- 690.45 KB
- 2022-06-17 14:59:52 发布
- 1、本文档共5页,可阅读全部内容。
- 2、本文档内容版权归属内容提供方,所产生的收益全部归内容提供方所有。如果您对本文有版权争议,可选择认领,认领后既往收益都归您。
- 3、本文档由用户上传,本站不保证质量和数量令人满意,可能有诸多瑕疵,付费之前,请仔细先通过免费阅读内容等途径辨别内容交易风险。如存在严重挂羊头卖狗肉之情形,可联系本站下载客服投诉处理。
- 文档侵权举报电话:19940600175。
济南沃尔得国际英语定语Ⅰ.限制性定语的18种类型A.用在名词前的限制性定语引言我们已经在第18单元研究了一个句子不能缺少的四大成分:主语、动词、宾语、补语。在本单元和20单元,我们打算研究一个句子可以缺少的二大成分:定语和状语。在语法上,它们只起修饰作用,可以省略,但在文义上,却很重要,能使句子更为充实。虽然下面所讨论的问题在词法部分已经讨论过,但这里将从不同角度更详细地加以讨论。例如我们已经谈过形容词、名词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词等等,这些不同名称似乎表示不同东西,但都可用来修饰名词,因而可起同一作用,可以看作是同样东西,可以通称为定语(AdjectivalModi-fiers)。我们还讨论过副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句,它们也各指不同东西,但都可以修饰动词,因此可看作一类东西,通称为状语(AdverbialModifiers)。此外,在第17单元中我们谈到的名词、名词短语、动名词、名词从句等都可在句中作主语。如果从这个角度来考虑,句子结构就会显得简单得多,而所谓语法就不是很复杂的东西。为此,在下面各章中,我们将把所有不同形式或类型的定语和状语都集中讨论,使读者对它们的相同点有所认识。此外,对某些修饰语的特殊用法,将提供大量例句。和形容词一样,定语(任何修饰名词的单词、短语或从句)可以是限制性的(Restrictive)、补语性的(Complementary)或解释性的(Explanatory)。也和形容词一样,有些形式或类型的限制性定语可用在所修饰名词前面,有些用在它的后面。用在名词前的形式共有10种,它们是限定词(Determinatives)、描绘形容词(QualitativeAdjectives)、名词、物主代词或名词所有格、不定式、动名词、分词、地点及时间副词、各类短语、以及从句。1.限定词限定词必须根据“单数或复数”和“可数或不可数”的情况修饰它后面的名词。An(orEvery,Each,Another,This,That,Sucha,Acertain)egg(单数可数名词)isrotten.1www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语Both(orSeveral,Three,Few,Afew,Those,These,Many,Alargenumberof)eggs(复数可数名词)arerotten.Little(orAlittle,Much,Agreatdealof,Alargequantityof,This,That)milk(不可数名词)wasspoiled.Some(orNo,Anabundanceof,Alotof,Plentyof,Enough,All,My,John"s,The,Any,Such)eggs(复数可数名词)havebeensold.Some(orNo,Anabundanceof,etc.)milk(不可数名词)hasbeensold.Ifyouhavemuchmoney,youhavemanyfriends;ifyouhavealittlemoney,youhaveafewfriends;ifyouhaveverylittlemoney,youhaveveryfewfriends;andifyouhavenomoney,youhavenofriends.2.描绘形容词Heisagoodboy.Shehasaclearvoice.Ilikehergentle,gracefulmanner.Wewentintoadirty,dark,lonelytemple.(一系列描绘形容词)Itisalong,longstory.Hehasagreat,greatpower.(重复一个形容词来加强语气)Itwasarainyandwindynight.Hesangastrange,funnyandsillysong.(由and连接的两三个形容词有同样的重要性)Itwasarainybutpleasantseason.Hesangamelodiousbutsorrowfulsong.(but后面的形容词比它前面的形容词重要)Itwasapleasantthoughrainyseason.Hesangasorrowfulthoughmelodioussong.(though后面的形容词较不重要。因此这两句的意思和上面两句一样)Itisacomfortable“fasttrain”.(Comfortable修饰fasttrain,后两词为一整体)Heisasickly“oldman”.Weshallhaveahappy“newyear”.Nobodycaresaboutthiscommonplace“opensecret”.Iamamazedatthesheernonsense(orabsolutelie,totalmadness,outrightarrogance)ofthisperfectfool(orcompleteidiot).(像sheer,2www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语absolute这类强化形容词,用在名词前能对它加以强调,但不宜用在be,seem这类系动词后,如:“Hismadnessistotal.”就不对了。)更多例子:arealscholar,agreatsupporter,aclosecomrade,abigfool,anoldfriend,aplainlie,anextremefolly,aclearfailure,purenonsense,anout-and-outconservative,utterconfusion.Thisisaniceand(=wonderfully)coolplace(orafineandfastcar).Sheisarareandprettygirl.Those(orThe,His)threeexpensiveroundSwissgoldwatchesarelost.John"sblackcurledwalking-stickiskeptinasleeping-roomofhis.不同类型的形容词放在一起时各有不同位置。大体顺序是:指示词(或物主代词)+数词+描绘形容词+表示颜色或形状的形容词+分词+由专有名词变成的形容词+名词+作定语的动名词+名词。指示词如和物主代词或名词所有格连用,其顺序是:指示词+名词+of+物主代词或名词所有格。不过,有些人不完全赞成上述顺序。Thelastthreeacts(orTheothertwosides)arelonger.Thefirst(ornext)twochaptersareinteresting.(这样用比thethreelast,thetwoother等要好)Both(orAll,Half)the(orthose,these)visitorsaremygoodfriends.Ipaiddouble(orhalf,quarter)thatpriceforit.Hedrankhalfa(orahalf)bottleofwaterafterhewalkedhalfa(orahalf)mile.Whatafoolyouare!Youaresuchafool!Isawmanyafool.(A,the,this,that通常用在修饰同一名词的其他形容词前面,但放在both,all,half等词之后。)Heisaprobablewinner(=manwhowillprobablywin,而不是winnerwhoisprobable),aquickthinker,afrequentoffender,aheavyloser,agoodswimmer,abadspeaker,along,resident,abigeater,ahardworker.(这些形容词起副词的作用,修饰隐藏在名词里的动词。)Heisacriminallawyer(=lawyerexpertincriminallaw,不是lawyerwhoiscriminal),anaturalphilosopher(不是philosopherwhoisnatural),apracticaljoker,atragicaldramatist,ayellowjournalist,ahistoricalnovelist.3www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语Whiteslavery(=businessofwhiteslaves)isforbidden.Oldbachelorship(=stateofoldbachelors)wasrespectedhere.Heisapublicschoolboy(=boyofapublicschool,不是publicboy),anoldbookseller(=sellerofoldbooks,不是oldseller),ahistoricalnovelist.Itisadirtyclothesbasket.HeworkswiththeForeignOffice(=OfficeofForeignAffairs,而不是officewhichisforeign).Heisinthesick-room(=roomofsickmen).Thedeadlist(=listofdeadmen)hasbeenpublished.Heisfedupwithhismarriedlife.Heisonsickleave.Hisdyingwishisunknown.Heisamad-doctor.Theyareplayingadeadmarch.Theylearnedthedeafanddumbalphabet.Theysoldalmosteverything:leathergloves,silkhats,airguns,glasseyes,brassbuttons,,goldrings,silvercoins,stonejars,saltbutter,icecream,woodenchairs,woolensocks,earthenware,oak(en)chests,lead(en)roofs,hemp(en)ropes,flax(en)thread,oat(en)bread.(表示物质的名词或形容词)Itisagoldenage(oragoldenopportunity).Hemademeanairypromise,gavemeanicywelcome.Hemadeanoilyspeech.Hegavemeaglassylookandawoodensmile.Hehasanironwillbutastonyheart.Shehasaleadenheartthoughshehasasilveryvoice.Ilovehersilkymanners.Ican"tstandhisbrazenimpudence.(用于引伸意义的表示物质的形容词)Hediditintheearlymorning(=theearlypartofthemorning),inthelatesummer,inthemid-nineteenthcentury.HehaslivedinWest(ern)Germany)(=thewesternpartofGermany),CentralIndia,North(ern)Korea,UpperAustria,theLowerDanube,East(ern)Africa.(这些表示部分的形容词多用在时间或地点名称前)3.名词名词可以用作定语,可以3种方式加在另一名词前。这两个名词可以写成一个词,如:fireplace,sunlight,armchair.两者中间也可加一个连字号,如:hour-hand,volley-ball,blood-letting.也可分写成两个词,如:arithmeticclass,weddingmarch,birthdayparty.此外还有airline,airfield,airplane;air-gun,air-hostess,air-spray;airletter,airraid,aircover.有些这类合成词可以2种方式写,如:4www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语classmate,class-mate;daytime,day+time;gunfire,gun-fire;gunboat,gun-boat;或wet-nurse,wetnurse;fire-station,firestation;post-office,postoffice.有少数这样的合成词可以3种方式写,如:headmaster,head-master,headmaster.没有严格的规律可以遵循,不过下面几点可供参考:如果这种合成词包含2个音节,它们大多都连着写:classmatehandbagpenknifegunboatlawsuitheadacherainbowarmchairfireflyinkstandfireplacegoldsmith但如果第一个音节需加以强调,或与同类其他东西加以区别,这类合成名词需要分开写。例如:StoneAge表示它不是Ironage或其他Age;airmail不同于seamail;sunbath不是seabath或任何其他的bath;nightschool不同于dayschool.又如icecream,marshgas,lawcourt,clubfee,airraid,mooncakeorgermcharge也都表示是某样东西中的特殊的一类。如果这些合成词包含3个或更多音节,它们大多都分开写:waterpressurefirestationchimneysweepbirthdaypartytrademissionpapermillwaterproblemairtransportbarbershoprailwayregulationspeaceconferencemorninghourswomanreceptionistwarcouncilfountainpen不过有些可以连写,表示它们是一种独立的东西,并不与其他东西对比。例如:horsepower并不表示它是一种power,和其他power加以区别。下面的合成词都各自表示自成一类的东西:watermelonsandpapersidesaddlenewspaperschoolfellowbattlefield5www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语waterfallsilverfishdragonflymasterpiecefatherlandlumberman可以认为这种合成词只有两种基本写法。这两种写法很少可以互换。例如:rainbow不能写作rainbow,armchair不能写成armchair,firefly不能写成firefly.另一方面IronAge不能写成Ironage,nightschool不能写成nightschool,lawcourt不能写成lawcourt.包含两个音节的合成词情况都如此。同样的,包含三个或更多音节的词更是如此,birthdayparty不能写成birthdayparty,papermill不能写成papermill,firestation不能写成firestation.另外一方面watermelon,newspaper,battlefield,waterfall,fatherland都不能分开写。总之,一个词的形式和两个词的形式之间很少互换。不过这两种合成词中常可加一个连字号(虽然不是经常如此)。结果这种合成词常有两种写法,即不加连字号,和加连字号。在下面合成名词中连字号都可以不加进去。1.class-mate(orclassmate)hand-bagpen-knifefire-flyink-standarm-chairgun-boatlaw-suit2.chamber-maid(orchambermaid)master-keymotor-cycleshop-windowstory-bookslaughter-houseshuttle-cockweather-glasswaste-basketwhore-mastersilver-fishthunder-clapstation-mastersummer-school至于这种合成词的意义,第一个名词多表示第二个名词所表示的东西的地点、时间、目的等(在括号内指出)。skylark,homework,schoolfellow,citylife(地点)night-club,morningstar,Christmasgift(时间)gunpowder(=powderforgun),bird-cage,saltspoon;mousetrap,kitchenthings,teathings(目的)insectbite,footmark,gunfire(来源)6www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语gingerbread,mushroomsoup,ball-pen,oil-lamp(整体中一部分)mountain-top,finger-end,horseback,kitchen-door(包含一部分的整体)goldring,papertiger,silvercup,stonewall(材料)firefly,butterfly-table,pot-belly,iron-heart(相似)man-servant,billy-goat,cow-elephant(性别)pullmancars,OxfordUniversity,theDiamondRestaurant(专有名词)story-book,fairytale,newspaper(内容)birthdayparty,harvestfestival,peaceconference,warvictim,hungermarch.(原因,理由)water-power,hunger-strike,powerpolitics,objectlesson(手段)一个形容词可以下列方式和一个作定语的名词并列于另一名词前面:thesepoliticalandbusinessaffairs;hispersonalorpartyproblems;eitherMedievalorthelastcenturyliterature([形容词+连词+名词]+名词)moneyandotherproblems;artorscientificactivities([名词+连词+形容词]+名词)thatcold“skeletonhand”;thedirtydark“stonetemple”.(形容词+作为整体的[名词+名词])thetown“youngmen”;mysilk“highhat”;amorning“conservativepaper”.(名词+作为整体的[形容词+名词])moreeverydaymanner;merelybusinessgrounds;purelygovernmentwork;partlyfamilyviewpoint([副词+作定语的名词]+名词)当名词用作定语时,通常都用单数形式,即使1)它有复数意义,2)前面有数词及连字号,3)后面有复数的主体词或4)若用作单独名词应为复数。如果它5)是不可数名词,或6)表示一个东西,自然只用单数形式:1)tooth-brush,orangetree,book-binder,head-hunting7www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语2)three-actplay,thirty-pagereport,four-weekcourse,five-miletrip,one-dollarbook3)finger-tips,country-houses,fairy-tales4)checkerboard,billiardtable,oatcake,greengrocer,bowelcomplaint,slumclearance,gymnasticmaster5)coalmine,ashtray,oilwell,musiclover,fishingground,referencebook6)eyelash,tablelegs,pictureframe,mountaintop,panhandle.在下面情况下,用作定语的名词可用复数形式:1)是复数专有名词,2)通常都为复数形式,不加-s可能造成误解,3)在没跟有连字号的数词之后,4)在法律术语中,5)像gentlemen这样的特殊词或6)跟随现在惯用复数的趋势:1)theUnitedStatesNavy,NiagaraFallsPowerCompany2)goodstrain,seconds-hand(但:minute-hand),savingsbank,clothes-brush,newsboy,comicsreader,saltsbottle3)twentypencebooks,amilliondollarsproject,fivethousandtonsboat,sixpoundssugar,fivemilestrip4)SamplesDepot,HotelsAssociation,ExcessProfitsTax,HighwaysBureau,HouseRulesCommittee,CompaniesAct5)gentlemen-farmers,women-teachers,Lords-Justices6)brainstrust,worksmanager,publicrelationsofficer,reservationsdesk,storescheck,salesdepartment,glassesframe,sportsjacket4.名词所有格与物主代词Weworkforthecountry"sgood.Athirtymiles"marchisnothingtoourtroops.Weshallhaveathreedays"holiday.Allnightweheardthewind"ssighing.Hisjobistocleanthehouse.5.不定式8www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语作为定语,不定式很少放在它所修饰的名词之前。如果这样用,不定式必须与其他词构成合成词,不定式与有关词之间需加连字号:hishard-to-be-governedpassion,asoon-to-be-publishedplan,anever-to-be-executedproject,themuch-to-be-longedforpeace,theever-to-be-rememberedoccasion,theeasy-to-seesign6.动名词Heissittinginthesmokingroom(=roomFORsmoking,而不是roomthatsmokes).Heisadancingmaster.Youmustusebetterprintingink.更多例子:awalkingstick,theboilingpoint,blottingpaper,alaughingstock,adiningroom,aswimmingrace,paintingthings7.分词a.现在分词:Itisaninteresting(描绘)book.TheflagofJapanshowstherising(经常发生的动作)sun.Didyouseetheburning(在谓语动词所表示时间里正在进行的动作)house?asleeping(不及物动词的现在分词)child(=childthatissleeping),theflyingfish(=fishthatfly),thesmilingwomen,thecomingmonths,thefollowingchapter,theretreatingarmy,abeginningstudentacharming(及物动词的现在分词)girl(=girlwhocharmsothers)anamazingnumber,apuzzlingquestion,scorchingheat.aflesh-eating(名词+及物动词的现在分词)animal(=animalthateatsflesh),heart-breakingstories,aself-sacrificingact,therecord-breakingworkill-smelling(形容词+系动词的现在分词)things(=thingsthatsmellill),adirty-lookingman,ahigh-soundingspeech,anice-lookinggirlthefast-retreating(副词+不及物动词的现在分词)enemy(=enemythatisretreatingfast),awell-meaningman,frequently-occuringaccidents,theon-comingtide9www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语b.过去分词:Youshouldnoteatrottenapples(=applesthathavebeenrotten).ItisnothardtolearnspokenEnglish.adrowned(及物动词的过去分词)boy,mybelovedson,adesertedvillage,aruinedpalace,brokenhealth,printedmatter,theusedcar,alightedcandlewell-dressed(副词+及物动词的过去分词)men(=menwhoaredressedwell),ill-writtenbooks,along-remem-beredstory,amuch-neededplan;hisstretched-outarms,speeded-upeducation;along-drawn-outwar,not-yet-endedhorrortheunlooked-for(不及物动词的过去分词+介词)revolt(=revoltthatisunlookedfor),unthought-ofaccidents,unpaid-formerchandise,anundreamed-ofachievement,anuncalled-forwar,thelonged-fornovel,thisyet-un-heared-ofincident,themost-talked-aboutbooktheblood-stained(名词+及物动词的过去分词)hands(=handsthatarestainedbyblood),thefamine-strickenarea,thelove-strickengirl,hand-madepaperfaded(不及物动词的过去分词)flowers(=flowersthathavefaded),swollenlegs,thevanishedjewels,theexplodedbomb,aretiredofficer,adrunkenfellow,alearnedscholar,hisdeceasedpartner,aprofessedBuddhist,aperjuredman;newly-arrived(副词+不及物动词的过去分词)guests,awell-readman,out-spokenpeople,grown-upchildren,awell-behavedchild8.地点或时间副词地点及时间副词可用作定语,但放在名词前的时候不很多:theabovestatement,thedownwardmovement,theabyss-warddrift,thishereboy,thattheregirl,afarcountry,aninsidestory,anupstairteahouse,theoutdoorgame,theirnearrelative,thein-patient,theout-patient,theuptrain,thedownstroke;hisnowmistress,theonceMrs.Jackson,hislatewife,histhenopinion,theafterevents,myofftime,theoffseason.9.各种短语定语短语有许多形式:10www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语akindof(限定词+kind或类似词+of)car,thatsortofman,thosefunnytypesofhouses,otherbrandsofpencilsacupof(表示数量或数目、以of结尾的短语)wine,fivebowlsofrice,tenyearsofservice,fiftymilesofdistance,agooddealofrice,abandofthieves,threebroodsofchicksthatpigofa(=piglike)fellow,thatidiotofa(=idiotic)woman,hisidealofawife,myangelofaJane,myhellofalife,thisskeletonofadog,agemofapoem,apalaceofahouseknee-deep(名词+形容词)water(=waterasdeepastheknee),ice-coldhands;afar-sighted(形容词+名词ed)politician(=politicianwhocanseefar),aone-sidedopinion;theiron-hearted(名词+名词ed)hero(=herowhohasaheartlikeiron),agold-lacedskirt;adark-brown(形容词+形容词)umbrella(=umbrelladarkandbrown)awide-open(副词+形容词)gate,theall-important(=extremelypowerful)money,ever-happychildrenafar-too-rapid(副词+副词+形容词)decision,anot-too-hardproblemthisby-no-means-easy(状语短语+形容词)job,theon-the-whole-fairsolutionagood-for-nothing(形容词+介词+名词)(=useless)fellow,thehonest-to-Godtruth,lighter-than-aircraft,awarmer-than-averagewelcome,hisnext-to-nothingprofitamile-long(名词+形容词)street,afour-week-longvacation,aten-year-oldshiptheoverseas(介词+名词)Indians,theundergroundrail-ways,anuphillwalk,anupstairsroom,hisoffhandeasymanner;thisunder-the-tableagreement,theup-to-datehotel,anout-of-seasonsnowfall,theon-the-spotreporter,theirout-of-dooractivitiesthatend-of-the-century(名词+介词+名词)period,hisman-in-the-streetopinion,herwoman-of-the-worldway,astick-in-the-mudfellow,anevery-man-for-himselffightaword-for-word(名词+介词+同一名词)translation,hand-to-handconflicts,room-to-roomtelephones,thisday-to-daylife,aface-to-facetalk,theeye-for-an-eyeargument,theyear-by-yearprogress,theirstep-by-stepaggression11www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语astand-up(动词+地点副词)drink,atumble-downhouse,asit-downstrike,thego-aheadnation,ahand-roundsup-per,thosestand-offpeople,knockdownargumentsstay-at-home(动词+介词+名词)people,acome-by-chancechild,go-to-meetingclothespush-button(动词+名词)warfare,take-leavevisits,cut-ratetickets,abreakneckspeed,mydo-nothingdays,hertelltaleface,ahelp-yourselffight;hiseat-less-breadad-vice,alet-it-aloneattitudeayes-or-no(名词+or+名词)answer,anall-or-nothingsettlement,aliberty-or-deathwar;kill-or-cure(动词+or+动词)medicine,abelieve-it-or-notstatement,histake-it-or-leave-itattitude.alife-and-death(名词+and+名词)struggle,bread-and-waterwages,acat-and-doglife,thequestion-and-answermethodofteaching;hit-and-runaccidents(动词+and+动词),await-and-seepolicy,thelive-and-let-liveagreement,hiseat-drink-and-be-merryphilosophy10.从句作定语的从句若要放在它所修饰的名词之前,必须加连字号或引号:hisI-told-you-soattitude;this“Iamsuretofail”idea;athe-king-can-do-no-wrongpolitician;the“dowhatyoucanandtakewhatyouwant”theory;theI-want-to-be-alonetheory;their“moneyiseverything”philosophy12www.jnworld.cn