该用her代替。）“Doyoudrinkcoffee？”“Yes，Ilike（coffee），madam．”（错句，应当说yes，Ido或yes，Ilikeit．）—C省略：2www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Moneyisnottheendoflife，characteris（theendoflife）．—S和及物动词省略：Hehasnoambition，therefore（hehas）noworry．“Whatdidhesay？”“（Hesaid）Nothing．”Itconcernsyou，andalso（itconcerns）me．ShelovesJack，but（sheloves）notGreg．IfindRexalazyboyand（Ifind）Joyanicegirl．Itoldhimtoralaxand（Itold）hertotakecareofhim．IstudyFrenchonMonday，（Istudy）GermanonWednesday．—S和系动词省略：“Whosecaristhat？”“（Thatis）Mine．”“Whereisyourgirlfriend？”“（Mygirlfriendis）InJapam．”—V和O省略（仅仅S和O之间的形容词保留）：Helikesgreencars，she（likes）yellow（cars），I（like）black（cars）．—S，Aux，V省略：IwilltellDicktowaitand（Iwilltell）Dawntocomeimmediately．—Aux，V，O省略：Tomwillcleanthehousetoday，andLucille（willcleanthehouse）tomorrow．—Aux，V，C省略（若C后没有其他词应加too）：Ihavebeenanurseandshe（hasbeenanurse）too．—第一及第二O省略，但最后的O不省略：3www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Janeedited（thisWeekly），Lizprinted（thisWeekly），andIdistributedthisweekly．Icleanedup（theroom）andthenhepaintedtheroom．Ithrewaway（therubbish）butmywifetookbacktherubbish．—第一个C省略：Rexseems（stupid），butRoyreallyis，stupid．=Rexseemsstupid，butRoyreallyis（stupid）．—第一个O及C省略：Mywifeadvised（ourdaughtertomarrythisrichman），butIforbade，ourdaughtertomarrythisrichman．Mywifelikesourdaughter（tolooksexy），andMrs．Doealsolikeshers，tolooksexy．—除S及Aux外整句省略：Hecanpleaseanybodyhedoesn"tlike，butIcan"t（pleaseanybodyIdon"tlike）．=Hecan，butIcan"t，pleaseanybodyIdon"tlike．Johndrinksalotofcoffeeeverymorning，butnotMary（=butMarydoesn"tdrink…）．=John，butnotMary，drinksalotofcoffeeeverymorning．—除最后一个谓语外，其他谓语都省略（但助动词保留）：Douglascould（payhisdebt），andmust（payhisdebt），butwon"t，payhisdebt．—在回答一般疑问句时，除S及Aux，其他部分都省略：“WillJanecometomorrow？”“Yes，shewill（cometo-morrow）．”“MustIshowthemmyID？”“No，youneedn"t（showthemyourID）．”—整个句子都省略，只剩下回答who，which等的词：“Whowillcometomorrow？”“Tom（willcometomorrow）．”4www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语“WhenwillyoustartforSingapore？”“NextSunday（IwillstartforSingapore）．”—整个从句省略，只剩下副词（短语）或状语从句：Hewillcomehere，but（hewill）not（comehere）untilteno"clock．Everybodyshares，butnot（everybodyshares）alike．Seethedoctor，and（seethedoctor）immediately．Heearnedlotsofmoney，but（hedid）not（earnlotsofmoney）tospendit．“Doyouloveher？”“Yes，（Iloveher）ifshelovesme．”“Doyouhelppeople？”“Yes，（Ihelppeople）sothatImaybehappy．”—That用来代替前面的分句：Hemademistakesandthat（=hemademistakes）veryoften．Iwouldliketogoabroad，butthat（=Iwouldliketogoabroad）atthelowestcost．Wemustgetreadytosetoutandthat（=Wemustgetreadytosetout）beforesixo"clockinthemorning．—第一分句的状语可影响后面分句的状语：Fivedaysago，IarrivedinLasVegasand（onthesameday）Iwonthreethousanddollars．Atacasino，firstIwonthreethousandbutthen（atthesameplace）Ilosteightthousand．Generallyspeaking，youcantellliesonceortwice，butyoucan"ttellliesallthetime．—复合句末尾的状语可以影响前面的分句：Somevisitorsleft（inahurry），andothersarrived，inahurry．5www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语—前面带形容词的名词有时可以省略：Iwantedcondensedmilkandheshowedmepowdered（milk）；Iwantedorangejuice，andheshowedmeapple（juice）．Ihaveablack（cat）andawhitecat．Igavehimadollarortwo（dollars）．—介词的宾语省略：Policemenwatchedoutforhidingcriminalsbefore（thebuilding）andbehindthebuilding．Henrygoesto（HongKong）andfromHongKongonbusinesseachmonth．—连词省略（但最好保留）：Iknowitbecauseyoursistertoldmeand（because）momsaiditalongtimeago．Iwillmarryherifshereallylovesmeand（if）herparentsdon"tobject．b．复合句中的省略：主要是带有状语从句的句子中有些词省略，在名词从句及定语从句中很少有词省略：—在状语从句中，S和Aux不能省略，但其他部分可以：Icanbeathimatchess，ifyoucan（beathimatchess）．Ifyoucanbeathimatchess，Ican（beathimatchess）．Ifyoucan（beathimatchess），Icanbeathimatchess．Ican（beathimatchess），Ifyoucanbeathimatchess．（不佳）（放在状语从句前面主句中的部分不宜作任何省略）6www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Johnlookedafterthebaby，becausehiswifecouldn"t（lookafterthebaby）duringherillness．—状语从句中助动词后的动词可以省略：ShecouldseeTom，thoughTomcouldn"t（see）her．Icancleanthefloor，ifyouwill（clean）thefurniture．—Be，is，was等后面的补语可以省略：Williammustbeagoodman，sincehisfatheris（agoodman）．Shewashappybecauseherhusbandwas（happy）．Heloveshisbaby，althoughhehasneverseen（hisbaby）．（错句。和补语不同，宾语不能省略，但可以用him代替。）—由than和as引起的从句中有许多省略的办法：LizspokeChinesebetterbeforethan（shespeaksit）now．（除副词now外整个从句都省略）LizspeaksEnglishbetterthanherfriends（speakit）．（谓语省略）LizspeaksEnglishbetterthan（shespeaks）Chinese．（S和TV省略）LizspeaksEnglishbetterthan（she）writesit．（S省略）Lizismoreshythan（sheis）unfriendly．（S和be省略）Lizlooksyoungerthansheis（young），andfeelsyoungerthanshelooks．（C省略）Lizconsidershimmoreafriendthan（sheconsidershim）alover．（S，FV，N省略）LizspeaksEnglishbetterthanyouthink（thatshespeaksit）．（that引起的从句省略）LizspeaksEnglishbetterthanI（speak）Chinese．（TV省略）Bobloveshismotherasdearlynowas（helovedher）whenyoung．7www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Bobdoesn"tregardmoneysoseriouslyashisfather（regardsit）．Bobtreatspeopleasskillfullyas（he）doesresearchwork．Bobknowsscienceasmuchasyouexpect（thatheknowsit）．—If引起的从句中有些部分可以省略：Ihaveveryfewfriends，ifany（=ifIhaveanyfriends）．Iseldom，ifever，smoke．（=IseldomsmokeifIeversmoke．）IwishtotravelovertheworldifIcan（travelovertheworld）．Payhimnextweek，ifnot（=ifyoudon"tpayhim）thisweek．Thischildislovely，if（heis）abittalkative．I"vecheatedyou？Ifso（=ifI"vecheatedyou），youcankillme；ifnot（=ifIhaven"tcheatedyou），whatshouldIdo？省略的词必须和保留的词非常相似，这条规律却对动词不太适用，不过最好避免省略另一主要动词。在“Hehasn"twrittentheletter，buthewill（write）ashortnote．”中，保留的动词written和省略的动词write形式并不相同。在动词的6个基本形式（如go，goes，went，gone，going，togo）之间，有时会发生省略的现象：MywifesmokesbutIdon"t（smoke）．Shehasgotmarriedfourtimesandwill（getmarried）onceortwicemore．Ihavemademistakes，butwon"t（makethem）anymore．Heshouldhavearrivedyesterday，ifhiswifewould（arrive）todaytomeethimatthehotel．“Iamgivingupdrinking．”“Youhave（givenupdrink-ing）forthreeyears，mydearfriend！”TomlearnedkungfuwithWuandhehad（learnedit）sevenmonths．ImustlearnmusictenmoreyearsthoughIhave（learnedit）tenyears．IamstilllearningandIwill（learn）untilIdie．8www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Heisplayingverywell，althoughhedidn"t（playverywell）before．—在be的几种形式（即is，am，are，was，were，be，been，being，tobe）之间有时出现省略现象：Iamstudyingphysics，andmybrother（isstudying）chemistry．Tenyearsagoyouweretwelveandshe（was）nine．Ifhehasbeenathief，willhe（beathief）again？Althoughheisbeingfriendly，hehasnever（beenfriendly）toanyone．—不定式可以保留to而将其他部分省略：“Doyouwanttoseeher？”“No，Idonotwantto（seeher）．”Ifsheaskshimtojumpdownstairs，Ithinkhewilltryto（jumpdownstairs）．IcanhelphimifIwishto（helphim）．（第二个help为不定式，而第一个help为谓语动词。）Isawhimplayingwithagun，andItoldhimnotto（playwithagun）．（playing为分词）Hecan"tgiveitup，butIamwillingto（giveitup）．Ican"tstandup，asIamtooweakto（standup）．Imustaskhimtopayme．Iwouldbeanidiotnotto（askhimtopayme）．—在主动语态和被动语态之间不能作任何省略：Youwillbelovedifonlyyouloveothers．Billsaidsomethingatthemeetingbecausesomethingmustbesaid．Hewantstobuysomefood，butnothingcanbeboughthere．Hepromisedtosendmebooks，butIfoundnothingsenttome．—在who，how，why等后面的词有时省略：9www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Somebodyiscalling．Iwonderwho（iscalling）．Helosthiswallet，buthedidn"tknowhow（helostit）．Hehadastomachacheforsixyears．Evendoctorscouldn"texplainwhy（hehadit）．ColumbusdiscoveredAmerica．Doyourememberwhen？Theydidmeeteachotheryesterday．ButIcan"ttellwhereandhow．Ⅱ．语法上允许的省略有些词可以省略，因为语法允许这样的省略。举少数例子即可说明问题。详细情况可参阅有关各节。省略的词放在括号中：Hegotupatsix（o"clock）．Hestudiedmathematicsattwelve（yearsofage）．Shewasbornin（theyear）nineteenfifty-two．Itmeasuresfour（feet）byfive（feet）．Thisdictionarycostsseven（dollars）thirty（cents）．Hegotsixmonths（ofimprisonment）．Imethimatthejeweller"s（shop），mylawyer"s（office），Mr．Wang"s（house），St．Jame"s（Palace），St．Paul"s（Cathedral）．Iwalked（for）tenmiles．Hecame（on）thefollowingday．Accidentshappen（at）everyminute．Hearrived（in）thepreviousweek．Seven（persons）werekilled．Many（persons）werewounded．Theblind（people）cannotseeandthedumb（people）can-notspeak．Throw（the）papercupinto（the）basketafteritsuse．10www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Pleasedon"tride（a）bicyclein（the）park．（通告）When（hewas）ayouth，hetravelledintheEast．（两个分句的主语一致）While（theywere）sleeping，ourtroopsweresurprised．Though（heis）apoorman，Yangneversaysdie．Once（shewas）married，sheforgotallherfriends．Thecity，however（itis）defended，willbelost．Thenewsisimportant，if（itis）true．Itismoreeasilyunderstoodthan（itis）described．Hewouldberobbedunless（heis）onhisguard．Thechildcriedterriblyasif（hewere）seriouslyhurt．Thisladyisalwayscomplainingwhether（sheis）offendedornot．Showmeyourletterwhen（itis）finished．（两个分句主语不一致，但可以听到这类句子。）Thebackgroundisimportantwhen（youare）takingpictures．Hedidnotpaymeas（itwas）promised．As（itwas）planned．theymetinadarkcornerofthepark．Therain（being）over，wewentonourway．Theenemy（havingbeen）defeated，wewenthome．（Being）Madwithanger，hestruckher．Idonotknowtheman（whom）youspoketo．Didyoureceivetheletter（which）hewrotetoyou？Thisistheway（how）welearnaforeignlanguage．Thisis（thereason）whyheblamesus．11www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Takeasmuchas（what）isrequired，butnotmorethan（what）isneeded．“WhatdidyouseeinHonolulu？”“See（=WhatdidIseeinHonolulu）？Alotofthings．”“Howmuchdoyoupayforfood？”“Howmuch（=HowmuchdoIpayforfood）？150dollars．”12www.jnworld.cn