英语语法大全之状语 6 12页

济南沃尔得国际英语B．状语从句状语从句和副词（短语）一样，可以修饰谓语动词。根据引起从句的连接词或连接短语的意义，这种从句可以分为15种。它们是1．时间状语从句，2．地点状语从句，3．比较状语从句，4．方式状语从句，5．伴随情况状语从句，6．对比状语从句，7．原因或理由状语从句，8．结果或程度状语从句，9．目的状语从句，10．条件状语从句，11．依据状语从句，12．让步状语从句，13．“不管”状语从句，14．限制状语从句，以及15．例外状语从句。大多数状语从句可以放在主句前面或主句后面。放在主句前面时，整个句子比较紧凑，读者须一气看到句子末尾方知究竟。放在主句后面时，整个句子比较松散，读者在看完整句前已知道主要意思。此外，状语从句还可插在主句中间，这时它的地位较不显著。下面3个例句表示了3种不同位置：Whenhesawthethief，ourneighbourbegantoshout．Ourneighbourbegantoshoutwhenhesawthethief．Ourneighbour，whenhesawthethief，begantoshout．在以后章节中，通常主句在后的句子都加上（P）这个记号（表示periodic，即主句在后），通常从句在后的句子都加上（L）这个记号（表示loose，是松散的意思）。当状语从句在主语之前时，如果两者的主语表示同一个人，其中任何一个主语都可以用代词表示。如果主句在状语从句前面，则只有状语从句的主语可以用代词表示：WhenTomspeaksChinese，helooksawkward．（正确）WhenhespeaksChinese，Tomlooksawkward．（正确）TomlooksawkwardwhenhespeaksChinese．（正确）HelooksawkwardwhenTomspeaksChinese．（错句）1．时间状语从句表示某个时刻：IstudiedEnglishwhen（orwhile，as）Iwasyoung．Someoneutteredacrywhen（orwhile，as）wewerehavingapicnic．1www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语TheaudienceapplaudedJohnwhen（oras，但不可用while）heendedhisspeech．Whenthewarended，millionshadbeenkilled．Iwillcomewhen（orif，但不可用while）Iamfree．Youwillbeunhappywhenyouareoldandpoor．When（orAfter）Idie，mychildrencantakecareofthemselves．Whensheturnedoffthelight，she（同一主语）wenttobed．Whenshehadturnedoffthelight，shewenttobed．（较清楚）ItbegantorainjustasIarrivedhome．HekissedMaryjustwhenhiswifeenteredtheroom．Thevillagerswereenjoyingtheirpeacefullifewhenawarbrokeout．（L）（这里when意思接近“andthen”或“butjustthen”）Wewerehavingourpicnicwhenitrained．Iwaswalkingalongwhensomeonepattedmeontheback．Iwasdeepingamblingwhenthepoliceentered．Thisnewpolicycameintheverytimeswhentheyreallyneededit．Bythetimethewarended，millionsofchildrenbecameorphans．Thenexttimeshesawhim，hewascookingrice．表示某段时间：ThetwelvedaysIwasinTokyo，Iwasextremelybusy．（All）thewhileIwasreading，theywereplayingmahjong．Youwon"tbehungrysolongas（oraslongas，while）Ihaveenoughtoeat．（只要我有饭吃，你就不致挨饿。）Icanneverbehappysolongasmyenemyisstillalive．2www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语IloveyouwhileIlive．I"mhappyasandwhenyou"rehappp．Ihavelearned（tillnow）manythings（ever）sinceIleftschool．Ihadlearned（tillthen）manythingssinceIhadleftschool．表示频度：Each（orEvery）timeIspoke，Iwascriticized．（每次说话，必受批评。）Theyquarrelasoftenas（orwhenever，everytime）theymeet．Comewhenever（oranytime，nomatterwhen）youarefree．表示“立即”，“一……就……”：Theyquarrelled（as）soonas（ordirectly，immediately，themoment，theinstant）theweddingceremonyended．（婚礼一完就吵起来。）Hehadscarcely（orhardly，barely，onlyjust）beganhissongwhentheaudienceshoutedathim．（L）Theyhadnosoonerconcludedthewarthantheywerefacedwithpestilence．IhadnotbeeninIndiabeforeImarriedanIndiangirl．ThewordswerescarcelyoutofmymouthbeforeMarycried．表示“在……之前”：Lookbeforeyoujump．Don"tjumpbeforeyoulook．Iwilldiebefore（=ratherthanthat）Isurrender．Iwoulddoanythingbefore（=ratherthanthat）myfamilyshouldwant．Onemustworkhardbeforehesucceeds（＝ifheintendstosucceed）．表示“在……之后”：Heremainedpig－headedafter（=though）he（had）failed．Hewantstobefamousafterhebecomesrich．3www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语表示“直到”：Hesleptuntilitwasnine（时刻）。（从句常在主句后）（till是口语体，可以代替until．）Themothersangalullabytillthebabywenttosleep．Hedidnotgetuptillitwasnine．（=Itwasninebeforehegotup=Notuntilitwasninedidhegetup．）要到九点，方才起床。）Hewasnotabletowalkuntilhewasfiveyearsold．UntilImether，Ihadneverknownwhat"slove．2．地点状语从句Theyarrivedwhere（=attheplacewhere）theyhadfalleninlovetenyearsago．（L）Weeat，sleepandworkwhereourforefathershavelivedanddied．Wehavetogowhere（=totheplacewhere）everybodyhastogo．（L）Hetookmewherewemightdineandtalk．Heiswelcomewherever（oranywhere）hegoes．Youmaygoanywhere（orwherever）youlike（orchoose，can，please，wantto）．Where（orWhen，Ifthereissmoke，thereisfire．（P）Wherethereislife，thereishope．（P）Wecan"tcooperatewherethereisnocommonbenefit．3．比较状语从句4www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语比较状语从句通常由as或than引起，有些句子成分通常省略（参阅1778）。这类从句和大多数状语从句不同，它们不修饰动词，而是修饰as，so，less，more等副词，或其他比较级的词，如taller，harder．在这里讨论它们，不是作为动词修饰语，而是作为一种状语从句。包含这类从句的句子通常为L，即从句在后：SheisastallasI（orme）．Heworksashardashisbrother（does）．Hedoesnotworkashardashisbrother．Hedoesnotwork．sohardashisbrother．Noothermenworkas（orso）hardashisbrother（does）．Noothermenworkashardasdoeshisbrother．SheistallerthanI（orme）．Sheistallerthisyearthan（shewastall）lastyear．Sheismoreshythanunsocial．Shethinksmoreaboutherappearancethan（shethinksabout）aboutherpersonality．Shefindsiteasiertoreadthantowrite．SheisnottallerthanI．（Botharetall．）SheisnotallerthanI．（Bothareshort．）Icannotpersuadehimanymorethanyourpersuadeapillar．（=Iamunabletopersuadehim，justasyouareunabletopersuadeapillar．）Icanforgethernomorethanshe（forgets）me．Nothingismoredangerousthanthatyou（should）makefriendswithhim．Iwillhelpyouratherthanthatyou（should）haveanytrouble．Itisbetterthatweshoulddieratherthanthatwe（should）beslaves．Heisonlylesssillythan（=almostassillyas）John．5www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Thanhimnobodyismoreclever．（＝Heisthecleverestman．）（than在这里的作用更接近介词）Thanthistherearenobetterplaces．（Thisisthebestplace．）IknowJohn，thanwhomIhaveneverseenasillierman．4．方式状语从句方式状语从句和比较状语从句不同。比较状语从句通常由as和than引起，不修饰主句里的动词，常有一些成分省略。方式状语从句只由as引起，修饰主句中的动词，只在少数情况下有些词省略（例如下面方括号中的词）：Menfeardeathas（=inthesamemanneras）childrenfearthedark．Airistomanas（orwhat）wateristofish．Manisinclinedtodoevilaswaterisinclinedtoflowdown．Sheplayedwithhimasacatwould［play］withamouse．HeclimbedMountEverestjustasyouwould[climb]aladder．Ashehad［lostheart］before，helostheartassoonashesawher．Hehassenttheletterashewastold[tosendit]．Hesacrificedhimselfashehadpledged[tosacrificehimself]．Aseveryoneexpected，thepolicecameatonce．AsIknow，hehasbeenaprisoner．Asitseems，thepublicignoretheaccident．Asthestoryruns（orgoes），theygotmarriedsecretly．Greatmindsthinkalike，asthesayingis．Describetheaccidentasitis．Ileftthematterasitwas．6www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Now，asbefore（=asshedidbefore），shestillloveshisparents，thoughshe"sgotmarried．Today，asforcenturiespast，peasantsareimportanttoacountry．Inthiscase，asinothers，onecannotbetoohonest．Aswhenshehadlostherpuppylastyear，shecriedbitterly．Hespeaks，asitwere，foryourbenefit（buthedoesn"t）．Hefeels，asitwere，insultedandneglectedbyallmen．Iwilldoitexactly（orprecisely，just，quite，muck）asIamtold．（as前面可有副词（短语）修饰它）Iwilldoittheway（=as）Iamtold．Iwilldoitlike（orsameas）youdid．（口语体）Wedobusinessthesameastheydo．（商业用语）Hewaspunished，asweretheotheroffenders（=asotheroffenderswerepunished）．（助动词若被提到主语前面，可代表整个谓语。）ShelearnsEnglish，asdomanyothergirls（=asmanyothergirlslearnEnglish．）Asianscankissinstreetstoday，ascanAmericans．Hetalksasifhewere（orwas）aprofessorandthat（=asif）heknewalotofart．（在asif引起的从句中，谓语通常为虚拟语气。）Hefeelsasifnothingwerewrong．Hefeelslikenothingiswrong．（口语体）Heseems（orlooks）asifheknowsit（＝mayknowit）．（陈述语气）Itseems（orlooks）likeheknowsit．（口语体）Helaughedandcriedjust（ormuch，precisely）asifhewentmad．Hewentinahurryasthough（=asif）hehadsome－thingurgenttodo．7www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Hishomeisas（=inthesameconditionas）heleftitfiftyyearsago．HeisjustasIthinkabouthim．EverythingisalmostaswesawitinIndia．Ourviewpointisasyouhaveknownitformanyyears．Asyousow，soyouwillreap．（P）Asfiretriesgold，sodoesadversitytryfriendship．Asinwar，soinlove．（主语谓语都没有）Aswithindividuals，sowithnations．Asisthefather，soistheson．Ilovehimas（=like）asonofmine．（as用作介词）Sheswimsasafish．Theyroseasoneman．Doitinwhateverway（=as）youcan．Inthiscountryonecanacthowever（=as）onewishes．Wecaneatanddrinkhow（=as）welike．Auntispartialtowardsme，liketowardsababy．IboughtausedTVsetasis（=withoutrepairs）．5．伴随情况状语从句InevergambledthatIdidnotlostmoney．（L）（=Inevergambledwithoutlosingmoney=IlostmoneywheneverIgambled．）Wenevermeetbutwequarrel．（but为陈旧用法=thatnot）Henevercourtsagirlbutheislaughedat．8www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Itneverrainsbutitpours．Fewmensayanythingbutsomeonewouldcriticizeit．Neveradaypassesbutthat（orbutwhat）（=but）theyhavesometrouble．（少见）Ineverseeliquorwithout（=but）Idrinkit．（文盲语言）IneverdrinkitwithoutIgetdrunk．6．对比状语从句Humanlivesaresocheap，whilebreadissodear．Hewalkedwhilehemightride．Hesolditfortendollarswhen（orwhile，whereas）every-oneelsesolditfortwelve．Somedieofhunger，whileothersdieofeatingtoomuch．Somestudythesecretoflongevity，whereasothersstudythemethodofkilling．7．原因或理由状语从句Thecropsfailedbecausetheseasonwasill．（L）Thecropsdidnotfailbecausetheseasonwasill．（=Thecropsfailed，butnotbecausetheseasonwasill．）Thecropsdidnotfail，becausetheseasonwasfavourable．（注意从句前的逗号）Ilovehim（all）themorebecauseheissimple．Idonotlovehimthelessbecauseheissimple；或Ilovehimnonethelessbecauseheissimple．（=Istilllovehimthoughheissimple．）（L）9www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Asitissoeasy，youcandoitatonce．（=Itis，asyouknow，soeasy，soyoucandoitatonce．）Since（较as更文气一些）itissoeasy，youcandoit．（since，as和now常可用来开始一个句子，意思不及because那样强。）Now（that）everythingisready，wemusthesitatenomore．I"lltellyousomething，nowwearealone．Heshallbepardonedseeingthat（orconsideringthat，inviewofthefactthat）heisveryyoung．Hemustbepunishedseeingthathehascommittedthecrimethreetimes．Hedoeswronginthatheleaveshischildrenuneducated．（L）Heisafoolinthathemarriedaslut．（inthat为较文气用法）Hewillresigninasmuchas（orforthereasonthat，ontheground（s）that）heistooold．（inasmuchas和insomuchas都是文气的用法）Whereas（=Seeingthat，为法律用语）theplaceisdangerous，nobodyisallowedtostandnear．（P）Shecouldnotkeepstill，sohappywasshe（orshewassohappy）．（L）（在使用so或such时，表示原因的连词常常省略。比较：Shewassohappythatshecouldnotkeepstill．）Icannotunderstand，hespeakssofast．Hemovedtheaudience，hespokewithsucheloquence．FoolthatIwas（=AsIwasafool），Iwascheated．（fool前不加冠词）Herefusedtoquarrelwithanyone，greatscholarthathewas．Hefailed，notthathewaslazy，but（because）hewasill．8．结果或程度状语从句Microbesaresosmallthattheycan"tbeseenwithoureyes．（L）10www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Microbesaresmall，sothattheycan"tbeseenwithoureyes．（注意从句前的逗号）Hestudiedhard（so）thathefinallysucceeded．（so可以省略）Hespeakssofast（that）Ican"tunderstandhim．（that可以省略，特别是在口语中。）Thebookissoeasy（that）everyonecanreadit．Hespokewithsucheloquence（that）theyweremoved．（such用在名词前面，而so用在形容词或副词前面。）Itwasextremelycold，somuchsothat（orinsomuchthat）nobodywentout．（较文气说法）Letthemcursemeasmuchastheyplease．Bothsideswerekilledtothedegreethat（ortosuchanextentas）theydarenotfightanymore．Nomanissooldbut（that）hemaylearn（=thathemaynotlearn）．（L）（两部分都有否定意思）Nothingissohardbutwhat（口语体）itcomeseasybypractice．Areyoumyfatherthatyoushouldordermeabout？（L）（在这类带有情绪的句子中，主句可能是一个问句。）Ishereallyblindthatheshouldnotseeit？AmIadogthatyoushouldtreatmelikethat？Whoareyouthatyoudaretoinsultme？Whatishappeningtherethattheyshouldbesonoisy？Wherehaveyoubeenthatyoushouldbesoangry？WhatafoolIamthatIshouldmarrysuchapig！（主句可以是感叹句）Howcleveryouarethatyoudoknowhowtocursenow！11www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语9．目的状语从句Heworkshard（inorder，inthehope，onpurpose，forthepurpose，totheend）thathemaysucceed．Heworkssohardthathemay（orcan，will）succeed．（L）Tenappleswerebought（so）thateachchildshouldhaveone．Iwavedso（that）theycouldsee．Wehidawaythecakesso（that）nooneshouldseethem．（L）Wehidawaythecakesforfear（that）heshould（ormight）seethem．Weworkhardlestweshouldfail．（较文气说法）Wefightontillweachieveindependence．12www.jnworld.cn