英语音标学习资料 9页

英语音标学习资料文章编号LS120309N01F第一节基础英语国际标准音标兀首（20个）甲儿日12个前元音（4个）[i：][i][e][?]后元音（5个）[a：][?：]P[?]:[u：][u]中元音（3个）[?][?：][?]双TE#8个合口双兀音（5个）[ei][?u][ai][au][?i]集中双兀音（3个）[i?][u?]1[??]辅音（28个）清辅音（11个）[p][t][k][f][s]［忆[?][t?[tr][ts][h]浊辅音（17个）[b][d][g][v][z][e][?][d?][dr][dz][l][m][n][?][j][w][r]语音知识：1）字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母只有a,e,i（y）,o,u2）音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。即20个元音音素和28个辅音音素.3）元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。4）辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。5）音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap"ple,stu"dent,tea"cher,un"der"stand。6）开首ij：a）辅首+兀首+辅首+enamebikehomedue;Aa[*"）Bbhi：）Co[«!：）Dd[di;]b）辅首+兀首he,go,hi。E*出】FlIMGg[djii]HM仲山]7）闭音■:a）辅苜+兀首+辅苜bad,bed,sit,hot,cup;[叫Jj（djei）Kk{kcijLI|el]b）兀首+辅百itoMm国刑Un|en]Oo|au|P口[pi:]8）重建首|J:单词中发首特力1J响凫的首|J。OQ【kjuRRr加;][as）Tt（tt:1Uu[ju：lVvfvi:JWwXh读音规则vyMM占[叫也1）重读音节（见元音和辅音的例句）。2）非重读音节[]banana,student,today,after",[i]orange,secret,evening,very,Monday。特殊读音1）音的连读：前面的词以元辅音结尾，后面的单词以元音开头，这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。notatall,halfanhour,Iloveyouandall、afterall。2）失去爆破：辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的辅音要失去爆破。goodgirl,goodstudentgoodjob,expression,school,extreme3）音的同化：两个特殊的音碰到一起，会发出变异成特殊的音。Wouldyoudoit?Iamgladtomeetyou.Can"tyouseeit?lastyea「thisyear。重音A）双音节词a）一般在第一个音节重读。letter,sorry。b）有a-,be-,de-,re-,res-,in-,im-,en-,em-,es-,ex-,con-,com-,dis-,mis-,pre-,per-,pro-,trans-等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。a"bout,be"lieve,ad"dressde"cide,re"port,con"demn,res"pect,com"pare,in"form,dis"cuss,im"press,mis"take,en"force,pre"pare,em"ploy,per"mit,es"capepro"duce,ex"claim,trans"latec）有de-,in-,re-,con-,pre-等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关，一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，词性在第二个音节上。"record,re"cord;"insult,in"sult;"conduct,con"duct;"presentpre"sent;"contentcon"tentd）有些复合词和带有前缀re-,ex-,un-,pre-,post-,等的词，有两个重音。 "out"side,"re"tell,"well-"known,"un"real,"fifteen,"Chi"nese,"pre-"war,"post-"war。B）多音节词a）——般倒数第三个音节是重音。"difficult,"communist,"family,e"conomy,opportunity,de"mocracy。b）有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音"carefully,in"definite,"comfortable,conductor,ac"cording,dis"turbance,"complicated,establishmentc）词尾有-eous,-grahpy,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ics,-ience,ient,-ify,-ion,-ious,-ity,ive后缀的词，这些后缀的前一个音节上。courteous,cal"ligraphy,edi"torial,his"torian,peri"odic,mathe"matics,experience,sufficient,i"dentify,trans"lation,re"ligious,curi"osity,protective。d）词尾有-ain,-ee,-eer,-ese,-ette后缀的词，重音子该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。enter"tain,emplo"yee,mountai"neer,Japa"neseciga"rette第二节各个音节的详细读音/i:/bee/bi:/feet/fi:t/keep/ki:p/key/ki:/team/ti:m/meet/mi:t//i/it/it/big/big/city/siti/give/giv/sick/sik//e/get/get/best/best/text/tekst/help/help//?/fat/f?t/have/h?v/cat/k?t/back/b?k/hat/h?t//a:/laugh/la:f/glass/gla:s/half/ha:f/farm/fa:m/park/pa:k//?:/horse/h?:s/saw/s?:/corn/k?:n/course/k?:s/salt/s?:t//?/dog/d?g/pot/p?t/cost/k?st/what/w?t/honest/nist//u:/food/fu:d/moon/mu:n/rule/ru:l/loose/lu:s/noon/nu:n//u/book/buk/put/put/good/gud/would/wud/could/kud//?/must/m?st/does/d?z/money/"m?ni/ugly/gli?come/k?m//?:/nurse/n?:s/bird/b?:d/burn/b?:n/turn/t?:n/girl/g?:l//?/better/bet?/never/nev?/worker/w?:k?/welcome/welk?m//ei/may/mei/name/neim/game/geim/eight/eit/age/eid?//?u/no/n?u/home/h?um/hope/h?up/wrote/r?ut/note/n?ut/pose/p?uz//ai/eye/ai/time/taim/buy/bai/right/rait/bike/baik/kite/kait//au/now/nau/out/aut/how/hau/about/?"ba/usouth/sau/house/haus//?i/boy/b?i/toy/t?i/noise/n?iz/voice/v?is/point/p?int/coin/k?in//i?/ear/?/near/ni?/idea/ai7dihear/hi?/mere/mi?/spear/sp?/ //?air/e?ear/te（?3（re/ke?/are/de?/air/f/ethere/e"/u?/tour/tu?/poor/pu?/sure/L?/moor/mu?/（停泊）your/ju?//p/pea/pi:/pie/pai/top/t?p/cap/k?p/people/pi:pl/pride/praid//b/bee/bi:/by/bai/buy/bai/black/bl?k/bear/b/?/t/let/let/sat/s?t/feet/fi:t/team/ti:m/tide/taid//d/led/led/sad/s?d/feed/fi:d/do/du:/dear/di?//k/lack/l?k/take/teik/clock/kl?k/class/kla:s/weekend/"wi:kend//g/big/big/lag/l?g/glass/gla:s/gum/g?m/good/gud/guest/gest//f/face/feis/fast/fa:st/leaf/li:f/surf/s?:f/favorite/"fetv?/v/very/"verifive/faiv/fever/"f/:v?serve/s?:v/never/"nev?/E/bath/ba:f/（v洗澡）thick/9k/mouth/mau（/breath/bref/（n呼吸）thought/。也author/?"0Ptruth/tru://e/the/e?/they/eei/that/e?t/mother/"e??thus/e?s/then/een//s/face/feis/mouse/maus/cakes/keiks/caps/k?ps/likes/laiks/stops/st?ps//z/close/kl?uz/keys/ki:z/boys/b?iz/pens/penz/halves/ha:vz//t7catch/k?t7cheep/t?i:p/rich/rit?watch/wt?child/t?aild/question/kwes??/teach/ti:t?/challenge/t?ind?//d?/orange/fid?/large/la:d?/juice/d?u:s/job/d??b//tr/tree/tri:/try/trai/true/tru:/trouble/traubl/track/tr?k//dr/dry/drai/dream/dri:m/dress/dres/drink/dri?k/hundred/"nd?id//?she/?:/sharp/?a:p/fish/fi?shock/?%shoe/?u://?/pleasure/"ple??easure/"me??elevision/"tenvi??/ts/let"s/lets/ports/sp?ts/puts/puts/writes/raits/seats/si:ts/ /dz/hands/h?ndz/birds/b?dz/friends/freindz/beds/bedz/stands/st?ndz//h/he/hi:/hard/ha:d/him/him/heard/h?:d/half/ha:f/八/like/laik/late/leit/learn/l?:n/lead/li:d/light/lait//m/my/mai/more/m?:/seem/si:m/meat/mi:t/mind/maind/men/men//n/nice/nais/wind/waind/mind/maind/rain/rein/fine/fain//?/sing/si?/wing/wi?/ring/ri?/long/l??/beautiful/bju:t?fl//j/you/ju:/few/fju:/yard/ja:d/music/"mju:zik/student/"stxcuse/ik"skju:z//w/work/w?:k/way/wei/well/wel/what/w?t/twelve/twelv/twin/twin//r/red/red/road/r?ud/write/rait/wrong/r??/problem/"pl?m/第三节音标综合练习1./i://i//e//?//bit//wi:k//di:l//ri?l//kid//dig//kwik//tip//zip//rid//wil//fil/bitweekdealrealkiddigquicktipzipridwillfill/pet//p?k//g?p//k?g//n?g//r?m//b?tl//sed//"h?pi//ten//red/petpackgapcapnagrambattlesaidhappytenred/"setl/tr??//di"pend/settletrashdepend2./a://?://?//u://u//a:sk//ma:sk//pa:st//fra:ns//?d//l?:n//n?:t//p?z//f?ks//s?k/askmaskpastFranceoddlawnnaughtpausefoxsock/fa://la:d?//ma:k//l?d//t?://st?:m//p?t//kr?p//et//pr?mis/woodfarlargemarkLordtorchstormpotcropthoughtpromise/huk//lu:s//sut//tuk//mud//&u://pul//wud/hookloosesoottookmoodthroughpull 1./?//?//?//b?z//d?l//h?ri//g?lf//tr?bl//?:n//s?:f//t?:n?//beg?//t?k/bussdullhurrygulftroubleearnsurfturnerbeggertuck/k?:b//?:k//?merik//s?k?//k?mp?//s?vei//p?Veid//p?h?ps/curbirkAmericasoccercampersurveypervadeperhaps/b?:lesk//m?d?/burlesquemurder2./ei//?u//ai//au//?i//keip//greit//mein//pr?p?uz//"m??n//st?un//"uV?//sait/kapegreatmainproposemotionstoneoversight/raim//daut//"taipist//aust//m?ist//"ist?/rhymedoubttypistoustmoistoyster4./i?//?7/u?//vi?//?"f??/d?Z/sk?Z/bu?n//gu?d//"u?r?l//?"i?//k?l?mbi?/veeraffairdarescarebourngourdruralappearColombia/m?ti?ri?l//misti?ri?s/materialmysterious5./H/e//m?n(//H:f//e?t//e?n//fei(//t?"gg//0?k//e?mselvz/monththiefthatthanfaithtogetherthankthemselves第四节音标的分辨ThesunTongueTwister(1)Therearethirty-threetreesthere.(0,e(2)Abigblackbugbitthebackofthebigblackbear.Thebigblackbearbeatbackthebigblackbug.(/b/),(3)Shesellsseashellsontheseashore,andtheshellsshesellsareseashells.I"msurebecauseifshesellsshellsattheseashore,theshellsshesellsareseashellsforsure.(/97s/,/z/,/2)(4)Thereisakitteninthekitchen.Inthekitchen,Iflythechicken.AflyfliesintothekitchenwhileIfryingthechicken.(/t7) (5)Youarenoneedtolightanightlightonalightnightliketonight.Foranight,light"asslightlightandtonight"asnightthatlight.WhenanightTightliketonight"slight,it"sreallynotquitrighttolightnightlightswiththeirslightlight"onthelightnightliketonight.(/n/--/l/)his(6)Thesunshinesonthesmallshopsigns.(/s/-?-/)(7)WhydidnyoudothatwhatItoldyoutodo?(//--//)(8)Thedoctorsdaughterknockedatthelockeddoor.((/1p2/))(9)Mikelikestowritebythe(10)Isthispairofscissorsofhissister"(/s/--/z/)(11)PetepickedupapieceofWilliamwantstoknowwhethernicebrightlightatnight.sisters?Yes,isthepairpaperandputitintothetheweatherwillbewetterofscissorspaperbasket.tomorrow.of(/w/)[i:]ee：threetreegreensheepmeetbeefseeseekweekea：eatteameatleaveleadteacherteammeanspeakcleanpleasee：heshemethese[i][e][E:]ie：piecereceiveceilingfieldi：sitpictureitisiflistsixmixfixfitpigbigbuildmissmilkshipwithwindowbeginy：mythmanytwentyhappydictionaryea：ir：e：defectdecidedeliciousheadbreadpleasurereadye：elephantelectricremembersellshelllessonbetterbeddeskhoteleswelletverstemenlistengirlshirtskirtthirtythirteenthirdbirdfirstur：turnburnmurdernurseturtleThursdayburgerhurtear：learnearnearthhearder：termhernerdserveverbor：workwormworkerwordworldworse[E]：er：teacherleaderrememberplayerspeakerfarmerpowderor：doctoractormayorauthortractorforgeto：togethertomorrowtodayWashingtoncontrolpolitepolicemanoa：aroundaccountagoelephantbananaChinabreakfastAmericanabovee：hundredstudentar：carfarmcardarmgardenpartystara：fastclasslastglassplantare：areu：upsupperlunchfungunhuntcupbuscutusluckbutcuto：comemotherbrotherloveabovemonthou：troubleroughflourishoo：bloodfloodal：smallwalltalktallhallballcallwalkor：shortmorelordhorseforfortysportdoorfloorstoreau：authorcaughtour：fourmourncourtar：warmquarrelquarterou：oo：u：aw：drawsawflawboughtoughtfoodmoonroomgloombroomdoomgoosetoothschooltoonoodlecooltruetruthblueoo：lookgoodfootbookcookou：shouldcouldwouldu：putfullbullpullpusho：womanwolfing：singkingmorningeveningcial：socialspecialsion：propulsiontensionprogressionpassionprotrusionprovisionconclusiontelevisiontion：stationnationtranslationattentionquestionear：pearbearair：chairairfairhairpairare：carehareere：therewhereeer：beerdeerear：eardearnearere：hereea：ideaie：fierceoy：boytoyjoyoi：oilsoilvoicechoicenoisejoino：homecoldgonophonehostghostnoseo：wknowlowbelowgrowblowshowflowwindowyellowoa：boatcoatgoalroad[au]ou：houseoutflourgroundaccountcountsoundloudaroundmouseroundaboutow：flowerdownnowcowhowtowna：namecakelategateplaneAprilfacetakeradiospaceay：playsaymaywaytodayMayea：greatbreakai：rainpaintplainey：theygreyoo：lookgoodfootbookcookou：shouldcouldwouldu:putfullbullpullpusho：womanwolf.元音发音规则一、前元音 所谓前元音是指发音时要使用舌前部，也就是说舌前部要向硬腭抬起，舌尖要抵住下齿，口形扁平，不要收圆。四个前元音中发［i:］的时候舌前部抬得最高，牙床近乎全合。发［i］的时候舌前部比［i:］稍低，牙床也开得稍大一些。上下齿之间的距离大约可以容纳一个小指尖。发第三个前元音［e］的时候舌前部比［i］又要第一些，牙床也开得更大一些。上下齿之间的距离大约相当于一个食指尖。发第四个前元音口的时候舌前部最低，牙床开得最大。上下齿之间的距离大约相当于一个食指加中指。—后兀首所谓后元音是指发音时要使用舌的后部，也就是说舌后部要向软腭抬起。发后元音时舌尖可以不抵下齿。除了后元音［q:要用中常唇外，其它四个音都要用圆唇，发音时嘴要拢圆。个别的音如［u］［u:］嘴唇还要向前突出。其次，要注意后元音的舌位。五个后元音中［q：晌舌位最低，开口最大。口的舌位比［Q:稍高，开口度比［q：稍小。［:］的舌位比⑺又要更高一些，开口度比［?］再小一些。［u］的舌位比［:］又要高一些，开口度再小一些。［u:］的舌位最高，开口最小。三、中元音所谓中元音是指发音时要使用舌的中部，也就是说舌的中部要稍稍抬起，舌尖可以轻抵下齿，口形扁平或中常。［:］的舌位最高，口的舌位最低，［?］的舌位介乎两者之间，比［:］稍低，比［］稍高。上面提到了12个单元音。英语里还有8个双元音。这8个双元音又可分成两类，合口双元音和集中双元音，下面分别讲解。四、合口双元音所谓合口双元音”是指两个元音中的第二个元音都是一个合口元音［i］或［u］。发双元音时要注意从第一个元音向第二个元音滑动。在滑动过程中，口形、舌位都有明显的变化。另外，还要注意双元音的下面几个特点：1、前长后短（前音长后音短）。2、前重后轻（前音发得重，后音发得轻）。3、前音清楚，后音模糊。 五、集中双元音所谓集中双元音是指两个元音中的第二个元音都是中元音［］。发音时要注意第一个元音向第二个元音滑动时的口形和舌位的变化。比如发［I］时舌位由前元音［i］向中元音［］的滑动。口形由半合的扁唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。发［］时由相当于前元音口的舌位向中元音［］滑动，口形由半开的中常唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。发［u］时由后元音［u］向中元音［］的滑动，口形由半合的圆唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。英语里的28个辅音，按照不同的发音方法又可以把它们分为六类。一、爆破音爆破音一共有六个，根据发音时声带是否振动可以分为清辅音和浊辅音两种。清辅音有三个：［p,t,k］;浊辅音也有三个：［b,d,g］。这样，六个爆破音就可以归纳为清、浊相对应的三对。第一对是：［p,b］,第二对是：［t,d］,第三对时［k,g］。二、摩擦音摩擦音一共有十个。其中八个音又可以分为清、浊音相对应的四对。第一对是唇齿摩擦音［f,v］。发音时下唇轻触上齿，气流通过时摩擦成音，［f］是清辅音，［v］是浊辅音。第二对是舌齿摩擦音［0,e］发音时舌尖要轻触上齿边缘。［0是清辅音，［e］是浊辅音。第三对是舌端齿龈摩擦音［s,z］。发音时舌端靠近（上）齿龈，气流通过时摩擦成音。［s］是清辅音，［z］是浊辅音。第四对是舌端齿龈后部摩擦辅音［?,?］。发音时舌端向齿龈后部靠近，气流通过时摩擦成音。⑺是清辅音，⑺是浊辅音。第九个音是声门摩擦辅音［h］。第十个音是舌尖齿龈后部摩擦辅音［r］。发这个音时舌尖要卷起来，靠近齿龈后部。这个音的本音是［r］。为了发音清楚，拼音方便，后面也可以加上一个元音，念成［r?］。三、破擦音破擦音共有六个：［?,?］,［tr,dr］,［ts,dz］。破擦音由两个成分组成：开头是爆破音,结尾是摩擦音。六个破擦音也可以分成清、浊相对应的三对。第一对是［?,?］。在［?,?］中的第一个成分，即爆破音［t,d］由于受了后面摩擦音［?,?］的影响，发音时舌位靠后，在齿龈较后部分发音。这一点也适用于第二对破擦音［tr,dr］。这里，［t,d］由于受了后面摩擦音［r］的 影响舌位也要靠后，实际发音很像破擦音［?,?］,后面再加上［r］,分别念成［tr,dr］。第三对破擦音［ts,dz］中的清辅音［ts］很像汉语普通话里的c（雌、雄的雌”），加上声带振动就能发出浊辅音［dz］。四、鼻辅音英语里有三个鼻辅音，即［m］［n］［?］。发鼻音时，由于口腔通道被堵住，声音只能从鼻子里出来。发第一个鼻辅音［m］时双唇闭拢；发第二个鼻辅音［n］,（不闭嘴）舌尖要贴住上齿龈；发第三个鼻辅音［?］,（不闭嘴）舌后部要抬起来，贴住软腭。五、舌边音英语里的舌边音有两种发音方法。1）出现在元音之前叫作清晰舌边音，它的发音是［l?］;2）出现在辅音及单词末尾时叫作模糊舌边音，它的发音是［l］。发这个音时可以先摆好发后元音［u］的舌位，然后把舌端贴住上齿龈。这样发出来的音就是［l］。八、半兀目半元音［w］［j］的舌位和元音［U：］［i：］相似，但半元音的发音方法和元音不同。元音可以单独成音，可以延长。半元音则不能单独成音，不可延长，必须很快滑向它后面的元音，和元音拼合在一起发音。由于这一特点也有人把半元音［w］［j］称为滑音”。