- 1.60 MB
- 2022-06-17 14:59:42 发布
- 1、本文档共5页,可阅读全部内容。
- 2、本文档内容版权归属内容提供方,所产生的收益全部归内容提供方所有。如果您对本文有版权争议,可选择认领,认领后既往收益都归您。
- 3、本文档由用户上传,本站不保证质量和数量令人满意,可能有诸多瑕疵,付费之前,请仔细先通过免费阅读内容等途径辨别内容交易风险。如存在严重挂羊头卖狗肉之情形,可联系本站下载客服投诉处理。
- 文档侵权举报电话:19940600175。
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程考研英语语法及长难句剖析和精讲Part1 长难句课程教学目标(1)精确掌握六十多种句型结构以及独特的拆分方法。(2)精通长难句的万能技巧———长难句的“三步走”。(3)疯狂练习历年真题中出现频率最高的三百多个经典句子,洞穿精华句型。(4)夯实基础,讲解句子的基本成分,从初级到高级各种语法现象,包括倒装,省略,强调句等等。(5)把难句“字面化逐字翻译”提高到“意群性分析性翻译”到“无意识的机械化理解”。(6)全面提升难句分析准确性和效率,把握每个难句的潜在命题点和出题方向,讲解正确答案特征。(7)熟练闪光句型的写作原理,为未来写作的妙笔生辉和下笔有神做好准备。(8)通过分析长难句打通英文文化思维,树立强大的西方式阅读模式。(9)通过分析长难句精讲和扩充一千个考研核心词汇,为词汇的飞跃做好储备。(10)通过分析长难句打好阅读基础,为将来的段落分析和文章宏观的驾驭能力打好基础。Part2 考研英语颠峰辅导全程安排(1)考研英语全程飞跃70分策划课程8小时(系统分析考研英语六大阶段复习方案,包括各大板块学习方法,以及英语突破高分方法)(2)考研英语核心语法及长难句课程35小时(精确剖析800个历史最经典长难句以及80个语法规律,做到从此人生再也没有长难句子)(3)考研英语十年阅读真题精讲课程70小时(洞穿阅读真题出题规律,榨干阅读真题文章精华,逐字逐句过文章的语言点,如核心词汇和长难句)(4)考研英语阅读十大题型以及解题技巧课程65小时(全面剖析十种考研题型的题干特点,定位方法,正确错误答案特征,比如猜词题,论点论据题,配合248道最经典真题和模拟题,解开阅读命题真相)(5)考研英语核心单词巧记课程42小时(全面剖析4378个高频词汇的核心用法,记忆方法以及特殊意思,做到满篇无生词的愉悦感)(6)考研英语疯狂口语班(全面剖析口语发音的诀窍,48个国际音标以及35个发音技巧,可以脱口而出流利标准的英文口语)(7)考研英语写作强化课程21小时(全面剖析写作闪光词以及复杂句型创作原理以及写作万能模板,大小作文的精准预测)—1—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高(8)考研英语新题型以及完型强化课程21小时(全面剖析排序题,完型填句题解题思路以及选项规律,介绍新题型宏观阅读法,完型词汇复现等成熟解题思路)(9)考研英语翻译强化课程15小时(全面剖析38种翻译技巧,包括增译法,减译法,正话反译法,并系统地评价翻译评分标准和十年真题)(10)四六级阅读强化课程(洞穿四六级阅读真题出题规律以及解题方法,还原四六级命题真相)(11)四六级万能作文冲刺课程8小时(重点剖析八种四六级作文超级模板使用方法,比如利弊说明的文章,可以短时间速成作文)(12)考研阅读110篇专项训练课程32小时(全面剖析十种专业题材文章的阅读方法,提高阅读微技能,专业词汇量,语感和长难句分析,大量做题获取阅读提高的方法)(13)考研英语万能作文冲刺课程10小时(重点剖析六种大作文超级作文模板使用方法,比如批判危害的文章,可以短时间速成作文)(14)考研新概念三精讲班15小时(全面剖析新概念三语言点,文章闪光句型,词汇以及提高写作和阅读的基本功)Part3 肖克老师联系方式以及课后服务(1)微博为新浪网的肖克老师。(2)QQ为1120994121,每晚十点以后。(3)上了肖克网课马上给肖克老师发个短信息,把你的邮箱发到手机上,有超过上百种电子版学习资料赠送,邮寄到你的邮箱。Part4 基础阶段必备的用书(当当网,当地书店可以买)1.词汇方面:词汇宝典北航出版社2.真题方面:16年真题名师解析北航出版社3.阅读方面:阅读110篇北航出版社4.难句方面:长难句突破与速成北航出版社5.写作方面:写作超级宝典北航出版社Part5 十大题型解题思路速成以及猜题技巧课程教学目标(1)精确剖析二十年阅读真题的十大题型,包括主旨题,细节题,推理题,论点论据题,猜词题,原因题,条件题等核心解题思路。(2)精确剖析二十年阅读真题的十大题型的题干特点,提问方式以及题干定位方法,寻找题干的方法。(3)精确剖析二十年阅读真题的十大题型的正确答案特征,包括正确答案的概括性,抽象性,主题—2—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程性等特点。(4)精确剖析二十年阅读真题的十大题型的错误答案特征,包括本末倒置,偷换概念,所答非所问,过于片面等。(5)大量分析二百多道例题的词汇特征,难句特点以及中心词展开模式,打造词句篇三位一体的独特阅读方法和模式。(6)全面把握每个题型的潜在命题点和出题方向,并预测未来考试的题型分布和趋势,选项难度,正确率,区分度。(7)通过分析题型讲解段落以及文章中心开展的十大模式,树立强大的主题把握能力,和对段落以及文章高屋建瓴驾驭能力。(8)通过分析题型精确剖析段落的八大结构,六大文脉,掌握阅读提高效率和速度的方法,讲解如何忽略无效信息八大方法。(9)通过分析题型讲解6000个考研高频词汇的用法以及搭配。(10)通过分析题型提高正确率和解题效率至少五倍以上。Part6 阅读十二年真题超级精讲课程教学目标(1)精确剖析十二年阅读真题的50篇真题,逐字逐句讲解语言闪光点,包括每篇文章核心词汇,超级句型,选项分析。(2)精通阅读真题的万能技巧———文章分析的“三步走”。(3)大量分析历年真题中超过十五个单词以上的六百多个经典句子,洞穿难句精华句型和语法规则。(4)大量分析历年真题中超高频词汇(4500个)用法,包括词汇特殊意思,经典搭配,核心例句,听真题背单词很爽。(5)全面把握每个题型的潜在命题点和出题方向,讲解每个题型,如主旨题,细节题的正确答案特征以及定位方法。(6)通过分析文章打通英文文化思维,树立强大的西方式阅读模式,了解西方人写作思维十大模式。(7)通过分析文章讲解段落以及文章中心开展的十大模式,树立强大的主题把握能力,和对文章高屋建瓴驾驭能力。(8)通过分析文章精确剖析文章的八大结构,六大文脉,掌握阅读提高效率和速度的方法,讲解如何忽略无效信息八大方法。(9)通过分析文章讲解闪光句型,对闪光句型不断模仿造句,提高写作的基本功,也就是遣词造句的能力。(10)通过分析选项剖析正确答案十大特点,错误答案十大特点,以及剩下两个答案排除的方法的—3—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高技巧,加倍提升正确率和解题效率。Part7 考研英语核心词汇巧记课(1)熟练掌握十五年真题难度大,意思特殊高频词汇4297个。(2)讲解十多种背单词方法,包括激情联想法,词根词缀法,声音法,词伙记忆法。(3)精确剖析450个词根,词缀,解析英语超级构词法,带动4000多个词汇的有效记忆,做到终生难忘。(4)精确剖析1200个阅读中的熟词生义,讲解词汇如何引申意思,以及增加对词汇特殊用法的掌握。(5)重点讲解写作高级闪光词汇880个,讲解如何从简单词汇提升到高级词汇,并熟练使用,轻松使用图画作文闪光词。(6)重点讲解完型填空近义词辨析300组,近义词辨析200组,特殊搭配400组。(7)讲解阅读翻译中的十大门类词汇,包括经济学108个词汇,心理学121个词汇,医学107个词汇,共计1450个专业词汇。(8)讲解阅读真题最精美的三百个例句,在文章语境中精确背单词,掌握词汇特殊语境下的特殊用法。(9)讲解最高级的阅读中的词组和搭配700个,征服短语词组。(10)讲解阅读中的褒贬词汇,作者情感表达可以轻松搞定。(11)分析写作阅读起程转和300词汇,掌握文脉和结构。(12)剖析翻译考试的特殊词组和美国特殊用语500个。Part8 考研英语强化作文以及万能黄金模板(1)精讲880个图画作文专用的闪光词汇,改善词汇单调枯燥的写法,打造钻石级闪光词汇,挑战满分作文。(2)全面剖析45种写作的核心语法,并构造300个黄金句型。(3)深刻剖析十大功能段落,包括现象描述段,原因分析段,建议措施段等等。(4)揭示十几种描述作文的方法,包括避重就轻法,深入浅出法。(5)讲解写作常见的语法和词汇60种错误,避免拼写和语法陷阱。(6)演练构思文章的方法以及设计文章的技巧,包括如何描述图画,举例子,分析原因,预测趋势。(7)培养主题的重复方法和思维模式,正确多样化表达中心思想。(8)精确讲解大作文25大主题文章,小作文15大主题文章风格,构思设计,文章闪光词和高级句型鉴赏。(9)讲解消极文章的三套万能模板的创作思路,套用25篇消极文章,以不变应万变,比如公德问—4—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程题,网恋问题。(10)讲解积极精神的三套万能模板的创作思路,套用20篇作文,熟练掌握团队精神,创新精神这些文章的方法。(11)讲解正反对比三套万能模板的创作思路,套用20篇作文,熟练掌握私家轿车好坏处这些文章创作方法。(12)讲解十五种不同万能书信的创作方法,包括求职信,道歉信,申请信,感谢信,倡导信的写法。Part9 考研英语完型填空和新题型的解题方法(1)讲解十五年完型填空设置选项规律,文章阅读的方法。(2)精确剖析完型填空35个解题方法,包括词汇复现,词汇同现法。(3)全面讲解历年真题中频率最高的300组近义词辨析,280组。形近词辨析,500个特殊搭配,300个介词搭配。(4)精确分析15年完型填空真题文章结构以及主题开展的方式。(5)精确剖析正确,错误答案特征词汇,讲解概率高的正确答案特征词汇,提升选项分析能力。(6)精确剖析新题型的排序题的十大解题技巧,六大命题思路,八大行文方式。(7)全面分析15篇排序题的做题方法,命题思路,答题技巧。(8)精确剖析排序题的万能技巧———三部曲原则。(9)全面分析新题型之完型填句题六大解题战略,打造满分可能。(10)全面分析新题型之标题选择题六大解题战略,创造高分奇迹。宏观介绍拆分长难句子以及中西方语言区别(1)Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedataconstantageandpromotedgraduallyaccordingtothetalentsofhumans,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQandhasgreattalentsinsolvingmathematicalandphysicalproblems.(2)TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsthattheywantmostandwhenandwheretheproductsshouldbesoldtogettheiruttermostattention.Section 1英语基本的句型(1)主———谓结构(SV)①Allthefolksinthetheatreweredeeplymoved.—5—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高②Theexistenceofbothracialandsexualdiscriminationinemploymentiswelldocumented.③Certainformsofpolitenessshouldbeobservedaswell.(2)主———谓———宾(SVO)①Allparentshavetosolvetheproblemsoffreedomanddiscipline.②Earlyupbringinginthehomeisaffectedbothbytheeducationalpatternofthecountryandbytheparents’capabilities.③Everyonedreamsofattainingsuccessinhiscareers.(3)主———系———表(SVC)①Sheisfeelingdepressedandfrustratedtoday.②Inthatway,competitioncanbecomeasensibleandpositiveway.③Tomakemistakesandtorepeatmakingthesameonesaretooserioustobeforgiven.(4)主———谓———直接宾语———间接宾语(S———V———Od———Oi)①Heofferedmeagreathand.②Computersofferconsumersmanyconveniences.③Themodernwhitefurnitureandthespecialpaintinggivethestoreanexpensivelook.(5)主———谓———宾语———宾语补语(SVOC)①TommadeJimcryloudly.②Wepaintedtheroofred.③Hisdisorderlybehaviorshavelethisgirlfrienddown.(6)主———谓———形式宾语it———名词短语或形容词———真正宾语①Somestudentsholditasensiblechoicetoreformtheeconomicsystem.②Weconsideritreasonabletostudyabroad.③Weholdithighlynecessarytorakearationalattitudetowardsinternet.(6)主———谓———宾语———宾语的同位语①IamcrazyaboutthefilmofTitanic,aromanticstoryIcanneverforget.②SomewomenarenormallyinactiveinsocialactivityintheArabiancountrybut,allofasudden,startapoliticalcampaign,anactionthatturnsagainstthepresentpoliticalsystem.—6—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程Section2句子成分的深刻剖析Part1 主语成分(1)名词做主语Pessimistssaythatthehumanisfacingextinction.(2)动名词做主语Now,keepingpetsismoreandmoreprevalentinmanydevelopedcountries.(3)代词做主语Afteralightpassengerplaneflewofftheairport10minutesago,itcrashedinthemountainsanditspilotwaskilled.(4)不定式做主语Tocommitsuicideisacowardlybehavior.(5)it形式主语做主语ItisimpossibleformostlearnerstostudyEnglishabroad.(6)主语从句做主语Thathastemakeswasteisaproverbfulloflogic.(7)“the”加形容词做主语Howeveradversethecircumstanceis,thestronginlifefirmlybelieveactionismorereliablethanluck.(8)数词做主语Eachyearthousandsofgraduatesfloodthejobmarket,wavingtheircollegediplomasandcertificates.(9)短语做主语Agirlofgreatwisdomandoffascinatingpersonalityiswhatyouarelookingfor.—7—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高(10)as做主语Asisknowntoall,wenowhaveatwodayweekend,whichmeanswehaveonemoredayforarestafteraweek’sworkandstudy.真题中的复杂的主语(1)Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.(2)Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigher.(3)Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.(4)AbillbytheDemocraticSenatorRobert,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.(5)Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved,thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain”)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.(6)Thenotionofnotdiscriminatingonthebasisofinborntalentishighlyregarded.(7)Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingthewatercanhelpustoresolvetheseconflicts.(8)Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.(9)Theselectingroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.(10)Oneofthemostdifficultissuesfacedbythehealthexpertsishowtomotivatethefatpeopletotakeareasonablediet.(11)JournalistswhohaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncanhardlydoacompetentjobonreportsaboutAmericanpoliticalevents.(12)Itiscrucialthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.(13)Itishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Part2 宾语(1)Toolittleconflictbreedsapathy(冷漠)andstagnation(呆滞).Toomuchconflictleadstodivisivenessandhostility(仇恨).Moderatelevelsofconflict,however,cansparkcreativityandmotivatepeo—8—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程pleinahealthyandcompetitiveway.(2)Thetownsfolkdon’tseeitinthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.(3)RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtthatschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren.(4)ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’sreport“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers”.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture.(5)JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scountercultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Part3 表语(1)Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.(2)Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausethemoderntimeshaveseensomuchmisery.(3)Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird.Buttheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.(4)Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Morerecently,astheWebprovestobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Part4 定语(1)Theabilitytosolveanyproblemsoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.(2)Theneedtoloveandtobelovedseemsuniversal.Maybethisisonetraitthatseparateshumanbeingsfromotheranimals.(3)Asforthepicturestakeninspacebysatellitesshowingtheearthtoberotatingsphere,theywerejusttooridiculousforwords.(4)TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,Amazon.com,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.(5)Theuniverseworksinawaysoremotefromwhatcommonsensewouldallowthatwordsofanykindsareinadequatetoexplainit.—9—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高(6)Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,timeconsuming.(7)ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassicalmusicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.(8)Heisgiftedwiththeabilitytotaketheworkofscientistsandtotranslateitintolanguagethatchildrenwillenjoyreading.(9)Theroleofgovernmentsindetermininghowhighereducationinstitutionspromotecommunity’sspiritualconstructionandcontributetoregionalandlocaldevelopmentiscrucial.(10)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements———themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.(11)Peopleareabsorbedintoacultureofconsumptionlaunchedbythe19thcenturydepartmentstoresthatofferedvastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.(12)Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.(13)Forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,thisreferstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.(14)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.(15)Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals.(16)Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.(17)Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplacesuchasrestructuringareonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivity,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinnewequipmentandtechnology.(18)Amanwithouteducation,manyofusbelieve,isanunfortunatevictimofadversecircumstancesdeprivedofoneofthegreatestopportunitytosucceed.—10—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程Section3各种从句和特殊结构Part1 主语从句阅读(1)Thatinflationstrikestheeconomicsystemandcausessevereeconomiccrisisiswellknown.(2)Thatourenvironmenthaslittletodowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.(3)Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyershaveshownisjusthowfastthingsaregoing.(4)Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.(5)Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.(6)However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.(7)Butmoreimportantly,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.(8)Whatisspecialaboutaman’sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeel,say,ateddybearwiththesoundpattern“teddybear”.(9)Itisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththoseofthescientists’minds,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.(10)IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.Part2 宾语从句阅读(1)Cartwrightbelievesthatonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.(2)Recentcourtdecisionshaveorderedthatpublicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation.(3)Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehaviorbecausetheywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteractionswithothers.(4)Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.(5)Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afact—11—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高underlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.(6)“Yourabilitiesandwisdomcount”,ExplainedpsychologistMichaelSchelerofCarnegeMellonUniversityinPittsburgh,“butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwillsucceedandwhetheryoucanmakeatriumphpersistentlyafterachievingyourgoals.”(7)Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefarreachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.(8)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.(9)Thebehavioristmaintainsthat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.Supportersofthe“nature”theoryinsistthatwearebornwithacertaincapacityforlearningthatisbiologicallydetermined.(10)Youhavehearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinductionanddeduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfromNaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,theybuilduptheirtheories.(11)Whatmakesusdelightedisthatthesecomputerscanrecordwhichhoursarebusiesttomakeconsumerswaitmoreanxiouslyandwhichemployeesarethemostefficienttoattractourpotentialcustomers,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Part3 表语从句阅读(1)Iamnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofishowIwoulddie.(2)Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommoditypriceinflation.(3)Allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.(4)Onedifficultyisthatallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.(5)Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented———andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated———thanpreviouslyimagined.(6)Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.(7)Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedin—12—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程theoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.(8)Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfinds.Itinefficienttokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcreatenewreceptorsifnecessary.(9)Anironyisthatalthoughthejournalistsfeeltheyarepanderingtopublictastes,thepublic’sdecliningconfidenceinthepresssuggeststhatitisnotpleasedwithwhatitisgettingfromthejournalists.(10)Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofalongtermrevivalandprosperity.(11)Allwecanhopetodayisthatunbelievablydangerouspowersofatomicweapons,whichhavebeenputintothehandsofhumanbeingsbythedevelopmentofmodernscience,willremainundercontrolbyresponsiblemenandcountries,andthattheywillbestoredsecurelyandusedtodeterthosecountriesdesiroustolaunchwarswithoutrationalreasonsandthatevilterroristswillnotreleaseuponmankindtheweaponsthatcouldextinguishnotonlymankind,butalllifeonearth.Part4 同位语从句阅读(1)that引导①Intalkingtosomeyoungscientists,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthescientificmethodsubstituteforimaginativethought.②Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.③Generally,therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbyacommonsetoflaws.④Theassertionthatitwasdifficultforapeopletoenjoyitsbasicrightsunlessitwasabletodeterminefreelyitspoliticalstatusandtoensurefreelyitseconomic,socialandculturaldevelopmentwasscarcelycontested.⑤Ifgoodpeopledonothing,thereisapossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.⑥Suchbehaviorisregardas“alltoohuman”,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.⑦Behaviorists,incontrast,saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.⑧Overandoveragain,theRevolutionarygeneration,bothliberalandconservativeinoutlook,asser—13—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高teditsconvictionthatthepublicinterestoftheRepublicresteduponaneducatedcitizenrywhocantellthetruthfromthewrongandwhohavegreaterpatriotism,andthatschools,especiallyfreepublicschools,wouldbethebestmeansofeducatingthecitizenryincorrectvaluesandtheobligationsrequiredofeveryoneinademocraticrepublicansociety.⑨Itdoesbelongtotheintentionofthefreedomofthepressthatanideashallhaveitschancetobeknownevenifitisnotsharedbythosewhoownandmanagethepress.⑩Theideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsofthenewsmedia.(2)whether引导①Thequestionwhetherweneedmoretimetodotheworkhasnotbeendecided.②Theissuewhetherthemanistrustworthyisinvestigated.(3)同位语从句与被修饰的名词分开,中间插入别的成分①Concernswereraisedthatwitnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts.②Drearymonthsdraggedbybeforethetragicnewsreachedherthatherbelovedbrotherhadbeenkilledforrebellingthecountry.③Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.Part5 定语从句阅读(1)who,that,which等关系代词引导的定语从句①Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateinternet.②Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.③Butthisbreakthrough,hesays,isonlythestartofmanmachineintegration:itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessoftheintegrationthatultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthecentury.④Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback———abackupearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkplaceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfell—14—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程sick.⑤Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncreditcardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedinJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputstheAmericancompaniesonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.⑥Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.⑦Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities———thoseofloveandofreason———aretheaimsofallsocialarrangement.⑧Butthebreakthrough,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.(2)which引导的非限定性定语从句①Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystockmarketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasnecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.②Andthecostoftheinternetcompaniescontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupcompaniesinsilicon.③Inthewest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.(3)when,where,why,how等关系副词引导的定语从句①Maybeitisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasourswheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.②Whentheworkiswelldone,aruleofemergencyoperationisestablishedwheretimelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.③Theyhavetakennoteoftheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstillacompletelyagriculturalcountry,aperiodofabundanceandprosperity.—15—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高(4)连环定语从句①Piercehaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.②StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanismsthatallowthesealstocopewiththeextremeoxygendeprivationthatoccursduringitslongestdiveswhichcanextend500metersbelowtheocean’ssurfaceandlastforover70minutes.③Creatinga“Europeanidentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldcontinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.④InEurope,aselsewhere,multimediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.⑤Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematicmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomenona.⑥Wemaydefinechemistryasthesubjectinwhichwecanobservethechemicalchangeinsubstanceasaresultofwhichitispossibletoformanewsubstance.⑦Combinedwithdigitaltelevisionsets,videodiscscannotonlypresentfilmsbutalsooffersurroundsoundwhichprovidestheatrequalityamazingrealitybywhichtheviewersmayhaveanillusionthattheywereatthesceneandwitnessedeverythinghappeningjustaroundthem.(8)Newsourcesofenergymustbefound,andthiswilltaketime,butitisnotlikelytoresultinanysituationwherewecanenjoythatkindofcheapandplentifulenergythatwehavehadinthepast.(9)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlythatmadeaverycleardescriptionofAmericanuniqueculturesandtradition.⑩IwouldappreciateanyideasyoumightthinkofthatwouldbeespeciallybeneficialtoEnglishlearning.(5)并列定语从句①PresidentKennedywelcomedthepeoplewhoraisedquestions,whocriticized,whopresentedanintelligentpointofview,onwhosejudgmenthecouldrely,regardlessoftheirrankorviewpoint.②Smallcardswhichcancarryasmuchas80timesmoreinformationonthemthanconventionalcardandcanbeprocessedmorespeedilyandefficientlythanthoseoldfashionedcardsarealready—16—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程widelyusedinEuropeancountrieswherecentralizedbankscanrolloutthesenewservices.(6)定语从句和介词或分词连接使用①Speechhastobetriggeredandthisdependsontheinteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild’scrying,smiling,andrespondstothem.②Thusithappenedthatwhenthenewfactoriesthatwerespringinguprequiredlabor,thousandsofhomelessandhungryagriculturalpeasantswerefloodingintothecitiesinsearchofworkthatwouldkeepthemalive.③Inmodernfastconsumingproductcompanies,tremendoususeismadeofstatisticstomeasurethedynamicdifferenceinmarketsresultingfromthemassallocationsofadvertisementswhichconstitutesuchalargepartoftheirproductioncostsbeforesellingthattheyregardproductioncostsasproductionplusadvertisingcosts.④Suchlargemanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersshareholderswhohaveownedwealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandownersandalmostequallydetachedfromthemanagementofbusiness.(7)定语从句综合练习①正确答案的特征———同义改写的手段Ⅰ.同义词替换Ⅱ.词性的转化Ⅲ.正话反说,反话正说Ⅳ.具体与抽象转化Ⅴ.从句与简单句的转化②错误答案的命题特点:Ⅰ.张冠李戴Ⅱ.过于绝对Ⅲ.断章取义Ⅳ.推理过度Ⅴ.偷换概念,小动作Ⅵ.字面意思,肤浅直白Ⅶ.因果颠倒,逻辑混乱Ⅷ.扩大范围Ⅸ.无据比较—17—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高Ⅹ.时态语态错误③实例分析1.Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichcandevelophisorhercapacityforactiveresponsesandwhichcanencouragethecuriosityofthechildrenwillhavegreaterintellectualdevelopment.Whatcanbeinferredfromthissentence?A.Stimuliareessentialtothechild’spositiveresponses.B.ManystimulicanhelpchildrenimprovetheirIQ.C.Achild’sactiveresponsesdevelopthecuriosityofhim.D.Greaterintellectualdevelopmentisbasedontheenvironment.2.AmericanXgenerationswhostemfromgenerationswhichlefttheiroldpeoplebehindandneverclosedtheirparents’eyelidindeath,andwhohaveheardaboutthedeathprovidedbytwoworldwarsfoughtfarfromourshoresaretodaygettingridofarecognitionofthewaytheirpredecessorslivetheirlives.WecaninferthatAmericanXgenerations?A.aredesertingothers’lifestylesbecauseoftheirparents’deathB.aredetachedtothewayoflivingofmodernsocietyC.careaboutnothingbuttheirownbusinessandtheirchildrenD.arebecomingselfconcernedbecauseofknowingthedeathoftwoworldwars3.Unwillingly,hefindsthatstudentswhowereeasytoteachbecausetheysucceededinputtingeverythingtheyhadlearnedintopracticehesitatewhenconfrontedwiththevastuntouchedareaofEnglishvocabularyandusagewhichfalloutsidethescopeofbasictextbooks.Wecaninferthatthestudents.A.hesitatewhentheyputeverythingtheyhadlearnedintopracticeB.dealwiththeunfamiliarEnglishvocabularybadlybecauseofbeingsodependentonteachersC.shouldlearnmoreaboutextracurricularknowledgeratherthanfocusingontextbooksaloneD.caneasilyputthevocabularyandusageofEnglishintopractice4.Thecomingofageofpostwarbabyboomwhichcandealwiththepersonnelshortageandanentryofwomenintothemaledominatedjobmarketthatcaneliminatethesocialdiscriminationshavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenageswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedingoingtogoodschoolsandjobs.Whatcanbeinferredfromthesentence?A.Lackoflaborforcescanbeclearedwithfemaleworkers.—18—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程B.Youngsters’chancesarerestrainedbypostwarbabyboomandmorefemaleworkers.C.Theparticipationoffemalemainlylimitstheopportunityoftheyoung.D.AllJapaneseareworkinghardtogotogoodschoolsandjobs.5.Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthatsomeonewhorobsafewdollarsbyforcefromacornerstoreandhurtssomebodyphysicallyandmentallywilloftenendupwithalongerprisontermthanafraudartistwhocheatsthousandofdollarsbyhischeerfulperformances,whichmeansthatthepenaltyislessdeterminedbytheamountofcashthanbythelevelofbeingwounded.Inourcommunity,itisheldthat.A.moneycheatingislessseveresociallyB.lifeismatterofthemostimportanceC.hurtingothersismoreseverelyillegalthandeceptionD.afraudartistcanbebetterexcusedthantherobberPart6 副词性从句阅读———状语从句(1)时间状语从句①When,as,since,before,after②Not爥until,hardly/scarcely/rarely...when,nosooner...than,assoonas③很多表示时间的名词词组和副词也可以引导时间状语从句:instantly,immediately,directly,theday,everytime,theminute,themoment.实例分析①Wecannotdoanythingaboutituntilweknowthetruth.②Hehadhardlyfinishedhisspeechwhentheaudiencestartedcheering.③Strikewhiletheironishot.④Therehasbeenlittlechangeinthepatient’sconditionsincehewastakentotheemergencyroom.⑤LastyeartheJapaneseministerraisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarTwohadweakenedtheJapanesemoralityofrespectforparents.⑥Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroubles,andimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernance,anewproblemthreatenstoearnthem———especiallyinAmerica———thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.—19—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高⑦Onceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecureswillrapidlyfollow.⑧Immediatelyhearrived,hestarteddescribinguswhathadhappened.⑨Thedayhereturnedhome,hisgrandpawasalreadydead.(2)条件状语从句1.if,onlyif,ifonly,unless2.很多词组也可以引导条件状语从句,aslongas,Providedthat,Giventhat,Supposingthat,Onconditionthat,Incasethat实例分析①IfonlyIhadworkedharder,Iwouldfinishthejob.②Indeed,onlyifwetakenoteofwhatenabledmantosurviveagainsteveryconceivablehardshipanddanger,andwhatallowedhimtoadjusttothemostdrasticchangesinhisenvironmentwhichfinishedmanyspecieslessadaptablethanhimself,wewillseethatitwashisinstinctforcooperation.③Wemustprobablydiscardtheatonetimewidelyacceptedviewthatifoncelifehadcomeintotheuniverseinanyway,itwouldrapidlyspreadfromoneplanettoanotherplanetandfromoneplanetarysystemtoanotheruntilthewholeuniverseteemedwithlife.④Aslongasyoukeepontrying,youwillcertainlysucceed.⑤Attheendoftheday,thereisprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingorwewakeupinapanic.⑥Providedthathechangeshismind,youshouldmakeprecautions.⑦Incasethatthereareheavyshowers,youshouldtakeanumbrella.(3)原因状语从句1.because,since,as2.很多词组也可以引导原因状语从句———nowthat,inthat,consideringthat,onaccountof,asaresultof,byvirtueof,owingto,dueto,thanksto.实例分析①Theoryisvaluableinthatitcanprovideadirectionforpractice.②Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’seventsuntilwebegintodream.③Nowthattheweatherhasimproved,let’sgooutforapicnic.④Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent———andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance—havejumpedetigh—20—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程foldinjustonegeneration.⑤Consideringthatheisseriouslyillandlikelytodieafterafewmonths,thedoctorsdeterminenottotellhimthetruth.⑥Byvirtueofhiscalmnessandoptimism,hefinallydefeatstherivalsandwinsthevictoryeasily.⑦Asaresultoftwoorthreecenturiesofscientificinvestigation,wehavecometobelievethatnatureisunderstandableinthesensethatwhenweaskherquestionsbywaysofappropriateobservationsandexperiments,shewillanswertrulyandrewarduswithdiscoveriesthatboostoursocialdevelopment.(8)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeoplewhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.(4)让步状语从句1.although,though,despite,yet,but,inspiteof,while2.whatever,whenever,whoever,however.3.很多词组也可以引导让步状语从句,evenif,eventhough,whetherornot,nomatterwhat,nomatterhow实例分析①Don’tfeeldiscouragedevenifyoucan’tpersuadehim.②Despitetheexistenceofnationaldifferences,certainsituationshaveauniversalappeal.③Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareer,although,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily.”④Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.⑤Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.⑥RodriguenotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeAmoldschwarnegger,yetsomeAmericansfearthatimmigrantlivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation’sassimilativepowers.⑦Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.⑧Thesecreditcardsmakeitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.—21—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高(5)目的,结果状语从句sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat实例分析①Theyclimbedtothetopofthemountaininorderthattheycouldgetabird’seyeviewofthecity.②Thescientistsshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrights’misinformationgoesunchallengedandacquiresadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.③Homeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder———kitchenrage.④However,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld’smorefascinatingandcomplexproblems.⑤ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasoffabricatingtheirdata.(6)方式状语从句1.as,as...so2.asif,asthough,theway,themeans实例分析①Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.②Aswateristofish,soairistoman.③Justaswesweepourrooms,soweshouldsweepbackwardideasfromourminds.④Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinents,sohotspotsmayexplaininconstancy.⑤Butsomewhereinthe19thcenturyonward,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phony,orworstofall,boring,aswewentfromWorsworth’sdaffodilstoBandelaire’flowersofevil.Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasiftheyneverexisted.⑥Thewavesdashedontherocksasifinanger.(7)状语从句综合练习1.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes.”Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,“Don’tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.”2.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,but—22—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程alsoconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.3.MorethanonethirdofemployersinanewsurveysaytheywouldprobablycutoffhealthbenefitstotheirworkeronlyifCongresspassesalawallowingpatientstosuemanagedcareplanformalpractice.4.Theannualmigrationsofwildfowlandmanyotheranimalscertainlycannotberegardedasaformofexplorationsinthatsuchmovementsareactuallyonlyshiftsfromonehabitattoanotherforthepurposeofavoidingseasonalclimatevariations.5.Evenifcompanieshavereliedonhealthcareorganizationsandothertypesoffirmstocontrolcoststhroughmostofthe1990s,thesurveyshowedemployershaveseriousconcernsaboutthehealthplans.6.Thestandardofanydemocraticsocietyliesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossibleextent,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.7.Conversationbecomesweakerinasocietythatspendssomuchtimelisteningandbeingtalkedtothatapersonhasallbutlosethewillandtheskilltospeakforhimself.8.Possessionoflanguageisadefiningmarkofourhumanity,andithasbeenfaithfullyaccompanyinguseversinceourbranchemergedasadistinctspecies.9.AsanthropologistLontonsaid,“Thelastthingafishwouldevernoticewouldbewater,”Soitiswithpeople:exceptinunusualcircumstances,theeffectsofourownculturegenerallyremainforgettabletous.10.“I’magoodeconomicindicator,”shesays.“Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.”11.Asthechildrenbecomefinanciallyindependentlyofthefamily,theemphasisonfamilyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfrombringingupthechildrentosavingfortheretirementyears.12.Aslongaspoorpeople,whoingeneralarecolored,areinconflictwithricherpeoplewhoingeneralarewhiteskinned,thereisgoingtoaconstantracialconflictintheworld.Part7 比较结构的用法(1)no/not...otherthan:只有Hedidn’tknowanyoneattheweddingotherthanthebrideandgroom.(2)thebetter...thebetter...Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworks,thebettertheirreportingwillbe.—23—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高(3)more...than...:是……不是……①Thesocalleddivisionbetweenthepurescientistandtheappliedscientistismoreapparentthanignored.②TheachievementofChinesepeopleintheeconomicdevelopmentismoreencouragingthanupsetting.③Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.(4)less...than...:不是……而是……①Experienceshowsthatsuccessisduelesstoabilitythantozeal.②Whathebehavesinthepartyislesssincerethandeceptive.③Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;consequently,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathomethaninthetraditionalfamilystructure.④Sciencedependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.⑤Workisdesirabletosomemanyexhaustedclerkswhoalwaysworkfromdaytonight,fortheboredomthatamanfeelswhenheisdoingnecessarybutuninterestingworkislessseriousthantheboredomthathefeelswhenhehasnothingtodowithhisdaysandstaysathome.(5)nomore...than.../notanymore...than:和……一样都不①Oneminutetoolateisnomoreintimethanhalfanhouris.②JackisnomorediligentthanJohn.③Absolutejusticeisnomoreobtainablethanabsolutetruth.(6)S1+not+V1+O1(any)morethanS2+V2+O2(S1没有从事V1,正如S2没有从事V2一样)①Ahomewithoutloveisnomoreahomethanabodywithoutasoulisaman.②Buttakingmorethanthebodyneedsdoesn’tmakeitfunctionbetter,anymorethanoverfillingyourgastankmakesyourcarrunbetter.③Thegreatnessofanationisnomoredeterminedbyitspopulationthanthegreatnessofamanisdeterminedbyhisheight.④Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.—24—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程(7)noless...than...:既是……也是……①LindaisnolesscleverthanMary.②Helovesnolessfamethanwealth.③Asanation,theFrencharenolesseagertolearnabouttheirwartimefailingsthanaretheRussian.④Sunlightisnolessnecessarythanfreshairtoahealthyconditionofthebody.(8)nomorethan:仅仅,只是HeisnomorethangoodatEnglish.(9)nolessthan:简直是,实在是Youarenolessthanagenius.(10)nothingelsethan:只有①Doctor’snegligenceisnothingelsethancriminal.②Yoursuccessisduetonotingelsethanyourowndiligence.③Whatthemansaidwasnothingelsethannonsense.(11)nothingismoreadjthansth.表示最高级Nothingismorevaluablethandiamond.(12)asmuchas:与……一样重要However,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.(13)notas...as...:和……不一样ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstoIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.(14)notsomuch...as...:与其说……(还/倒)不如说……①Theoceansdonotsomuchdivideitasuniteit.②Thestrengthofknowledgeismanifestednotsomuchonitswidespectrumasinitswideapplication.—25—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高③Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthrough1980s,thelifeofusisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlifeasapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.(15)AistoBasCistoD.A至于B,相当于C至于D.TheinformalEnglishistotheformalEnglishasthepaperplatesaretotheshiningbowl.(16)复杂的比较级综合练习1.Sciencethatpromotestheinnovationofoursocialproductivityandservicemovesforwardnotsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenthatplayapioneeringroleinoursocietyasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.Scientificprogressmainlystemsfrom.A.giftedscientistsandgreatfiguresB.capacityforunderstandinghiddentruthsC.bettertechniquesandfacilitiesD.powerfulmenandordinarythings2.Theincreaseinthenumberofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomehadlesstodowiththemechanizationandconvenienceofthehouseworkandanincreaseinsparetimeforthesewomenthanwiththeirownunavoidableeconomicrequirementsandwithhighmarriageratesthatdecreasetheavailablenumberofsinglewomenworkers.Whichofthefollowingaccountformoremarriedfemaleworkers?A.Theautomationandconvenienceofhouseworkandhighmarriagerates.B.Financialburdenandfewersinglewomenworkers.C.Women’sdesireforleisurelivesandkeepingahighsalary.D.Unavoidableeconomicdemandsandtheimportanceofsinglewomen.3.Nobodywithanysenseexpectstofindthetruthinadvertisementsaboutthequalityofproductsanymorethanheexpectsamanapplyingforajobanxiouslyandbeingeagertogetthebutterandbreadtodescribehisshortcomings,whichreflectsthehumannatureofsomepeoplewhoregardthecommercialinterestsmoreimportantlythanthemoralvalues.Whatcanbeinferredfromthissentence?A.Applicationofjobsisbasedonthehonestyoftellingweakness.B.Businessinterestsaremoresignificantthanmoralvaluestomostofus.C.Theexactnessofqualityofproductsareusuallyhiddenbyads.D.Humanslovetoeatbreadandbutterwhenapplyingforajob.—26—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程4.Itis,ofcourse,obviousthatlocalpoliticians,whospreaddevastationonlyintheprovincesandbecomecorruptive,arelessharmfultotheworldthanournationalsenatorwhocookdeceptivestorytoinsultothercandidatesinordertowinanelectioncampaignandobtainmorebriberyonceonstage.Whatcanbeinferredfromthissentence?A.politiciansareusuallycorruptivebyinsultothercandidatesB.localpoliticiansaremoregreedythanthenationalonesC.hurtingothercandidatesisessentialtowinningtheelectionD.nationalsenatorsaremoreviciousandcheating.Part8 并列短语和句子的使用(1)and的并列①Notgettingenoughsleepcanharmyourmood,memoryandabilitytolearnandconcentrate,andjobperformance,andshortenyourlife.Itcanevenkillyouandothersifyoufallasleepwhiledrivingoroperatingmachinery.②Fromwhatisstatedabove,itislearnedthatthesun’sheatcanpassthroughtheemptyspacebetweenthesunandtheatmospherethatsurroundstheearth,andthatmostoftheheatisdispersedthroughtheatmosphereandlostbutwhatextentitislosthasnotbeenfoundout.③Itisnecessarytorecognizethecommercialrepresentativeasaprofessionandthesuccessfulexerciseofthejobispositivelycorrelatedwiththeabilitytowinothers’trustandtoresolveconflicts,thelevelandcontentoftheirformaleducationandspecializedtraining,thelengthandvarietyoftheirexperience,andtheskillstheyreceivefromthetradetransactions.④Historyhasprovedthatman’sunderstandingofnaturalresourcesandhistappingandutilizingofthem,aswellashiscapabilityofmakingtoolsofproductiontomakeuseoftheseresources,areamilestonetothelevelofdevelopmentofsocialproductiveforces.⑤Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinuedandnewmedicineisusedquicklyandfinallybytheoccurrenceofnewtolerancewhenyoutakethenewmedicinerepeatedly.Whatcanbeinferredfromthesentence?A.Uncomfortablewithdrawalsymptomsleadtousageofnewmedicine.B.Youfeelunpleasantwhentakingthenewmedicinerepeatedly.C.Dependenceischaracterizedbytoleranceoftremendoususeofmedicine.—27—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高D.Newmedicineisbetterthantheoldonetohelpthepatientsrecoverquickly.⑥Humanbeingshavelongdistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimals,andindoingsoensuredtheirsurvival,bytheabilitytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds.Ifmanistosurvive,.A.heshouldbeasdifferentaspossiblefromothercreatures.B.heshouldbuildagoodrelationshipwiththeenvironment.C.heshouldbecomeaccustomedtoitsenvironment.D.hecanobservehisownneedsandenvironment.⑦Studiesshowthatmostdoctorssincerelybelievethattheseriouslyilldonotwanttoknowthattruthabouttheircondition,andinformingthemrisksdestroyingtheirhope,sothattheymayrecovermorelowly,ordeterioratefaster,perhapsevencommitsuicide.Accordingtothestudies,.A.knowingthetruthdoeslittlegoodtotherecoveryB.withoutadoctor’shelpapatientwillloseheartC.sometimesariskisworthtakinginordertosaveapatientD.apatientwillrecoversoonerwithagooddoctor(2)Not...but...的并列①Obviously,thesignificantthingisnotthebehavioroftheplayersbuttheattitudeofthespectators;and,behindthespectators,ofthenationswhoworkthemselvesintofuriesovertheseabsurdcontests,andseriouslybelieve———atanyrateforshortperiods———thatrunning,jumpingandkickingaballaretestsofnationalvirtue.②Theirmethodsdon’tattempttoestimatetheactualbiomassoffishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheoceans,butratherchangesinthatbiomassoverthetime.③Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn’trootedininaccuracyofpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders.(3)notonly,notsimply,notjust...butalso的并列①AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyoftheresearchbutalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.②Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofartistictasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessbutalsomight—28—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程possiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.③IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourceseithertobemanufacturedfornewproductsortobesoldtoothersformoreprofitsbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.Whatcanbeinferredfromthesentence?A.Newproductscanbesoldtogetnewproductiveresources.B.Rightstomakecontractsarepartlythedefinitionofprivatepossession.C.Determiningthepriceofaproductiscorrelatedwithafreecontract.D.Thepriceofaproductisdecidedbythedemandsofcustomers.(4)or,either...or...,neither...nor...的使用①Itleadsthediscussionextremesatthebeginning:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumanextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.②WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisthedrivingforcetothesocialdevelopment?③ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorartificial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.(5)from...to...的并列①We’veevolvedfromafeudalsociety,inwhichthosewhodon’townlandwerealmostlikeslaves,tooneinwhichhomeownershipislinkedtosocialmobilityaswellascivicvirtue.②Asurveyofnewsstoriesin2002revealsthatantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.Part9 倒装句子(1)否定副词放句首———never,hardly,rarely,seldom,nor,atnotime,innoway,innocase,bynomeans,nolonger,undernocircumstances①Neverbeforeinhistoryhastheissueofoverpopulationbeenmoreevidentthannow.②AmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigurestocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.—29—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高③NolongercouldIcountonpeopletotakeprecautionstodealwiththoseseriousproblems.④Rarelyhasatechnologicaldevelopmenthadanimpactonmanyaspectsofsocial,economic,andculturaldevelopmentasgreatlyasthegrowthofelectronics.⑤HardlydotheWorldBankpredictionslendhopeforthefuture.Underthe“businessisusual”belief,thenumberofthepooronthe1dollarperdaywillnotchangeduringtherecentyearsupto2020.⑥NolesscostlytotheThirdWorldnationsisthesteadymigrationofwelltrainedprofessionalsinsearchofalife,anylife,inAmerica.(2)形容词,介词短语前置导致宾语后置①Manycommunitieshavealowliteracyrate,makingimpossiblehandingoutAIDSliteratureandexpectingpeopletoreadit.②IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocraticwayaboutmoralproblems.③Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywellknownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.④Widelyacknowledgedasagreatandimportantplaywriter,O’NeilbroughttoAmericanartisticstagewhatwasprobablyregardedasitsfirstreallyseriousdrama.⑤Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture”liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossiblyunderstoodimmenseamountsofdifferentculturalcustomsandtraditions.(3)介词短语或形容词短语放在句首要求倒装①Alongwiththemgosocialmobility,ambitionstoriseintheurbanworld,amainfactorinbringingdownthebirthsinEuropeinthenineteenthcentury.②Coupledwiththecentralizationofeconomicgrowthisthedisappearanceoftheextendedfamiliesinfavorofisolated,twogenerationhouseholds.③Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastreachesastandstill.④ImplicitwithTylor’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureisalearned,sharedandpatternedbehavior.⑤BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWaristhecountry’simpressivepopulationgrowth.—30—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程⑥Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.(4)某些固定词组要求倒装①NotonlyhastheGovernmentrefusedtoconsultwiththepeopleofAustraliaonthisissueofdecreasingthedutyrates,theyhavealsorefusedtoconsultwiththemonincreasingtheexportandimportbetweentwocountries.②Notonlyisittechnicallyimpossibletocensorcurrentcontentsoftheinternet,butalsotheinternetissettoexplodetremendouslyinthedata,withtherebeingliterallymillionsofchangesandadditionstowebcontentonadailybasis.③Soaddictedtoelectronicgamesdidthestudentsbecomethatourschoolsshouldcontrolthetimeofsurfingtheinternetforthechildren.④Althoughperhapsonly1percentofthelifethathasstartedsomewherewilldevelopintohighlycomplexandintelligentpatterns,sovastisthenumberofplanetsthatintelligentlifeisboundtobeanaturalpartoftheuniverse.(5)某些语法要求倒装①However,shouldpolicymeasuresbetakentoboosteconomicgrowthandmakethegrowthprocessmoreinclusivetothepoor,theWorldBankwouldreckonthat500millionpeoplecouldbebroughtoutofextremepovertyby2008.②Indeed,haditnotbeenforthesuperbpreservationofthesefossils,theymightwellhavebeenclassifiedasrubbishyrocks.③Richasheisinmaterialaspects,heislosingsomeofthemostimportantrulesofconductinghisbusiness.③Oddasitsounds,cosmicinflationisscientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsometrustedideasinparticlephysics,andmanyscientistshavebeenconvincedforalongtimethatitistrue.④Howevergreatthedifficultymaybe,wewillnotloseheart.⑤Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedaroleinpromotingthejobpressureandsodidincreasingnumberofchildrenastheyesterday“babyboom”generationreacheditschildbearingyears.(6)主语太长,为了平衡句子的关系①Tothislistmaybeaddedafewunfairrequirementsforthedefendantstocompensatefortheclaimant.—31—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高②Inthisdesignareinvolvedanumberofproblemswhichshouldbesolvedfirst.(7)以only开头的句子①Onlybyadoptingthesemeasurescanwereducethefakecommodities.②Onlywhenmoneyisgainedbymeansofhonestlaborandusedforthebenefitofnotonlyoneselfbutalsohispeopleandcountrycanitbringapersonrealhappiness.(8)倒装句子综合练习1.Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationanddemandsofgettingmoreusefulinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenabledeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsandmakeitpossibletostorevastamountsofdata.Whatcanbeinferredfromthesentence?A.Informationstorageismoreimportantthandelivery.B.Improvedtechnologiesleadstoobtainingmoreusefulinformation.C.Speedydeliveryofinformationdemandsadvancedtechnology.D.Gettingmoreusefulinformationneedsstoringmuchinformation.2.Amongtheadvantagesthatfuturebiochips,orlivingcomputers,wouldhaveoverconventionalsemiconductorchipsarethattheyaresmaller,andtheyhavemorespeedyprocessingofinformation,makingthemfasterthantoday’ssemiconductordeviceswhichhavemoreendurableabilityofbeingheatedandmoreenvironmentallycleanthanthefutureones.Wecanbeinferfromthesentence,.A.thefuturechipsarelesstolerantofheatB.theolderchipsarebiggeranddirtierC.theolderchipsaremoreendurableofheatandwaterD.thefuturechipsaremorepopularthanoldones3.Neverwhentopicdiscussionsavoidedthesubjectswhicharefashionableenoughtogiverisetocuriositywasthemindofteenagersstirredupfromitsfoundationsandthepurposeofdiscussionsfulfilled.Ifsuccessfultopicsaretobeheld,.A.subjectscannotbetoodullB.themindofteenagersshouldbestirredupC.teenagersshouldrealizetheimportanceofdiscussionsD.curiosityshouldbeencouragedbyfashionabletopics—32—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程4.Forexample,theteacherofamiddleschoolhasidentifiedasoneofitsmajorgoalsassistingeachofitsstudentstoexploreandidentifyspecialintereststhatcanbecomebasesforcontinuedandsuccessfullearningandliving.Themainaimofschooleducationliesinthat.A.studentscanfindoutwhattheyareparticularlyinterestedintomakeasuccessfullivingB.studentscancontinuetoimprovetheirstudyandlifepersistentlyandsuccessfullyC.studentscanbasetheirinterestsontheircontinuedandsuccessfulstudyandlifeD.studentscanexploresuccessfullivingwithteachers’assistancePart10 否定句子的理解(1)否定转移①Idon’tsupposethathecanwinthevictorywithoutanyquestions.②CertainlyIdon’tteachbecauseteachingiseasyforme.NordoIteachbecauseIthinkIknowanswers,orbecauseIhaveknowledgeIfeelcompelledtoshare.③Idon’tgotothestoreinordertobuymyfavorableelectronicproducts.④Scientificdiscoveriesandinventionsdonotalwaysinfluencethelanguageinproportiontotheirimportance.(2)双重否定①Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnonstandardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.②ButeveryEnglishbookIpickeduphadfewsentenceswhichdidn’tcontainanywherefromonetonearlyallofthewordsthatmightaswellhavebeencomprehendedandtranslatedinChinese.③Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothers,andthusleadtoconflict,itcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitable,althoughcompetitionis.(3)三重否定①Heisnotbelievingthatwedonotcareaboutourfamilybecausewearenotbusywithourbusiness.②Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinklogicallybecausewedonottalkproper.—33—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高(4)否定表示肯定①Onecan’tbetoocarefulinmakingthedecisiontoexploretheMarsasitwassuchacriticalcaseandriskedbeingfailedwithoutsufficientresearchesandexperiments.②Thefilmcouldn’tbemoremovingandstrikingafterIrepeatedwatchingitfortentimes.③Whatheisseekingafterisnothingbutwealthandsocialstatus.④Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.(5)部分否定①Noteveryoneissharingthesameviewwiththepresident.②Bothofusdon’tliketalkingnonsenselikethat.③Alloftheaudiencecannothelpbutburstintotears.Part11 分割结构的特殊理解(1)主语与谓语动词的分割①Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeoverturnedbynewdiscoveriesthathavealteredtheprocessofproducingwhatpeopleareurgentlydemanding.②Humanbeingshaveagreed,inthecourseofcenturiesofmutualdependency,toletthevariousnoisesthattheycanproducewiththeirlungs,throats,tongues,teeth,andlipssystematicallystandforcertainhappeningsintheirnervoussystems.③Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.④Thesedaysthenet,whichhasalreadyremadesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmails,isreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.(2)谓语动词和宾语的分割①Forthemostpart,womenaremorelikelythanmentobeoverweight.TherearesomeexceptionsamongnonHispanicwhitefemales,whomayidentifymorestronglythanwhitegirlswithsocietalidealsof—34—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程slimness.②ThebigchancellorsaidtheintroductionoftheHumanRightBill,whichmakestheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegallybindinginBritain,indicatedthateverybodywasentitled,undoubtedlyandundeniably,toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.③Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.④Thenotionthatlearningshouldhaveanelementofinspiredplayinitwouldseemtothegreaterpartoftheacademicestablishmentmerelysilly.(3)从句与被修饰的名词①Thestatementbythedriverofthevehiclethathedidn’tseelorrywasrejected.②Thereisanincorrectassumptionamongscientistsandmedicalpeoplethateveryoneagreesonwhatconstitutesabenefittoanindividual.③AbrahamLincolnisthemostfamousinstanceoftheclaimthatAmericansoftenmadethatintheircountryamanrisefromthelowesttothehighestposition.④AfterGalileo’sworkthefeelinggrewthattherewereuniversallawsgoverningthemotionofbodiesandthattheselawsmightapplytomotionintheheavensaswellasonearth.Part12 省略句①Someseeagloballanguageasbeingbeneficial;othersasdetrimental.②WeheardaboutcomplaintsaboutMargaretThatcher,butneveraboutbeingunderpaidorunabletoafforddailyspending.③ItissaidinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.④Courageinexcessbecomesfoolishness,affectionweakness,thriftgreediness.⑤Peoplewouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.⑥Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30minutesurgicalprocedure.⑦Itiseasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinoureverchangingworld.⑧Theworld’threetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.⑨Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffets,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).—35—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高⑩Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?瑏瑡Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.瑏瑢Ifyouareaman,youcanpointoutthatmostpoetsandmenofsciencearemale;ifyouareawoman,youcanretortthatsoaremostcriminals.Part13 形式主语、宾语(1)it形式主语开头,引起主语后置①Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheexperienceofthechildinhisfirstyearslargelydetermineshischaracterandlaterpersonality.②ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisextremelysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.③Astheinternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess———afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.④However,thetypicalteenagers’lifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbewisetoplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,forexample,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudentwrittenbookreviews,displayingstudentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.⑤Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoexaggerationtosay“United,westand;Divided,wefall.”———andifIchooseasloganitwouldbe“Unityinourdiversity.”⑥Ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmellatfirstcansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhenexposedtoitoftenenough.⑦Itshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivesthattrust,thatmostvaluableeconomicasset,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore———andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.(2)it形式宾语出现,引起宾语后置①Hesaysourdoctorsmustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathswithoutproperuseofmedicineareabsolutelytheonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.②Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationismandevolutionareinthepublisher’spipeline.—36—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程③Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefenselinkedresearchprojectswillaccountforanimprovementinthestandardoflivingor,alternately,domuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.④Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptorsavailableforunfamiliarandemergencysignalssuchasthesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.Part14 虚拟语气(1)与现在的事实相反IfIwereatopstudentinourclass,Iwouldgetscholarship.(2)与过去的事实相反Ifyougraduatedfromafamousuniversity,youwouldhaveabetterjob.(3)与将来的事实相反IfIshouldseehertomorrow,Iwouldgiveyourbestregardstoher.(4)wish的用法IwishIwereasstrongasalion.IwishIhadnottreatedherlikethat.(5)Itishightimethat句型Itishightimethatyoumadeaplanforyourfuture.(6)wouldrathersb...Iwouldratheryoukeptsilentthatspeakoutyourmind.(7)ButthatButthattheprofessorhelped,ourexperimentwouldnothavebeensosuccessful.(8)IfonlyIfonlyIcouldseeheragain!(9)asif,asthoughHetalksasifhehadbeentoFrance.(10)Itisvital,imperative,necessary,importantthatItisimperativethatwetakedrasticactionstomakeourcitygreener.(11)sbsuggests,proposes,demands,requires,recommends,insists,persiststhatHepersiststhatcartoonsmostoftenteachchildrenthedifferencebetweengoodandevil.(12)省略if.WereIyou,IwouldtakethejobShouldIbecomeamillionaire,Iwouldtakeoutofhalfofmymoneytohelpyourvillagebuildaschool.—37—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高Part15 强调结构(1)Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.(2)Thereisnodoubtthatitistheincreasingnumberofapplicantswithuniversityeducationatallpointsintheprocessofengagingstaffthathasledtothegreaterimportanceofthecurriculumvitae.(3)SoitwasagainstthisbackgroundthatmembersoftheNationalGovernors’AssociationcametogetherinthisNewEnglandcitythispastweektodiscussissuesofcommonconcern,onebeinghighereducation.(4)Aswediscussedbefore,itwasnotuntilthe19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpreelectronicmedium,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebook.(5)Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantobewidelyusedtodescribetheenvironmentwithinwhichwenowlive.Part16 与but搭配的短语和结构的翻译(1)notthat...butthat...:不是因为……,而是因为……;不是说……,而是说……Itisnotthatthescalesandthebalancedifferintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionorwaysofworkingbutthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.(2)butthat,butfor...:要不是……(3)nothingbut...:除了……之外没有……;不过是……;仅仅是……(4)anythingbut...:完全(绝对)不是……;一点也不……(5)allbut...:除……之外其余都,几乎(6)cannothelpbutdosomething:不得不……(7)havenochoice/alternativebuttodo...:不得不Part17 非常复杂的高频短语和语法1.nonebut(=nothingbut):只有(=only)Nonebutthebravedeservesthepretty.Shechosenonebutthebest.2.noneotherthan:(表示惊讶)不是别人,正是……(=nooneelsebut)It’snoneotherthanTom!WethoughtyouwereinAfrica.—38—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程3.nonethe+比较级词+for:毫不,一点也不Hespent2weeksinhospitalbuthe’snonethebetterforit.Mycarisnonetheworseforwear.4.nonetoo:(在形容词或副词前)不太;一点都不Theserviceinthisrestaurantisnonetoofast.5.cannot...too...:再……也不过分例1:Wecannotbetoocarefulofhealth.例2:Wecannotbetoofaithfultoourduties.6.Itoccurstosb.that...:(某人)想起……例1:ItoccurredtomesuddenlythatIhadmethimsomewhere.译文:我突然想起在什么地方见过他。例2:Itoccurredtomethatshewasjealousofme.译文:我突然发觉她嫉妒我。7.other...than...或otherthan...:除了,而不是例1:Plantswhichrefinecrudeoresareoftenlocatedincountriesotherthanthoseinwhichthecrudeoresaremined.译文:提炼矿石的厂房通常不是设在采矿石的国家而设在其它国家。例2:Reactionsotherthanthedesiredoneoftenoccurwhenreactantsarebroughttogether.译文:当这些反应物放在一起时,常发生不希望有的一些反应。8.makenothingof:(常和can一起用)不理解;不重视,轻视(=thinknothingof)Icouldmakenothingofthepassage.我不理解这篇文章。Hemakes/thinksnothingofworkingtenhoursaday.他不在乎一天工作十小时。9.tosaynothingof:更不用说(=nottomention/withoutmentioning)Threepeoplewerebadlyhurt,tosaynothingofdamagetothebuilding.三个人受了重伤,建筑物的损害更不用说了。10.havenothingtodowith:与……无关Ihavenothingtodowiththeaccident.我与这场事故无关。11.nothingifnot:格外地;非常地(=very/much/extremely)Hewasnothingifnotclever.(=Hewasveryclever.)他格外聪明。12.nothingof:无……的部分;无……的气质Therewasnothingoftheladyinherbehavior.她的举止根本没有淑女的气质。13.allbut:几乎,差一点,除……以外其余都是例1:Sheallbutfaintedwhensheheardthenews.—39—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高译文:她听到这一消息时几乎晕倒了。14.“only+todo”意为“……,结果却……”,即表示与句子谓语动作的目的相反的结果。例1:Theydon’thavetopayforexpensiveseatsatthetheatre,thecinemaortheopera,onlytodiscover,perhaps,thattheshowisdisappointing.译文:他们不必花钱去戏院、电影院或歌剧院买价格很贵的票,(如果去了,)结果却可能发现,所演的节目令人失望。15.every...not,all...notEverymanisnotpoliteandarenotborngentleman.16.asitis,asitwereThesituationisgettingworse,asitis.Inmanyways,childrenlive,asitwere,inadifferentworldfromadults.17.TherebenosthbutdosthThereisnomanbuthashisfaults.Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions.Thereisnobodybutknowsthismatter.18.BensthorsthIlovetostudybethesubjectmathorEnglish.19.Withsthdoing/doneThepricesandhouserentsincreasingrapidly,manyyounguniversitygraduatescannotearntheirliving,letalonesupporttheirparents.20.notalittle(非常),notabit(一点也不)Heisnotalittlesurprised.Heisnotabitsurprised.21.ItfollowsthatItfollowsthatthehousewifewillalsoexpecttobeabletohavemoreleisureinherlifewithoutloweringherstandardofliving.22.onlytoHereturnedafterthewaronlytobetoldthathiswifehadlefthim.23.so...asto...Hisstatementissoambiguousastobemeaningless.24.too...to...Heistoohonesttosuspect.25.if...atall...—40—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程Ifyoudoitatall,doitwell.Part18 课后练习一之最棒的八十个好句子第一节升堂入室击破定语从句英语的中心在前面,定语这样的修饰成分在后面,所以把英语叫做延展性语言;而汉语重心在后,定语修饰在前,所以为了避免前面过多成分,定语很短而且分句较多。要点:1.弄清楚关系词指代上文哪个单词,短语甚至句子。2.弄清限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别,前者是主句中不可缺少的成分;后者与主句联系松散,对主句是附加说明。3.如果定语从句过长,可以采取拆分法,把定语从句翻译到后面去。4.定语从句和主句往往存在逻辑关系,比如因果,让步,目的等。定语成分是定语从句的省略,隐蔽性非常强,有时会以为是错误的成分,所以当名词后面有以下成分时,一定要适当还原定语从句的关系词,帮助理解。比如:形容词短语,介词短语,分词定语,介词短语。1.TheAswanDam,forexamplestoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleftallinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.[句子翻译]以阿斯旺大坝为例,它挡住了尼罗河的洪水,但也使埃及失去了洪水冲积的肥沃土壤,换回来的却是一个病态的大水库。现在水库积满泥沙,几乎不能用于发电了。[翻译技巧]theNile是尼罗河。Allinreturn意思是“换回来的全部则是”。2.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace———allthatreengineeringanddownsizing———areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.[句子翻译]组织工作场所的新方法———包括机构重组和缩小规模———只是促进某个经济实体的综合生产率提高的一项措施,还有其他许多因素促进生产率的提高,比如对机械设备的联合投资、采用新技术、对教育培训投资等。[翻译技巧]allthat译为“这一切包括”。overallproductivity译为“综合生产力水平”。Jointinvestment译为“联合投资”。Drive译为“驱动”。3.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanage—41—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高mentofbusiness.[句子主干]Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreased...shareholdersasaclass,(whichwas)anelement...[语法难点]本句是典型的非限定性定语从句,难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定,并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句anelement...landowners又带有两个定语从句,一个是(whichwas)representing...,另一个是(whichwas)detached...。可见,定语从句的难点在于经常省略“引导词+be”的结构,从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。[句子翻译]对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分,代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离,而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。4.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbounespranguptohouselarge.“comfortable”classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.[句子翻译]像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了,大批隐退的享乐阶层人士靠自己的收入,在这里过着悠闲的生活。他们与群体之外的人没有联系,只是分取红利,偶尔参加股东会议,对管理人员发号施令。5.ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.[句子翻译]这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府下了结论,认为:政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。6.RobertFultononcewrote,“Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea.”[句子翻译]罗博特·富尔顿曾经写道,机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、轮子等周围,像诗人对待字母表中的每个字母一样,把它们作为自己的思路展示,每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。7.However,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld’smorefascinationanddelightfulaspects.[句子主干]However,theworldissomadethat...systemsare...unabletodealwithsomeofthe...aspects[句子翻译]然而,世界就是如此。一般而言,完美的体系无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题。—42—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程[翻译技巧]besomadethat意为“如……构成”,不符合汉语表达习惯,所以译为“就是如此”。inprinciple总的说来;dealwith应付……8.Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.[句子主干]Thisseems...donebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnot...but...[语法难点]notrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture是分词定语,修饰research。注意not...but句型,意为“不是……而是……”[句子翻译]给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研提供支持,看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。[翻译技巧]严格说来,not...but结构应译为“不是……而是……”,但这样就显得罗嗦,所以译为“与……无关”,但(另一些有关)。anamountof指“数量达到……”。berelatedto指“与……有关”。9.Weliveasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.[句子翻译]在我们生活的社会里,物质(药品)被广泛地运用于社交和医疗:服用阿司匹林来缓解头疼,喝酒来应酬,早晨喝咖啡来提神,吸烟镇定情绪等。[翻译技巧]该句冒号以后的内容写得很轻巧,很有文学性,我们翻译的时候也不要强求字字照应,而应该也是比较灵活。如quiet不是“安静”的意思,而是“镇静”的意思。10.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.[句子翻译]七大工业国家的通货膨胀率去年下降到了2.3%,接近30年来最低水平,今年7月才小幅上涨到2.5%,比许多国家70年代和80年代两位数低了很多。[翻译技巧]thebigsevenindustrialeconomies是指西方七大工业国。closeto是靠近的意思。fallto是“跌落至……”的意思。11.Actually,itisn’t,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.[句子翻译]事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。[翻译技巧]agree为“约定的”意思,agreedaccount直译为“约定的看法”,意译为“共同的认识”。可见翻译中一定要结合汉语的语言习惯灵活转换。anagreedaccountofhumanrights不可译为“有同意的人权记录”。此外,将不定代词具体化,也更符合汉语习惯。12.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwolayersystem,inwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.—43—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高解释:非限定性定语从句。[参考译文]现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构,在这个结构里面善于竞争的A类好像在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜一筹。13.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.[参考译文]代表公司的花钱雇来的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接,但是就连他对工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式的制度下的雇主们却常常对他们的工人有这样的私人关系。14.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.[参考译文]一项关于1996年新闻报道的调查显示,反科学的标签还可以贴在许多其他团体身上,从提倡消灭最后存留的天花病毒的权威机构,到鼓吹削减基础研究经费的共和党人(都被贴上了反科学的标签)。15.ThecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemaledominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJanpan’srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.[参考译文]战后婴儿潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极为有限,他们已经在不停地质疑为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯而做出的巨大的个人牺牲。16.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute———agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight———issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.解释:statingthat是分词定语[参考译文]与此同时,美国法律研究所———由一群法官、律师和理论专家组成,他们的建议分量极重———发布了新的民事伤害法令指导方针,宣称公司不必提醒顾客注意显而易见的危险,也不必连篇累牍地一再提请他们注意一些可能会出现的危险。17.Thatsexratiowhichmaximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmittedwillbefavored.译文:那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量,并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。18.AlthoughGutmanadmitsthatforcedseparationbysalewasfrequent,heshowsthattheslavesprefer—44—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程ence,revealedmostclearlyonplantationswheresalewasinfrequent,wasverymuchforstablemonogamy.[参考译文]虽然古特曼承认,由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁,但他还是证明,奴隶的偏爱———在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来———在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制(monogamy)。19.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconditionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.[参考译文]有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异;可是,这样的证据是缺乏的,即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的,而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。20.Thispreferenceforexogamy,Gutmansuggests,mayhavederivedfromWestAfricanrulesgoverningmarriage,which,thoughtheydifferedfromonetribalgrouptoanother,allinvolvedsomekindofprohibitionagainstunionswithclosekin.[参考译文]古特曼表示,这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定,尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同,但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻(unionwithclosekin)的禁止。第二节平步青云征服并列平行结构英语的并列连词,包括and,notonly...butalso,either...or,nor,neither,neither...nor,but,yet.并列成分的种类有很多,可能是动词短语并列,名词的定语的并列,从句的并列,介词短语的并列。如果并列连词连接几个并列成分,那么可以增加句子的气势,增加句子的连贯性,结构紧凑,避免重复。21.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromotedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily.”[参考译文]一次侧面的不光明磊落的攻击伤害了我的自尊,阻碍了我事业的发展,使我不得不抛弃了那份引人注目的工作,尽管表面上我还要以一个蒙受屈辱的政府部长的姿态,通过声称“我只不过是想多和家人呆在一起”来掩盖我的退出。22.Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.[句子主干]Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:itis...instinct...,aninstinctthatshouldbe....—45—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高[句子翻译]这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。23.Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsoftheseimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.译文:哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能,无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来;另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。24.Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentselfaccelerating.[句子翻译]在这些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求,另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生的某些特定发展的必然结果。[翻译技巧]这个翻译比较简单,注意beingto的翻译即可。25.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.[句子翻译]这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。[翻译技巧]it的所指要明确。leadsthediscussiontoextremes译成“将讨论引向两个极端”,attheoutset译成“从一开始”。注意把被动句译为主动句,更合乎汉语习惯。26.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.[句子翻译]依赖的最初表现为耐受力增强,用量越来越大才能达到预期效果,一旦停用就会产生不舒服的症状。[翻译技巧]有些同学遇上伴随结构就不知道如何翻译了,其实只要按照原来的语序顺次翻译就是。27.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.[句子翻译]问题在于,近期的增长一定程度上是因为商业运作周期涨落的结果,因此还不能得出经济已经呈现复苏态势这一结论。[翻译技巧]partoftherecentacceleration不可译为“一部分的最近的加速”,而是“最近加速部分是由于”。businesscycle是指“商业周期”。28.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthe“balancedstruggle”betweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibility,andheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.—46—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程[句子翻译]但他也谈到了创作自由与社会责任之间要“努力保持均衡”这一问题。他宣布公司将尽力对可能招致大众反对的音乐制定各种发行和标识的标准。[翻译技巧]虽然没有从句结构,但是由于句子太长,有众多的修饰成分,所以建议还是拆为两句较好。29.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.解析:notonly...butalso...是并列句子[参考译文]在美国经济中,私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权,也指其他一些特定的权利,如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位)自由签订合同的权利。30.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.[参考译文]不计其数的其他商业企业,从剧院到杂志出版商,从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂,都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。31.Theworkerswhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguagealltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowforthereefforts.[参考译文]得到了升迁的工人们,成绩进步的学生,学会了一门新语言的外国人———这些都是那些有可衡量的结果显示其努力的人们的例证。32.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time———consuming,andsometimesevenoverwhelming.[参考译文]现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多,而找到与他/她的特定问题相关的那一点信息的任务不仅复杂、耗时,有时甚至令人难以招架。33.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.[参考译文]通过远程会议,专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享,而争论的问题能够得到解决,同时相关人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。34.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalsignalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.[参考译文]这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求,并且它(这种变化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公—47—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高司)的时候,经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。35.The“shareholders”assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlaborwasnotgood.[参考译文]这样的“股东”对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知,而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。第三节势如破竹击破名词从句名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,在句子的位置经常是在主语,宾语,表语。句型包括:what,where,how,why,which引导的无主句,翻译成所字句,比如whatIwanttomention.whether引导的句型,翻译成是否。thefact/concept/truth/reason/idea/course/feeling/understanding/possibilitythat引导的同位语从句.动名词引导的名词性短语也具有名词性从句的特征。36.(1)Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployersarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.解释:whichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployersarethemostefficient是并列名词性从句.[参考译文]同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的,哪些员工工作效率最高,这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。(2)TheAmericaneconomicsystemisOrganizedaroundabasicallyprivateenterprise,marketorientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.解释:whatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.是what引导的被动名词性从句。[参考译文]美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的,在这种经济中,消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。37.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbysellerproducers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.解释:producingmoreofacommodity是动名词短语。[参考译文]另一方面,如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降,那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造—48—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程商能提供的供给,而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。38.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcouldbeemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyour“wares”andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.解释:whether引导的从句做宾语从句。[参考译文]在跟你谈话的时候,可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经验和其他资格是不是值得他雇用你,而你的“商品”和能力一定要以一种有条不紊而且合情合理的相互关联的方式被展示出来。39.“Isthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareers?”SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.“Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?”解释:what引导的名词性从句。[参考译文]上星期参议员罗博特多尔质问时代华纳公司的高级管理人员们:“难道这就是你们希望能够成就的事业?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂,但是难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家,威胁我们的孩子们吗?”40.ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC———includingordinarylistenersandviewer———tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.解释:whatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping是并列的名词性从句。[参考译文]这场辩论是由政府发动的,政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人———包括普通的听众和观众———来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里,甚至要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。第四节一网打尽转折后重心句子转折句子是阅读的重点,注意这种句子重心在后面,经常是阅读的考点,每年30%的出题点都是在转折之后。包括:onthecontrary,but,however,yet,nevertheless,conversely,oppositely。41.“Thetestofanydemocraticsociety”,hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,“liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe...”解释:not...but...是转折并列句子。[参考译文]“对任何一个民主社会的考验,”他在《华尔街杂志》的一个专栏文章中写到,“不在于—49—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达,而在于这个社会是否能给予思考和表达的尽可能广泛的自由,不管有时候这种结果是多么的富有争议或令人不快……”42.Unlikemostoftheworld’svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.解释:onthecontrary是转折并列句。[参考译文]跟世界上的大多数火山不同的是,它们(热点)并不总是在由构成地球表面巨大漂流板块之间的边界上出现;相反,它们中有许多位于一个板块较纵深的内部。43.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionoftheplateswithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’sinterior.解释:转折并列句。[参考译文]携带这些大陆板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地表述出来,但是这些板块相对于另一些板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为它们相对于地球内部的运动。44.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning”.解释:abroadconsensusthat...是同位语从句。[参考译文]在5月17日的会议上所讨论的这份建议书的序言草案中,夏皮罗提出,专家组已经达成广泛共识,那就是“试图通过成人细胞核克隆来制造人类幼儿的做法在道德上是不可接受的”。绝招:才高八斗攻克同位语从句和动名词短语。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种,引导词有:concept,fact,opinion,story,confidence,feeling,will,phenomenon等。45.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthe19thcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthe20thcentury.[参考译文]这样一来总的结果便是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊发表文章就更难了,而被广泛使用的论文评审推荐制度又进一步强化了这一结果,该种制度先是出现在19世纪的国家级刊物上,后又在20世纪被几家地方级地质学刊物所使用。46.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleast’afewdecisionsforthemselvesgoalsthatposearealchallenge.[参考译文]但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段,它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下—50—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程工作,而且还要能够自己做出至少几个决定———这些目标才会引发真正的挑战。47.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysicianassistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect”,acenturiesoldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects———agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen———ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.[参考译文]尽管它裁决并没有宪法权利来支持医生帮助下的自杀行为,最高法院实际上支持了被称为“双重效果”的医疗原则;这个已有几个世纪历史的道德原则认为一个可能有两个效果的行为———一个想要达到的好的效果和一个已经预见到的有害的效果是被允许的,如果行为的实施者想要的只是好的效果的话。48.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.解释:thestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities是同位语从句。[参考译文]在过去的30年中,公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种强烈的情绪,那就是所有的公民,不管其情况有多特殊,都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。49.ApartfromthefactthattwentysevenactsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.解释:thefactthattwentysevenactsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising表明同位语从句。[参考译文]除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件,没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。50.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.解析:theconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable是同位语从句。[参考译文]随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区,离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系,非正式的信息流动被切断了,随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。51.Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuchpublicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuildupofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife”,andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshiftingbringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus”.(动名词短语)[参考译文]或许正像凯尔西在不堪积劳重负而公开地辞去她在《她》杂志社的编辑一职之后一—51—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高样,我已经发现,放弃那种“为生活忙碌”的人生信条并转而追求比较悠闲的生活带给你的回报远远大于经济成功和社会地位。第五节江郎才尽搞定分词状语分词短语可以来说明动词和句子所表达的概念,实际上是状语从句的一种变体,把动词变成了分词短语,可以增加句子的逻辑性,增加表达的灵活性。包括目的状语,时间状语,伴随状语,原因状语。1.分词的逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致,如果不一致,要用独立主格。Theweatherbeingchanged,theyhavechangedtheirschedule.2.with+名词或名词的宾格+分词状语,表示伴随情况。Withthelivingstandardsimproving,weshouldincreasethepayofpeasants.52.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.解释:therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices是结果状语。[参考译文]它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去,因此可以(使公司)建立一个坚固的国内市场,同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。53.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,righttolifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociationbitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.解释:includingchurches,righttolifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation表补充状语。[参考译文]一些机构终于松了一口气,但是其他一些机构,包括教堂,倡导生命之权的团体和澳大利亚医学协会,尖锐地抨击这个法案,指责法案的通过过于匆忙。但是大势已定,不可逆转。54.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.解释:withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect是伴随性状语。[参考译文]对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量,要产生想得到的效果所需要的药品剂量越来越大,然后表现为当停止用药后,令人不快的停药症状的出现。55.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomesthattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.—52—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程解释:coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes是伴随状语。[参考译文]因此,在美国的经济体系中,个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合,一起决定了什么应该被制造,以及资源如何被用来制造它们。56.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto“push”informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.[参考译文]但是,在过去的一年间,软件公司已经开发出工具,使得公司可以直接将信息“推出”给顾客,直接把营销信息传递给目标顾客。57.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperimentalthoughnoonehadproposedtodoso———andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.[参考译文]他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类,并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验———尽管还没有人建议这么做———他还请一个以普林斯顿大学校长哈罗得·夏皮罗为首的独立的专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。58.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday———everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring———meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinuppermiddleclassIndiacomparedtothetribe.[参考译文]当今人与人在很大程度上的平等———即面对自然淘汰法则人人机会均等,并且连子嗣的数目都一样———意味着和在印度土著部落中的情况相比,印度中上层阶级中已丧失了80%的自然选择中的优势。59.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybeevenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight———itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.[参考译文]然而就未来主义诗歌来说,情况则不这么简单了,因为不管未来主义诗歌是什么———就算承认它赖以存在的理论基础都是正确的———这种形式也很难被归入文学。60.Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow———levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofhead———scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.[参考译文]遗憾地讲,这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些十分低层次的发现,比如新闻报道中的事实错误,拼写或语法错误(和这些低层次发现)交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么。61.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percent—53—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高thatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.[参考译文]但是人类的头脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面,然后立刻放弃98%的不相关部分,而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子,或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。62.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25———0.5%ofGDP.[参考译文]OECD在其最近的《经济望》中估计,如果石油价格与1998年的每桶13美元相比在一年中平均为每桶22美元,这也只会给富裕的经济体的石油进口账单上增加GDP的0.25%到0.5%。第六节高屋建瓴审视否定成分否定是阅读的出题点,每年在否定句子上出题一定在五道题以上,可见重要性。63.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small———mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andillmanneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.解释:hardlyunknown是双重否定。[参考译文]当然,例外是存在的。在美国,心胸狭窄的官员,粗鲁的传者,和没有礼貌的出租车司机也并不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见,这使得它值得被讨论一下。64.Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation———andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolorofashirtissubtlypersuasive———advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.解释:notimpossibletoachieve是双重否定。[参考译文]如果其信息只被局限于告知———就广告而言,如果这不是完全不可能达到的,也是非常难做的,因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味,那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。65.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyaccesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.解释:Incomplete...cannot表示双重否定。[参考译文]我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念,这个公民人物如果不能很恰当地认识到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影响,那么其公民特征就是不完整的。66.Noclearcutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotationthatpersonconcernedis—54—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程notfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotshareitsvalues.[参考译文]科学领域的专业人员和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界线:因为任何规则都有例外。然而,“业余”一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入职业科学界,尤其未能分享科学圈子的价值。67.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommoditypriceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.[参考译文]另外一个不应因油价上涨而失眠的原因是,这次不像70年代的那些次上涨,它并不是在普遍的商品价格暴涨和全球需求过旺的背景之下发生的。68.Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerveenergieswasneverrigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas“commoncurrency”throughoutthenervoussystem.尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同,这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过,但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉,而转向相反的观点,即:神经冲动从根本上本质相同,而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。难句类型:复杂修饰、双重否定第七节舍我其谁搞定倒装(1)及物动词加介词:固定词组的固定搭配中,经常出现倒装情况,如:bringAtoB,写作:bringtoBA例:YetWaltzer’sargument,howeverdeficient,doespointtooneofthemostseriousweaknessesofcapitalismnamely,thatitbringstopredominantpositionsinasocietypeoplewho,nomatterhowlegitimatelytheyhaveearnedtheirmaterialrewards,oftenlackthoseotherqualitiesthatevokeaffectionoradmiration.类似的情况:throwover,insertinto,importinto,inferfrom,establishfor,advocateas等(2)及物动词加副词例:makepossible...(单词或者句子)(3)副词开头:nor,neither,never,hardly69.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe“oddballs”amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho“workwellwiththeteam.”[参考译文]如果科学家对标准式样的整齐划一的要求就像他论文的写作所反映的一样,那么管理层就不该因歧视研究者中的“思维与众不同的人”,喜欢其中较为传统的“善于团队合作”的思想者而受到指责了。—55—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高70.Inlargepartasaconsequenceofthefeministmovement,historianshavefocusedagreatdealofattentioninrecentyearsondeterminingmoreaccuratelythestatusofwomeninvariousperiods.解释:focusAonB指把A集中于B,本句中介词on的宾语determiningmoreaccuratelythestatusofwomeninvariousperiods中有一个小倒装,正常语序应该是determiningthestatusofwomeninvariousperiodsmoreaccurately.在很大程度上,由于女权主义运动(feministmovement)的缘故,史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力,来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。71.BlackFictionsurveysawidevarietyofnovels,bringingtoourattentionintheprocesssomefascinatingandlittleknownworkslikeJamesWeldonJohnson’sAutobiographyofanExColoredMan.解释:在以bringing开头的作状语的分词中出现了倒装,bringAtoB被倒装为bringtoBA,其倒装的原因仍是为了避免头重脚轻,正常的语序应该如下:BringingsomefascinatingandlittleknownworkslikeJamesWeldonJohnson’sAutobiographyofanExColoredMantoourattentionintheprocess.72.Onlywhenasystempossessesnaturalorartificialboundariesthatassociatethewaterwithinitthehydrologiccyclemaytheentiresystemproperlybetermedhydrogeologic.解释:只有当一个系统拥有自然的或人工形成的边界来把边界中的水与水文循环联系起来的时候,才有可能把整个的系统恰当的成为与水文地质学有关。(4)难句类型:复杂修饰、倒装73.Onesuchnovelideaisthat(idea)ofinsertingintothechromosomesofplantsdiscretegenesthatarenotapartoftheplants’naturalconstitution:specifically,theideaofinsertingintononleguminousplantsthegenes,iftheycanbeidentifiedandisolated,thatfittheleguminousplantstobehostsfornitrogenfixingbacteria.Hence,(thereis)theintensifiedresearchonlegumes.此句最好能够熟读,更好的是背诵下来。(复杂修饰+插入+省略+倒装)这其中的一个新颖思想就是,在植物的染色体(chromosome)内注入并非是该植物自然构造一个部分的那些不相关联的基因:具体而言,这一思想是,在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因,倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来,而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此,对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。74.Moststrikingamongthemanyasymmetriesevidentinanadultflatfishiseyeplacement:beforematurityoneeyemigrates,sothatinanadultflatfishbotheyesareonthesamesideofthehead.在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称(asymmetry)特征中,最为吸人注目的是眼睛的摆位:在成年之前,一只眼睛发生移动,因此在成年比目鱼身上,两只眼睛均位于头部的同一侧面。难句类型:倒装、省略—56—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程第八节八面玲珑搞定it无主句子这种句子是把主语过长的开头的前重心的句子变成了重心在后的句子,从而平衡了句子的观赏性。理解时,注意句子的重心在后,应该采取倒序的方法,先翻译后面,再加上代词。75.Besides,itisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.[参考译文]另外,在我们这么一个大国里,经济延展到这么多的州、涉及到这么多的国际公司,因而要按照数量培养出所需的各类专业人员是不大可能的。76.Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary———thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample———andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.[参考译文]尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的———比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告———许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的,然而(我们)并不清楚,如果顾客受到伤害时,这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。77.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.[参考译文]如果试验是像科学杂志上的报告所示的那样如实地根据计划规划和实施的话,那么对管理层来说,期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。78.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.[参考译文]审查者完全有理由相信,知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机,一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。79.Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.[参考译文]当艺术领域的一个新运动发展成某种流行时尚时,最好应该弄清这场运动倡导者的真正意图,因为,不管他们的原则在今天看来多么牵强无理,很可能多年以后他们的理论会被视为正常。80.Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperi—57—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高encesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’11beappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’snotoriousbadtasteinties.[参考译文]如果你是你讲话对象中的一员,那么你就身处一种(有利)位置了解对你们来说都很普遍的经历和问题,而且你对餐厅中难以下咽的食物或老总臭名昭彰的领带品位进行随意评判也是合适的。Part19 课后练习二之经典八十个好句子(一)1.Science,inpractice,dependsforlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.2.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.3.Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.4.Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.5.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthanthecontemporaryworld.6.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe19781987averages.7.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscience,asanessayinU.S.News&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.8.Asaresult,California’sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percentlittlemorethantwothirdsthe1960s’growthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofWesternstates.9.Thus,justasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinents.Sohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutability(inconstancy).10.Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.11.Perhapsselectionsforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.—58—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程12.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold(霉)onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.13.Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepast,givingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.14.Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredofpredictedcannotbewelldefined.15.Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.16.Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.17.Thereismoreagreementonthekindsofbehaviorreferredtobythetermthanthereisonhowtointerpretorclassifythem.18.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheotherisonthemicroscope.(二)1.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.2.Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.3.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.4.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.5.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewelldevelopedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.6.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcellsroutineinmolecularbiology.7.Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesde—59—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高signedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.8.Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedreengineeringinamechanisticfashion,choppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolongtermprofitability.9.“I’mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI’dgo,becauseI’vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,”hesays.10.Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas“steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding”or“atouchonthebrakes”,makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.11.ThecommercialTVchannels———ITVandChannel4———wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment’sBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercialcompetingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.12.RobertFultononcewrote,“Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea.”13.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday.14.Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.15.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.16.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherofnotthelocalbranchbankisopen.17.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.18.Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentselfaccelerating.19.Thetargetiswrong,forinattachingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.20.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlycomparabletocriticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.(三)1.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliable—60—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程fortheircustomers’misfortunes.2.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,comecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.3.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateintranet.4.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinctionindeed,contradictionwhichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.5.Computereducationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.6.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverkindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.7.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”8.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace———allthatreengineeringanddownsizing———areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.9.FewwoulddisputethattheappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalutopia.10.“Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened.”11.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremaindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.12.Thephrase“substanceabuse”isoftenusedinsteadof“drugabuse”tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.13.Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.14.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.15.Indeed,thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.—61—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高16.TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicprivateenterprise,marketorientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthatwantmost.17.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbysellerproducers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.18.Thegreaterinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.19.Theinnovatorwillsearchforalternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrunandareboundtobemoreinterestingandchallengingeveniftheyleadtodeadends.20.ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.21.“Inshort”,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,“thescientificrevolution,anduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”22.Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanations.23.Nowsincetheassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthescalewithwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa‘valid’or‘fair’comparison.(四)1.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.2.Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.3.Theprocessinnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.4.However,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld’smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.5.Thefirsttwomustbeequalforallwhoarebeingcompared,ifanycomparisonintermsofintelligenceistobemade.—62—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程(五)1.Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary———thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample———andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.2.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute———agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight———issuednewguidelinesforthelawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.3.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment———althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso———andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapiroreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.4.Thatgroup———theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)———hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanear———finaldraftoftheirrecommendations.5.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.6.ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC!includingordinarylistenersandviewers!tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.7.Whenalltheseshapingforces!schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking!interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.8.Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren!thefightofeachchildtoreceivehelpinlearningtothelimitsofhisorhercapacity,whetherthatcapacitybesmallorgreat.(六)1.Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlyexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.2.Therelativemotionofplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’sinterior.3.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartifi—63—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高cial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.4.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.5.“Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,”hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,“liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.”6.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould!beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyour“wares”andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.7.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.8.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.9.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge“comfortable”classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.10.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwithrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.11.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.12.Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.13.Howwellthepredictionwillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.14.Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostanda—64—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程vailability.15.WhethertheGovernmentsshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa(反之)oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.16.Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinduction(归纳法)anddeduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfromNaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,theybuilduptheirtheories.17.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.18.Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavethesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.(七)1.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe“oddballs”amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho“workwellwiththeteam.”2.Emergingfromthe1980censusinthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.3.Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedarole,too!andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday’s“babyboom”generationreacheditschildbearingyears.4.Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.5.Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.6.Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.7.Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.(八)1.Perhapsitishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.—65—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高2.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomesthattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.(九)1.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.2.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe“scientificmethod”asubstituteforimaginativethought.3.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedofit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.(十)1.Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.2.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.Part20 段落科学的阅读方法如何读文章(orrather,把握文章)1.统一性(一致性)(Unity)(1)主题句(topicsentence→supportingparagraphs/sentences/details)(2)关键词重复或重现(keywordsorterms)举例:Spaceexploration/study/research/project/programTechnologicalprogress/solution/proposal/changes/advances(3)(完形、阅读)难题:善于多联系主题(topdown)2.连贯性(Coherence)—66—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程(1)宏观:全文展开模式(即全文的套路pattern)a.记叙/描述说明(Narrationanddescription)b.一般→具体(立论/驳论)c.具体→一般:引子开头;提出问题(现象)→分析问题(原因)→解决问题d.对比型套路(Compareandcontrast)e.并列展开模式(2)微观:句子与句子、段落与段落之间的逻辑关系(起承转合);有时还要善于自觉揣摩隐含的逻辑关系。正确答案往往是段落重复两次以上的话题词1.Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.Theword“bummer”mostprobablymeanssomething.A.religious B.unpleasant C.soul D.worms2.ThevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyoneRailCompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that.A.shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad.B.therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide.C.overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief.D.agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness.Part21 考研阅读的答案技巧篇———各种题型的解题方法一、论点论据题【题型特点】事实说话往往是最有效的论证方式之一,命题专家在设置题目时往往也会针对文中的事例设问,考查考生对局部结构的理解。考生们在应用例证原则解题时还应注意常用的例证方式有两种:一是—67—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高先提出观点,后举例说明;二是先列举事例再做出结论。考生应当学会举一反三,不要被各种原则的变化形式所迷惑。当询问论据的写作目的时,注意区分论点和论据。【题干特点】1.sthorsbismentionedtoillustrate2.bycitingtheexampleofsth,theauthormeans3.byreferringtotheexampleofsth,theauthorindicatesthat4.whenmentioningtheexampleofsth,theauthormeans5.Theauthormentionstheexampleofsthtodemonstrate6.theexampleofsthismentionedtoshow7.whatdoestheauthorillustratewithsth?8.theexampleofsthisnotedtosuggest【在文章中出题的位置】1.原文经常出现表示例子的提示词:forexample,forinstance,inthecaseof,suchas....2.原文经常出现专有名词:如MrSmith,WTO3.原文经常出现引语的地方:如sboncesaid;sboncetoldastoryabout4.原文出现表示实验和调查提示词:如experiment,survey,investigation,research等5.原文经常出现不定式todo引导的目的状语6.原文经常出现指示代词:如this,that,it7.文章的开头段和结尾段8.文章中出现起承转合的地方:如but,however,yet,nevertheless【实例分析】[例1] Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare.A.expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructureB.focusingonmonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadC.farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformationD.muchmoretalentedthanpreviouslyimagined—68—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程[例2] HudsonInstituteresearchersbelievethatfederaltaxandbenefitpoliciesareatfaultandreformsareurgentlyneeded,buttheydisagreewiththepopularproposalthatmucholderAmericanswillhavetoworkbecauseSocialSecuritywillnotsupportthemandthatbabyboomersarenotsavingenoughforretirement.Accordingtotheincreasein401(k)andKeoghretirementplans,theongoingstockmarketonWallStreet,andthelikelihoodoflargeinheritances,thereisevidencethatbabyboomerswillreachage65withgreaterfinancialassetsthanpreviousgenerations.Whenmentioning“theongoingstockmarketonWallStreet”,HudsonInstituteresearchers.A.arecallingattentiontotheretirementplansandlargerinheritanceB.areshowingthehugebenefitsofattendingthestockmarketC.areshowingthatolderpeoplecanberichenoughforretirementD.arejustifyingtheineffectivenessoffederaltaxandbenefitpolicies[例3] Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythirdpartypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislatestagecancercare.Physiciansfrustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatienttoooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.In1950,theU.S.spent12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002,thecostwillbe1540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage———say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway”,sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.Theauthorusestheexampleofcanerpatientstoshowthat.A.medicalresourcesareoftenwasted B.doctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseasesC.sometreatmentsaretooaggressiveD.medicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable[例4](1)Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdbuttheweirdestmaybelikethis:artists’onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.(2)Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipid,phonyor,worstofall,boringaswewentfromWordsworth’sdaffodilstoBaudelaire’sflowersofevil.—69—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高BycitingtheexampleofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat.A.PoetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusicB.ArtgrowsoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeelingC.PoetstodayarelessskepticalofhappinessD.Artisthaschangedtheirfocusofinterest[例5] WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe“greatgame”ofespionage———spyingasa“profession.”ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyremadepastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.Donovan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto.A.introducethetopicofonlinespyingB.showhowhefoughtfortheU.SC.giveanepisodeoftheinformationwarD.honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA二.词汇和句子的特定含义的理解【题干特点】1.Accordingtotheauthor,theword“...”means2.by“...”,theauthormeans3.whichofthefollowingiscloseinmeaningto“...”4.theword“...”inthepassagemeans5.“...”inthepassageis6.theword“...”mostlikelymeans[例1] Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.Atthesametimethesecomputersreoordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcanlpaigns.Computersarereliedonbvmanufacturersforsimilarreasons.Thephrase“ringupsales”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans“”.—70—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程A.informationaboutsellingtowhowhatandwhenB.keepthebasicrecordsforsellersC.callthesalesmanagerD.keeptrackofthegoods[例2] Whileit’struethatweallneedacareer,itisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledgeinfieldsfarremovedfromourownandthatwearebetterforourunderstandingoftheseothercontributions—betheyscientificorartistic.Itisequallytruethat,instudyingthediversewisdomofothers,welearnhowtothink.Moreimportantly,perhaps,educationteachesustoseetheconnectionsbetweenthings,aswellastoseebeyondourimmediateneedsinabroadway.Bysaying“Whileit’struethat...betheyscientificorartistic?(Lines13,Para.5),theauthormeansthat.A.anincredibleamountofknowledgeshouldbeincludedineducationalprogramsB.humanwisdomhasaccumulatedatanextraordinarilyhighspeedC.humanintellectualdevelopmenthasreachednewheightsD.theimportanceofabroadeducationshouldnotbeoverlooked[例3]“Weareallexcitedatthespiritofanindustrywhichisunfettered(无拘无束的)andunrestrained,becauseeachpersonworksforhimself...Wehavenoprinces,forwhomwetoil(干苦力活),starve,andbleed:wearethemostperfectsocietynowexistingintheworld.”Thepromiseofalandwhere“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”drewpoorimmigrantsfromEuropeandfuelednationalexpansionintothewesternterritories.Bysaying“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”(Line10,Para.1),theauthormeans.A.themorediligentoneis,thebiggerhisreturnsareB.laboriousworkensuresthegrowthofanindustryC.therewardsofamanwillbedependentonbleedingtoilsD.workinghardisboundtoguaranteeone’ssuccess[例4] Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47yearoldmanicuristisn’tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’dliketo,either.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.“I’magoodeconomicindicator,”shesays.“Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.”SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddlebrowDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus.“Idon’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too”shesays.—71—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高By“EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet”(Line1),theauthormeans.A.SperocanhardlymaintainherbusinessB.SperoistoomuchengagedinherworkC.SperohasgrownoutofherbadhabitD.Speroisnotinadesperatesituation[例5] Thetownsfolkdon’tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Bysaying“Stratfordcriespoortraditionally”(Line23,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthat.A.StratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojectsB.StratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficultiesC.thetownisnotreallyshortofmoneyD.thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaidPart22 历年真题08年Text1Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen.”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressedoutfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith.”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.—72—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeoneshotdeals.Thewearandtearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?A.WomenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostressB.WomenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymenC.WomenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstressD.Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress22.Dr.Ychuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomen.A.needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestressB.havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstressC.aremorecapableofavoidingstressD.areexposedtomorestress23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe.A.domesticandtemporaryB.irregularandviolentC.durableandfrequentD.trivialandrandom24.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)showsthat.A.AlvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoneyB.Alvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpensesC.AlvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobsD.Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.StrainofStress:NoWayOut?—73—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高B.ResponsetoStress:GenderDifferenceC.StressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSay?D.GenderInequality:WomenUnderStressText2Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthor’snamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview,dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublishers,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet!andpressureformfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment!fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit!ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefarreachingconsequencesofthis,thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness,inAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects,theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereisthesocalledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsitelicensingagreements.Thereisopenaccesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopenaccessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopenaccess,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeerreviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses.A.thebackgroundinformationofjournalending—74—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程B.thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreportsC.therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishersD.thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?A.Itcriticizesgovernmentfundedresearch.B.Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.C.Itupsetsprofitmakingjournalpublishers.D.Itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.28.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat.A.itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresultsB.itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchersC.itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledgeD.itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch29.Withtheopenaccesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto.A.coverthecostofitspublicationB.subscribetothejournalpublishingitC.allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreelyD.completethepeerreviewbeforesubmission30.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?A.Theinternetisposingathreattopublishers.B.Anewmodetopublicationinlaboratory.C.Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.D.Publicationisrenderedeasilybyonlineservice.Text3Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today’speople———especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations———apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthis—75—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高genetic,environmentallevel,we’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients———notably,protein———tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,undernutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight———5’9”formen,5’4”forwomen———hasn’treallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstraininflictedbyoversizelimbs.“Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,”saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,“youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.”31.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto.A.illustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.B.showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheUSA.C.comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.D.assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.32.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?A.Geneticmodification.B.Naturalenvironment.C.Livingstandards.D.Dailyexercise.33.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?A.NonAmericansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.B.Humanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.C.Americansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.—76—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程D.Largebabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.34.Welearnformthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture.A.thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsizeB.thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchangedC.genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmenD.theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable35.Thetextintendstotellusthat.A.thechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpatternB.humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictableC.AmericanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimitD.thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasalteredText4In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw———havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.That’safardifferentimagefromthecherrytreechoppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontheroleslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.WorksbyGoreVidal,HenryWiencek,andGarryWillsrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.Moresignificant,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong———andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery(Jeffersononcecalleditan“execrablecommerce”),theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.Politicalcapital.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas“likehavingalargebankaccount,”saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe“peculiarinstitution,”includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.ThethreefifthsformulahandedJeffersonhis—77—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高narrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,JeffersonfreedHemings’schildren———thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthevalorofblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.36.GeorgeWashington’sdentalsurgeryismentionedto.A.showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepastB.demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdaysC.stresstheroleofslavesintheU.ShistoryD.revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife37.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat.A.DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearchB.initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatesituationsC.historiansdeliberatelymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson’slifeD.politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.history38.WhatdowelearnfromthetextaboutJefferson?A.Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.B.Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.C.Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.D.Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.39.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?A.SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.B.Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttovote.C.Slaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.D.Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.40.Washington’sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis.A.moralconsiderationsB.militaryexperienceC.financialconditionsD.politicalstand—78—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程答案详解及答对率Text121.【答案】[A]答对率为45%【解析】主旨大意题。第一段和第二段主要说明:在面对压力时,由于男女生理上的差异,女性可能更容易产生焦虑和沮丧。文中的sexhormones和chemicals是关键词,与题干中的biologically意思吻合,故选[A]。[B]“女性遭受的压力多来自男性”和[C]“女性比男性更有处理压力的经验”在前两段中都未提及,较容易排除。[D]项只是单纯说明男女面对压力的差异,未涉及前两段的核心,所以不正确。22.【答案】[D]答对率为51%【解析】事实细节题。文章第三段中Yehuda医生的研究表明,女性容易在压力面前表现出焦虑,并非其不善于容忍压力,而是因其较男性面临更多压力,因此选[D]。[A]表意错误,第二段指出女性面对压力时产生的化学物质比男性多,从而更易焦虑,而不是说女性需要更多的化学物质来处理焦虑。第三段第三句提到女性容忍压力的能力或许比男性更好,所以[B]项错误。原文提到女性需要处理更多压力,而不是更能逃避压力,显然[C]项错误。23.【答案】[C]答对率为52%【解析】事实细节题。从该段中“...tendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature”和“...theytendnottobeoneshotdeals...theselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating...”可知答案为[C],其中该选项中的durable与原文中的chronic同义;frequent与notoneshot,longer同义。[A]“家庭内部的”和“暂时性的”;[B]“不规则的”和“暴力性的”和[D]“琐碎的”和“偶然的”,均不合题意。24.【答案】[B]答对率为64%【解析】细节理解题。该句的字面意思是“每个月都是靠工资度日,也就是说工资仅仅能够维持生活,没有结余。”从文中可以看出,作为一个单身母亲,Alvarez面临很大的生存压力,要付房租等日常开支,这与[B]项中所指的她的薪水几乎不能满足日常生活开销相吻合。[A]和[C]两项断章取义。[D]完全曲解了paycheck的意义。25.【答案】[D]答对率为64%【解析】主旨大意题。整篇文章主要说明:文章一开头就说女性在其他领域还在一直追赶男性,但是在面临的压力面前一直是领先的。文章通篇应照了在压力方面男女的不平等这一主题)。所以选[D]。[A]项过于宽泛,未提及性别差异这一关键因素。[B]只是单纯指出了男女在压力面前的差异,而忽略了文章的侧重点:女性在压力面前的表现。[C]只是文章涉及的某个具体知识点,不能概括文章的全部内容。—79—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高全文精译与考点出处尽管女性在现代生活中的某些领域一直未能超过男性,但至少在一个不那么受欢迎的领域,女性似乎遥遥领先。在纽约退伍军人管理医院工作的首席精神科医师Yehuda博士说,“(25)与男性相比,女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍。”(21)对人类和动物的研究均表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应,在同样情况下,处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的应激化学物质。在几项研究中,当处于压力状态下的雌鼠的卵巢(雌性生殖器)被摘除,它们产生的化学物质就变得和雄鼠一样多。(22)使女性因压力产生的化学物质增多的问题更加严重的是,她们承受压力的“机会”越来越多。Yehuda博士说,“这并不是说女性做事不如男性做得好,原因只是她们要做的事儿太多。”她说,“女性对压力的耐受力甚至超过了男性,只是因为她们要处理的事务太多,她们才更快、更明显地变得精疲力竭。”Yehuda博士还注意到两性之间的另一个差异。(23)“我认为女性接触的事情往往是长期的、重复的。男性参战,要承受战争的压力。男人接触的往往是随机的身体上的暴力,而女性接触的人与人之间的暴力往往发生在家里,不幸的是,施暴者往往是父母或其他家庭成员,而且这些暴力往往不只一次。而这种长期关系带来的折磨就可能给她们造成毁灭性的打击。”AdelineAlvarez18岁结婚,生了儿子,但还是决心读完大学。“我为获得大学学位苦苦挣扎过。生活中遇到那么多的挫折,上学并不断进步,做得更好,这对我来说意味着一种解脱。”那之后,她离婚了,变成了单身母亲。(24)“最困难的事情是照顾一个十几岁的孩子,上班,付房租,还车贷,偿还债务。我的生活就是花光这个月的薪水花下个月的。”Alvarez指出,并非每个人都经历长期的严重压力,但是如今多数女性要承担许多义务,很少有时间休息,一直面临压力。Alvarez的经历表明,要在压力威胁到你的健康和机能之前找到方法疏导它,这很重要。①undesirablea.不受欢迎的②susceptiblea.易受影响的;besusceptibleto易受……影响的③triggern.触发器④exposevt.暴露,揭露;beexposedto暴露于,接触到⑤chronica.慢性的,长期的;chronicunemployment长期失业⑥obligationn.义务⑦strainn.紧张,劳累;underthestrain意为“处于紧张状态”;withoutstrain意为“自然地,毫不费力地”⑧diffusevt.散播⑨hormonen.激素,荷尔蒙⑩devastatinga.破坏性的—80—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程1.StudiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonesSomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.【句子主干】Studieshaveshownthat【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是:句子的主语是Studies;ofbothanimalsandhumans是介词短语作定语修饰Studies;谓语是haveshown;sexhormones...conditions是that引导的宾语从句。causing...是分词短语做结果状语。femalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesundertheconditions是比较级结构,比较对象是femalesunderstress和malesunderthesameconditions。【句子翻译】对人类和动物的研究均表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应,在同样情况下,处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的应激化学物质。2.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressedoutfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.【句子主干】theirchemicalresponsesbecameequal【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是:when引导的是时间状语从句,其中hadtheirovariesremoved是havesthdone这一固定结构的具体用法,表示“让别人做某事”之意。became是句子主干的谓语,equaltothoseofthemales为句子的宾语成分。【句子翻译】在几项研究中,当把压力过大的雌鼠的卵巢(雌性生殖器)摘除时,它们产生的化学物质就变得和雄鼠的一样多。3.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”【句子主干】sheobserves【结构分析】本句为由sheobserves隔开的两个直接引语,第一个为简单句;第二个为复合句,其主干是it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethings,其中的that应理解成because.【句子翻译】她说:“女性对压力的忍受力甚至比男性要强,但因为她们要处理那么多的事儿,她们更明显、更快地变得精疲力竭。”4.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeoneshotdeals.【句子主干】Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencetendtobeindomesticsituationsandtheytendnottobeoneshotdeals.【结构分析】本句为并列复合句,由and连接两个并列分句,第一个是复合句,其主干是Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencetendtobeindomesticsituations;that引导的从句是violence的定语从句;by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers是方式状语;and后面是一个简单句。【句子翻译】而女性接触的人际间暴力往往发生在家里,不幸的是,施暴者通常是父母或其他家庭—81—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高成员,而且往往不只一次。Text2答案详解及答对率26.【答案】[D]答对率为67%【解析】段落大意题。本文主要讲的是传统的出版方式和新的出版方式的对比,新的出版方式对传统出版方式的突破。第一段以实验报告的发表为例介绍了传统科学期刊出版方式:实验室把研究者的研究结果递交给刊物,刊物的编辑在隐去作者姓名及相关信息后把论文递交给编审,根据审查结果或出版或拒绝出版此篇论文。版权由杂志社保留,研究者必须订阅杂志才能查找此研究结果的相关文章。第二段则话锋一转,说这种情况已不复存在。由此可知[D]正确,即“刊物出版的传统流程”。[A]“刊物编辑的背景信息”,[B]“实验报告的发表程序”,[C]“作者与出版商的关系”均是以偏概全。27.【答案】[C]答对率为37%【解析】细节判断题。文章第二段开头说网络使得获取科学研究的结果成为现实。OECD的报告对其(网络使得获取科学研究的结果成为现实)深远的影响做出阐述:(一)这(OECD的报告)使得获利匪浅的出版商大为头疼。(二)更进一步地,它表露了一个变化,即,获得科学研究成果的途径。它(获得科学研究成果的途径)到目前为止是科学奋斗的重要的一个部分。值得注意到是OCED的报告本身并没有使得科学研究显著地获利,而是其报告里的关于网络使得获取科学研究的结果成为现实这一事实使得科学研究显著地获利。答案应该选择[C]。28.【答案】[A]答对率为42%【解析】事实细节题。由题干的关键词onlinepublication可知其与Internet有关,第二段明确指出“网络出版使得人们容易获得科学结果”,所以[A]正确。文章未谈论研究者的获利问题,只提到scientificpublishingmarket是一个bigbusiness,故排除[B];[C]“科学知识本身无比重要的作用”非本文讨论的范围;[D]项文章并未提及,较易排除。29.【答案】[A]答对率为55%【解析】事实细节题。根据题干中的关键词“theopenaccesspublishingmodel”可以定位于最后一段的“thereisopenaccesspublishing...askingtheauthortopayforthepapertobepublished”,[A]项是该句的同义转述,为正确答案。30.【答案】[B]答对率为57%【解析】主旨大意题。本文主要说明了一种新型出版业———网络出版的出现及其对传统出版业的影响。所以选项[B]正确。网络出版对传统出版行业构成威胁,但并不威胁出版本身,[A]断章取义;[C]是表明作者观点的题支,不符合主旨大意题的要求;[D]仅是文章的部分内容,亦排除。—82—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程全文精译与考点出处(26)事情曾经如此简单。在同一实验室里工作的一组研究者将研究结果呈交给一本期刊,之后期刊编辑从论文上除去作者的名字和所属机构,将它送给同行审阅。根据同行的审阅评语,编辑决定发表该论文或退稿。论文版权属于期刊出版商,而那些想了解研究成果的研究者则必须订阅该期刊。现在,情况不再是这样了。(28)出版商通过限制人们对政府资助的研究成果的查看权来获利,科学研究的出资机构对此表示质疑,互联网与这股压力一起使政府资助的人们能够接触到科学研究成果。经济合作与发展组织(OECD)刚刚发表了一份报告,阐述该变化的深远意义。澳大利亚维多利亚大学的JohnHoughton和经济合作发展组织的GrahamVickery共同撰写了该报告,(27)报告会让那些目前为止获益颇丰的出版商感到心情沉重。但是其意义远远不止于此。它预示了科学事业一直以来的一种巨大转变。知识的价值以及公众投资研究的回归部分依赖于期刊的广泛传播,人们随时可以看到。这是笔大生意。在美国,估计核心科学读物的出版市场价值在70亿至110亿美元之间。国际科学技术医疗出版协会指出,全球范围内有超过2000家出版商专攻这些领域。他们每年在大约16000种期刊上发表超过120万篇论文。这种情况正在改变。根据OECD的报告,现在,有差不多75%的学术期刊可以在线查阅。全新的商业模式在逐步显现。该报告的作者主要确认了三种模式。首先是所谓的大生意,即由机构订购期刊,通过签订网址许可协议,为网上期刊的查阅付费。(29)第二种是开放权限出版模式,典型的是让作者(或他的雇主)支付论文出版的费用。最后一种是开放权限档案模式,即背后有诸如大学或国际实验室这样的组织为机构提供知识库存。其他现有的模式是这三种模式的结合,例如延迟权限开放模式,即期刊在允许任何想要阅读一篇论文的人免费阅读之前,在前六个月,只允许订阅者查阅论文。所有这些都会改变同行审阅论文的传统流程,至少在论文出版领域是这样。①straightforwarda.简单的,直截了当的②submitv.递交,提交;服从,顺从;常与to搭配使用③affiliationn.附属;关系;联系④restrictvt.限制,约束,常用to搭配⑤endeavor努力;尽力⑥specializev.专攻,通常为specializeinsth⑦subscribern.订阅人⑧farreachinga.意义深远的⑨archiven.档案⑩repositoryn.知识库瑏瑡hybridn杂种;混合物;混血儿1.TheInternetandpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersare—83—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高makingmoneyfromgovernmentfundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoitismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.【句子主干】TheInternetismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是:TheInternet是主语;ismaking是谓语;access是宾语;toscientificresults是后置定语修饰access;areality宾语补足语。破折号之间的内容是插入语,不影响主句形式。表示插入语用法的词还有:with,togetherwith,alongwith,aswellas,followedby,followingwith等。例如:Theteacher,alongwiththestudents,goestoseethefilm.老师跟学生一起去看电影。在原插入语中,andpressure是主干,fromfundingagencies是介词短语作定语修饰pressure;who引导的定语从句用来修饰agencies,在定语从句中又含有一个由why引导的宾语从句。【句子翻译】科学研究的出资机构质问为何出版商通过限制人们对研究成果的查看权而从政府资助的研究项目中获益,互联网的发展与这股压力一起使得人们能够接触到科学研究成果。2.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopenaccess,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.【句子主干】Othermodelsexist【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是:Othermodels是主语;exist是谓语;that引导的从句做定语修饰Othermodels。suchas引出其同位语,对Othermodels进行举例说明,其中where引导非限制性定语从句修饰delayedopenaccess;介词before所在短语中的who引导定语从句修饰不定代词everyone.【句子翻译】还有一些模式是这三种模式的结合,例如延迟权限开放模式,即在前六个月只允许订阅者查阅论文,然后才允许任何想要阅读论文的人免费阅读。Text3答案详解及答对率31.【答案】[A]答对率为77%【解析】事实细节题。由题干中的关键词“WiltChamberlain”,定位在第一段。该段通过将WiltChamberlain的身高和20世纪60年代以及上个赛季的NBA球员的身高进行对比,说明NBA球员的身高在增长。所以[A]正确。从文章的中心来看,[B]、[C]、[D]三项很容易排除。32.【答案】[C]答对率为34%【解析】推理判断题。文章第三段主要说明身高的增长有赖于大量的热量和营养物质,尤其是蛋白质。从该段中的“butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshaveincreasedinheightby...”,可以看出生活水平对于身体成长所起的重要作用,[C]项的livingstandard与原文中asdietandhealthimproved同义,故为答案。另外,[A]、[B]、[D]三项文中都未提及。—84—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程33.【答案】[B]答对率为69%【解析】观点态度题。[A]答案过于绝对,且文中没有提到;[C]是一种最高级形式,文中并没有将美国人的身高与其他国家人的身高做对比,非作者的观点;[D]项断章取义,不符合文章的内容。所以[B]为正确选项。34.【答案】[D]答对率为67%【解析】推理判断题。最后一段主要说明基因的最大限度可以改变,但不会很快改变,暗示人的平均身高不会很快改变。而且文章最后一段中的“...90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.”和“youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident”两句都暗示了[D]项所提到的内容,故正确。[A]与文意相反;[B]属张冠李戴;[C]不符文意。35.【答案】[C]答对率为36%【解析】主旨大意题。本题考查对文章主旨的把握,综观全文,总结各段大意(详见文章结构分析)可知,文章主要是说明美国人的身高不会再有所增加这一中心问题,所以只有选项[C]充分表达了该内容。[A]文章未提及;[B]过于宽泛,文章只是讨论美国人的身高,而非整个人类,故排除;[D]与文意相反。全文精译与考点出处在20世纪60年代早期,WiltChamberlain是美国NBA球员中个子超过7英尺的仅有的三个球员之一。但是,如果他上个赛季参赛了的话,他就会是42人中的一个了。(31)这些年来,那些从事主要职业运动的运动员的身高发生了巨大变化,经理们十分愿意调整队服以适应不断增多的越来越高大的运动员的需求。体育界的这一趋势可能掩盖了一个不为人知的现实:美国人已经普遍不再长高了。尽管与140年前相比,现在平均身高增长了2英寸,但现在的人,特别是那些出生于在美国生活了几代的家庭里的人,他们的身高显然在20世纪60年代早期就达到了极限。他们可能不会变得更高了。Wright州立大学的人类学家WilliamCameronChumlea说,“在目前的基因和环境水平下,普通人的身高已经到了极限。”而NBA球员的情况是,他们身高的增加是由于全球各地招募球员这一越来越普遍的做法。(32)人超过20岁之后,很少会继续长高。长高需要卡路里和营养素———特别是蛋白质———来滋养不断扩张的组织。在20世纪初期,营养不良及儿童期感染阻碍了增高。但是随着饮食和健康状况的提高,儿童及青少年普遍每20年会增长约1.5英寸,这就是被称之为“身高增长长期趋势”的模型。但是疾病控制预防中心指出,男性5′9″,女性5′4″的平均身高自20世纪60年代以来就没有实质性的改变。从遗传方面来看,避免过高是有好处的。出生时,体形巨大的婴儿更难通过产道。(33)而且,尽管人类已经直立行走了几百万年,但我们的脚和后背还在不断地挣扎以保持双脚着地的姿态,还不能很轻松地承受过长的肢体带来的持续重压。西北大学的人类学家WilliamLeonard指出,“个体机体中—85—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高的遗传结构会造成一些实质性的限制。”遗传的极限可以突破,但是不要期待这种情况很快发生。位于马萨诸塞州Natick部队研究中心的资深人类学家ClaireC.Gordon确信,90%雇员的工作服和工作台尺寸无需改变就能适合新增人员。她说,与那些篮球队服不同的是,一段时间以来,军队制服的长度没有变化。Gordon说,(34)如果你需要预测不远的将来人类的高度去设计器具的话,基本上“你可以相当自信地采用现在的数据。”①dramaticallyad.引人注目地②substantiala.实质的③uprighta.直立的④posturen.姿势⑤withstandv.经得起⑥imposev.强加于(常与to搭配使用)⑦constraintn.约束;限制;constrainv迫使,强迫⑧maximumn.最大值⑨alterationn.改变;变更;alterv改变,变更⑩bipedala.两足动物的1.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.【句子主干】Thebodieshavechangedandmanagershavebeenmorethanwilling【结构分析】本句为并列句。第一个分句的主干是Thebodieshavechanged。分词短语playingmajorprofessionalsports做bodies的后置定语。第二个分句的主干是managershavebeenmorethanwilling。不定式短语toadjustteamuniforms...是目的状语。【句子翻译】这些年来,那些从事专业体育运动的运动员的身材发生了巨大变化,俱乐部的经理们十分乐意更换队服以适应不断增多的越来越高大的运动员的需求。2.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today’speopleespeciallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerationsapparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.【句子主干】today’speoplereachedtheirlimit【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是:Though引导让步状语从句;过去分词短语borntofamilies...是those的后置定语;whohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations是families的定语从句。【句子翻译】尽管相比于140年前,现在美国人的身高明显地增长了2英寸,但现在的人,特别是那些在美国生活了几代的家庭里出生的人,他们的身高显然在20世纪60年代早期就达到了极限。3.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbya—86—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程boutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.【句子主干】childrenandadolescentshaveincreasedinheight【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是:as引导的是状语从句,表伴随状况;apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight是前面的同位语成分;过去分词短语knownas...是pattern的后置定语。【句子翻译】但是随着饮食和健康状况的提高,儿童及青少年身高平均每20年增高1.5英寸,这就是被称之为“身高增长长期趋势”的模式。4.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.【句子主干】ourfeetandbackcontinuetostruggleandcannotwithstandstrain【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是:eventhough引导让步状语从句;strugglewith意为“与……抗争”是固定搭配;imposedbyoversizelimbs是strain的后置定语。【句子翻译】另外,尽管人类已经直立了几百万年,但我们的双脚和后背还在不断地与两足行走的姿势相抗衡,难以承受因肢体过长带来的不断的重压。Text4答案详解及答对率36.【答案】[C]答对率为18%【解析】推理判断题。题干问“文章提及华盛顿补牙这事是为了”显然从华盛顿补牙这件事上我们可以知道①华盛顿不为人所知的一些方面,②美国建国之初,人们对待奴隶的残暴态度。但是这些都不是文章提及华盛顿补牙这件事情的动机,文章提及此事是为了引出文章的主题“奴隶制度在美国开国元勋生活中所扮演的角色”。文章第二段第二句“最近,许多历史学家开始专注于研究奴隶制度在美国开国元勋生活中所扮演的角色”才是本题的切入点。37.【答案】[B]答对率为42%【解析】推理判断题。推理题其实就是四个判断题,只要将四个选项根据原文逐一判断即可。[A]“历史研究中广泛使用了DNA技术”题意过宽,我们很难判断是否widelyapplied。[B]“早年间美国面临很微妙的状况”,正对应文章第二段的内容:幼年的美国很脆弱(fragile),一些开国元勋会做出道德妥协,知道奴隶制的弊端但并未努力废除。这与[B]的delicatesituations相吻合,所以[B]为答案。[C]“历史学家们故意编造了一些关于杰弗逊的生活故事”明显错误。[D]“在美国历史中,很容易发现政治妥协的情况”也是扩大了原文内容,所以不正确。38.【答案】[C]答对率为55%【解析】推理判断题。从原文可知杰弗逊对奴隶制的看法是复杂的,主要表现在:他本身没有废奴,并与自己的女奴有私生子,最后给予这些私生子自由,却没有给他的女奴们自由,所以他对奴隶制—87—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高的态度是复杂的,选[C]。其他三项均属断章取义。39.【答案】[A]答对率为48%【解析】推理判断题。从文章第四段首句thestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery可知“政治家们的政治生命依赖于奴隶制”,换言之,他们从奴隶制中获得不少政治好处,随后举例证明,故[A]正确。[B]奴隶在独立前后都没有投票权,60年代民权运动以后美国黑人才有投票权。文章提及的threefifthsformula是把黑奴当成五分之三的人来计算,以此增加南方在国会的席位。文章在后面也提及这样的政治安排使得一些政治家依赖奴隶制。[C]是对文章中的likehavingalargebankaccount的曲解。[D]是对文中的peculiarinstitution的曲解,其本身就是指“旧时美国南部的黑奴制度”。40.【答案】[B]答对率为54%【解析】事实细节题。文中最后一段的Washington,...observingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,...granthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill明确指出华盛顿给奴隶自由的原因是他们在战争中的勇敢行为,所以选[B]。其他三项均不符合原文内容。全文精译与考点出处1784年,在成为美国总统前的5年,52岁的乔治·华盛顿的牙齿就几乎掉光了。于是他雇了一名牙医,向他的口腔中移植了九颗牙,而这九颗牙是从他的奴隶的嘴里拔出来的。(36)与多数人记得的历史课本上的砍樱桃树的华盛顿的形象相比,这个形象相差太远了。但是最近,许多历史学家都开始关注奴隶制在建国那代人的生活中的作用。他们这样做部分是由于1998年发现的DNA证据的驱动,这一证据基本上证实了托马斯·杰弗逊和他的奴隶莎莉·海明斯至少生了一个孩子。仅仅在过去的30多年间,学者们就已经从上至下地审视了历史。(37)几位历史学家的著作揭示了美国早期领袖们在道德方面的妥协,以及美国建国初期的脆弱本质。更有意义的是,他们辩称,许多国父知道奴隶制是错误的,但是多数人却没做什么来反对它。历史学家说,这些创始人们主要是受制于当时的文化。(38)尽管华盛顿和杰弗逊私底下都表达了对奴隶制的反感,但他们也理解奴隶制是他们努力创建的这个国家政治和经济基础的一部分。一方面,南部无法放弃奴隶。《不完美的上帝:乔治·华盛顿,他的奴隶及美国的建立》一书的作者Wiencek说,拥有奴隶就像是“拥有一个大的银行账户”。如果没有“特别条款”的保护,其中包括一个为了议会代表的席位,将一名奴隶视为3/5个人的条款,南部各州就不会签署《美国宪法》。(39)政治家们的政治生活依赖奴隶制。3/5代表权的规定让选举团中支持杰弗逊的南部各州的人数增多,使得杰弗逊在1800年的总统选举中以微弱优势胜出。杰弗逊当权期间,曾通过1803年购买路易斯安那州进一步拓展了奴隶制的存在范围;新土地被分成13个州,包括3个实行奴隶制的州。虽然海明斯本人及其他近150名奴隶没有得到自由,杰弗逊还是给了她的孩子自由。(40)华盛顿在目睹了独立战争中黑人士兵的英勇表现后,开始相信人人生而平等,他不顾亲属们的强烈反对,在他的遗嘱中他的奴隶们得到了自由。而仅仅在十年前,这一行为在弗吉尼亚还必须要得到立法机—88—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程关批准才行。①transplantv.移植②extractv.拔出;取出(通常与from搭配使用)③spurv.驱动;促使;激励④compromisen.妥协;折中⑤fragilea.脆弱的⑥hamperv.阻碍⑦legislativea.立法机关的⑧bedrockn.基础⑨institutionn.条款⑩congressionala.议会的1.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.【句子主干】TheyhavebeenspurredbyDNAevidence【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是:They是句子的主语;havebeenspurred是谓语;byDNAevidence是状语;madeavailablein1998做定语修饰evidence;which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰evidence。在定语从句中:which是主语;proved是谓语;ThomasJeffersonhadfathered...是宾语从句,其中father用做动词,意为“做……的父亲”。【句子翻译】他们这样做的部分原因是受到1998年发现的DNA证据的驱动,这一证据基本上证实了托马斯·杰弗逊和他的奴隶莎莉·海明斯至少生了一个孩子。2.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.【结构分析】本句为并列复合句。整个句子的结构是:While引导时间状语从句;they是主句的主语;understood是谓语;that引导的是宾语从句。在that宾语从句中,it做主语;was是系动词;partofthepolitical...是表语:theyhelpedtocreate做定语从句修饰thecountry。【句子翻译】尽管华盛顿和杰弗逊私底下都表达了对奴隶制的反感,但他们也理解奴隶制是他们努力创建的这个国家政治和经济基础的一部分。3.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe“peculiarinstitution”,includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.【句子主干】ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitution【结构分析】本句是复合句,其主干为虚拟语气。现在分词短语includingaclause...是peculiarinstitution的定语,that引导的定语从句修饰aclause.—89—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高【句子翻译】如果没有对这种“奇特制度”的保护性条款,其中包括一项为了议会代表的席位,将一名奴隶按照3/5个人计算的条款,南部各州就不会签署《美国宪法》。4.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.【句子主干】Washingtonovercamethestrongopposition【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是:Washington是句子主语;overcame是谓语;thestrongopposition是宾语;who引导的非限制性定语从句修饰Washington。介词短语afterobservingthebravery是该从句的时间状语;ofhisrelatives是定语修饰opposition;不定式短语togrant...做目的状语。【句子翻译】华盛顿在目睹了独立战争中黑人士兵的英勇表现后,开始相信人人生而平等,他不顾亲属们的强烈反对,在遗嘱中赋予他的奴隶们自由。05年Text1(1)Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviorisregardedas“alltoohuman”;withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaleofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.(2)Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviorsoffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregoodnatured,cooperativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.(3)SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.dewaal’s;study.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviorsbecamemarkedlydifferent.(4)Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)—90—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.(5)Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.inthewild,theyareacooperative,grouplivingspecies.Suchcooperationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby.A.posingacontrastB.justifyinganassumptionC.makingacomparisonD.explainingaphenomenon22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,paragraphl)impliesthat.A.monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivalsB.resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys’natureC.monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachotherD.noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare.A.moreinclinedtoweighwhattheygetB.attentivetoresearchers’instructionsC.niceinbothappearanceandtemperamentD.moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaaehaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys.A.prefergrapestocucumbersB.canbetaughttoexchangethingsC.willnotbecooperativeiffeelingcheatedD.areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.B.Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.C.Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.D.Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.—91—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高Text2(1)Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.(2)Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelymanmade.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’sreport“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatoutnationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”(3)Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit’sOktokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythe100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.(4)Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch—aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis”.(5)Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmospherere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat.A.therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeathB.thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificantC.peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflifeD.antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas.—92—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程A.aprotectorB.ajudgeC.acriticD.aguide28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis”(Lastline,paragraph4)?A.Endlessstudieskillaction.B.Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.C.Prudentplanninghindersprogress.D.Extensiveresearchhelpsdecisionmaking.29.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming?A.OfferaidtobuildcleanerpowerplantsB.RaisepublicawarenessofconservationC.PressforfurtherscientificresearchD.Takesomelegislativemeasures30.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause.A.theybothsufferedfromthegovernment’snegligenceB.alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformerC.theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformerD.bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworseText3(1)Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.Bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”—therandombyproductsoftheneuralrepairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“offline”.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,“It’syourdream,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon’tlikeit,changeit.”(2)Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep—whenmostvividdreamsoccur—asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved,thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain”)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.“Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday”—93—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高saysStanfordsleepresearcherDrWilliamDement.(3)ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressinggtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’seventsuntil,itappears,webegintodream.(4)Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeisoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep.(5)Attheendoftheday,there’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingor“wewakeupinapanic,”CartwrightsaysTerrorism,economicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofus,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep—orratherdream—onitandyou’llfeelbetterinthemorning.31.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams.A.canbemodifiedintheircoursesB.aresusceptibletoemotionalchangesC.reflectourinnermostdesiresandfearsD.arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow.A.itsfunctioninourdreamsB.themechanismofREMsleepC.therelationofdreamstoemotionsD.itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex33.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto.A.aggravateinourunconsciousmindB.developintohappydreamsC.persisttillthetimewefallasleepD.showupindreamsearlyatnight34.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat.A.wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreamsB.visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontrol—94—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程C.dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogressionD.dreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious35.WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavehaddreams?A.Leadyourlifeasusual.B.Seekprofessionalhelp.C.Exerciseconsciouscontrol.D.Avoidanxietyinthedaytime.Text4(1)Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationoflanguageandMusicandWhyWeshouldlike,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scountercultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.(2)Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecaseendingsofOldEnglish.(3)Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing”,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.(4)Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,like,care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnonstandardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.(5)Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemoldfashionedtomostEnglishspeakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.shame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.—95—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高36.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish.A.isinevitableinradicaleducationreformsB.isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopmentC.hascausedthecontroversyoverthecountercultureD.broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s37.Theword“talking”(Line5,paragraph3)denotes.A.modestyB.personalityC.livelinessD.informality38.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?A.Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.B.BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.C.Nonstandardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.D.Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.39.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’s.A.interestintheirlanguageB.appreciationoftheireffortsC.admirationfortheirmemoryD.contemptfortheiroldfashionedness40.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as.A.“temporary”isto“permanent”B.“radical”isto“conservative”C.“functional”isto“artistic”D.“humble”isto“noble”07年Text1(1)Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.(2)Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winterbornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccermadparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;dnoneoftheabove.(3)AndersEricsson,a58yearoldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstex—96—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程periment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Erissonrecalls.“hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”(4)Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.(5)Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expertperformers———whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogramming———arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.21.Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto.A.stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltrainingB.spotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCupC.introducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertperformanceD.explainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers22.Theword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.A.funB.crazeC.hysteriaD.excitement23.AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemory.A.dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformationB.resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercisesC.isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactorsD.requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration24.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat.A.talentisdominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccessB.biologicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance—97—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高C.theroleoftalenttendtobeoverlookedD.highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture25.Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriesconvey?A.“Faithwillmovemountains.”B.“Onereapswhatonesows.”C.“Practicemakesperfect.”D.“Likefather,likeson.”Text2(1)Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228—thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?Itisnotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.(2)Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?(3)ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanfordBinerIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandChildren’sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.(4)Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRoberJ,Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlowstressleadership———thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattesttakingskillalsomatters,whetherit’sknowingwhentoguess—98—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程orwhatquestionstoskip.26.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencetest?A.Answeringphilosophicalquestions.B.Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.C.Tellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts.D.Choosingwordorgraphssimilartothegivenones.27.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?A.PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.B.MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheinternet.C.Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.D.Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.28.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavant’sbecause.A.thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalproceduresB.creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednowC.vosSavant’scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeatD.thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged29.Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat.A.testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone’sabilityB.IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelatedC.testinginvolvesalotofguessworkD.traditionaltestsareoutofdate30.Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat.A.supportiveB.skepticalC.impartialD.biasedText3(1)Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddleclassfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinancialsecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.(2)Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimits—99—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高oftheirnewtwopaycheckstatus.Asaresulttheyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback———abackupearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This“addedworkereffect”couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwisestayathomepartner.(3)Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaigntomoveSocialSecuritytoasavingsaccountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamilies,thepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostforhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen———andnewlyfashionablehealthsavingsplansarespreadingfromleasislativehallstowalmartworks,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenew.doseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographiesareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent—andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance———havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.(4)Fromthemiddleclassfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.31.Today’sdoubleincomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat.A.thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappearedB.theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreasedC.theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomicsD.theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance32.AsaresultofPresidentBush’sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave.A.ahighersenseofsecurityB.lesssecuredpaymentsC.lesschancetoinvestD.aguaranteedfuture33.Accordingtotheauthor,healthsavingplanswill.A.helpreducethecostofhealthcareB.popularizeamongthemiddleclassC.compensateforthereducedpensionsD.increasethefamilies’investmentrisk—100—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程34.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.A.financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisksB.themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallengesC.financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblemsD.financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?A.TheMiddleClassontheAlertB.TheMiddleClassontheCliffC.TheMiddleClassinConflictD.TheMiddleClassinRuinsText4(1)Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroubles,andimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernance,anewproblemthreatenstoearnthem———especiallyinAmerica———thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Left,untilnow,toodd,lowlevelITstafftoputright,andseenasaconcernonlyofdatarichindustriessuchasbanking,telecomsandairtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighontheboss’sagendainbusinessofeveryvariety.(2)Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear———fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner,theAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley—haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.(3)“Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasanyotherasset?”saysHalmMendeisonofStanfordUniversity’sbusinessschool.“Theabilitytoguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvalue,whichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholders.”Indeed,justasthereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples(GAAP),perhapsitistimeforGASP,GenerallyacceptedSecurityPractices,suggestedEliNoamofNewYork’sColumbiaBusinessSchool.“Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurity,redundancyandrecoveryisamanagementissue,notatechnicalone,”hesays.(4)Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeassurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore———andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghand.(5)Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged———thoughnotjustified———bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,butnotEurope)fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw,Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyone,eventhevictim,whendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsof—101—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高prposeddatasecuritylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashington,D.C.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncreditcardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommisssion(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.36.Thestatement“Itneverrainsbutitpours”isusedtointroduce.A.thefiercebusinesscompetitionB.thefeeblebossboardrelationsC.thethreatfromnewreportsD.theseverityofdataleakage37.AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindout.A.whetherthereisanyweakpointB.whatsortofdatahasbeenstolenC.whoisresponsiblefortheleakageD.howthepotentialspiescanbelocated38.InbringinguptheconceptofGASP,theauthorismakingthepointthat.A.shareholders’interestsshouldbeproperlyattendedtoB.informationprotectionshouldbegivendueattentionC.businessshouldenhancetheirlevelofaccountingsecurityD.themarketvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeemphasized39.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsomebossesfailto.A.seethelinkbetweentrustanddataprotectionB.perceivethesensitivityofpersonaldataC.realizethehighcostofdatarestorationD.appreciatetheeconomicvalueoftrust40.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that.A.dataleakageismoresevereinEuropeB.FTC’sdecisionisessentialtodatasecurityC.CaliforniatakestheleadinsecuritylegislationD.legalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodataleakage06年Text1(1)Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference,”Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thisis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdef—102—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程erence”characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19thcenturydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite.”Thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.”Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.(2)Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday’simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation———language,homeownershipandintermarriage.(3)The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish‘well’or‘verywell’aftertenyearsofresidence.”ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.“Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies.”HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa“graveyard”forlanguage.By1996foreignbornimmigrantswhohadarrivebefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnativebornAmericans.(4)ForeignbornAsiansandHispanicshavehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.bornwhitesandblacks.Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtononHispanics,and41percentofAsianAmericanwomenaremarriedtononAsians.(5)RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundworldarefansofsuperstarslikeAmoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yetsomeAmericansfearthatimmigrantlivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation’sassimilativepower.(6)AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethinginAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica’sturbulentpast,today’ssocialindiceshardlissuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.21.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans.A.identifying B.associating C.assimilating D.monopolizing22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury.A.playedaroleinthespreadofpopularcultureB.becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumersC.satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableeliteD.oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption—103—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S..A.areresistanttohomogenizationB.exertagreatinfluenceonAmericancultureC.arehardlyathreattothecommoncultureD.constitutethemajorityofthepopulation24.WhyareAmoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?A.ToprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworldB.Torevealthepublic’sfearofimmigrantsC.TogiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrantsD.ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture25.Intheauthor’sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis.A.rewardingB.successfulC.fruitlessD.harmfulText2(1)StratfordonAvon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry———WilliamShakespeare———buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway’sCottage,Shakespeare’sbirthplaceandtheothersights.(2)TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC’sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It’salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoisemaking.(3)Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus———andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside———don’tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight———seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown’srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.(4)Thetownsfolkdon’tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,—104—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程andwillbeveryexpensive.(5)Anyway,thetownsfolkcan’tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey’lldobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.(6)ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford’smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)———lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing———roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.26.Fromthefirsttwoparas,welearnthat.A.thetownsfolkdenytheRSC’scontributiontothetown’srevenueB.theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstageC.thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodtermsD.thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism27.ItcanbeinferredfromPara3that.A.thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparatelyB.theplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthesightseersC.thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoersD.theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater28.Bysaying“Stratfordcriespoortraditionally”(Line23,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthat.A.StratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojectsB.StratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficultiesC.thetownisnotreallyshortofmoneyD.thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid29.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause.A.ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespendingB.thecompanyisfinanciallyillmanagedC.thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptableD.thetheatreattendanceisontherise30.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor.A.issupportiveofbothsidesB.favorsthetownsfolk’sview—105—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高C.takesadetachedattitudeD.issympathetictotheRSCText3(1)Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slowgrowinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.(2)Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelongfishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.(3)Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.(4)Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.31.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat.A.largeanimalswerevulnerabletothechangingenvironmentB.smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappearedC.largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattodayD.Slowgrowingfishoutlivefastgrowingones—106—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程32.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaperthat.A.thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%B.thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsagoC.thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamountD.thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold33.Bysaying"thesefiguresareconservative(Line1,paragraph3)",Dr.Wormmeansthat.A.fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidlyB.thencatchsizesareactuallysmallerthenrecordedC.themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterlossD.thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate34.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthat.A.peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan’tworkforalongertimeB.fisheriesshouldkeeptheyieldbelow50%ofthebiomassC.theoceanbiomassshouldrestoreditsoriginallevelD.peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetochangingsituation35.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries’.A.managementefficiencyB.biomasslevelC.catchsizelimitsD.technologicalapplicationText4(1)Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdbuttheweirdestmaybelikethis:artists’onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.(2)Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipid,phonyor,worstofall,boringaswewentfromWordsworth’sdaffodilstoBaudelaire’sflowersofevil.(3)Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butit’snotasifearliertimesdidn’tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.(4)Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising.Theriseofantihappyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.(5)Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,lived—107—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高withfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.(6)TodaythemessagesyouraverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fastfoodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda———tolureustoopenourwalletstomaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable.“Celebrate!”commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.(7)Whatweforget———whatoureconomydependsonisforgetting———isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedsomeonetotellusasreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.36.BycitingtheexampleofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat.A.poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusicB.artgrowsoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeelingC.poettodayarelessskepticalofhappinessD.artisthavechangedtheirfocusofinterest37.Theword“bummer”(Line5.paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomething.A.religiousB.unpleasantC.entertainingD.commercial38.Intheauthor’sopinion,advertising.A.emergesinthewakeoftheantihappypartB.isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpeerC.replacesthechurchasamajorsourceofinformationD.createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself39.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves.A.happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadnessB.theantihappyartisdistastefulbyrefreshingC.miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandeniedD.theantihappyartflourisheswheneconomybooms40.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?—108—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程A.Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.B.Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.C.Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmorality.D.Massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.Part23 背诵500个考过二十次以上词汇above/beyond:介词,后面接抽象而不是具体名词时表示“无法做到”,例如:“abovecomprehension”的意思是“无法理解”。intheabsenceofsomething:“缺少,没有”,用于替代“inshortof”或者“belackingin”。beabsorbedinsomething:“专心从事”。abuse:用在物品词后面表示“过量使用”,用在有生命的事物后面则表示“虐待”。haveaccesstosomething:这个短语最常用的意思是“tohavesomethingthatyoucanuse”,就是“能够用到”,当然,要根据它后面接的单词来判断其中文含义,比如“haveaccesstotown”表示“有道路通往市区”,“haveaccesstotheteacher”则是“有条件向老师请教”,而“haveaccesstotheInternet”则表示“有上网条件”。accessible/available:形容词,中文的含义同上。byaccident:介词词组,属于副词用法,修饰动作,意思是“偶然”。accommodate:英文解释为“toacceptsomeone’sopinionsandtrytodowhattheywant,especiallywhentheiropinionsorneedsaredifferentfromyours”或者“togetusedtoanewsituationortomakeyourselfdothis”,因此中文的意思是“接受;适应”。account:名词,“解释,解说,叙述”。accountfor:本身是“解释说明”的含义,但在使用时可以翻译成“是……的原因”。此外,在数字概念上表示“占……份额,比重”。acknowledge:这个词有两个常用含义,“向某个人表示感谢”或“承认”。acquire:这个词的中文非常灵活,通常由后面跟随的名词决定,如“acquirebadhabits”就是“养成坏习惯”的含义。在商业用语中,该词则表示“吞并”。其名词形式acquisition也有这个含义。action:在军事用语中可以表示“战斗”。inaction:表示“正在起作用”。adapt:动词,在科技用语中表示“(将某个领域的研究成果)应用于(另一领域)”。addresssomebody:“对某人说话,发言”。adopt:动词有“收养”的意思。afford:用法非常灵活,总的来讲表示“承担不起”,后面可以接表示金钱,时间或者情感的词汇。cannotaffordto:英文解释为“ifyoucannotaffordtodosomething,youmustnotdoitbecauseitcould—109—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高causeseriousproblemsforyou”,所以这个词组的中文应当理解为“不应当,一定不要做”。agency:目前的含义主要指“行政职能机构”,比如美国的很多国家机构都叫agency,另外在生物化学领域,这个词翻译成“介质,载体”,而在计算机英语中则是“服务器”。agreewith:“使人或者身体的某个部分觉得舒适”。agreeable:“惬意,令人愉快,恰到好处”。agreement:在阅读文章时通常是“一致的意见”这个含义。air:名词有“气氛”的含义,动词则表示“公开表达或发表”。intheair:表示“悬而未决,仍在酝酿中”。allowsomebodytodosomething:中文可以翻译成“让/使得某个人去做某件事”。alone:阅读中有时和“only”是同一个意思,即“仅仅”,但要用在单词或者句子后面。ambitious:中性词,“野心”或者“志向”的含义。amountto:在翻译或者阅读考试中的含义经常会是“竟然达到……的地步,程度”。anchor:动词有“固定,安定”的含义,如果在新闻界做名词用,则表示“新闻播音员”。appealtosomebody:“吸引某个人的注意力”。appealtocourt:法律用语,“上诉”。appearance:中文含义为“状况,现象”。apply:日常生活中是“涂抹,敷药”的含义。词组applytosomething表示“适用于”。approach:名词表示“方法,手段”,动词则是“处理,处置”。appropriateto:“适用于,与之相应”。argue:在写作中可以表示“认为”,如果与介词同时使用,如“arguefor”表示“支持”,“argueagainst”表示“反对”。argument:这个词的意思一般不是“争论”,而是“观点,主张”。arrestone’sattention:“引起某人的注意”。art:“技术,技能”。不要总是理解成“艺术”。article:日常生活购物场景下表示“一件商品”。assertoneself:“表现自己”或“维护自己的权利”。associate:动词主要是“与……有联系”或者“联想”。名词association也是这两个含义。assume:动词,“承担任务或角色、任职”。attachment:“依赖,眷恋”。attend:词义为“参加”。attendtosomebody/something:“照料”的含义。attribute:名词表示“特点,特性”,是个褒义词。authorities:“政府当局”,或者由上下文决定的“最高机构”,例如在教育的文章中,这个词可能就—110—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程是“教育部或者是校方、教师”的含义。backup:“支持”。balance:在经济英语中指的是“账面余额”。bargain:名词形式在口语中很常用,表示“物超所值的商品”。based:这个词缀用在任何一个地点名词的后面,表示“总部位于某个地方”。bear:最原始的含义表示“承载,承受”。bearing:用在人的身上指“品格,气质”,日常是“方向”的含义。better:动词的意思是“优于,胜过”。thebetterpartof:“大多数,大半个”。bid:动词是“吩咐,命令”,名词有的时候有“试图、企图”的含义。board:名词最常用的含义是“委员会”,动词后面接交通工具则是“上火车,上船,上飞机”。bold:在印刷术语中是“粗体字”的含义。beborntodosomething:“天生有能力做某件事情”。beboundtodosomething:“一定会做某件事情”。branch:“分支机构”,看上下文可以翻译成为“分校,分公司,银行分行”等等。brandnew:“崭新的”。ridgethegap:“缩短差距”。brief:动词可以表示“做简短介绍”,名词则是“简短会议”。budget:日常生活中可以翻译成“购物计划”。build:名词,指“人的身材”,而且应当是比较健壮的身材,多用于男士。burst:表示“(情感等的)猛烈爆发”,与其他一些单词连接使用,如“burstintotears”或者“burstintolaughter”,翻译成“大哭”或者“大笑”。business:“事务”。but:后面接名词时是“除……以外”,因此“anythingbut”中文为“就不是……”,而“nothingbut”则为“就是……”。calculate:“盘算,估算”。camp:动词的含义是“驻扎”。campaign:“(有益的大型)活动”。cap:本身的含义是“帽子”,但使用的时候则可以表示“最高部分,上限”。atcapacity:词组,“全速地,完全地”。captureone’sattention/imagination:capture的本意是“俘获”,但是在这两个搭配中的含义是“吸引某人的注意/使人产生遐想”。career:虽然字典中常常将这个词解释为“事业”,但是在LangmanDictionaryofContemporaryEng—111—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高lish中,这个词被注释为“ajoborprofessionthatyouhavebeentrainedfor,andwhichyoudoforalongperiodofyourlife”,因此实际的中文含义还是“职业”。“undertaking”才是意义最广泛的“事业”。carefree:这个词在LangmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish的解释为“havingnoworriesorproblems”,相当于中文的“无所谓,不关心”,不知道为什么在所有的词典中都解释为“无忧无虑”,从中也可以看出英汉词典的局限。case:通常的含义是“情况”,如果在法律环境下则是“案例”。cast:日常生活中的含义是“铸造,塑造”,但是有一些固定的词组搭配,比如“castaglanceatsomething/somebody”是“将眼光投向某个事物或某个人”,“castlightonsomething”是“提供新信息,帮助理解”,而“castashadowonsomething”则是“在某件事情上投下阴影”。cause:“事业,目标”。ceaseto:“不再出现某种情况”。ceiling:在经济和数学用语中通常表示“上限”。cement:作为动词,含义为“巩固,加强”。centeron:“以……为中心,围绕”。certain:在心理学环境下的英语解释为“feelingconfidentaboutyourselfandyourabilities”,因此中文可以翻译为“自信”。chair:动词的意思是“主持”,相当于“presideover”。challenge:在最新的LangmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish中,该词的解释为“torefusetoacceptthatsomethingisright,fair,orlegal”,翻译考试中,这个词通常要翻译成为“怀疑,质疑”。chance:科技英语中是“偶然性”的含义,因此“bychance”的意思是“偶然地”。channel:动词的含义是“引导”,名词是“渠道,路径”。charge:动词含义有两个,在科技英语的环境下是“充电”,而在日常生活中是“索取(费用)”。名词通常是“电流”的含义。beinchargeof:“对……负责”。check:动词,表示“遏止,控制”。chew:“琢磨,考虑”。chip:“芯片”。choice:形容词的意思是“精选的”。claim:如果后面接的是人,表示的含义是“让人丢了性命”。class:动词的含义同“classify”基本相同,表示“分类”。clause:法律用语中是“条款”。click:计算机用语中是“点击”,由于计算机英语在日常生活中的普及,很多单词转入日常生活时会出现其他含义,比如这个词的英语解释中就包括“tosuddenlyunderstandorrealizesomething”和“if—112—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程twopeopleclick,theylike,understand,andagreewitheachother”,如何翻译也就很容易了。climate:“风气,风俗”。climbup:表示数字“缓慢上升”。cloudy:“浑浊,模糊不清”,如果指心情,则表示“低沉,阴郁”。coach:动词,“给一个运动队、个人做教练或进行指导”。coat:生物、化学及医药用语中是“表面,外皮”的含义,因此例如“sugarcoating”一类的词就是“糖衣”的含义了。code:法律用语中是“规则,法典”的含义。collect:LangmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish中的一个解释为“tocometoaparticularplaceinordertotakesomeoneorsomethingaway”,中文含义为“领取,接走”。colony:生物学含义为“微生物的种群”。command:“掌握,拥有”。commercial:名词是“电视商业广告”的含义,而“advertisement”一般指报纸中的广告。commission:通常的含义是“任务”,但是在商业用语中是“佣金,回扣”的含义。becommittedtosomething:“决心做某件事情”。commitment:“决心”。communicateone’sidea:“表达某个人的观点”。community:与其他名词连用表示“界”,比如scientificcommunity就是“科技界”,此外复数communities也有“社会”的含义。company:“同伴,一起”。complain:在很多时候都是“投诉”的意思。filecomplaint:这个词组的含义也是“投诉”。complex:如果用于建筑学,这个词的含义是“一组建筑群”。concern:在阅读理解中,特别是在题干中,都是“担心”的含义。concerning:介词,“关于”,相当于“withregardto”或者“regarding”。concerted:形容词,“共同的”,比如“makeconcertedefforts”表示共同努力。beconditionedto:LangmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish中的解释为“tomakeapersonorananimalthinkorbehaveinacertainwaybyinfluencingortrainingthemoveraperiodoftime”,中文的含义有点像“习惯于,受……的影响”。conduct:这个词在英语学习当中是非常重要的。首先,作为名词,含义是“人的行为,品行,举止”,而作为动词,它的含义与do基本一致,但主要用于褒义场合。consequence:本身是“结果,后果”,在词组“farreachingconsequence”中则是“影响,重要性”。constitution:“组成(成分)”,法律用语是“宪法”,因此词组“constitutionalright”就是“宪法赋予的—113—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高权力”。consume:除去其“消费,消耗”的含义外,如果是“beconsumedwith”后面接表示情绪的名词,则表示“陷入,不能自拔”,因为根据LangmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish中的解释,这个词组的含义为“ifafeelingorideaconsumesyou,itaffectsyouverystrongly,sothatyoucannotthinkaboutanythingelse”。contain:如果这个词后面出现的消极内容,则表示“抑制,遏制”。context:这个词与“environment”表示“自然环境”的含义相对,含义为“(抽象)环境”,“inthecontextof”这个词组在完型填空中被选的频率还是相当高的。contract:如果后面接表示疾病的单词,则做动词的含义是“得了(大病,急病)”。contribute:需要注意这个词是中性词,如果在消极场合中使用,就是“造成,导致”的含义。contribution:“促成因素”。conventionally:字面含义是“常规上讲”,但在阅读中表示“过去”。copy:动词,“仿效,模仿”。corner:动词的含义是“逼迫”,词组“cutthecorners”表示“走捷径,用最简洁经济的方式做事”。count:及物动词表示“计算”,不及物动词则是“算数,起作用”。counton:“指望”。course:“河流的路径”,引申的含义是“事业”。court:动词“追求”,名词在法律用语中是“法庭”,体育用语中是“中型球场”,比如篮球,排球,网球等等。cover:“掩盖”,含有贬义,此外在保险业用语中“coverloss”表示“保……险”。crackdownupon:“严厉打击”。credit:词组“givecreditfor/to”的含义非常灵活,总的来说是“表扬,嘉奖,归功于”,但是理解时要看上下文。critical:“至关重要的”,写作中可以用来替代“important”。acropof:描述人的量词,表示“一批,一代”,替代过去常用的agenerationof。cry:词组“afarcry”表示“相差甚远”。curse:“灾难,灾祸”。cushion:这个词做动词可以表示“减轻,缓和”。cutanddried:“顺手就可以做到,轻而易举”。damage:法律用语中是“赔偿金”的含义。daring:“大胆,勇敢的”。dawn:名词表示“开始,来临”,动词词组“dawnuponsomebody”表示“理解,明白”。deal:这个词的构词能力很强,中文只能随着后面的名词变化,比如“dealaheavyblow”就表示“给—114—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程……以沉重的打击”。defend:国防中是“保卫”,法律场合是“辩护”。deliberate:这个词做动词的时候表示“深思”。deliver:“发送,传送”,多用于发送信息,消息,邮件等场合。deposit:名词“存款,押金”。deputy:用在有些头衔的前面表示“副职”,比如“deputyprimeminister”是“副总理”。desert:动词“抛弃”。deserted:形容地点表示“荒无人烟的”,形容人的心情则表示“孤独,沮丧的”。desirable:LangmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish中的解释“somethingthatisdesirableisworthhavingordoing”,如果用中文来解释,就是“很好”。desperate:形容人做事“拼命,买力气”。detached:LangmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish对这个词的解释为“notreactingtoorbecominginvolvedinsomethinginanemotionalway”,有点像“indifferent”,表示“超然物外,不关心”。develop:这个词的英语解释为“graduallyform/acquire”,含义为“逐渐形成或获得”,翻译时要根据后面的名词来处理,比如“developanidea”表示“形成观点”,“developadisease”中文是“得病”。devise:动词,“设计,发明”。dig:动词词组“digup”经常出现,是“搜集,发现”的含义。digest:动词“理解”的含义。direct:动词含义为“指导,命令”,属于指令性动词。discipline:名词是“学科”的意思。dismiss:英语解释为“torefusetoconsidersomeone’sidea,opinionetc,becauseyouthinkitisnotserious,true,orimportant”,中文是“打消,否认”的含义。disorder:精神病学中这个词是“精神错乱,失常”的含义。disposal:“垃圾”的意思。dive:这个词有“急速下降”的含义,比如“takeanosedive”。bedivorcedfrom:“分离,脱离”的含义。document:动词,“记录”。documentary:名词,“记录片”。domestic:常用的含义两个,一个是“国内的”,一个是“家中的”。drain:“财富,精力等外流,逐渐耗尽”,因此词组“braindrain”表示“人才外流”。dramatically/drastically:“大幅度,剧烈地”drill:石油业中名词含义是“钻头”,动词是“钻井”,日常生活中是“反复操练”的意思。drive:动词的含义是“推动,给……以动力”。—115—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高drop:“放弃”,在写图表作文时可以用作“下降”,替代我们经常使用的“increase”。drug:“毒品”。duty:进出口内容中是“关税”的意思。dwellupon:“仔细想,深思”。earn:中性动词,“赢得”或者是“遭到”。词组“earnone’skeep”在阅读理解中曾经出现,表示“谋生”。echo:动词,“应和,附和”的含义。economy:“节约”,比如词组“practiceeconomy”的意思就是“节约开支”。effect:动词“产生,导致”,有时也和其他单词形成固定词组,比如“effectpayment”的含义是“付款”。embrace:“接受,信奉某种观点”。employ:“采用,采纳”。beendowedwithsomething:“tonaturallyhaveagoodfeatureorquality”,中文含义为“天生具有……才能或者资质”。engagesb:“雇佣”。enjoy:在很多时候中文翻译成“拥有,享有”,比如“enjoygoodreputation”可以理解为“享有盛誉”。established:“得到公认,已经确立的”。intheeventof:“如果,万一”。evident:“显然的,明显的”。execute:企业用语中是“执行决策,处理”,法律用语是“处决”。exercise:与法律用词放在一起使用时,动词的含义是“行使,履行,执行”的意思。exertoneself:英语解释为“toworkveryhardandusealotofphysicalormentalenergy”,意思是“尽力,努力”。exhaust:“耗尽(自然资源,精力等等)”。beexpertinsomething:“老练的,内行的”。explode:“迅速增长”。beexposedto:“接触到”。faculty:大学环境下指“全体教工”,指人时则是“天赋,禀性”。failtodo:“没有能够”。faint:“微弱的,不明显的”。fallbackon:LangmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish对这个短语的解释为“tousesomethingordependonsomeone’shelpwhendealingwithadifficultsituation,especiallyafterothermethodshave—116—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程failed”,根据这个英语解释我们知道词组大概的含义就是“因为没有太好的办法,所以只能……”。这个词组的英语解释很好的说明了看英语解释理解单词含义的意义。befascinatedby:“迷恋上,被吸引”。fashion:词组beinfashion表示“流行”,ina...fashion则表示“以……方式”。feature:“toincludeorshowsomethingasaspecialorimportantpartofsomething,ortobeincludedasanimportantpart”,中文可以翻译为“以……为特色,特色是……”。”fence:动词“保护,阻止”。figureout:“估算,盘算”。file:动词的含义很多,其中一个就是“提出”,在“filecomplaint”“filelawsuit”等词组中表示“提出投诉”或“提出上诉”。film:科技英语中表示“薄膜”或者“胶片”。finance:动词“资助”,在作文中经常使用。fire:动词“解雇”。firm:“小型公司”。fit:名词,更确切地说应当是量词,“afitof”后面接表示情绪的名词中文的含义是“情绪发作”。fix:“安装,装配”。词组“fixone’seyesuponsomething”表示“眼光紧紧地盯着”。flight:这个词有时表示“逃跑”。flood:动词“充斥,弥漫”,通常的形式是“befloodedwithsomething”。floor:和“ceiling”相对,表示“最低点”。fold:这个词缀前面加上数词,表示“倍,重”。Itfollowsthat:“于是出现了……的结果”。foreign:“陌生的,不熟悉的”。fortune:“运气”或者“财富”。forward:动词“发送”的含义,以前用于发送电子邮件,现在基本替代了“send”。free:这个词缀与任何名词连用,中文表示“没有”。friendly:这个词缀放在任何名词后面,表示“充分考虑……,为了……的方便”。比如“userfriendly”翻译成“使用方便”,“environmentallyfriendly”表示“有利于环境的,环保的”。front:“前锋,前沿”。frownat:“对……感到生气,不快”。fund:动词表示“资助”。furnish:“提供”。gain:与很多名词连用,表示“增加,变快”,如“gainspeed”。game:“规则”。—117—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高gather:“渐渐增长”,比如词组“gatherspeed”。geartosomething:“适合于,配合”。gift:名词“天赋”,动词词组“begiftedwithsomething”表示“有……天赋”。giverisetosomething:“引起,引发”。grant:“助学金,资助”。ground:这个词构成词组时意义很多,比如“breakground”表示“破土动工,开辟新天地”,“gainground”表示“普及,有了进展”,而“ongroundof”则是“根据是”。guardagainst:“防范,警惕,注意”,这个词组是中性词,在阅读理解考试中曾经出现,没有支持或者反对的含义。gut:词组“havethegutstodosomething”表示“有勇气去做……”。handle:这个词如何翻译,完全要看后面的名词通常和什么中文动词搭配了。比如“handletheproblem”表示“解决问题”,“handlethecrisis”则是“应对危机”。hearing:名词,“听证会”。cannothelpdoing/but:“禁不住要”。Itdoesn’thelpthat:“无法避免的是,现实情况是”。hit:名词的含义为“轰动一时的事物”。hold:“认为”。horizon:“眼界,见识”。host:动词,“主办”,替代过去常常使用的hold。而词组ahostof则是量词,表示“许多”。hungerforsomething:名词词组,“对……怀有渴望”。hunt:“搜索,搜寻”。ignorance:“无知”。beimmunefrom:“不受……的影响”。impressive:普通含义为“印象深刻的,好的”,但如果用于形容建筑物,则是“令人肃然起敬,庄严肃穆的”。inthat:连词型词组,表示“在于,因为”。beindulgedinsomething:“迷恋于,自我陶醉于”。informed:形容词,表示“消息灵通的”。instant:用于食品饮料,表示“速溶,即食的”。institutional:这个词的含义类似“systematic”,“系统的,有组织,有逻辑的”。instrument:“手段,借助的方法、工具”。instrumental:“起作用的,辅助的”。intensive:中文翻译为“……密集型”,比如“laborintensive”是“劳动密集型”。—118—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程interactwith:“与人交往,交流”。interest:“利益,利害关系”。interpret:动词表示“理解,阐释”。intriguing:“引起兴趣的,有诱惑力的”。introduce:“引进”。inviting:“吸引人的”。item:量词,“一件(商品)”。jump:“迅速上升”,可在写作图表型文章时使用。just:形容词,“公正的”。keen:这个词的每个意思都比较重要,首先是“强烈的”,其次是“敏锐的”。key:“关键”。launch:动词,“展开(大型活动)”。law:“定理,定律”。learned:形容词,“博学的”。atlength:“最后终于”或者是“详尽,详细的”这个词组不是很常用。let:动词的含义中有“出租”的含义。liability:“责任义务”,特别指厂商,销售商对顾客负有的“法律义务”。literally:“实际上”。literature:“文献材料,印刷品”。live:形容词,“现场直播的”。lodge:动词,与“file”的动词含义相似,表示“提出(投诉,诉讼)”。login:计算机用语,表示“登录”,现在演变成“进入”。long:动词,表示“渴望,盼望”。ataloss:“感到困惑不解”。maintain:“一贯认为”,可以用于写作。ina...manner:“以……的方式”。mapsomethingout:英文解释为“toplancarefullyhowsomethingwillhappen”,即“详细筹划”。byamargin:“余地,幅度”。marginal:“非主流的,很小的”。mark:名词,“显要,名声”。marked:作为形容词,含义为“显著的,清楚的”。means:“方法,手段”。atthemercyof:“受……的支配控制”。—119—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高merger:“大公司合并”。meritsomething:“值得”,有点像“deserve”,但是个完全的褒义词。might:“力量”,形容词“mighty”是“力量强大的,猛烈的”。minister:动词,“(行政)管理”。minor:形容词,在法律用语中表示“轻微的(犯罪)”。minute:形容词的含义为“微小的”。mirror:动词,“反映出”。monitor:动词是“监视,监控”,名词是“监视器”。move:动词,“采取行动”,英文解释为“tostarttakingaction,especiallyinordertoachievesomethingordealwithaproblem”。must:名词,“必须要做的事情。”nature:“本质,本性”。nerve:这个词最好以词组形式记忆,getonone’snerves表示“让某个人紧张不安”,havenerves则表示“有勇气,沉着”。nervous:这个词要注意其本义“神经系统的”。note:动词,“注意到”。novel:形容词,“新奇的,新颖的”。objecttosomebody/something:动词含义为“反对”。beobligedtodoingsomething:通常这个词都是“不得不”的含义,但是最近曾经考过“对……表示感谢”的含义。observe:动词含义中有“遵守”和“庆祝”的解释。occasion:“时刻,重大或者特殊的活动”,比如词组ononeoccasion中文就可以翻译成“有一次”。beoccupiedwithsomething:“(头脑等)全神贯注于某件事务”。odd:形容词通常的含义是“奇特古怪的”,数学用语中是“基数”,词组为oddnumber。offend:英语可以解释为“toseembadorunacceptabletosomeone”,中文含义为“让人感到厌恶”。offending可以做形容词来用。offensive:形容词,“讨厌,令人作呕的”。office:“职责,责任,岗位”,这个词有很多相关的词组,比如“takeoffice”是“就职”,“leaveoffice”就是“离职”。once:这个词在阅读理解的范畴中通常都是“一旦,如果”的含义,引导条件关系从句。beopentosomething:这个词组在英语中相当灵活,最常用的含义是两个,一个是“likelytosufferfromsomethingorbeaffectedbysomething”,中文即“容易受到消极影响”,比如“Hehaslefthimselfopentoaccusationsofdishonesty”的意思是“别人很容易职责他不够诚实”,而另外一个则是“willingtocon—120—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程sidersomethingnewortoacceptsomethingnew”,表示“愿意接受新鲜事物”,比如“Thecommitteeisopentosuggestions”是说“委员会乐于接受建议”。orbit:动词含义为“让……进入轨道,步入正轨”。orderly:形容词是“秩序井然,整齐的”,但在美式用语中这个词的名词含义专门指“医院的男护理工”。organ:人体中是“器官”,政治用语中是“国家机关”,通常词组为“thestateorgan”。organic:直接的含义是“有机的”,但词组“organicfood”是“无公害食品”的意思。oriented:这个词缀表示“以……为中心,面向……”。orientation:美式英语中是“aperiodoftimeduringwhichpeoplearetrainedandpreparedforanewjoborcourseofstudy”,中文是“熟悉,适应,即学生熟悉新学校的情况,或者员工适应新工作环境”。originally:这个词在阅读中的含义就是“过去”。outstanding:“显眼,突出”。overlook:这个词含义很多,需要根据上下文确定,主要含义包括“俯视,鸟瞰”,“忽视,忽略”,“宽容,不计较”。overwhelm:LangmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish对这个词的解释主要有两个,第一个含义是“ifsomeoneisoverwhelmedbyanemotion,theyfeelitsostronglythattheycannotthinkclearly”,中文翻译为“怀有某种强烈的情感”,另外一个是“ifworkoraproblemoverwhelmssomeone,itistoomuchortoodifficulttodealwith”,中文为“淹没,压得……透不过气”。因此形容词词组“anoverwhelmingmajority”就是“压倒性多数”。over:与动词连接使用时通常表示“优于,胜过”。pace:“速度,进展”。pack:做量词的时候是“(凶猛野兽的)一群”。paradox:“自相矛盾的说法”或者“因为存在两种截然相反的观点而让人无法理解”。parallel:“与……相比,与……相当”。beparticularabout:“挑剔”。party:含义之一是“(参与各方中的)一方”。passage:名词“经过,迁移”,指具体事物时是“走廊,通道”的意思。path:“途径,方式,方法”,写作时可以替代经常使用的“way,measure,method”等词。penetrate:“弥漫,充满”。perform:这个词大概相当于中文的“做,处理”,可以同其他词搭配成词组,翻译时要整体考虑。比如“performasurgery”,中文是“做手术”,“performatask”,中文是“执行任务”,而“performone’sduty”则是“履行职责”。persist:“延续或存在至今”。—121—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高perspective:含义是“观点,看法”,或者是“前景,将来”。philosophy:“基本原理”,或者是“做人原则”。pickonsomebody:“挑某个人的毛病,找茬”。pickup:“不经意间学会”。picture:“情况”。plague:动词,“折磨,烦扰,肆虐”。plain:“十足,彻底”,有的时候也表示“浅显易懂”,或者“太过普通”。plant:工业英语中表示“(重工业)工厂,电站”。plugawayatsomething:“埋头苦干”。plunge:“急速下降,下跌”。point:名词“目的,意义”。所以pointless就是“没有意义”。pokefunatsomeone:“拿……寻开心”。policy:“原则”。polish:“雕琢,完善”。pop:比较熟悉的含义是“流行音乐”,但是作为动词,它的含义是“爆炸,开枪”,词组为“popup”,含义为“突然出现”。pose:“造成,形成”,通常表达消极含义,比如“posechallenge”者“postthreat”等。post:名词“岗位,职位”。power:物理学或日常生活中指“电力,动力”。practical:“实际上”。practice:名词“惯例,(长期一贯的)做法”。practise:动词“长期,大范围地开展”。bepreparedfor:“tobewillingtodosomething,especiallysomethingdifficultorsomethingthatyoudonotusuallydo”,如果按照这个英语解释来看,我们就知道“bepreparedfordeath”这样的词组不会翻译成“准备着去死”,而应当有点“从容面对死亡”的意味了。prescribe:动词,表示“命令”。在医疗英语中是“开处方”。press:名词,“出版社,新闻界”。print:动词“用印刷体书写”。produce:这个词的翻译非常灵活,需要看后面使用什么名词,“produceabook”就是“写了本书”,“produceafilm”则是“拍了部电影”。program:LangmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish的解释包括“aseriesofactionswhicharedesignedtoachievesomethingimportant”和“acourseofstudy”,因此中文就是“教学或其他重要的活动和项目”。—122—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程project:作为名词的含义是“大型建设项目”,与program“大型活动性项目”正好相对。promise:动词是“有前途,有指望”,因此“promising”是形容词,“有前途的”含义。prompt:“敦促,鼓励”。propose:动词是“提议”,比如“proposeatoast”是“提议大家干一杯”。providedthat:连词,“只有在……情况下才有可能……”。pupil:名词,表示人的器官时指“瞳孔”。purpose:“好处,意义”,词组为“servenopurpose”,中文翻译为“没有意义或好处”。quarrel:中文可以翻译成“争论”。rage:这个词在翻译中曾经考察过,早期英语中有“精神错乱”的含义,因此当时的试题是“kitchenrage”,中文翻译为“厨房狂躁症”。raise:动词有“养育,养殖”的含义,英文解释为“tolookafteryourchildrenandhelpthemgrow”和“tolookafteranimalsorgrowplantssothattheycanbesoldorusedasfood”。rate:“速度,比率”。atanyrate:“无论如何”。ready:“轻易,毫无困难的”。rear:动词是“抚养”的含义,形容词是“后面的”,指房间或交通工具的后半部分。比如汽车的后门就叫做“reardoor”。reason:名词“理性,理智”。receive:动词,“接待,接风”。bereducedto:LangmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish的解释为“tomakesomeonedosomethingtheywouldrathernotdo,especiallywhenitinvolvesbehavingorlivinginawaythatisnotasgoodasbefore”,中文实际相当于“万般无奈下只能”。refined:形容词,指人时表示“有修养”。reflecton/uponsomething:“认真思考,仔细考虑”。regarding:介词,“关于”。withregardto:介词词组,“就……而言,关于”。regard:名词有“尊敬,器重”的含义,比如词组“holdsomebodyinhighregard”或者“haveahighregardforsomebody”。regular:“普通的”或者是“定期的”。reinforce:这个词的翻译要根据中文的习惯,比如词组“reinforceeachother”可以翻译成“互相辉映,相得益彰”。relate:动词含义之一是“叙述”。remain:“长期保持……的状态,一直是……”。—123—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高remote:形容词“很少的,细微的”,比如“remoteresemblance”是“只有一点点相似之处”。relevant:“有关的,相关的”。remedy:名词,“补救措施”。render:动词,用法非常灵活,首先这个词相当与“translate”,是“翻译”的含义,比如“renderitintoEnglish”是“将其翻译成英语”。另外,这个词表示“给予,提供”。另外,在很多词组中,这个词表示“使……处于某种状况”,比如“Illnessrendershimratherweak”,就是“生病让他变得很虚弱”。repeat:动词,“仿效,模仿”。resolve:本身是“解决”,但在有些词组中也要灵活处理,比如“resolvedifference/conflict”,中文应翻译成“消除分歧/冲突”。此外,这个词还有“下定决心做”的含义。resort:名词,日常生活中的含义是“旅游胜地”,词组“thelastresort”是“最后的手段,办法”。动词词组“resorttosomething”表示“借助于”。respect:名词含义为“方面”,相当于“aspect”。withrespectto:“关于,谈到”。reston/upon:“在于,取决于”。review:名词和动词都有“评定,审查”的含义。rewarding:形容词,“有收获的”。rich:形容食品时是“油腻”的意思。role:翻译的时候要根据上下文处理为“角色”,“职责”或者“作用”。roll:名词,“花名册”,因此,如果我们看到“onthepayroll”这样的词组,就可以理解为“有工作,没有失业”了。rough:这个词所有的意思都很常用,形容天气是“有暴风雨的,恶劣的”,形容道路是“崎岖不平”,形容日常事物表示“简陋,没有加工”,数字概念上又是“粗略的”。routine:形容词是“一成不变,无聊的”。名词指“一成不变的,无聊的工作”。berudeabout:“挑剔,对……很苛刻”。rule:动词和名词都有“统治”的意思。法律用语中是“裁定”,并分别有两个词组“rulefor”和“ruleagainst”。run:“操作控制”或“经营管理”。sack:口语中这个词是动词,表示“解雇”。besaddledwithsomething:“承受……的负担”。besafefrom/besavedfrom:最新的OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionary对这两个词组的解释为“protectedfromanydangerorharm”,也就是“不必担心有……的危险”。sanction:这个词的两个含义相差甚远,一个是“批准”,另外一个是“制裁”,这也体现出英语词汇含义的特点,就是词汇的含义具有任意性。—124—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程scale:“规模”。school:学术界指“流派”,生物学中是“水生动物种群”。scope:“范围,范畴”或者是“眼界,见识”。score:“成功”。screen:动词,“阻挡,防止”。secure:同“certain”一样,也是“feelingconfidentaboutyourselfandyourabilities”的含义,中文是“自信”。sense:“道理,理智”,词组“makesense”是“合理”,而“makesenseofsomething”则是“理解”。sentence:法律用语是“宣判”。service:日常生活用语中是动词,表示“维修保养汽车”。setting:名词,“背景,环境”。settle:动词,搭配能力非常强,比如“settletheaccount”表示“结帐”,“settletheproblem”则是“解决问题”。shame:英文解释为“usedwhenyouwishasituationwasdifferent,andyoufeelsadordisappointed”,中文可以说成是“不像话,过不去,很遗憾”。shot:名词,口语有“注射”的意思,美式英语中还专门指“注射毒品”。shoulder:动词,“担负”。shuttle:动词“往来于,穿梭于”。signal:动词,“向……示意”。sink:名词,日常生活中是“水池,水槽”的含义。sizeup:动词词组“估计,揣度”。skirt:名词,“边缘(地带)”。slim:形容机会等“很微小”。smooth:形容词,“顺利,正常”。soft:形容经济时表示“疲软”。solution:名词,化学领域是“溶液”的意思。sophisticated:“(机械设备等)复杂的”。sound:形容词,“健全合理”。spare:动词,“节约,留出空闲”,有时也表示“原谅,饶恕”。aspelloftime:“一段时间”。spot:动词是“(偶然)发现”,名词是“现场”,词组为“onthespot”。square:形容词,“公平,公正”。stage:“阶段”。—125—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高stake:这个词最原始的含义是“火刑柱”或者是“赌注”,但是在考试的时候,通常都以词组形式出现,“atstake”表示“处于危险”,“haveastakeinsomething”则表示“在某件事务中得到利益”,这个词很新。start:动词,“惊吓,吃惊”。通常用被动语态“bestarted”。stateofmind:“思维方式”。stay:系动词,“保持”。story:“情况”,如果是新闻用语,则是“报道”。stress:名词“压力”,动词是“强调”。词组“bestressedout”表示“筋疲力尽”。striking:形容词“明显,显著的”。bestripped:“遭到掠夺和抢劫”相当于中文中的俗语“挨宰”。subject:科技用语中是“接受实验的对象”。subscribeto:议论文中经常遇到这个词组,表示“同意,赞成”。succeed:动词,“接在……后面发生或出现”。suck:美式俚语中是“令人不快,讨厌”的意思。suit:单词lawsuit的缩写,“法律诉讼”的含义。support:“抚养,赡养”。swell:动词“自高自大”。sympathy:“同感”,这个词曾经在阅读真题选项中出现过,当时干扰的手段是“showsympathyfor”表示“同情”,而“insympathywith”则是“有同感”。table:“表格”。takeadvantageof:“利用”或者“欺侮”。tailor:动词,“使……适合于”。takecareof:中性词组,贬义概念表示“教训,处置”。tap:动词“开发利用”,这个词在报纸杂志中很常用,可以替代exploit。tell:动词含义中有“显现”和“区分”两个常用的含义。tendto:“往往,通常情况是”。不要总是将这个词组理解成为“倾向于”。term:这个词的意思很多,在阅读中经常用的是“名称,说法”。intermsof:“以……方式,以……衡量,就……而言”,这个词的含义太灵活,因此在各种考试中几乎都是被选择频率最高的词组。thick:“烟雾稠密的”。thirstfor:“渴望”。tie:名词,含义为“关系,联系”,比如internationaltie。tip:“提示,指点,内部消息”。—126—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程toast:动词“庆贺,庆祝”。toilet:名词“洗漱化妆用品”。bythesametoken:词组“由于同样原因”。top:形容词“最好的”。treat:动词,名词“请客”。touch:动词“感动”。traceto:“找到……的根源”。trim:“少量削减”。treasure:动词“重视”。trust:动词,“委托”。tube:口语中是“电视”的意思,在英式英语中指“伦敦的地铁系统”。uneasy:“不自在,忧虑担心”。utter:形容词“纯粹的,完全的”。value:动词,“重视”。virtual:首先,这个词有“实际上”的含义,此外,在科技英语中,含义为“made,done,seenetcontheInternetoronacomputer,ratherthanintherealworld”,中文翻译成“网络虚拟的,仿真的”,这两个含义相差也非常远。如果想区分到底在上下文中这个词如何翻译,其实就可以看上下文中有没有诸如“computer,internet”之类的词汇,这就是我们说的词的使用场合。voice:“用言语表达,吐露”。wage:“进行,从事”,通常与战争,战役,大型运动搭配使用。want:LangmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish对这个词的解释之一是“tosufferbecauseyoudonothavesomething”相对应的例句为“Inmanypoorercountries,peoplestillwantbasicfoodandshelter”,中文可以翻译为“严重缺乏”。wave:“高潮,新趋势”。weigh:“权衡,认真掂量”。when:根据上下文可以翻译为“如果”或者“然而”。whenitcomesto:“当我们面临或谈到某个问题时”。while:在阅读理解内容中基本都是“虽然”的含义。will:名词,“意志,意愿”。windup:“(商业活动等)结束”。wing:建筑用语中指“一座建筑物的两翼”。wisdom:日常生活中的含义是“观点,意见”。word:动词,“谴词造句,措辞”。—127—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高yield:动词,“出产,生产”,词组yieldtosomebody/something则是“投降,屈从于或者妥协”的含义。Part24 历史上考过10次以上的短语1.abideby(=befaithfulto;obey)忠于;遵守2.beabsentfrom...缺席,不在3.absenceormind(=beingabsentminded)心不在焉4.absorb(=takeuptheattentionof)吸引……的注意力(被动语态)beabsorbedin全神贯注于……近beengrossedin;belostin;beraptin;beconcentratedon;befocusedon;becenteredon5.(be)abundantin(berichin;bewellsuppliedwith)富于,富有6.access(to)(不可数名词)能接近,进入,了解7.byaccident(=bychance,accidentally)偶然地,意外.Withoutaccident(=safely)安全地8.ofone’sownaccord(=withoutbeingasked;willingly;freely)自愿地,主动地9.inaccordwith与……一致outofone’saccordwith同……不一致10.withoneaccord(=witheverybodyagreeing)一致地11.inaccordancewith(=inagreementwith)依照,根据12.onone’sownaccount1)为了某人的缘故,为了某人自己的利益2)(=atone’sownrisk)自行负责3)(=byoneself)依靠自己onaccount赊账;onaccountof因为;onnoaccount不论什么原因也不;of……account有……重要性13.take...intoaccount(=consider)把……考虑进去14.givesb.anaccountof说明,解释(理由)15.accountfor(=giveanexplanationorreasonfor)解释,说明16.onaccountof(=becauseof)由于,因为17.onnoaccount(=innocase,fornoreason)绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时要倒装)18.accuse...of...(=charge...with;blamesb.forsth...;blamesth.onsb...;complainabout)指控,控告19.beaccustomedto(=beinthehabitof,beusedto)习惯于20.beacquaintedwith(=tohaveknowledgeof)了解;(=tohavemetsocially)熟悉21.acton奉行,按照……行动;actas扮演;actfor代理22.adaptoneselfto(=adjustoneselfto)使自己适应于23.adapt...(for)(=makesth.suitableforanewneed)改编,改写(以适应新的需要)24.inaddition(=besides)此外,又,加之25.inadditionto(=aswellas,besides,otherthan)除……外—128—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程26.adhereto(=abideby,conformto,complywith,clingto,insiston,persistin,observe,opinion,belief)粘附;坚持,遵循27.adjacent(=nextto,closeto)毗邻的,临近的28.adjust...(to)(=changeslightly)调节;适应29.admitof(=becapableof,leaveroomfor)……的可能,留有……的余地30.inadvance(beforeintime)预告,事先31.toadvantage有利的,使优点更加突出地32.haveanadvantageover胜过havetheadvantageof由于……处于有利条件havetheadvantageofsb.知道某人所不知道的事33.takeadvantageof(=makethebestof,utilize,makeuseof,profitfrom,harness)利用34.agreewith赞同(某人意见)agreeto同意35.inagreement(with)同意,一致36.aheadof在……之前,超过……;aheadoftime提前37.intheair1)不肯定,不具体2)在谣传中38.aboveall(=especially,mostimportantofall)尤其是,最重要的39.inall(=countingeveryoneoreverything,altogether)总共,总计40.afterall毕竟,到底;(not)atall一点也不;allatonce(=suddenly)突然;onceandforall只此一次;aboveall最重要的;firstofall首先;allinall大体上说;beallin累极了;allbut几乎41.allowfor(=takeintoconsideration,takeintoaccount)考虑到,估计到42.amountto(=tobeequalto)总计,等于43.answerfor(undertakeresponsibilityfor,beliablefor,takechargefor)对……负责44.answerto(=conformto)适合,符合45.beanxiousabout为……焦急不安;或anxiousfor46.apologizetosb.forsth.为……向……道歉47.appealtosb.forsth.为某事向某人呼吁appealtosb.对某人有吸引力48.applytosb.forsth.为……向……申请;applyfor申请;applyto适用49.applyto与……有关;适用50.approveof(=consentto,beinfavorof,favor,agreeto,considergood,right)赞成,approvevt.批准51.arisefrom(=becausedby)由……引起52.arrangeforsb.sth.todosth.安排……做……53.arriveon到达;arriveat到达某地(小地方);得出,作出;arrivein到达某地(大地方)54.beashamedof(=feelshame,guiltorsorrowbecauseofsth.done)以……为羞耻—129—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高55.assuresb.ofsth.(=trytocausetobelieveortrustinsth.)向……保证,使……确信56.attach(to)(=tofix,fasten;join)缚,系,结57.makeanattemptatdoingsth.(todosth.)试图做……58.attendto(=giveone’sattention,careandthought)注意,照顾;attendon(upon)(=waitupon,serve,lookafter)侍候,照料59.attitudetotoward...对……的态度,看法60.attribute...to...(=tobelievesth.tobetheresultof...)把……归因于……,认为……是……的结果61.ontheaverage(=onaverage,onanaverage)平均62.(be)awareof(=beconsciousof,havingknowledgeorconsciousness)意识到,知道63.atthebackof(=behind)在……后面64.inthebackof在……后部(里面);onthebackof在……后部(外面);beonone’sback(=beillinbed)卧病不起65.atone’sback(=supportingorfavoringsb.)支持,维护;havesb.atone’sback有……支持,有……作后台66.turnone’sbackonsb.(=turnawayfromsb.inanimpoliteway)不理睬(某人),背弃,抛弃67.behindone’sback背着某人(说坏话)68.bebasedonupon基于69.onthebasisof根据……,在……基础上70.beat...at在……运动项目上打赢71.beginwith以……开始.tobeginwith(=firstofall)首先,第一(经常用于开始语)72.onbehalfof(=astherepresentativeof)以……名义73.believein(=havefaithortrustin;considersth.sb.tobetrue)相信,依赖,信仰74.benefit(from)受益,得到好处75.forthebenefitof为了……的利益(好处)76.forthebetter好转77.getthebetterof(=defeatsb.)打败,胜过78.bybirth在出生上,论出身,按血统atbirth在出生时;givebirthto出生79.blamesb.forsth.因……责备某人blamesth.onsb.把……推在某人身上80.inblossom开花(指树木)beinblossom开花(强调状态)comeintoblossom开花(强调动作)81.onboard到船上,在船上,上火车或飞机82.boastof(orabout)吹嘘83.outofbreath喘不过气来—130—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程84.inbrief(=inasfewwordsaspossible)简言之85.inbulk成批地,不散装的86.takethefloor起立发言87.onbusiness出差办事88.bebusywithsth.于某事bebusydoingsth.忙于做某事89.lastbutone倒数第二90.butfor(=without)要不是,表示假设91.buysth.for...money用多少钱买92.becapableof能够,有能力becapableofbeing+过去分词是能够被……的93.inanycase(=forloveormoney,atanyrate,atanyprice,atanycost,whateverhappens,anyhow)无论如何94.incase(=forfearthat)万一95.incaseof(=intheeventof)如果发生……万一inthecaseof至于……,就……而言96.innocase在任何情况下都不(放句首倒装句)97.becautiousof谨防98.centerone’sattentionon(=focusone’sattentionon)把某人的注意力集中在……上99.becertainof(=besureof)有把握,一定100.forcertainof(=forsure)肯定地,有把握地101.bychance(=accidentally,byaccident)偶然102.forachange换换环境(花样等)103.chargesb.with...告某人犯有……104.inchargeof(=responsiblefor)负责(某事)inthechargeof...由……管105.takechargeof(=tobeorbecomeresponsiblefor)负责管理(照顾)106.charge...for因……索取(费用);chargesb.withsth.控告某人犯有……107.roundtheclock(=alldayandallnight,usuallywithoutstopping)昼夜不停地108.commenton评论109.commitoneselfto使自己承担……commitsb.toprison把某人送进监狱;commitone’sideatowriting把某人的想法写下来;commitamattertoacommittee把某事交给委员会讨论110.incommon(和……)有共同之处,共用;becommontosb.是与某人所共有的111.keepcompanywith(=befriendlyandgoouttogether)和……要好112.compare...with...把……与……比较113.compare...to...把……比作……114.bycomparison比较起来—131—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高115.incomparisonwith(=incontrastto)和……比起来116.compensatefor(=givesth.tomakeupfor)补偿,赔偿,弥补compensatesb.forsth.赔偿,弥补117.complainof(orabout)抱怨;诉苦;控告;complainabout抱怨某人或事情;complaintosb.aboutsth.(orsb.)向某人抱怨……;complain(抱怨);complement(补充);compliment(恭维)118.complywith(=actinaccordancewithademand,order,ruleetc.)遵守,依从119.conceiveof(thinkof,imagine,consider)想象,设想120.concentrateon(orupon)集中,专心121.beconcernedwith(=about)与……有关122.concernoneselfaboutwith关心123.inconclusion(=asthelastthing)最后一点;attheconclusionof当……结束时124.condemnsb.to判决125.onconditionthat(=if)以……为条件,假如.inthat=because因为;nowthat=since既然forallthat=although尽管126.inoutofcondition(=thoroughlyhealthyorfitnotfit)健康状况好不好ingood(bad)condition处于良好(坏)状态127.confess(to)(=admitafault,crime,orsth.wrong)承认,供认;confesstoacrime承认罪行128.confidein(=totalkfreelytosb.aboutone’ssecret)对……讲真心话,依赖129.inconfidence推心置腹地;withconfidence满怀信心地;haveconfidencein对……有信心130.confidenceinsb.sth.对……的信赖131.beconfidentof有信心;confidential机密的132.confine...to...把……限制在某范围内133.confirmsb.in使某人更坚定(信念等)134.conformto(=beinagreementwith,complywith)符合,遵照,遵守;1)obey服从;2)observe;3)complywith照……办;4)keepto遵循;5)abideby服从;6)stickto按……做135.beconfrontedwith(=bebroughtfacetofacewith)面对,面临136.congratulatesb.on祝贺137.inconnectionwith(=withregardto)关于138.beconsciousof(=beawareof)觉察,知道139.consentto(=giveagreementtopermission)同意140.inconsequence(=asaresult)结果141.inconsequenceof(=asaconsequenceof)由于……的结果142.underconsideration在考虑中—132—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程143.inconsiderationof(=inreturnfor,onaccountof,becauseof)由于144.onnoconsideration(innocase)无论如何也不145.take...intoconsideration(=takeaccountof,take...intoaccount)考虑到,把……考虑进去146.considerate(=thoughtfuloftheneeds)体贴的,考虑他人需要的,considerable相当大的,值得考虑的147.consistof(=becomposedof)由……组成的;consistin主要在于.consistwith符合,与……一致148.beconsistentwith(=beinagreementwith)与……一致beconsistentin一贯的149.consultsb.onaboutsth.向……征求……方面的意见,就……向……请教150.toone’sheart’scontent尽情地,痛痛快快151.becontentwith(=besatisfiedwith)满足于becontenttodosth.愿意做某事152.contraryto(=inoppositionto)与……相反153.onthecontrary相反154.contrast...with把……与……相对(对照)155.incontrasttowith和……形成对比bycontrast对比之下156.contributeto有助于157.undercontrol(被)控制住outofcontrol无法控制158.atone’sconvenience(=whereandwhenitsuitsone)在方便的时间或地点beconvenienttofor对……方便159.convincesb.of(=causesb.tobelieveorfeelcertain;topersuadesb.)使某人确信trytopersuadesb.todosth.劝说某人做……160.copewith(=dealwith,trytofindasolutionto)应付,处理161.inthecorner(of)在角落里;on(at)thecomerofastreet在街道拐弯处;roundthecomer拐过弯;beinatightcorner陷入困境162.correspond(with)(=exchangelettersregularly)通信163.correspondto相当于correspondwith符合,一致164.atallcosts不惜任何代价atthecostof以……为代价165.amatterofcourse理所当然的事166.asamatterofcourse当然地,自然地167.in(during)thecourse在……过程中168.induecourse(=withouttoomuchdelay)没经过太久,到一定时候169.oncredit赊购;withcredit以优异成绩;toone’scredit使某人感到光荣;dosb.credit使……感到光荣—133—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高170.becriticalof爱挑毛病的,批评的171.curesb.of+某种疾病治好某人的疾病172.adangerto对……的危险;beindanger(of)处于……危险中;beoutofdanger脱离危险173.todate(=sofar,untilnow)到目前为止174.outofdate过时的;uptodate新式的,时兴的;datebackto可追溯到;datefrom从某时期开始(有)175.dealwith(=concern)论及176.beindebttosb.欠……的债177.onthedecline在衰退中,在减少中indecline下降;ontheincrease在增加178.toone’sdelight令某人感到高兴toone’sregret遗憾;sorrow悲痛;relief安心;distress苦恼;shame羞愧;surprise惊奇;astonishment惊奇179.delightin(=takegreatpleasureindoingsth.)喜欢,取乐180.take(a)delightin喜欢干……,以……为乐181.demandsth.ofsb.向某人要求(非物质的)东西;demandsth.fromsb.向某人要求(物质的)东西182.indemand有需求;ondemand受到要求时183.bedependenton依靠184.deprivesb.ofsth.剥夺某人某物185.derive...from(=obtain...from)从……取得,由……来的.derivefrom(=comefrom)起源于186.despairof(=loseallhopeof)绝望187.indespair绝望188.despite(=inspiteof)不管,尽管189.indetail详细地190.deviatefrom偏离,不按……办191.onadiet吃某种特殊饮食,节食192.differfrom...in与……的区别在于……193.indifficulties……有困难,处境困难194.dischargesb.(from)...for(=dismisssb.fromajobfor)因……解雇,开除195.fallback(=retreat,turnback)撤退;indisorder慌乱地,狼狈不堪196.ondisplay(=beingshownpublicly)陈列197.disposeof(=getridof,throwaway)处理掉198.beyonddispute不容争议的,无可争议199.indispute在争议中—134—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程200.inthedistance在远处;makeout辩认出201.(be)distinctfrom(=bedifferentfrom)与……截然不同202.distinguishbetween(=makeorrecognizedifferences)辨别203.distinguish...from把……与……区别开204.doawaywith(=getridof;abolish;discardeliminate)除去,废除,取消;doawaywith(=kill)杀掉,镇压205.have...todowith与……有关系206.withoutdoubt(=undoubtedly)无可置疑地207.indoubt(=inaconditionofuncertainty)对……表示疑惑208.bedueto是由于209.comeoffduty下班210.goonduty上班211.beonduty值班,值日,在上班时212.beindutyboundto(do)(=berequiredbyone’sjoboresp.byconscience)有义务(做)213.beeagerfor想得到,盼望214.byear(=playmusicfrommemorywithouthavingseenitprinted)凭记忆,不看乐谱215.haveanearfor(=havekeenrecognitionofsoundsesp.inmusicandlanguage)对……有鉴赏力216.awordinone’sear私房话,秘密话217.onearth究竟,到底,全然218.withease(=easily)容易,不费力219.at(one’s)ease(=withoutworryornervousness)自在,不拘束220.putsb.athisherease(=freesb.fromworryornervousness)使某人感到无拘束221.economizeon(=savesth.insteadofbeingwasteful)节省222.haveaneffecton对……有影响223.beineffect(=beinoperation)有效224.gointoeffect生效(近comeintoeffect;takeeffect;bebroughtintoeffect)225.ineffect(=infact,really)实际上226.giveeffectto(=carryout)实行,使……生效227.tonoeffect不起作用,没有取得任何效果228.(be)ofnoeffect(=useless)无效229.totheeffectthat大意是……,主要内容是……230.tothateffect是那个意思的……231.emergefrom(=appear,becomeknown)出现,暴露(问题.意见等)—135—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高232.place(orput,lay)anemphasison强调,把重点放在……上233.encouragesb.in鼓励;encouragesb.inhisherwork鼓励某人工作;encouragesb.inhisheridleness怂恿某人游手好闲234.encouragesb.in...withsth.用……鼓励某人做某事235.onend(=continuously)连续地236.(be)atanend(=finished)结束了237.noendof(=verymanymuch)很多,大量238.intheend(=finally,eventually)最终239.atone’swit’send(=notknowingwhattodoortosay)无法可想,智穷计尽240.endupwith以……而结束241.cometoandend(=finish)结束242.endin以……为结束243.engagein或beengagedin忙于,从事244.enterfor(=putthenameonalistfor)报名参加245.enterinto(=begin)开始(谈话,谈判等)246.enteronupon(=begin)开始(一个时代,一种生涯,一段任期等)247.beentitledto(=begiventherighttodosth.)有权……,有资格……248.beequalto等于249.befeelequalto(=haveenoughstrength,abilityetc.)(某人)能胜任,能应付onequalterms(=onandequalfooting)平等地250.beequippedwith装备有,装有251.(be)equivalentto(=equalinvalue,amount,meaning)相等于,相当于252.inessence(=initsone’snature)本质上253.atallevents(=inspiteofeverything,inanycase)不论怎样,无论如何254.inanyevent(=whateverhappensinthefuture)无论如何,不管(将来)怎么样255.intheeventthat(=if)假如,如果.intheevent结果,实际情况是(常与but连用)256.intheeventof(=incaseof)万一,即使发生……时257.except除……以外;besides除……以外还有……258.except(=but)除了。259.exceptfor(=apartfrom)除……以外260.(an)exceptionto……的例外261.withtheexceptionof(=except,apartfrom)除去……,除……以外262.inexcessof(=morethan)超过—136—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程263.exchange...for以……交换264.exclusiveof(=nottakingintoaccount;without)不包括265.inexcuseof作为……的借口266.exert...on...对……施加……267.exertoneselftodosth.努力,使劲268.comeintoexistence(=begintoexist)开始存在;comeintouse开始使用;comeintoeffect开始运转;comeintofashion开始时新;comeintoaction开始行动;comeintopower开始执政;comeintosight进入视野;comeintoblossom开花269.(be)inexistence存在comeintoexistence出现270.expect...of在……期望……271.attheexpenseof,在损害……情况下,以……为牺牲272.expose...to...使暴露于……,使……受(危险,风险)273.beexposedto...面临……,受到……274.beyondexpression(=inamannerthatcannotbeexpressed)无法形容,说不出的275.giveexpressionto表达,表现findexpressionin表现276.to...extent在……程度上277.intheextreme(=extremely)极其278.looksb.intheeye正视,打量(某人)279.close(shut)one’seyesto不理会,视而不见280.inone’smind’seye在心目中,在想象中281.inthetwinklingofaneye一眨眼,转眼间282.keepaneyeon(=keepawatchon)照看,监视283.intheeyesofinone’seyes(=inthejudgmentof)在某人看来,在某人眼里284.onthefaceofit(=judgingbywhatonecansee)表面看来285.inthefaceof面对着(困难等情况)286.inone’sface当着某人的面;facetofaced面对面;faceupto大胆面向287.failin(=beunsuccessfulin)失败288.ingoodfaith(=honestly,sincerely)真诚地289.keepfaithwith对……守信用290.losefaithin对……失去信心291.onfaith毫无怀疑地,依赖地292.faithfulto(=loyalto)对……忠诚293.fallintothehabit(of)养成……习惯—137—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高294.fallshortof(=failtoreachadesiredresult,standard,etc.)没达到,低于295.familiarwith熟悉,了解296.haveafancyfor(=likesth.withoutthehelpofreason)(没有道理地)喜欢,想要297.takeafancyto(=becomefondof)喜欢298.byfar远,非常(与比较级或最高级连用)299.farfrom远远不是300.farfrom非但不……(而且)301.infashion(=stylish,mostmodern)时兴,流行302.afterthefashion(of)依照……303.findfaultwith(=complainabout;criticize)找毛病,对……吹毛求疵304.atfault(=inthewrong,blamable)有错305.infavourof赞成306.beinfavourwith受宠,受偏爱;outoffavourwith失宠,不受宠307.inone’sfavour(=toone’sadvantage)对……有利308.(be)favourableto(=advantageous)有利的309.fearfor(=beafraidforthesafetyofsb.orsth.)为……担心310.forfearof(=incaseof;becauseofanxietyabout)以防,由于怕311.infearof(=afraidforthesafetyof)担心312.feed(sb.)onsth.靠吃……,用……喂养313.befedupwith(=beunhappy,tiredaboutsth.dull)厌烦,腻了314.feellike(=haveadesirefor)想要315.fillin填写316.fillout(=fillin)填写317.settheworldonfire=settheflamesonfire(=dosth.remarkable)有突出成就318.playwithfire(=takegreatrisks)干冒险事319.setsth.onfire(=setfiretosth.)使……着火,放火320.atfirstsight(=whenfirstseen)乍一看,一见321.forthefirsttime第一次(作状语)322.inthefirstplace首先,第一323.fitinto刚好放入324.fitinwith(=suit,fallintoagreement)合适,相配,一致325.(be)fitfor(=rightandsuitablefor)适合—138—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程326.focuson(=concentrateon)集中在……上;focussth.on把……集中在……上327.befondof喜欢328.(be)inforce有效,实施329.gointoforce开始生效330.byforce靠武力,强行331.force...on把……强加给……332.intheformof以……形式333.befortunatein幸运,有好运气334.freeofcharge免费335.befreedfrom免受,没有……336.infrontof在……前面inthefrontof在……前部337.furnish...with(=supply)向……提供338.ingeneral(=inmostcases,usually)通常339.catch(orget)aglimpseof瞥见(强调结果)takeaglance(orlook)at看一眼(强调动作)340.begoodfor对……有好处;对……有作用,begoodat擅长于;begoodto对……好341.ingoodtime(=early)早早地(做完.到达等)342.forgood(=forever)永远地,长期地343.take...forgranted(=assumetobetrue)把……认为理所当然的344.begratefultosb.forsth因……感谢某人345.ontheground(s)fo(=becauseof)由于……346.falltotheground(计划,希望等)失败,落空347.onone’sguard(against)谨防,警惕(be)onguard站岗348.guardagainst(=defend,keepsafe)警惕,防止guard...against警卫……防止349.guessat猜,估计350.byguess靠猜351.beguiltyof犯有……罪或过失352.beinthehabitof习惯于353.breakoff(ahabit)改掉(某种习惯)354.breaksb.of(ahabit)使某人改掉(某习惯)355.get(fall)intothehabitof养成了……的习惯356.cometoahalt(=stop)停止;停住357.athand在手边,眼前(附近)358.byhand用手工(做)—139—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高359.handinglove(with)狼狈为奸,密切合作360.inhand1)在手边2)(=undercontrol)控制住361.inthehandsof由……掌握,控制,负责362.livefromhandtomouth勉强度日,现挣现吃363.attheheadof在……的前头364.headfor(=movetowards)向……方向前进365.hearof(=knowabout)听人说起,听说过366.atheart(=inreality)内心里,实际上367.inone’sheart(ofhearts)内心深处,事实上368.byheart(=bymemory)熟记,背(诵)369.toone’sheart’scontent尽情地370.withallone’sheart全心全意地,真心实意371.hinder...form(=stop...from)阻碍,使……不能做372.be(go)onholiday在(去)度假goonholiday=goforaholiday373.be(feel)athome(=tobecomfortable;notfeelworried)感觉合适,无拘束,熟悉374.behonestin诚实375.inone’shonour(orinhonourof)祝贺,纪念376.onone’shonour以某人的名誉担保377.hopefor希望(某事发生),希望有378.toone’shorror令某人感到恐惧的是379.inahurry(=hastily)匆忙地380.beidenticalwith(=exactlyalike)和完全相同381.beidentifiedwith被视为与……等同382.inignoranceof不知道……383.beignorantof(=lackingknowledge)对……不了解,不知道384.(an)impact(on)对……的强烈影响385.impose...on把……强加给386.impress...on给……留下印象387.make(leave)animpressiononsb.=givesb.animpression给……留下印象388.undertheimpressionthat有……的印象,认为389.improvesth.(makesth.better)把原物改进improveon(=produceorbesth.betterthan...)另做一物比原物更好390.improvein(=getbetter)有改进,好些—140—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程391.improvementin表示原物有改进,好转392.include...in把……列在……里面393.inclusiveof把……包括在内394.independentof独立的,不受约束的395.indicativeof表明,说明396.beindifferentto(=notinterestedin)对……漠不关心,冷淡,不在乎397.(be)inferiorto(=lessgoodinqualityorvalue)比……差;superiorto比……好398.informsb.ofsth.通知,告诉399.beinnocentof无罪的,无辜的400.insiston(=ordersth.tohappen)坚持要401.insteadof(=inplaceof)代替,而不是……402.instruct...in(=teach)教;指导、训练某人……403.insure...for把……保险(多少钱);ensure使安全;assure...(of)使……确信,保证404.insure...against保险……以防405.intend...for打算把……给406.(be)intenton专心致志,坚决407.intheinterestsof符合……的利益;beinterestedin对……感兴趣408.interferein干涉,interferewith打搅,干扰409.atintervals每隔一会儿,每隔一段距离410.intervenein干预411.investin投资412.beinvolvedin(=becomeconnectedorconcerned)卷入,参加413.byitself(=alone,withouthelp)单独地,靠自己414.initself本身;ofitself自发,自然415.bejealousof妒忌416.jumpat(=tobeeagertoaccept)抢着接受417.jumpon(=scold,tellof)叱责418.juniortosb.年纪较……轻,职位较……低419.(be)keenon喜爱,渴望420.keepaclosewatchon(=keepasharplookoutfor)密切注视421.keep...tooneself(=keepsecret)不告诉别人422.to(thebestof)one’sknowledge据……所知423.atlarge(=atliberty,free)在逃,逍遥法外;atlarge(=ingeneral)一般来说,大体上;at—141—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高large(=atfulllength;withdetails)详细地424.leanagainst(背)靠着……425.atleast至少;atmost至多426.(not)intheleast一点(也不),丝毫(也不)427.atone’sleisure在……有空的时候428.lenditselfthemselvesto适合于(某用途)429.atlength(=afteralongtime,atlast)终于atlength(=indetail,thoroughly)详细地430.gotoanylength想一切办法,尽一切力量431.beliableto(=besubjectto)易于……的,应受(罚)432.beliablefor对……应负责任的433.liein在于434.inlife一生中435.forlife终身436.inthelightof(=considering;takingintoaccount)考虑到,根据437.throwlighton(=makeclear,explain)使……更为清楚,提供线索,阐明438.inlinewith(=inagreementwith)符合,一致439.longfor(=wantverymuch)渴望,希望得到440.forlong很久,很长时间(否定句,疑问句中)441.beforelong(=soon)不久,过了不久以后442.inthelongrun(=intheend)从长远来说,最后;intheshortterm(从短期来说)443.(be)ataloss不知所措444.majorin主修(某课程)445.asamatteroffact实际上,事实是446.byallmeans(=atallcosts)不惜一切;(=certainly)当然行bymeansof用;bynomeans完全不,决不447.onmemoryof为纪念……448.onthemend(=intheprocessofrecovering)好转,在康复中449.mentionsth.tosb.向某人提起某事450.atthemercyof(=inthepowerof)任……摆布,在……支配下451.beinamess乱七八糟,处境困难;makeamessof弄乱,打乱452.bear(orkeep)...inmind(=remember)牢记453.bring(orcall)tomind(=remember)使回想起454.bymistake(由于粗心,健忘原因而)错误地—142—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程455.atthemoment(=now)此刻,现在,forthemoment(=forthetimebeing)暂时;justamoment稍等片刻,atthelastmoment在最后一刻456.inthemoodfor有情绪去做……,有心境做457.nomore...than和……一样都不……458.forthemostpart多半,大多数,一般来说459.at(the)most最多,至多460.makethemostof充分利用461.benotmuchof(=notagood)不是很好的……;besomethingof有点……,像……462.nameafter用……的名字命名463.nativeto所产的464.bynature天生的,生来465.inmature本质上466.(be)inthenatureof属……性质467.noneotherthat不是别人,正是……468.abovenormal高于正常(温度)469.fornothing(=free,withoutpayment)免费470.nothingbut只有,不过……而已471.tosaynothingof(=nottomention)更不用说……472.dosth.atshortnotice只给很少时间准备473.untilfurthernotice在另行通知前474.takenoticeof(=payattention)注意475.objectto(=beopposedto)反对476.objectionto(接动名词)反对477.onoccasion(=nowandthen)不时地,必要时478.byoccasionof(=becauseof)由于479.occupyoneselfwith(in)忙于(某事)480.itoccurstosb.that...某人想到……481.onceandforall=onceandforever永远地;allatonce(=suddenly,now)立即,马上;onceinawhile(=occasionally)偶尔;(just)foronce就这一次482.(all)byoneself独自(没有别人帮助)483.operateonsb.给某人做手术;operationn.comegointooperation开始运转;putbringsth.intooperation使……投产,运转484.beoftheopinion持有……的看法—143—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高485.inone’sopinion按某人的看法486.beopposedto...反对……487.beoppositeto与……相反的488.(be)inorder(=acceptable)合适的,恰当的;inorder井井有条,处于良好状态;outoforder(=inbadcondition)出毛病,发生故障489.madetoorder定做的(衣服)490.originateinfrom(=begin)起源于,由……引起491.ontheoutskirts(of)在城郊492.owe...to把……归于……493.onone’sown(=along,withouthelp)单独494.ofone’sown某人自己的495.keeppacewith跟……齐步前进496.gotogreatpains=takepains下功夫,努力497.partwith(=giveup,sell)舍弃,卖掉498.participatein(=takepartin)参加499.(be)particularabout讲究,挑剔(吃,穿)500.inparticular(=especially)特别是,尤其501.(a)passionfor对……的热爱,热情502.bepatientwith对……耐心503.payfor赔偿,付款,报偿,处罚504.pay...for付……的钱505.(be)atpeacewith与……和睦相处;inpeace(=peacefully)安静,平安506.peculiarto…特有的,独具的507.penaltyfor对……的处罚,罚金508.performonthepiano(=playthepiano)演奏钢琴509.persistin坚持,固执510.inperson亲自,当面511.inplace(inrightorproperplace)放在应放的地方512.inplaceof(=insteadof)代替513.take(a)pleasurein喜欢做某事514.beonthepointofdoingsth.(=beabouttodosth.)刚要去做515.besidethepoint不切正题,无关紧要516.cometothepoint谈主要问题—144—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程517.thereisnopointindoingsth.没必要做某事518.tothepoint中肯,切题519.pointat(=indicate,directattention)指着;pointout(=indicate,show)指出,指明520.popularwithamong大众所喜爱的,拥戴521.inthepositionof处在……位置上522.inpractice实际上(状语);业务熟练(表语)523.be(get)outofpractice荒疏,不熟练524.bring(put)...intopractice使……成为现实525.prefer...to...(chooserather,likebetter)宁要,更喜欢526.prepareforbreakfast准备吃早饭;preparebreakfast作早饭527.inthepresenceof在……在场的情况下528.forthepresent(=forthetimebeing,fornow)暂且,就现在来说;atpresent现在,此刻529.presideoverat主持(会议,业务等)530.prevailover占优势,压倒,战胜531.prevent...from使……不,防止……做532.previousto(=priorto)在……之前533.takepridein(=prideoneselfon)以……自豪534.prideoneselfonupon以……自豪535.inprinciple(=onlyinregardtothemainidea)原则上536.priorto(=before)在……之前537.inprivate(=privately)私下,秘密地;inpublic公开地538.proceedfrom(=arisefrom,resultfrom)由……发出,由……引起(产生)539.proceedwith(=beginandcontinuesth.)继续进行540.inprogress(=inthestateofbedone)进行中541.prohibit...from(=forbid)禁止,阻止542.inproportionto与……成比例543.protect...from阻止……不受,保护不受544.beproudof为……自豪545.providefor为……做准备546.inpublic公开地,当众547.onpurpose(=byintention,deliberately)故意548.tothepurpose(=usefulforone’spurpose)得要领的,中肯的549.bequalifiedin在某种科目或学科上合格;bequalifiedfor在某种职业上合格—145—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高550.call...inquestion对……表示怀疑551.beyond(all)question(=withoutquestion)毫无疑问552.outofthequestion(=impossible)不可能的553.inquestion(=underdiscussion)所谈及的554.withoutquestion毫无疑问555.becaughtintherain被雨淋了556.atrandom(=withoutaimorpurpose)随便地,任意地,胡乱地557.rangeover(=cove,include)范围包括558.rangebetween范围在……与……之间不等559.atanyrate(=atallevents)无论如何,总之560.beyondthereachof无法达到(得到,理解)561.outofreachof无法够到;withinreachof(orwithinone’sreach)够得到,能拿到562.reactto对……作出反应563.reactonupon对……产生影响564.reactagainst作出反抗或反对反应565.(be)readyfor准备好做……566.inreality(=infact,really)事实上567.beyondallreason没有道理的568.byreasonof(=becauseof)由于,因为569.itstandstoreasonthat……理所当然570.reasonwith(=argue)劝说571.inthered亏损,负债,赤字;(be)getoutofred不再亏损572.referto...as把……称做……573.refer...to...(=send,take)送交,呈交574.withinreferenceto(=concerning,about)关于575.withinregardto(=concerning)有关,关于576.giveone’sregardstosb.向……问候577.regardlessof(=withoutworryingabout,despite,inspiteof)不顾,不考虑578.inwithrelationto关于,有关579.relevantto与……有关的580.toone’srelief令……感到放心的是581.relieve...of...解除,解脱;帮助拿,辞退582.relyon依靠,信赖—146—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程583.remarkon(upon)对……发表评论584.remedyfor对……治疗法,补救,药物585.remindsb.of提醒某人……,使某人向想起586.ingoodrepair(=ingoodcondition)处于良好状态;beunderrepair在修理中587.replyto答复,回答588.beyondreproach不受责备的;beyond(all)reason毫无道理;beyondquestion毫无疑问;beyondbelief以相信;beyondhope绝望589.resortto诉诸于……,求助于……;resorttoforce诉诸于武力590.inwithrespectto(=concerning)有关,关于591.respondto对……反应,响应,对(药)有效592.inresponseto(=asananswerto)回答,反应593.beresponsefor对……负责,是造成……原因594.restonupon(=besupportedby)依靠,寄托595.restwith(=beinhandof)在……手中,是……的责任;由……决定;依靠596.restrain...from(=holdbackfrom)抑制……不……597.restrict...to(=keepwithinlimits)把……限制于……598.resultin(=cause)导致599.withtheresultthat其结果是600.inreturn(for)作为报答;以报答(for)Part25 万能作文批判危害性的框架第一套第一段(1)Generallyspeaking,themostunforgettablefeaturearisinginmyeyesthat ,whichseemstobecommonaroundusbutquitedisastrous.(2)Apparently,whatsetsmeponderingexceedinglyinthesecondpictureisthat .(3)Thereisnodenyingthatrecentfewyearshaswitnessedadeterioratingphenomenonof(A)whichhasinducedheightenedconcerns.(4)Undoubtedly,theproblemof A asthefocusofpublicconcernmainlyresultsfromitsharmfulinfluenceonourindividual,familialandsocialdevelopment.第二段(1)Asfortheissueof(A),itssituationhasbeenbecomingincreasinglyunsatisfactoryinspiteofthefactthatmostpeoplearestillignorantoftheproblems.—147—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高(2)Tobeginwith, A inourschoolsandpublicplacescannolongerbeignored.(3)Overtheseyears,thepeople’slivingstandardshavegreatlyimproved,butthedevelopmentofourcivilizationseemstofallfarbehind.(4)Nomatterwhereyouliveandwork,BandCareeasilyspotted.(5)Inaddition,nothingismoredestructivetoourphysicalandmentalhealththan A .(6)BandCarethecasesinpoint.(7)What’smore, A shouldberegardedassocialmalignanttumorandthegrimstatuscontradictswithoureffortstobuildupaharmonioussociety.(8)AccordingtoasurveymadebyDaily, 83% ofyoungpeoplewhohaveeverexperiencedthesituationofAwillseverelyaccusethephenomenonandcallforimmediatesolutions.第三段(1)Fromwhathavebeendiscussedabove,whatreallyaccountsisnotthedangerofA,buthowwecanpreventitfromgettingworse.(2)Ontheonehand,itisurgentforustostrengthentheenforcementoflawsandregulationstoeliminateA.(3)Ontheotherhand,apublicizingeducationalcampaignshouldbecarriedouttoenhancepeople’sawarenessabouttheharmfulnessofA.文章超级预测:预测范文一第一副图一个学生在疯狂的做作业,头上冒汗,匆忙做完一些题,又马上做另外一些,面色憔悴第二副图描述了这个学生在考试那天居然在住院,而且身心憔悴,并声称不想再上学第一段(1)Generallyspeaking,themostunforgettablefeaturearisinginmyeyesthat ,whichseemstobecommonaroundusbutquitedisastrous.(2)Apparently,whatsetsmeponderingexceedinglyinthesecondpictureisthat .(3)Thereisnodenyingthatrecentfewyearshaswitnessedadeterioratingphenomenonof(toomuchpressure)whichhasinducedheightenedconcerns.(4)Undoubtedly,theproblemofexcessiveburdensasthefocusofpublicconcernmainlyresultsfromitsharmfulinfluenceonourindividual,familialandsocialdevelopment.第二段(1)Asfortheissueof(exceedingwork),itssituationhasbeenbecomingincreasinglyunsatisfactoryinspiteofthefactthatmostpeoplearestillignorantoftheproblems.(2)Tobeginwith,greatpressureinourschoolsandpublicplacescannolongerbeignored.—148—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程(3)Overtheseyears,thepeople’slivingstandardshavegreatlyimproved,butthedevelopmentofourcivilizationseemstofallfarbehind.(4)Nomatterwhereyouliveandwork,BandCareeasilyspotted.(5)Inaddition,nothingismoredestructivetoourphysicalandmentalhealththantremendouspressure.(6)BandCarethecasesinpoint.(7)What’smore,greatpressureshouldberegardedassocialmalignanttumorandthegrimstatuscontradictswithoureffortstobuildupaharmonioussociety.(8)AccordingtoasurveymadebyDaily, 83% ofyoungpeoplewhohaveeverexperiencedthesituationofexceedingworkwillseverelyaccusethephenomenonandcallforimmediatesolutions.第三段(1)Fromwhathavebeendiscussedabove,whatreallyaccountsisnotthedangeroftremendouspressure,buthowwecanpreventitfromgettingworse.(2)Ontheonehand,itisurgentforustostrengthentheenforcementoflawsandregulationstoeliminategreatpressure.(3)Ontheotherhand,apublicizingeducationalcampaignshouldbecarriedouttoenhancepeople’sawarenessabouttheharmfulnessofgreatpressure.预测范文二不健康的生活方式,比如吃快餐,抽烟,喝酒,乱吃动物第一段(1)Generallyspeaking,themostunforgettablefeaturearisinginmyeyesthat ,whichseemstobecommonaroundusbutquitedisastrous.(2)Apparently,whatsetsmeponderingexceedinglyinthesecondpictureisthat .(3)Thereisnodenyingthatrecentfewyearshaswitnessedadeterioratingphenomenonof(eattoomanyanimals)whichhasinducedheightenedconcerns.(4)Undoubtedly,theproblemofunscientificwayofeatingasthefocusofpublicconcernmainlyresultsfromitsharmfulinfluenceonourindividual,familialandsocialdevelopment.—149—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高第二段(1)Asfortheissueof(illogicalwayofeating),itssituationhasbeenbecomingincreasinglyunsatisfactoryinspiteofthefactthatmostpeoplearestillignorantoftheproblems.(2)Tobeginwith,unreasonablewaysofeatinginourschoolsandpublicplacescannolongerbeignored.(3)Overtheseyears,thepeople’slivingstandardshavegreatlyimproved,butthedevelopmentofourcivilizationseemstofallfarbehind.(4)Nomatterwhereyouliveandwork,BandCareeasilyspotted.(5)Inaddition,nothingismoredestructivetoourphysicalandmentalhealththanunsanitarylifestyles.(6)BandCarethecasesinpoint.(7)What’smore,unhealthylifestylesshouldberegardedassocialmalignanttumorandthegrimstatuscontradictswithoureffortstobuildupaharmonioussociety.(8)AccordingtoasurveymadebyDaily,83%ofyoungpeoplewhohaveeverexperiencedthesituationofunsanitarylifestyleswillseverelyaccusethephenomenonandcallforimmediatesolutions.第三段(1)Fromwhathavebeendiscussedabove,whatreallyaccountsisnotthedangerofunscientificlifestyles,buthowwecanpreventitfromgettingworse.(2)Ontheonehand,itisurgentforustostrengthentheenforcementoflawsandregulationstoeliminateunhealthylifestyles.(3)Ontheotherhand,apublicizingeducationalcampaignshouldbecarriedouttoenhancepeople’sawarenessabouttheharmfulnessofunsanitarylifestyles.预测范文三Goodneighbors图画描述了两个邻居个领着一只狗,狗在互相打招呼,而人却很冷漠第一段(1)Generallyspeaking,themostunforgettablefeaturearisinginmyeyesthat ,whichseemstobecommonaroundusbutquitedisastrous.(2)Apparently,whatsetsmeponderingexceedinglyinthesecondpictureisthat .(3)Thereisnodenyingthatrecentfewyearshaswitnessedadeterioratingphenomenonof(selfishness)whichhasinducedheightenedconcerns.(4)Undoubtedly,theproblemofindifferenceasthefocusofpublicconcernmainlyresultsfromitsharmfulinfluenceonourindividual,familialandsocialdevelopment.第二段(1)Asfortheissueof(detachedattitude),itssituationhasbeenbecomingincreasinglyunsatisfactoryinspiteofthefactthatmostpeoplearestillignorantoftheproblems.—150—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程(2)Tobeginwith,unbiasedattitudeinourschoolsandpublicplacescannolongerbeignored.(3)Overtheseyears,thepeople’slivingstandardshavegreatlyimproved,butthedevelopmentofourcivilizationseemstofallfarbehind.(4)Nomatterwhereyouliveandwork,BandCareeasilyspotted.(5)Inaddition,nothingismoredestructivetoourphysicalandmentalhealththanapatheticattitude.(6)BandCarethecasesinpoint.(7)What’smore,selfishnessshouldberegardedassocialmalignanttumorandthegrimstatuscontradictswithoureffortstobuildupaharmonioussociety.(8)AccordingtoasurveymadebyDaily,83%ofyoungpeoplewhohaveeverexperiencedthesituationofindifferencewillseverelyaccusethephenomenonandcallforimmediatesolutions.第三段(1)Fromwhathavebeendiscussedabove,whatreallyaccountsisnotthedangerofselfishness,buthowwecanpreventitfromgettingworse.(2)Ontheonehand,itisurgentforustostrengthentheenforcementoflawsandregulationstoeliminateapatheticattitude.(3)Ontheotherhand,apublicizingeducationalcampaignshouldbecarriedouttoenhancepeople’sawarenessabouttheharmfulnessofindifference.预测范文四欺骗问题Directions:Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayto1.describethedrawing,2.deducethepurposeofthepainterofthedrawing,and3.suggestcountermeasures.Youshouldwriteabout160~200wordsneatlyANSWERSHEET2.(20points)第一段(1)Generallyspeaking,themostunforgettablefeaturearisinginmyeyesthat ,whichseemstobecommonaroundusbutquitedisastrous.(2)Apparently,whatsetsmeponderingexceedinglyinthesecondpictureisthat .(3)Thereisnodenyingthatrecentfewyearshaswitnessedadeterioratingphenomenonof(deception)—151—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高whichhasinducedheightenedconcerns.(4)Undoubtedly,theproblemofdishonestyasthefocusofpublicconcernmainlyresultsfromitsharmfulinfluenceonourindividual,familialandsocialdevelopment.第二段(1)Asfortheissueof(cheatingothers),itssituationhasbeenbecomingincreasinglyunsatisfactoryinspiteofthefactthatmostpeoplearestillignorantoftheproblems.(2)Tobeginwith,tellingliesinourschoolsandpublicplacescannolongerbeignored.(3)Overtheseyears,thepeople’slivingstandardshavegreatlyimproved,butthedevelopmentofourcivilizationseemstofallfarbehind.(4)Nomatterwhereyouliveandwork,BandCareeasilyspotted.(5)Inaddition,nothingismoredestructivetoourphysicalandmentalhealththandishonesty.(6)BandCarethecasesinpoint.(7)What’smore,cheatingothersshouldberegardedassocialmalignanttumorandthegrimstatuscontradictswithoureffortstobuildupaharmonioussociety.(8)AccordingtoasurveymadebyDaily,83%ofyoungpeoplewhohaveeverexperiencedthesituationoftellinglieswillseverelyaccusethephenomenonandcallforimmediatesolutions.第三段(1)Fromwhathavebeendiscussedabove,whatreallyaccountsisnotthedangerofdishonesty,buthowwecanpreventitfromgettingworse.(2)Ontheonehand,itisurgentforustostrengthentheenforcementoflawsandregulationstoeliminatedishonesty.(3)Ontheotherhand,apublicizingeducationalcampaignshouldbecarriedouttoenhancepeople’sawarenessabouttheharmfulnessoftellinglies.Part27 十大题型解题Part1 论点论据题(1)题型特点:事实说话往往是最有效的论证方式之一,命题专家在设置题目时往往也会针对文中的事例设问,考查考生对局部结构的理解。考生们在应用例证原则解题时还应注意常用的例证方式有两种:一是先提出观点,后举例说明;二是先列举事例再做出结论。考生应当学会举一反三,不要被各种原则的变化形式所迷惑。当询问论据的写作目的时,注意区分论点和论据。—152—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程(2)题干特点:1.sthorsbismentionedtoillustrate2.bycitingtheexampleofsth,theauthormeans3.byreferringtotheexampleofsth,theauthorindicatesthat4.whenmentioningtheexampleofsth,theauthormeans5.Theauthormentionstheexampleofsthtodemonstrate6.Theexampleofsthismentionedtoshow7.Whatdoestheauthorillustratewithsth?8.Theexampleofsthisnotedtosuggest(3)在文章中出题的位置:1.原文经常出现表示例子的提示词:forexample,forinstance,inthecaseof,suchas...2.原文经常出现专有名词:如MrSmith,WTO3.原文经常出现引语的地方:如sboncesaid;sboncetoldastoryabout4.原文出现表示实验和调查提示词:如experiment,survey,investigation,research等5.原文经常出现不定式todo引导的目的状语6.原文经常出现指示代词:如this,that,it7.文章的开头段和结尾段8.文章中出现起程转合的地方:如but,however,yet,nevertheless(4)实例分析:[例1] Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare.A.expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructureB.focusingonmonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadC.farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation—153—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高D.muchmoretalentedthanpreviouslyimagined[例2] HudsonInstituteresearchersbelievethatfederaltaxandbenefitpoliciesareatfaultandreformsareurgentlyneeded,buttheydisagreewiththepopularproposalthatmucholderAmericanswillhavetoworkbecauseSocialSecuritywillnotsupportthemandthatbabyboomersarenotsavingenoughforretirement.Accordingtotheincreasein401(k)andKeoghretirementplans,theongoingstockmarketonWallStreet,andthelikelihoodoflargeinheritances,thereisevidencethatbabyboomerswillreachage65withgreaterfinancialassetsthanpreviousgenerations.Whenmentioning“theongoingstockmarketonWallStreet”,HudsonInstituteresearchers.A.arecallingattentiontotheretirementplansandlargerinheritanceB.areshowingthehugebenefitsofattendingthestockmarketC.areshowingthatolderpeoplecanberichenoughforretirementD.arejustifyingtheineffectivenessoffederaltaxandbenefitpolicies[例3] Privatetelephonenumbersaregenerallybelievedtobeallowedforsalebylaws.Butprivatecompaniesagreednottobuynumbersandsendrubbishyanddisgustinginstantmessagestothepublic.Buttobusinesses,youhavealmostnoprotectionfrombusinessesthatuseyourpersonalaccountsforprofit.Selfregulationdoesn’twork.Acountrymightintroduceaprivacyprotectionpolicy,butwhoenforcesit?Andbankswillstillbestealingdatafromyouraccountinordertosellyoufinancialproducts,includingthingsoflittlevalue,suchascreditinsuranceandcreditcardprotectionplans.Forexample,nofederallawshields“transaction”informationmainlythedetailsofyourbankandcreditcardaccounts.Theexampleofcreditinsuranceplansillustratethat?A.thelawspermitprivatephonenumberstobesoldB.theprivatecompaniespromisednottosendnastyinformationC.customers’privacyarenotsufficientlyguaranteedbylawsD.creditprotectionplanisattractivetothecustomers[例4] Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythirdpartypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislatestagecancercare.Physiciansfrustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatienttoooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.In1950,theU.S.spent12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002,thecostwillbe1540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethata—154—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程governmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage———say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway”,sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.Theauthorusestheexampleofcanerpatientstoshowthat.A.medicalresourcesareoftenwastedB.doctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseasesC.sometreatmentsaretooaggressiveD.medicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable[例5](1)Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdbuttheweirdestmaybelikethis:artists’onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.(2)Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipid,phonyor,worstofall,boringaswewentfromWordsworth’sdaffodilstoBaudelaire’sflowersofevil.BycitingtheexampleofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat.A.Poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic.B.Artgrowsoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeeling.C.Poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness.D.Artisthavechangedtheirfocusofinterest.[例6] WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe“greatgame”ofespionage———spyingasa“profession.”ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyremadepastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.Donovan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto.A.introducethetopicofonlinespyingB.showhowhefoughtfortheU.SC.giveanepisodeoftheinformationwarD.honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA[例7] Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanticolonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentis—155—
考研英语语法长难句强化提高aninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWaveinfrastructureincludingroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoonwerebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn’tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ItdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof.A.gettingfinancialsupportfromoverseasB.overcomingtheiroutdatedanticolonialprejudicesC.buildingindustrialinfrastructureD.beinginvadedinsovereignty[例8] Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.“We’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,”saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete’sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute———agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight———issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.“Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,”saysalawprofessoratCornelllawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat.A.someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylawB.helmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuriesC.productlabelswouldeventuallybediscardedD.somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletes—156—
考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程[例9] Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes.”Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,“Don’tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.”Suchwellmeaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic’s.A.discontentwithanimalresearch B.ignoranceaboutmedicalscienceC.indifferencetoepidemicsD.anxietyaboutanimalrights[例10] In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw———havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.That’safardifferentimagefromthecherrytreechoppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontheroleslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.WorksbyGoreVidal,HenryWiencek,andGarryWillsrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.Moresignificant,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong———andyetmostdidlittletofightit.GeorgeWashington’sdentalsurgeryismentionedto.A.showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.B.demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.C.stresstheroleofslavesintheU.Shistory.D.revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.—157—