《南丰蜜桔产业中长期发展纲要》翻译实践报告 86页

分类号：HO密级：无学校代码：10414学号：2014300018硕士研究生学位论文AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry《南丰蜜桔产业中长期发展纲要》翻译实践报告吴丹丹院所：外国语学院导师姓名：彭志洪学位类别：翻译硕士专业领域：英语笔译二○一七年五月 独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。学位论文作者签名：签字日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解江西师范大学研究生院有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的电子版和纸质版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权江西师范大学研究生院可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书）学位论文作者签名：导师签名：签字日期：年月日签字日期：年月日 AbstractThedevelopmentoutlineisonekindofthepoliticalessay.Thegovernmentatalllevelsgenerallyreleasesandimplementsthelocaldevelopmentoutlinetopromotetheregionalindustrydevelopment.Themaincontentistomakeapropagandamodelanddecidethedetailedoperationmethods,requirementsandexistingproblemsonthebasisofbothlocalindustryandpillarindustry.AnOutlineofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry(hereinafterreferredtoastheOutline)isavitalfilereleasedbytheInstituteofOrangeIndustryinFuzhouaccordingtothespecificagriculturalindustry.Inthisoutline,theauthorintenselyemphasizesthequality,functionandtherelatedproblemsofNanfengorange.Withtheimprovementofnationaleconomicdegreeofopeningtotheoutsideworld,theopennessofthelocalindustryhasbeengreatlyimprovedatthesametime.Inthiscase,thetranslatorwasrequiredtotakeboththeacceptanceandunderstandingofforeignreadersintoconsideration.Basically,thisthesisanalyzestheOutlinefromthefunctionalequivalencetheoryofNidainthefollowingthreeaspects:lexicalequivalence,syntacticalequivalenceandtextualequivalence.Firstly,thethesisillustratesthetheoreticalbasisandpracticalapplicationoffunctionalequivalencetheory.Secondly,thethesisanalyzesthelanguagefeaturesandtextualkeypointsoftheOutlineinEnglishtranslatingprocess.Thirdly,thethesisalsotalksaboutthetranslationstyle,translationstrategyandtranslationprinciple.Intheend,thestudyofthisthesisbothdoesgoodtothepracticaltranslationworkandinternationaldevelopmentoflocalindustry.Thisthesiscontainsintroduction,text,conclusionandbibliography.Inthefirstpart,thechapteronemainlyintroducesthetaskbackground,materialsourcesandthetextualfeaturesandthetranslationrequirementsaswellasthepracticalsignificance.I Thesecondpartmainlyincludesthesecondandfourthchapters:Thechaptertwomainlyintroducesthetheoreticalbasisandapplicationoffunctionalequivalencetheory.Thethirdandfourthchaptersaretheanalysisandtheoryapplicationpartofsourcetextandarealsothecorepartofthewholethesis.Inthispart,itrespectivelyanalyzesthetranslationstyle,translationprincipleandtranslationmethodfromtheperspectiveoflexical,syntacticalandtextualofthefunctionalequivalencetheory.Forinstance,characteristicvocabularytranslation,four-characterstructuretranslation,theparallelstructuretranslationandtheculturalcompensationtranslation.AllofthesetranslationstrategiescanbeusedinOutlinetranslation.Theconclusionpartisasummary.Inthispart,thetranslatorputsforwardtheexistinglimitationsintranslationandsummarizesthetranslationperception.Keywords:thedevelopmentoutline;Nanfengorange;thefunctionalequivalencetheory;translationprinciple;translationstrategyII 摘要发展纲要性篇章是政论文文体中的一种，各级政府通常在制定地方发展规划，促进地方产业发展方面时颁布实施。其内容主要是根据地方特色产业或支柱产业来制定相关的宣传模式，同时也包括各个方面的具体操作方式、要求及存在的问题。《南丰蜜桔产业中长期发展纲要》（以下简称《纲要》）是抚州市南丰柑橘研究所根据南丰县所特有的特色农业所做的纲要性文件。文件中着重介绍了南丰蜜桔的质地、功能及产业的发展现状和问题。而随着国民经济对外开放程度的提高，地方特色产业的对外性也随之提高。这就要求我们在英译过程中必须充分考虑外国阅读者的接受度和理解度。本文主要依据奈达的功能对等理论，分别从词汇对等，句法对等及篇章对等三方面赖分析《纲要》。首先，本文对奈达的功能对等理论的理论基础和相关的实际运用作了解释说明。其次，本文在英译过程中分别对《纲要》的语言特点和篇章重点进行了剖析。再次，英译过程中的翻译风格，翻译策略及翻译原则都在本文中有涉及。最后，通过本文的学习，有利于之后相关的地方特色产业的翻译工作，也有利于地方产业的国际化发展。本文包括引言、正文、结语和参考文献四部分。引言部分是第一章，主要介绍了材料背景、来源和文本特点及相关的翻译原则要求和现实意义。正文主要包括第三第四两章：第二章主要介绍了功能对等理论的理论基础及相关的理论运用。第三章和第四章主要的对源语言材料的分析和理论介绍，也是本文的核心内容。分别根据奈达的功能对等理论，从词汇、句法和篇章三个方面来分析其所运用的翻译风格，翻译原则及翻译方法。比如，特色词汇翻译、四字格翻译、平行结构翻译和文化补偿翻译。这些都是在文中会用上的具体翻译策略。结语则是对全文的一个梳理，并提出存在的翻译局限性和总结翻译感悟。III 关键词：发展纲要；南丰蜜桔；功能对等理论；翻译原则；翻译策略IV ContentsAbstract...............................................................................................................................................IChapterOneTaskDescription.........................................................................................................11.1TaskBackground...................................................................................................................11.2TaskRequirements................................................................................................................21.3TaskSignificance..................................................................................................................3ChapterTwoProcessDescription....................................................................................................52.1TheoreticalPreparation.........................................................................................................52.1.1IntroductiontotheFunctionalEquivalenceTheory..................................................52.1.2IntroductiontothePoliticalOutline..........................................................................62.1.3ApplicabilityoftheFunctionalEquivalenceTheory.................................................72.2PracticalPreparation.............................................................................................................82.2.1TranslationPlanDesign.............................................................................................82.2.2TheImplementationofTranslationPlan.................................................................10ChapterThreeMajorFeaturesofProgramText.........................................................................133.1OnLexicalLevel.................................................................................................................133.1.1ProfessionalTerms...................................................................................................133.1.2Four-characterStructure..........................................................................................143.2OnSyntacticLevel..............................................................................................................163.2.1LongandComplexSentence...................................................................................163.2.2No-subjectSentence.................................................................................................183.3OnTextualLevel.................................................................................................................193.3.1TheLogicalStructure...............................................................................................193.3.2TheCulture-loadedInformation..............................................................................20ChapterFourCaseAnalysisontheProgramTranslationfromFunctionalEquivalenceTheory...............................................................................................................................................22V 4.1TranslationStrategiesfromthePerspectiveofLexicalEquivalence.................................224.1.1ProfessionalTermsTranslation................................................................................224.1.2Four-characterStructureTranslation.......................................................................264.2TranslationStrategiesfromthePerspectiveofSyntacticalEquivalence...........................284.2.1TheParallelStructuresTranslationinLongSentences...........................................284.2.2No-subjectSentenceTranslation.............................................................................304.3TranslationStrategiesfromthePerspectiveofTextualEquivalence.................................324.3.1LogicCompensationinTranslation.........................................................................324.3.2CulturalCompensationinTranslation.....................................................................33ChapterFiveConclusion................................................................................................................365.1LimitationoftheStudy.......................................................................................................365.2ExperienceGainedfromtheTranslationPractice..............................................................365.3SuggestionsforFurtherStudy............................................................................................37References........................................................................................................................................39Appendix1.......................................................................................................................................42Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................76VI AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryChapterOneTaskDescription1.1TaskBackgroundThechosentaskisthepoliticalessaytranslation,andthepoliticalfilereferstoabriefintroductionofNanfengorangeindustry.Then,thesourcetextcomesfromthefilesofNanfengOrangeIndustryBureauandithasdefinitelyintroducedthelocalindustryinrespondstotherequirementsofnationalpoliciesandplans.WangZeyi,asalesmanageroffruitsindustryinFuzhou,haswrittenseveralarticlesaboutthelocalfruits.Also,heisboththedeputydirectorofNanfengorangeindustrybureauandtheprofessionalagronomist.Indetails,thesourcetextbasicallyintroducesthenature,thematureperiodandthespecificcharacteristicsofthelocalspecialty.Andboththenaturalsituationsandlocalcircumstancescontributetoafavorablegrowingconditionforsuchfruit.Nanfenghasaplantinghistoryoforangeformorethan1300yearssofar.Indeed,thelong-timegrowingbackgrounddefinitelyprovidesameaningfulexperienceforlatergenerations.Inaddition,orangeisoneoftheimportantagriculturalproductsintheworldandrankstopamongfruitproduction.By2005,thetotaltangerineproductionareainNanfenghadreached350000mu,andthetotaloutputofNanfengorangeattained250000tonsandthegrossoutputvaluereached800millionyuan.Bythisway,theorangeindustryhasgotaflourishingdevelopmentinlocalmarket.Apartfromthat,thesalesoutletshavespreadalloverthecitiesinChina,andevenhavebeensoldtoSoutheastAsia,Russia,theEuropeanUnionandtheNorthAmericamarkets.Inaword,theorangeindustrybecametheprimarysourceoffarmers’incomeandfinancialgrowthandgraduallyturnedintothepillarindustryofNanfengregionaleconomy.Also,withtheincreasingofeconomyandculture,theglobalizationofNanfengorangeindustryhasdevelopedrapidlytheseyears.Andthecontentofthistextconveysaninternationalviewforlocalresidents.Fromthisaspect,thelocalresidents,1 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIespeciallythebusinessmen,canexpandtheproductionandforeignmarketatthesametime.Andtheinternationalizationoforangeindustrymustbeimprovedboththeimageandsalesvolumeinreturn.Thus,moreandmorestrangersandforeignvisitorscometoknowsuchfruit,andeventakeashorttourtolocalplace.Inthiscase,theEnglishtranslationofthelocalfileisquitevitalintheglobalizationprocessoforangeindustry.Ahigh-qualityEnglishtranslationwillgiveaworldwideinfluenceonthepromotion.Meanwhile,thetranslationtextaimstomakeforeignreadersandvisitorsknoworangeindustrymoreclearly,especiallythelocalcultureinsuchsouthernvillage.Inthefuture,theEnglishtranslationofthelocalspecialtywillbelargelyincreasedandimproved.Therefore,choosingtheOutlineofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry(hereinafterreferredtoastheOutline)asthetranslationmaterialnotonlyhasanacademicsignificancebutarealeconomicadvantageindeed.1.2TaskRequirementsAstotheEnglishtranslationoftheOutline,twobasicrequirementsmustbetakenintoconsideration:accuracyandcomprehensibility.Foronething,accuracymeansexpressingChinesewordsandsentencesinacorrectmethodinEnglishtranslationprocess,suchastheprofessionaltermstranslationandthefour-characterstructuretranslationinmaterial.Inordertobeunderstoodbyforeignreaders,thetranslatoroughttogiveanextraexpressiontotheprofessionalterms.Generallyspeaking,theprofessionaltermsarethelocalwordsorculture-loadedphrasesusedforalongtime.Theymayevenincludesomeoralwordsoridiomsspokenbythenativeresidents.Bothprofessionaltermsandfour-wordstructuresarecommonlyusedinthesourcetext.Inthisway,theEnglishtranslationofthesametermsmustbeunified.Itmeansthatthetargettextmustregardthesameexpressionstyleasthesourcetext.Forexample,thespecificnounsandadjectivesindescribingtheorangefeatures.Obviously,thistextwillbetheforeignadvocatingmaterialabroadsomedayandcomprehensibilityisacorefactorintranslation.Inthisway,thenativespeakersare2 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryeasytounderstandtheminChinese.Also,theOutlineofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryisanoutlineforbothChineseandforeignreaders,especiallytheforeigninvestors.Andtheunderstandinglevelisofgreatimportance.Foranother,cultureisalsoanimportantroleinsuchkindoffile.Thus,keepingthecharacteristicsoftheoriginaltextisofgreatimportance.Theorangeindustryistheuniqueestateforthelocalfarmersandithasaquitelongplantinghistory.Allthesecontributetoasplendidagriculturalcultureinthelocallands.Tosomeextent,sentenceswithculturalbackgroundneedtobetranslatedinfreetranslationstrategy.FromtheperspectiveofChinesearticlegenre,theoutlinebelongstothepoliticalessay.What’smore,itcombinesboththetraditionalexpressionandsomeChineseuniqueidioms.Asaresult,translatorsshouldseriouslythinkabouttheculturalmeaningsbehindthewrittenmaterialandgiveadefiniteexpressionintheproperway.Onlybydoingso,cantranslatortrulyreachthetranslationstandard.1.3TaskSignificanceTranslationisacomplicatedinformationdisseminationactivitywhichkeepsacross-languageandcross-culturalfeature.Differentstylisticarticleoftranslationdeliversadifferentmessagetothereaders.Meanwhile,itkeepsaquitedifferenttranslationstandardtothediversematerials.TheEnglishtranslationoftheOutlineisatypicalpoliticaltranslationandithasabusinesspromotionfunction.Firstly,withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,thelocalfruitshavegotahighsalesvolumeathomeandabroad.Inthiscase,theEnglishtranslationofthetextcanspreadtheagriculturalcultureandintroducetheorangepromotioninsomeway.Theeconomicinfluenceintargettextcan’tbeignoredanymore.Andtheglobaltradehasgotarapiddevelopmentinrecentyearsespeciallythelocalproducts.Furthermore,peoplecanhardlyfindtheEnglishtranslationofthelocalfruits,especiallytheorangeindustryfilefromboththeprintedliteratureandtheinternet.Thus,theEnglishtranslationownsareferencemeaningtothefollowingarticlesofthesametype.3 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTISecondly,thebilinguallearnerscanmakeuseoftheappropriateknowledgeinvolvedinthesourcelanguageafterthetranslation.ThisthesisanalyzestheEnglishtranslationinseveraltranslationstrategies.Inthispoint,itrequiresthatthetranslatorneedstocarefullyanalyzethesourcelanguageandthenusesthespecifictranslatingskills.Fromallthesemethods,wecaneasilyfindthattheformerresearcherspaymoreattentiontothelexicallevelratherthantheinformativelevel.Nevertheless,thelexicaltranslationisnotenoughforthetargetlanguagetranslation.Thisthesisusesthefunctionalequivalencetheorytoanalyzethesourcelanguageinfollowingthreeaspects:lexicallevel,syntacticlevelandtextuallevel.Andthetargettextofsuchmaterialprovidesapracticalmeaningtofurthertheorystudy.Thirdly,theEnglishtranslationofthesourcetextcallsforahugetranslatingpracticeandthisreportrequiresarelativelyhighstandardindeed.Sothetaskgivesaproperopportunitytotheauthor.Undoubtedly,thetranslationworkisalsoachallengeforthetranslator.Andthetranslatormustdoafullpreparationbeforepracticaltranslation.What’smore,thisreportprovidesareferencemeaningforfuturetranslatorsofsimilarmaterials.Andtheresearcherscanimprovetheirtranslatingstandardsandlevelsinthemeantime.Inaword,bothchallengesandopportunitiescoexistedinthistask,andthereferencemeaningcan’tbeignoredatanytime.4 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryChapterTwoProcessDescription2.1TheoreticalPreparation2.1.1IntroductiontotheFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryEugeneA.NidawasanAmericanlinguist,translatorandtranslatingtheoristwhowasbornonthe11thNovember,1914,intheOklahomacity.Also,hewaspraisedasthefatherofmodernwesterntranslationtheoriesintheworld.Andhepublishedmanyoutstandingworksandpapers,suchastheTowardaScienceofTranslating,theTheoryandPracticeofTranslatingandtheBible.Ofallhisfamousworks,themostprominentworkistheTheoryandPracticeofTranslatingwhichheco-authoredwithCharlesR.Taber.Inthebook,heproposedmanytranslatingexperiencesandtheories.Intheearly1960s,Nidaputforwardtheterm“functionalequivalencetheory”basedontheequivalenceprinciple.Thetheorypointedoutthattranslationwasarecreationprocesstoreachanaturalequivalentonthetargettext,whichconsistedinbothmeaning,styleandsourcelanguageinformation.Generally,thedefinitionrevealedthatthecoreoftranslationwastoconsiderthedifferentformsofdifferentlanguagesintwotexts.What’smore,thefundamentalpointwastoconveythecontentandmainideaofsourcetextinsteadofthelanguageorganizationforms.Then,NidaputforwardthedynamicequivalencetheoryinthebookScienceofTranslationin1964.Inthebook,Nidadescribedthatthegoaloftranslationwastoconveythemeaningtothereaders.Heemphasizedtheimportanceofthematchofreceptor-languageandsource-language.Also,thereactionofthereadersismorevitalthanthetranslationitself.Meanwhile,anotherscholarChristianNordinthefunctionalequivalencefieldhasalsoproposeda“faithfulness”principleinmessagetranslation.Undertheprinciple,translatorsmustfortifytheresponsibilitiesintranslatingperiodandthetextmeaningshouldbevalued.(TanZaixi,2004:259)PeterNewmarkcame5 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIupwithatranslationtheoryaboutpolicytext.Accordingtothedifferentcontentandmessage,hedistinguishedthetypesoftextstothreemaingroup:expressivefunction,informativefunctionandvocativefunction.(Newmark,1981:21-22)Apartfromthat,inChina,thefunctionalequivalencetheoryhascausedaheateddiscussionandhasbeenappliedtomanytranslationfields,suchasliterarytranslation,subtitletranslation,businesstranslationandnewstranslation.Andthereactionofthereceptor-messagereadersisthemainstudyingtrendforus.ThefamoustranslatorChengZhenqiupointedoutaprincipleinthebookExploringTranslationIssuesandMaoXuanTranslationResearch,whichdiscussedthepoliticaldocumenttranslationinthreeaspects:lexical,syntacticandrhetoricfields.Heproposedtheviewthattranslationwasaprocesstosolvethecontradictionbetweentheunderstandingandexpressionintranslation,makingboththecontentandstyleoftranslationtextarefaithfultotheoriginaltext.(ChengZhenqiu,1980:7)Nevertheless,suchexpressionwasareflectionofthefunctionalequivalencetheoryinChinaandthistheoryhasbeenappliedinmanyfieldsinChinesepapersandacertainnumberofexpertsandscholarspayattentiontoit.Inconclusion,allthefeaturesandrequirementsoffunctionalequivalencetheoryintheabovecanprovidetheauthorwithcertaintranslationstrategiesofsourcetext.2.1.2IntroductiontothePoliticalOutlineAsweallknow,thefunctionalequivalencetheoryisthemostdistinguishedandinfluentialworkinallNida’stheories.“Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosetnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondintermsofstyle”.(Nida,2004:12)Inotherwords,thefunctionalequivalencetheory,focusingontheequivalenceoflanguagefunction,givesperspectivetothetranslationstrategiesthatcanbeused,andisofinstructivesignificanceinthetranslationofintroductiontexts.AndNidathoughtthatatranslationshouldbetheclosestnaturalequivalenceofthesourcelanguage.Actually,themessageinvolvedinthesourcelanguageofNida’sfunctionalequivalencetheory6 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustrymainlyincludesthefollowinginformation:thesemanticinformation,thestylisticinformation,theculturalinformationandtheliteraryinformation.Allthesekindsofinformationinthesourcelanguagebelongtothetranslatingmessage.Obviously,thetranslatingmessagecoversabroadfield.Underthetranslationstandardoffunctionalequivalence,theauthoraimstoconveytheliteralmeaningtothereceptorsatlast.Thecontentmeaningofsourcetextismoreimportantthanitswritingstyle.Thus,thisthesisanalyzestheexpressivestatementbasicallyfromfollowingthreeperspectives:thelexicallevel,thesyntacticlevelandthetextuallevel.Theabovethreeperspectivesofsourcetextcoverthemaincontentandauthorconveyusefulinformationtotargetreadersafterdiscussion.Fromthisaspect,thefunctionalequivalencetheoryexertedalong-lastingimpactonthepoliticaltranslationpractice.InNida’sopinion,thetextualunderstandingofthereadersofthetargetlanguageshouldbetakenintoconsideration.InthebookLanguage,CultureandTranslating,Nidafurtherimprovedthetheoryandproposedtheconceptofequivalencetranslatingintotwocategories.Thatisthelowestlevelandthehighestlevel.Theformerpointedthat“thereadersofatranslatedtextshouldbeabletocomprehendittothepointthattheycanconceiveofhowtheoriginalreadersofthetextmusthaveunderstoodandappreciatedit”.(Nida,1993:118)Also,thelattersaidthat“thereadersofatranslatedtextshouldbeabletounderstandandappreciateitinessentiallythesamemannerastheoriginalreadersdid”.(Nida,1993:118)Boththetwolevelsoftranslationemphasizedtheappreciationabilitiesoftargetreaders.However,thehigheststandardisquitehardtocomeintorealizationfromNida’sview.Andmosttranslatorsmayreachabalancebetweenabovetwolevelsandmakearelativelysatisfactorytranslationpractice.Nevertheless,thetranslatorpursuestheequivalencebetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguageundertheequivalencestandard.2.1.3ApplicabilityoftheFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryAstotheapplicationofthefunctionalequivalencetheory,Nidapointedoutthatthegoaloftranslationwastomakeaconversionbetweensourcelanguageandtarget7 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIlanguageandreducethedifferencesintwolanguages.Heworriedthatpeoplewouldlinkthedynamicequivalencejustinthecontent.Later,hechangedthedynamicequivalencetofunctionalequivalenceinthebookALanguagetoAnotherLanguagein1986.Fromtheperspectiveoflinguistics,Nidastressedthattranslationwastousethemostappropriate,naturalandequivalentlanguagestylefromsemanticstoexpressthesourcelanguagemessage.(GuoJianzhong,2000:65)Nidaindicatedthattranslationwasnotonlyaboutthedefinitionoftranslationonthelexicalmeaningequivalence,butalsothestylisticequivalence.Fromthisaspect,thetranslationofmessagewouldnotonlyconveythesurfacelexicalinformationbutalsothedeepculturalinformation.Astothetranslationstrategiesofthefunctionalequivalencetheory,thereadersofthetargettextshouldunderstandthesourcecultureaswellasitscustoms.Therefore,“suchaformer-equivalencetranslationisbasicallysource-oriented;thatis,itisdesignedtorevealasmuchaspossibleoftheformandcontentoftheoriginalmessage”.(Ma,2009:19)Inordertoattainthegoalofequivalenceofcontentofsourcelanguage,thetargetlanguageneedstofocusontheinnerinformationinsteadofthelanguagestructure.Becausetheinnercontentismorevitalthanitswritingstyleorstructurebased.Meanwhile,Nidaproposedthatthefollowingthreefactorsshouldbeconsidered:thewholeacceptinglanguageandculture,thespecificlanguageenvironmentandthetargetlanguagereaders.Thebasicthreefeaturesofsourcetextcanleadadifferentunderstandingontargetreaders.What’smore,themainthreeelementswoulddefinitelyinfluencetheapplicationofthefunctionalequivalencetheoryinmanyaspects.2.2PracticalPreparation2.2.1TranslationPlanDesignAfterchoosingthesourcetext,thetranslatoroughttopayattentiontothetranslatingarrangementofthematerial,“Oneofthenecessarylessonsforthe8 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustrytranslatoristounscrambletheoriginalworksofauthor”.(HeGangqiang,2009)Firstly,themaincontentandstructureofsourcetextshouldberoughlyreadandunderstoodbythetranslator.Indoingso,thetranslatorcanfigureoutthetranslatingkeysanddifficulties.Thenthetranslatorneedstolookupinsomeprofessionalbooksorstudies,andfinallygivesanacceptedexpressiontotheprofessionaltermsandlocalspecialty.Obviously,theprogramfileofNanfengorangeindustryisakindofpoliticalpaperandthepoliticalessayholdsanapparentdifferenceamongotherarticles.Thatistosay,thistypeofmessagewoulddefinitelytellyoutheintroductionandgoalsofthesourcetextwriter.“Thetranslationofsuchpoliticalessayskeepthefollowingfeatures:authoritative,normativeandpoliticalsensitivity.Andtheaccuracyoftranslationwoulddirectlyaffectthecognitionandunderstandingofforeignmediaandresidents.”(WeiMengyao,2015:38)Thus,boththewritingcharacteristicsandtranslatingfeaturesofsourcelanguageshouldbetakenintoseriousconsideration.Themoreserousofthepreparationwork,thebetterresultthetranslatorwillgetintheend.Secondly,basedonthefunctionalequivalencetheoryandtranslationstrategiesproposedbyNida,thetranslationofthelocaldocumentcouldbeaccuratelyandeffectivelyexpressed.Generallyspeaking,accordingtotheformerresearchbothathomeandabroad,thefunctionalequivalencetheoryalwaysstressedthatagoodtranslationworkmeantreciprocitybetweencontentandform.Inthiscase,thetranslatorsshouldgivethetopprioritytothe“content”.Whentalkingtothecontenttranslation,theequivalencetheorythinksthatthegrammarandvocabularyareofgreatimportanceintranslatingcontent.TheNanfengorangeindustrydevelopmentoutlineisatypicalfileforintroducingandadvocatingtheorangepromotion.Thus,thetranslatorhastofocusmoreontheintroductioncontentthanitswritingstyle.Checkingsomeconcernedinformationandrelevantknowledgearealsoparticularlyimportant.Thirdly,thetranslatorneedstogivefullconsiderationtoboththetargetlanguageacceptanceandculturelevel.Theculturalelementisadistinctfactorinsourcetexttranslationandaffectsthegeneralunderstandingoftranslator.Undertheinstructionofthefunctionalequivalencetheory,therelatedtranslationstrategiescould9 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIbeappliedtothepoliticalstatement.Thetranslatorexpressedthispoliticalfileinthefollowingthreeaspects:thelexicallevel,thesyntacticlevelandthetextuallevel.Thesethreelevelsarethebasicaspectsoftranslationstudyandprovideatranslatingdirectionfortranslator.Thesourcetextandtargettextcanbeequivalentintermsofvocabularymeaning,contents,writingstyleandsoon.Finally,thebasictranslationprinciples“faithfulness”and“accuracy”insuchofficialdocumentarealsoquiteindispensable.“Faithfulness”meansacorrespondencetothesourcetextsincontent.Generallyspeaking,thecontentsfigureoutthemessagebymeansofsentencesandphrases.Andtheotherpartofsourcematerialmayalsokeepprimeinformation.Thus,itrequiresthattranslatormustcarefullyconsiderthemainideasofsourcetextandthentranslatetheminapropermanner.“Accuracy”isanothernecessaryelementintheEnglishtranslation.Theauthoroftargettextoughttoexpressthesourceinformationinanunderstandableapproach.Aboveall,thetranslationisaworkfullofdifficultiesandchallengesindeedandmanyfactorsoughttobeconsidered.2.2.2TheImplementationofTranslationPlanAstothepracticalimplementationoftranslationstrategies,thetranslatorcarriedoutthetranslationplanwithrelatedtheoryandpracticeandproposedseveraltranslationskillsintranslatingsourcetext.Firstofall,thespecificequivalenceonthelexical,thesyntacticallevelandthetextuallevel.Thetranslatorfirstsuggestedthosethreedirectionsfromthebroadsenseandthenanalyzedthesourcelanguagefromthosethreelevels.Andsuchequivalencemeansnotonlyaword-to-wordtranslationincontentbutalsoaformerequivalence.InNida’sbookTowardaScienceofTranslating,he“focusesattentiononthemessageitself,inbothformandcontent”inhisformerequivalence.(Nida,2004:159)Itstressesaclosestnaturalmeaningtothesourcelanguage.Therefore,thetranslatorfirstfiguredoutthespecificwritingfeaturesinthepracticaltranslation.Forexample,theprofessionaltermsandfour-wordstructuresonlexicallevel,theparallelsentenceandno-subjectsentencetranslationonsyntacticallevelandthecompensationtranslationontextuallevel.Afterthat,the10 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustrytranslatorproposedthespecificmethodsinrealtranslation.Honestlyspeaking,thetranslatorcanusetheliteraltranslationandaddingtranslationstrategyinthisreport.InthebookLanguage,CultureandTranslating,Nidaproposedthat“Ifamoreorlessliteralcorrespondenceisfunctionallyequivalentinbothdesignativeandassociativemeaning,thenobviouslynoadjustmentsinformarenecessary.”(Nida,1993:125)Inaword,thecontentisofgreatimportanceandsometimesthewritingstructurescanalsoberemainedinpracticaltranslation.Inaddition,confrontedwiththeculturaltranslatingdifficultiesinsourcetext,thetranslatorneedstoaddsomeannotationsaftertranslationespeciallyintheculturaltranslation.Generallyspeaking,thecharacteristicsandfeaturesofculturalinformationtellreaderslocalbackground.Thoseinformationarenecessaryintherealtranslationprocess.Forinstance,theprofessionaltermswiththespecificculturalbackgroundorthelocalfeatures.Itcallsforacarefulpreparationworkbeforepracticaltranslation.What’smore,freetranslationisalsoanecessarymethodinexpressingsomelocalitems.Itmeansthatthecontentandmaininformationaremorevitalthanitsstyleandform.InNida’sbookTheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation,hewrotethat“Topreservethecontentofthemessagetheformmustbechanged”.(Nida,1969:5)Obviously,thetheoryinsistedthatcontentwasonthetoppriority.Andfreetranslationstressesanacceptancetranslationontargetlanguageratherthanaequivalenceonitswritingform.Thestructureandformofsourcetextcan’tbeanobstacletothetranslation.Onthepremiseofkeepingfaithfultothesourcetext,thetranslatormustasidefromtheconstraintoforiginalform.“Suchdriftingfromonlymeansthatthetargetlanguagewillnolongersubjecttotheliteralmeaningoforiginalstructure,butthecontentmustbeloyaltosourcetext.Theauthorjustchoosesamoreacceptableformforthebetterunderstandingoftargetreaders.”(DouLihong,2011:99)Fromthisaspect,thetranslatorhastoconsiderthedeepmeaningandtextualcontentinstead.Thereceptorsofthesourcelanguagecangetacorrespondingmeaningofthetexts.AlsoNidasaidthatfunctionalequivalencecanbestatedprimarilyintermsofacomparisonofthewayinwhichtheoriginalreceptorsunderstoodandappreciatedthe11 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTItextandthewayinwhichreceptorsofthetranslatedtextunderstandandappreciatethetranslatedtext.(Nida,2001:193)Sotohelpthetargetreadersunderstandthetextbetter,thetranslatormustfullyconsiderallfieldsintranslation.12 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryChapterThreeMajorFeaturesofProgramText3.1OnLexicalLevel3.1.1ProfessionalTermsItisknowntoallthatlanguageisacomplicatedandopensystem.Withtherapiddevelopmentofsociallifeandscienceandtechnology,Chineselanguagehasachievedagreatprogressamongpolitics,economy,thought,cultureandothervariousaspectsofsociallivesespeciallyduringtheperiodafterthereformandopeningupin1978.Underthistrend,manynewwordsandprofessionaltermshasappearedinChina.Firstly,astothedefinitionofprofessionalterms,scholarsandexpertshavenamedthemastheappellationforsomespecificthingsofthespecificfields.Astotheprofessionaltermsinthisreport,theygenerallycoverthecommondescriptiononlocalspecialtyandsomepoliticalnounsinsourcetext.Also,theprofessionaltermisrelativetothedailylanguage,whichgenerallyreferstothedistinguishednameintroductioninaparticularareaorcountry.Andtheymaytellreadersasynopsisofthewholefield.Secondly,whenitcomestotheclassificationofprofessionalterms,theycanbebasicallydividedintoseveralcategoriesaccordingtotheOutline,suchasthewordswithChinesecharacteristics,thepoliticalterminology,theeconomictermsandtheidiomsandproverbswithaspecialChineseculture.Generallyspeaking,theseprofessionaltermsallkeepacommonfeature.Theyareallshortinlengthandshouldbeexplainedinarelativelylongsentence.Forinstance,inthetextoftheOutline,wecaneasilyfindthethosetermswithspecificmeanings,liketheChinesewords“三个基地和一个后花园”,“蜜桔兴国”and“家庭承包经营”,etc.Fromthisaspect,thetranslatorcanfigureoutthatthesewordsbelongtothespecificpoliticalterminologyandbusinessterms.Thesewordskeepaspecificbackgroundinthespecificfieldand13 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTItime.Also,theyarequitedifferentfromotherconceptsofotherindustries.Inotherwords,suchwordsandphrasesarecreatedwiththeadvanceofnationalpolicies.Theydidn’texistedintheancienttimeortheyarekeepingaquitedifferentmeaningcomparingtoitsformerdefinition.Thirdly,therearemanyidiomsandproverbswiththelocalcultureintheOutline.Forexample,thewordsandphrases“唐开元年”,“重头戏”and“色泽金黄、皮薄核少、汁多化渣、酸甜适口、香味浓郁、肉质脆嫩、食之爽口和营养丰富”,etc.Obviously,theseidiomsandproverbsareofChinesecharacteristics.Thus,thetranslatorsmustconsidertheaddtranslationstrategyinthetranslationprocess.“Translationisacross-culturalcommunicationevent;itconcernsnotonlythetransferbetweenlanguage,butalsothetransferbetweencultures”.(ChengHongwei,2000:251)IntheEnglishtranslationprocess,thetranslatorshouldnotonlyconsidertheaccuracyofthetargetlanguage,butalsopayattentiontotheprotectionofChinesecharacteristics.Theabovewordsorphrasescanbeeasilyunderstoodbynativereaders,butfairlyelusivetothetargetreadersiftranslatedinaimproperway.Thus,whentranslatingthecultural-backgroundidiomsandslang,thetranslatorwillinevitablyfacetheculturaldifficulties.JusttakingtheEnglishtranslationoflocalcommonvillagesandtownsforexample,translatorsusethetransliterationstrategytokeepthelocalcharacteristics.Becausethoseplacenamesstandfortheirspecifichistoricalmeanings.Hencethetranslatorhastobefamiliarwiththedeepmeaningaswellasthelocalculture.Inthiscase,alltheseculture-loadedphrasesandsentencescanbetranslatedinamorepropermethod.3.1.2Four-characterStructureThefour-characterstructureisauniquelanguagestructureinChina,whichrepresentsaspecialcultureandbackground.Itshowsasymmetricalstructure,vividexpressionandrichculturalmessages.Astothedefinitionoffour-characterstructure,itfirstappearedinthebookTheConsistentFour-characterofChinesebythefamouslinguistLuZhiwei.Heproposedthatallfour-wordstructuresbelongtothe14 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryfour-characterfield,andtheformsandstructurescanbewordsandphrases.(LuZhiwei,1956)Hethoughtthatthedivisionoffour-characterisquitebroadandallthecombinationoffourwordscanbenamedfour-characterstructure.Apartfromthat,FengShujian,atranslationscholar,illustratedinthebookThePracticalE-CTranslationSkillsthattherearemainlytwocategoriesinChinesefour-wordstructure:theonegroupwasChineseidiomswhichwerethelanguagelegaciesafterlongtimedevelopmentandpeoplecan’tdivideorcombinethemoptionally;theanotherwasthecommonwordsandphrasesandtherelativelyloosestructurescanberecombinedaccordingtoacertaincontext.(FengShujian,1995:304)Instead,MaGuofanhasclearlystatedtheformationbackground,thecomponenttype,deepmeaningandthepresentsituationinthebookTheFour-characterTheory.Whenitcomestotheexternalformsofthefour-characterstructure,Mainsistedthatthefour-characterstructureisthelanguageunitoffoursyllables.(MaGuofan,1987:51)Inaddition,Maalsobasicallyclassifiedthefour-characterstructureintosixcategories,suchasthewords,phrases,theausterityofphrases,theloosephrases,theindustrialwordsandtheidioms.(MaGuofan,1987)Later,thefour-characterstructurescanbedividedintofreephraseandfixedphrase.Thatmeanstheboundarybetweenthetwophrasesisnotquiteclear.However,astothebasicdefinitioninTheModernChineseDictionary,theidiomsandthefour-characterstructuresaretheconciseformandshortphrasesinaconventionalstyle.Aboveall,thefour-characterstructuresarethespecialformsinChineselanguage.Andthegrammarstructuresofthefour-charactercouldjustcontainfourparts:theverb-objectcombination,thepolarizationstructure,thesubject-predicatestructureandtheparallelstructures.(ChouXiangen,2012:149)Consideringthis,theEnglishtranslationoffour-characterstructureisnotaneasyjobforthetranslators.Generallyspeaking,inthefileoftheOutlineofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry,therearemanyfour-characterstructuresaboutthelocalcustomsandcultures.Forinstance,the“色泽金黄、皮薄核少、汁多化渣、酸甜适口、香味浓郁、肉质脆嫩、食之爽口和营养丰富”,“安居乐业”and“退出农市、15 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTI覆盖城市、挤进超市、突破洋市”.Obviously,allthesewordsandphrasesareformedbyfourwords.Andeachfour-wordstructurestandsforoneaspectofonefield.Indetails,theabovementionedwordsarethedescriptionandpromotionslogansfororangeindustryandtheyallcontainabroadmeaninginChineseandownaculturalbackground.Allthefour-characterstructuresshareprominentfeatures:aconcisecontent,aneatstructure,aneasy-understandingvoiceandavividexpression.(ChouXiangen,2012:149)Inhisopinion,thefour-wordstructuresarequiteeasytofigureoutbutfairlyhardtoexpresstheminanotherlanguage.Thus,alltheseelementsandsituationsbringthetranslatormanychallengesanddifficulties.Inotherwords,thetranslatormustthinkabouttheculturalbackgroundofsourcelanguageandunderstandingleveloftargetlanguagereaders.3.2OnSyntacticLevel3.2.1LongandComplexSentenceAsweallknow,ChineseandEnglishbelongtotwodifferentlanguagesystemsandthetwokeepaquitedifferentgrammarstructures.InChinese,peopletendtouseamorefixedwordstructure.AndmostChinesesentencesownsubjectelements,andtheyalsodeterminethegrammarorderinaccordancewiththelogicalrelationship.Whenchangingsentenceorderorlogicalrelationship,thewholemeaningofChinesesentencesmaychangeatthesametime.Inthiscase,thetargetlanguagereadersmaymisunderstandormisleadthesourcelanguage.However,thegrammarstructuresandthesyntacticfeaturesofEnglishsentencesaremoreflexiblethanChinesesentences.ThelogicalrelationoftheEnglishtextismuchmorecasualthanbefore.Fromtheperspectiveoffunctionalequivalencetheory,thetranslatorhastokeepadualequivalenceamongtheformandmeaningofthetargetlanguageintranslationprocess.Itmeansthatboththetwoaspectscanbeequivalentwiththeworkoftranslator.What’smore,accordingtoNida,translationmeanstoreproducetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondintermsof16 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustrystyle.Obviously,itstressedthatthemeaningmayonthetopprioritywhenmeetingthecontradictiononthosetwopoints.Thefunctionalequivalencetheory,focusingontheequivalenceoflanguagefunction,givesperspectivetothetranslationstrategiesthatcanbeused,andisofinstructivesignificanceinthetranslationoftheintroductiontexts.Forinstance,thetranslatorisabletodivideaquitelongsentenceoracomplexstructureintoseveralparts,andthenillustratestheirmainideasinapropermethod.Inaddition,longandcomplexsentencesarefrequentlyusedintheOutlineofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry,suchasparallelstructuresandrepetitionofthesourcetext.Basically,thesetwofeaturesarequitecommoninChinesearticles.Forinstance,“我们必须把握政府职能部门的宏观调控，加大政府扶持力度，抓好科学规划、区域化布局，因地制宜地发展，合理分配资源，提高产业要素的利用率，充分调动蜜桔产业协会、企业经营、农民科学种植等多方面的积极性和创造性”.Obviously,therearesomanycommasandonlyoneperiodinsuchalongandcomplexsentence.Andthislongsentencecoversacomplicatedinformationinmanyfields.Tosomeextent,thestructuresseemtobeparallelandtheinformationarecomplex.Inthiscase,thetranslatormayfeelconfusedatfirstsight.Becauseoftheintricateaspectsoflocalpolicies,thesourcereadersmightunderstandthosecontentafterawhile.Sotheforeignreadersneedtospendmuchmoretimeinacceptingthem.Inthiscase,thetranslationcallsforenoughpreparationinbothsyntacticandculturallevels.Thentranslatorhastoseparatesuchlongsentenceintoseveralshortpartsbasedontheliteralmeaning.Thetranslatoroughttofirstlyconsiderthesyntacticstructureandthenconcludethecomplexinformationintospecificcategories.Thelanguagescholar,HuangYouyi,proposeda“threecloseprinciples”.Thatis“closetoChina’sactualsocialandeconomicdevelopment,closetotheinformationalrequirementsofthetargetlanguageandclosetothedifferentthinkinghabitsoftheforeignreaders”.(HuangYouyi,2004:27)Thementionedthreeprinciplesemphasismainlythreeaspectsintranslationrequirementsandtheycanalsokeepacorrespondingeffectontargettext.17 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTI3.2.2No-subjectSentenceAnotherprominentsyntacticfeatureofthesourcelanguageisapreferenceforno-subjectsentence.Also,theno-subjectsentenceisaspecialpatternofChinesearticlesandadistinctivecharacteristicofthepoliticaltexts.Generally,ChineseemphasizesmoreonthetopicitselfwhileEnglishpaysattentiontothesubject.Inotherwords,ChinesereaderscanunderstandthetalkingmaterialwithoutmentionofsubjectwhileEnglishreadersneedtospendmoretime.Whenstudyingsyntacticfeaturesofsourcetext,itfindsanabundantuseofno-subjectinOutlineofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry.Forinstance,thefollowingsentence“以市场为导向，以科技为动力，进一步解放思想，转变观念，牢固树立科学发展观”insourcetextshowsno-subjectinChinese.Whenreadingsuchsentenceatfirstsight,thetargetlanguagereadersmaysuspectthesyntacticstructure.Actually,itisacommonatmosphereinChinesepoliticalessaysandnativepeoplecangetthecoreinformationwithouthesitation.Consideringsuchdifferencesoftwolanguages,thetranslatorhastothinkofthesubject-predicatestructure.Inthisway,thetranslatormightchoosetheaddingtranslationmethodandexplaintheminasubject-predicatestructure.Furthermore,Nida’sfunctionalequivalencetheoryemphasizesoncontentequivalenceandreaders’response,payingenoughattentiontocontentofsourcetextsratherthanconfiningtoitsform.Soitpermitsarelativelystructuretransformation.Actually,theno-subjectsentenceisalsocalledabsolutesentenceandisoneofthenosubject-predicatesentencestructures.Usually,theymainlydescribetheconditionsandactionsinsteadofthesubjectorpersonitself.InthebookChina’sModernGrammar,thescholarWangLiillustratesthatthesubjectissometimesinvisibleandunknown.Onthecontrary,theyarepurelyexplainsomethingorstateacertainkindoftruthandthepredicateisquiteenough.Addingtheextrasubjectisnotnatural.(WangLi,2011:35)Fromhiswords,weknowthatsomeno-subjectstructuresmightjuststressthepredicatepartandthesubjectpartisobviousforreaders.Thus,inthetranslationprocess,theauthormustconsiderthecontentfirstandthenthinkaboutthe18 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryexactstrategy,andfinallytranslatetheminthetargetlanguage.3.3OnTextualLevel3.3.1TheLogicalStructureThetextuallinguistsholdtheviewthatdiscourse,thelanguagecommunicationunit,isaunityofthestructureandmeaning.Cohesionandcoherencearethetwoprominentfeaturesoftextuallevel.Thetextualcohesionisthetangiblenetworkofsourcetextaswellasthesemanticrelationonthesurfacestructures,whichreflectsinsurfacestructureoftextandreflectsthatwhetherthesurfacestructureandconnectionarereasonableinwholesentence.(SunZhili&ZhouYe,2009:179)Then,thecoherenceandtheinvisibletextorganizationhavebeenreflectedinthedeepstructureofthediscourse.Anditisalsotheconceptofreactionunderthesurfacestructurehiddeninthenetworks.Astothelogicalstructureofsourcetext,thefirstthingappearedinourmindmightbethesentencemeaning.Infact,similaritiesanddistinctionsonlogicalstructuresoftheChineseandEnglishlanguagesareduetodifferentbutinterrelatedlogicalsystemsofChinaandtheWest.Inpoliticalessays,thelogicalrelationshipmostlyappearedinthetiming,locationandotherlogicalmeaningsconnectedinsentence.Generallyspeaking,thepoliticaltextskeepadistinctargumentationpointandemphasizemuchonthelogicalrelation.Suchtextsalwaysshowanapparentpoliticaltrendandtellreadersabasicdirectiononpublicopinion.Inaddition,therealcausesandthesocialconditionarealsoobviousinsourcetext.Apartfromthat,inNida’sopinion,oneisnotsoconcernedwithmatchingthereceptor-languagemessagewiththesource-languagemessage,butwiththedynamicrelationship,thattherelationshipbetweenthereceptorandthemessageshouldbesubstantiallythesameaswhichexistedbetweentheoriginalreceptorsandthemessage.(Nida,2004:159).Forinstance,thesentenceslike“产后处理环节较薄弱。采后贮藏和商品化处理技术比较落后，产品加工也没有得到很好开发”inthesourcetextshowsusaroughconceptaboutthepostproductionoforangeindustry.19 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIThefirstsentenceisthetopicsentenceandittellsthecoreinformationofthewholeparagraph,andthefollowingpartisthesupplementaryinformation.Obviously,thesesentencesshowalogicalrelationshipbehindthoseinformation.3.3.2TheCulture-loadedInformationTheculture-loadedwordsarealsocalledvocabularyvacancy,whichmeans“theculturalinformationofthesourcelanguagecannotfindthecorrespondinglanguageorequivalentwordsinthetranslationinformation”.(BaoHuinan,2004)Besides,theculture-loadedwordsorsentencesmaycarryastrongvocativesenseandanapparentpoliticaldirectionwhichcallforpeopletofollow.Apartfromthat,someChineselinguistsalsopointedoutthatthemostdifficultpartintranslationwastheculture-loadedphrasesandsentences.Infact,theculture-loadedwordsaretheembodimentoftheparticularculturalphenomenonandarealsoamirrorofChinesetraditionalculture.ChineseandEnglishbelongtotwolanguagesystemsrespectivelyandtheykeepadifferentculture-loadedinformation.Generallyspeaking,wecanusetheliteraltranslationmethodtotranslatesomeculture-loadedwords,suchas“春节”and“中秋节”,wecantranslatetheminto“SpringFestival”and“Mid-autumnFestival”.Theyareinasimilarstructureonbothtwolanguagesandshowadistinctliteralmeaningindeed.Also,therearesomesocialandeconomicvocabulariesinmoderntime,like“菜篮子工程”and“希望工程”,weexplaintheminto“BasketProjectforFood”and“HopeProject”.ThosetwoexamplesarethetypicalonesinChinesepoliticalpoliciesorkindofsloganinthewholeatmosphere.Whenitcomestothesourcetext,therearealsosomecertainculture-loadedwords.Suchas“皇室贡品”,thisphrasekeepsalonghistoricalbackgroundandtheimperialsystemhasbeencanceledforalongperiod.Sotheauthortranslateditinto“imperialtribute”anditisquiteclearforthetargetreaders.Inaddition,thesourcetextalsoincludesomephraseswithspecialpoliticalcharacteristics.Thenewformulationlike“社会主义新农村”inthepolicysloganwasatypicalexample.AndsuchphrasewithanuniqueChinesebackgroundappearedin20 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustrynationalfieldafteralongdevelopmentanddiscussion.Consideringthesituation,thetranslatorhastofirstconsulttheofficialfileandthenthinkabouttheunderstandingleveloftargetreadersandfinallyexplainitinto“anewsocialistcountryside”.Thefinaltranslationdefinitelyconveythemeaningtotargetreaders.Inconclusion,theculture-loadedwordsandphrasesareaspecialproductionwithnationalfeaturesandtheforeigntranslationmustbeunified.“Theculturewithuniquenationalcharacteristicsisanuniquecreationinthespecialhistoricalgeographicalenvironmentbydifferentethnicgroups.”(ZhangMeifang,2001:31)21 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIChapterFourCaseAnalysisontheProgramTranslationfromFunctionalEquivalenceTheory4.1TranslationStrategiesfromthePerspectiveofLexicalEquivalence4.1.1ProfessionalTermsTranslationThelexicalequivalencebelongstothedynamicequivalenceraisedbyEugeneNida.“Dynamicequivalenceisthereforetobedefinedintermsofdegreetowhichthereceptorsofthemessageinreceptorlanguagerespondtoitinsubstantiallythesamemannerasthereceptorsinthesourcelanguage”.(Nida,2004:24)Apartfromthat,Nidaalsopointedoutthatthedefinitionoftranslationincludestylisticequivalence,semanticequivalenceandstyleequivalenceinsteadofthemeretransmissionofthelexicalcultures.Also,dynamicequivalencebasicallyincludesfourkindsofequivalences,theyarerespectivelythelexicalequivalence,thesyntacticalequivalence,thetextualequivalenceandthestylisticequivalence.Abovealltheproblems,thelexicalproblemisthekeyissueofthevocabularyforms.Inthissense,theprofessionaltermsappearedintheOutlineareofgreatimportanceinunderstandingthemainideasofthetext.Andtherelatedtranslationstrategiesarevitaltoo.Generallyspeaking,thereexistquitealotpoliticaltermsinthesourcelanguage.Inthiscase,thetranslatorsaregenerallyfacedwiththerecreationproblem.Thatmeansthespecificpoliticalitemsarerecreatedwiththestrengtheningofthesociety.Thus,theEnglishtranslationmustconsidertheadditionalinformation.Andtheamplificationandexplanationintranslationarequiteneeded.22 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryExample1:ST:我县按照省委、省政府关于“三个基地一个后花园”的发展思路，有力地促进了县域经济的发展。TT:Accordingtothedevelopmentthoughtsthat“threebasesandabackgarden”raisedbyJiangxiprovincialpartycommitteeandprovincialgovernment,Nanfenghasvigorouslypromotedthedevelopmentofregionaleconomy.Example2:ST:坚持把做大做强南丰蜜桔产业化为农业结构调整的重头戏来抓。TT:Nanfengcountyhasadheredtostrengthentheorangeindustrializationasthekeyworksinagriculturalstructureadjustment.Fromabovetwoexamples,translatorscaneasilyfindthatthephraseandwordslike“三个基地一个后花园”and“重头戏”arethespecificpoliticalterminologies.Andthetranslatorexplainedtheminto“threebasesandabackgarden”and“thekeyworks”.Obviously,theyarealltypicalpoliticalnounsandreflectthedevelopmentdirectionofChina’spolicies.Underthiscircumstance,thetranslatorneedstoconsiderthespecificChinesecharacteristicsandculture.Infact,thedevelopmentthoughts“threebasesandabackgarden”wasfirstputforwardbyJiangxiprovincialpartycommitteeandprovincialgovernmentin2001.Indetails,thethreebasesdefinitelyincludethreeaspects:constructingJiangxiprovinceasthetransferbaseofeasternindustries,buildingthebaseforthehigh-qualityagriculturalandsidelineproductssupplyanddevelopingJiangxiprovinceasthetourism“backgarden”forthecoastaldevelopedareas.Whiletheterm“重头戏”wasbasicallyrelatedtothekeypartinplayingtraditionalopera.However,suchwordsinthissentencerepresentthekeyjobingovernmentreform.Therefore,intheprocessoftranslation,theseprofessionaltermsmaynothaveaequivalentwordsinthetargetlanguage.Andthetranslatorneedstousetheextraamplificationandexplanationmethodstoexpressthem.Also,thewritingstyleofthesourcelanguageshouldbekept.Thepoetryshouldnotbetranslatedintoprose,theexpositioncannotbetranslatedintonarration.(Nida,1982:13)Thesepoliticalnounsandtermsoughttobetranslatedinaofficialstyle.Inthis23 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIcase,theextraexplanationisquiteneededaftertheinitialtranslation.Apartfromthat,theculture-loadedwordsarealsofrequentlyusedinsuchsourcelanguage.Theculture-loadedwordsarealsonamedlexicalgapandindicatedthattheculturalinformationinsourcelanguagewordsconveynocorrespondinglanguageintranslation.(BaoHuinan&BaoAng,2004:10)Thosewordsandphrasescarrythespecificculturalbackground.Example3:ST:南丰蜜桔早在唐开元年就被历代皇室列为贡品。TT:Nanfengorangeshasbecametheimperialtributefromyear713to741ofTangdynasty.Atthefirstsightof“唐开元年”,thetranslatorthoughtoftheyearinTangdynasty.Itseemsthatthereisnoproblematall.However,asweallknowthattheTangdynastywasaquitelongperiodinChinesehistory.Andthetranslationlike“theyearinTangdynasty”cannotdefinitelyexplainthehistoryrecordofNanfengorange.What’smore,fortargetlanguagereaders,whenreadingthe“yearinTangdynasty”,thefirstthingappearsintheirmindisthefirstyearormaybeanyotheryearinTangdynasty.Actually,theChineseword“开元”wasthereigntitleofTangXuanzong,LiLongji,inTangdynasty.Apparently,wecaneasilyfindthatitisjustaspecificperiodofTangdynasty.Hencethetranslatortranslateditintothespecificperiod“fromyear713to741ofTangdynasty”.Obviously,itincludesnearly29yearsandillustratesaroughtimeoftheorangepromotion.Intranslationprocessofsuchprofessionalnouns,theextraexplanationoftheculturalbackgroundisalwaysnecessaryfortheunderstanding.Ontheotherhand,someprofessionaltermsarecreatedwiththedevelopmentofsociety.AndsuchwordsandphrasesalwaysinflectthepoliciesandregulationsofthePartyandgovernment.Astothesourcetext,theOutlineevidentlybelongstothepoliticalessay.Thepoliticalessayisthemostauthoritativesourceforunderstandingnationalconditions,theguidelinesandpolicies,thepoliticalsystemandpoliticalposition,etc.(WangXiaoping,2006:109)Consideringofsuchcondition,thetranslatorhastoexpresstheminamoreofficialway.Additionally,thetranslation24 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustrymightbeaforeignadvocatingfileinthefuture.Thespecificexampleisasfollows:Example4:ST:南丰蜜桔生产的经营方式以家庭承包经营为主。TT:ThemainmodebusinessoperationofNanfengorangeproductionisthehouseholdcontractedmanagementsystem.Theaboveterm“家庭承包经营”isbasicallyaprofessionalterminthesourcelanguage.AndthehouseholdcontractedoperationsystemisoneofChina’srurallandusesystem,whichwasfirstproposedin1956.TheChinesedefinitionis“根据农业生产的特点和生产力发展的水平以及农民的愿望，集体组织将集体所有或国家所有归其使用的土地等生产资料发包给本组织的社员、农户、专业队（组），承包经营者对所承包的生产资料享有占有权、使用权、收益权以及国家政策和本组织章程所允许的处分权，独立行使经营自主权.”Apparently,suchproductionsystemwasmadebasedonChineseagriculturalproductioncharacteristicsandlevels.Andtheword“家庭”insuchsentencekeepsabroadermeaning.Itnotonlyincludestheconceptof“family”,butalsocontainsthecommunitygroup.Fromthisaspect,theculturalbackgroundisalsoattachedinsuchspecialsystem.Anynationallanguagewasloadedwiththeprofoundculturalconnotations,andtheculturalcharacteristicsofonenationwereaccumulatedinthevocabularylevel.(ChenPeijuan,2012:262)Andtheword“家庭”inthissentenceownsaspecialculturalreflectionafterlong-terndevelopment.However,thefirsttranslationofthistermwas“familycontractedsystem”,andthetranslatorused“family”astheword“家庭”.Obviously,theword“family”onlystandsforoneaspectofthemembersindeed.Thustheoriginaltranslationcan’tconveytherealandwholemeaningtothetargetreaders.Consideringthespecificsituation,thetranslatorlaterpickedouttheword“household”instead,andsuchwordcontainsbothfamilymembersandsomepeculiarcommunities.Also,thepolicyinChinadefinitelydeclaredtheapplicationfieldsinagriculturalindustry.Therefore,theword“household”ismoreappropriatefortheunderstandingoftargetlanguagereaders.Andthefinaltranslation“householdcontractedmanagementsystem”wasbetterindeed.25 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTI4.1.2Four-characterStructureTranslationBasically,mostfour-characterstructureshavedevelopedandremainedafteralongperiodoftime.Despitethesameformsandstructuresofthefour-character,theyalsoincludesomedifferencesintheinnerstructures.Fromtheperspectiveoflexicalequivalence,Nidaproposedthattheinformationfunctionofthesourcelanguagecouldonlybeachievedintheunderstandabletargetlanguage(Nida,2004:24).Inthecommunicativelanguage,thekeyelementistheexpressivecontent.Indoingso,theprimarytaskofthetranslatoristoconveythecommunicativeinformationinafactualway.Nevertheless,thetranslatorneedstounderstandthesourcelanguagefirstlyandthenconveythetruemeaningtothetargetreaders.Also,theoutstandingChinesetranslator,YanFu,hadputforwardthefamoustranslatingstandard:faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance.The“faithfulness”meansthatthetargetlanguageshouldbeloyaltothesourcelanguage.Whentreatingsuchproblem,thecontradictionbetweencontentandformmayappear.Inthiscase,accordingtothedynamicequivalencetheory,Nidastressedthebothstructuralequivalenceandcontentequivalence.However,thecontentmightbemorevitalinsuchcontradictionandthetranslatorisabletochangethelanguageformsinsomeway.Example1:ST:南丰蜜桔以其色泽金黄、皮薄核少、汁多化渣、酸甜适口、香味浓郁、肉质脆嫩、食之爽口和营养丰富等特色而驰名中外。TT:Nanfengorangeshavegotfamousfamebothathomeandabroadfromthefollowingfeatures:agoldenyellowcolor,thinskin,lesscore,morejuice,meltingthedregs,afavortastyofsourandsweet,astrongfragrance,asucculentsweetcrisp,arefreshingtasteandarichnutrition.Fromthesourcelanguage,wecaneasilyfindthattherearemanyfour-characterstructuresinChinesetexts.Thefour-characterstructuresarequitenormalinChinesearticles,andtheaimsaretoexpressmoreinformationaccuratelyandeffectively.In26 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustrytheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatorfacessomanyfour-characterstructuresinthelongChinesesentence.Andallthesewordslike“色泽金黄、皮薄核少、汁多化渣、酸甜适口、香味浓郁、肉质脆嫩、食之爽口”areloosephrases.Generallyspeaking,thesefour-characterstructuresarecreatedwiththedevelopmentofsociety.Theykeeplessrigorousstructuresthanthenormalidioms.Therelatedfour-characterstructuresinExample1allaretheadjectivesfortheappearanceandflavoroforanges.Becauseofthelexicalandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguage,thetranslatorsometimesneedstoputthecontenttothepriority.InNida’sopinion,thecontentismoreimportantthanthestructureitself.Therefore,thetranslatorexplainedthesefour-characterstructuresinto“agoldenyellowcolor,thinskin,lesscore,morejuice,meltingthedregs,afavortastyofsourandsweet,astrongfragrance,asucculentsweetcrisp,arefreshingtasteandarichnutrition.”Obviously,thetranslatorhasnotseriouslyconsiderthegrammaticalstructuresofthesourcelanguage.Thecontentofthefour-characterstructureisofgreatimportance.Inparticular,thetranslatoremphasesonthemainideasofthesentence.AndthebasicappearanceandtastearethemainfeaturesofNanfengoranges.Furthermore,someChineseidiomsandsayingsalsobelongtothefour-characterstructures.Andmostidiomsareformedbyfoursyllablesorwords.Mostidiomsremainedafteryearsofuse.Usually,thesimplephrasescontainabroadandrichmeaninginreturn.Example2:ST:安居乐业TT:ToliveandworkinpeaceandcontentmentGenerallyspeaking,theChineseidiom“安居乐业”meansastableaccommodationandafixedjob.AnditfirstappearedinthetraditionalbookTheBiographyofHanComestible.Currently,suchfour-characterwordhaschangedthebasicmeaningwiththedevelopmentofsocialideology.“Astableaccommodationandafixedjob”can’tcoverthewholeimplicationoftheChineseidiom.Firstly,thetranslatortranslatesitinto“acomfortablelife”.Obviously,theoriginaltranslation27 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIincludesonlypartofthewholemeaning.Thus,thetranslatorexplainsitinto“toliveandworkinpeaceandcontentment”later,andthelattertranslationtellsthetargetreadersthattheChinesefour-characterphrasecoversnotonlythelifebutalsotheworkingcondition.Insuchcondition,thelattertranslationismuchmoreproperintheunderstandingofthesourcelanguage.Chinesefour-characterstructure,withitsdistinctcharacteristics,isregardedasanimportantphenomenon.“Thetargetlanguagereaderscouldunderstandandappreciatethesourcelanguagefromtheperspectiveofsourcelanguagereaders”.(Nida,2001:87)InNida’sview,theliteralmeaningofthesourcelanguageisofgreatimportanceintheunderstandingofthesentences.Inthisway,itcallsthatallthetranslatorsneedtounderstandthebasicmeaningfirstandthenexpressitinapropermethod.“UnderthedifferentthinkingstrategiesofbothwesternandChinesecountries,thefour-characterstructureskeepaquitedifferentexpressionstyle.HencetheChinese-Englishtranslationisakindofconversionprocess”.(MaYuping,(11):35)Therefore,thebasicmeaningismoreimportantthanthestructureitself.4.2TranslationStrategiesfromthePerspectiveofSyntacticalEquivalence4.2.1TheParallelStructuresTranslationinLongSentencesConsideringthecharacteristicsanddifferencesofbothChineseandEnglishsentences,theauthorhastofirstlyfigureoutthesubject-predicatestructurepartofthesourcelanguage,andthenaddthemodifiedingredientssuccessively.Usually,theEnglishlanguagepaysmuchattentiononitslogicalrelationwhiletheChineselanguageemphasesmoreonitscontent.Inthiscase,theauthorhastochecktheclauserelationfirstandconnectthecontentinaproperway.Whenitcomestotheparallelstructuresofthesourcelanguage,theyalwaysexplainanddiscussthecertainpointfromseveralaspects.Andthoseaspectsbelongtothesamekindtopicorcentralview.What’smore,theykeepanequalstatusamongallclauses.Therefore,theyare28 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustrycalledparallelstructuresandaremorecommonintheargumentationessays.AstotheEnglishtranslationofsuchcomplexstructure,theauthormustunderstandthestructurefirstandthenexpressesthemlater.UnderstandingthestructuredifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesesentencehasagreatinspirationonthelongsentencetranslation,andthetranslationprocessseemslikechewthefood,swallowitthenandfinallyspititout.(HuangJinyun,2003).InthepoliticalessayofOutline,theparallelstructureshaveappearedinmanyconditions.Andthetranslationstrategiesareasfollows.Example1:ST:面对社会新形势，我们必须把握政府职能部门的宏观调控，加大政府扶持力度，抓好科学规划、区域化布局，因地制宜地发展，合理分配资源，提高产业要素的利用率，充分调动蜜桔产业协会、企业经营、农民科学种植等多方面的积极性和创造性，充分发挥市场机制的作用。TT:Confrontedwiththenewsocialsituation,wemustgraspthemacrocontrolofgovernmentfunctionaldepartments,strengthengovernmentalsupportandpayattentiontothescientificplanningandregionaldistribution.Wemustadjustmeasurestothelocalconditionsandmakereasonableallocationofresourcestoimprovetheutilizationrateofindustrialdevelopment.Thenweshouldfullymobilizetheenthusiasmandcreativityofthefarmerindustryassociation,enterprisemanagementandfarmers’scientificplantingandgivefullplaytotheroleofmarketmechanisms.Inthissentence,theauthorusesaparallelstructuretocombinealltheinformationinonlyasentence.Butweallknowthattherearenearlytwoaspectsofthemeaning.Ontheonehand,thefirstmeaningisaboutthegovernmentalfunctions.Forinstance,theparallelsentencelike“把握政府职能部门的宏观调控，加大政府扶持力度，抓好科学规划、区域化布局”inabovesentencebasicallyshowsfouraspectsofthegovernmentalfunctions.However,theoriginalEnglishtranslationisalsoaquitelongsentence.Obviously,theoriginalpatternistediousandmuchhardertounderstandforthetargetreaders.Sotheauthorseparatesthelongsentenceintothreeshortsentencesandthentranslatesthemintheparallelstructure.Ontheotherhand,29 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTItheotheraspectisaboutmarketmechanisms.Thephraseslike“因地制宜地发展，合理分配资源，提高产业要素的利用率”inthislongsentenceexpressspecificmeasuresofthemanagerbuttheydidn’ttellustherealperformers.Fromthispoint,wecouldusethesegmentationmethodtodividethelongsentenceintotwoparts,andthenusetwosubjects.Forexample,theauthortranslatesitinto“wemustadjustmeasurestothelocalconditionsandmakereasonableallocationofresourcestoimprovetheutilizationrateofindustrialdevelopment”andthesubject‘we’isnotreferredinthesourcelanguage.Itisaddedunderthebackgroundinformationbytheauthor.Inthisway,thetargetreaderscaneasilyunderstandthesourcelanguage.“Thetranslationmusttakethereaderastheservicecenter”.(TanZaixi,1982:5)4.2.2No-subjectSentenceTranslationAsweallknow,theno-subjectsentencesofChinesetextsemphasizemoreonthespeaker’sviewandtheactivesentencesareoftenseeninsuchtexts.However,iftheexecutoroftheactionisnotexplicitlysureorstressthepersonitself,andtheauthoroughttobaseontheobjectivefacts.Therefore,thepassivesentencesarefrequentlyusedinEnglishtranslation.Chinesenationalthinkinghabitspayenoughattentiontotheintegrityandintuitiveoflanguageandthesentencestructureismuchmoreflexibleandconcise.Andtheinternalcohesionoftheno-subjectsentencesisachievedwiththehelpofsemanticlogicratherthanitssyntacticfunction.Hencethesubjectplayslittleroleinthewholesentence.(HuJunlan,2004:74).Inthemeantime,Englishthinkinghabitsemphasizemoreontheindividualityandunderstandingofsourcesentence.TherearealmostonesubjectinonesentenceinEnglishandthesemanticfunctionisobvious.Wetakethespecificsentenceforexample:Example1:ST:建立和推行南丰蜜桔绿色食品生产技术规程和质量标准，新桔园建设按标准做到统一规划、统一布局、统一开发。TT:Inanefforttoestablishandimplementtheproductiontechnologyproceduresandqualitystandardoforangegreenfood,neworangeplantingareaswillbebuilt30 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryaccordingtothesamestandardofplanning,layoutanddevelopment.Example2:ST:以市场为导向，以优质安全为目标，以科技为支撑，发挥优势，突出特色，优化品种结构和区域布局，加强高新技术的组装集成和科技成果转化。TT:Takingthemarketastheguidance,dependingonthegoalofgoodqualityandsupportingbythescienceandtechnology,Nanfengorangeindustryhastakenadvantagesofthespecialresources.Furthermore,theproducersoptimizedthevarietystructureandregionallayoutoforangeindustry.Strengtheningtheassemblyintegrationofhighandnewtechnologyandthetransformofscientificandtechnologicalachievementsarealsothekeyworks.Aswecanseeinexample1andexample2,thesentence“建立和推行南丰蜜桔绿色食品生产技术规程和质量标准”and“以市场为导向，以优质安全为目标，以科技为支撑，发挥优势，突出特色”allhavenosubject.Accordingtothelogicalrelationoftheseclauses,theauthorcandividethislongsentenceintotwoparts.Firstofall,thesourcelanguagetellsusthetechnologyprocedureandqualitystandardoforangeindustry.Inthiscase,theauthortranslatesExample1inapassivevoicesentence.Sothetargetversionofthesourcetextshouldbe“Inanefforttoestablishandimplementtheproductiontechnologyproceduresandqualitystandardoforangegreenfood,neworangeplantingareaswillbebuiltaccordingtothesamestandardofplanning,layoutanddevelopment”.ThepassivevoicesentenceisaprominentfeatureinEnglishandthefinaltranslationiscommonandsuitableintargettext.Secondly,Example2showsusanotheraspectoftheorangeindustry.Thatistheregionallayoutandscientificintegrationoforangeindustry.Andtherearemainlythreeaspectsinformationinthisno-subjectsentence.Theyarerespectivelyaboutthemarket,structureandscienceandtechnologyoftheorangeindustry.Consideringsuchcondition,theauthordividesthesentenceintothreeshortsentencesandaddstheinnersubject“Nanfengorangeindustry”.Also,thetranslatorusedtheactivevoicesentenceintranslation.Thus,thefinalversionofthetargettextcanbeeasilyunderstoodbytheforeignreaders.31 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTI4.3TranslationStrategiesfromthePerspectiveofTextualEquivalence4.3.1LogicCompensationinTranslationChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagesandmostlogicrelationshipsexistinthevariousshortsentences.MostChinesesentencesarethelanguagesofparataxisandtheinnercontentmeaningisthekeypart.However,theEnglishargumentationarticlesemphasizemuchonlogicalstructuresandalmosteveryparagraphkeepsanobvioustopsentence.Ingeneral,thetopicsentenceholdsaleadingfunctionamongallthesentencesandthefollowingsentencesarethesupplementarypart.Example1:ST:县域经济发展的一大支柱。南丰蜜桔产业的发展，不仅增加了农民收入，并促进了运输业、包装业、食品加工业、商贸及服务业等相关产业的发展。TT:Thepillarindustryoftheregionaleconomy.TheblossomofNanfengorangeindustryhasnotonlyincreasedfarmers’income,butalsopromotedthedevelopmentoftransportation,packaging,foodprocessing,commerceandtradeandtherelatedservices.Example2:ST:产后处理环节较薄弱。采后贮藏和商品化处理技术比较落后，产品加工也没有得到很好开发。TT:Thepost-productionprocessinglinkisrelativelyweak.Thespecialtechniqueforthepost-harveststorageandcommercializationprocessareoutofdate.Besides,thefruitsprocessinghasn’tgotabetterexploitation.FromtheperspectiveofChinesesentence,wecaneasilyfindthattheabovetwoexamplesallkeepatopicsentenceinthefirstplace.The“县域经济发展的一大支柱”and“产后处理环节较薄弱”arerespectivelytwotopicsentencesinexamples.Sotheauthortranslatesthemintotwoconclusionsentences.“Thepillarindustryofthe32 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryregionaleconomy”and“thepost-productionprocessinglinkisrelativelyweak”arerespectivelykeypointinsourcetextandthefollowingsentencesillustratetherestofmeaninginafurtherway.Also,inExample2,theauthordividesthefollowingpartintotwoshortsentencesandusesaconjunctiontoconnectthemeaning.Inthisway,thetargetreaderscaneasilyunderstandthesentencemeaning.4.3.2CulturalCompensationinTranslationGenerallyspeaking,thepurposeoftranslationistheinformationtransformationbetweenthetwoculturesaswellasaninter-culturalcommunicationactivity.Inthespecificinter-culturaltranslationprocess,theauthoralwaysexplainthesourcetextaccordingtotheirownculturalhabitsandishardtounderstandtheculturalbackgroundofsourcelanguage.Theculturedefaultreferstotheomittinginformationamongtheintendedreaderswhencommunicatingwiththecommonsidesofrelevantculturalbackground.Fromtheperspectiveoftranslation,thetranslatorshouldnotonlyconsidertheconversionoftwolanguages,butalsoneedtopayattentiontotheexpansionanddeformationinthetranslationprocess.Someculturalinformationwouldinevitablydisappearinthetranslation.ThefamouswriterHugokeptawell-knownmetaphor“translationiskindlikeirrigatingwaterintothethinneckbottlebythewideoneandthemoreyoudump,themoreyoulose”.(MaoRonggui.2001:250)Theextrainformationandsupplementaryexplanationarequiteneededintranslation.Example1:ST:当地政府还借助有影响的报刊、电视、广播开展“地毯式”宣传以全面介绍南丰蜜桔的产业优势，规模及产品特色等。TT:Inordertocompletelyintroducetheindustrialadvantages,thescaleandtheproductfeaturesofNanfengorangeindustry,thelocalgovernmentdefinitelycarryoutthe“carpetpromotionplan”whichincludesthelocalinfluentialnewspapers,TVshowandtheradiostationbroadcasting.*“Thecarpetpromotion”meansalltheavailablemethodsthatonecanthinkof.33 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIExample2:ST:南丰蜜桔多次被评为全国优质水果，素有“桔中之王”的美称，温家宝总理亦称赞南丰蜜桔是金牌。TT:Thelocalorangeshavebeenratedasthenationalhigh-qualityfruitformanytimesandholdthegoodnameof“theKingoftheCitrus”.TheformerprimeministerWenJiabaohasevenpraisedthemasgoldenbrand.Fromabovetwoexamples,itisobviousthatboththe“地毯式宣传”and“皇室贡品”inExample1aretheculture-loadedwordsandwecannottranslatetheminaliteralway.Atfirstglance,thetranslatorhastounderstandboththeliteralandculturalmeaningbehindthosetwophasesandthenchooseaproperexplanationstrategylater.TheChineseword“地毯”basicallystandsforthegroundlayupmadefromcotton,linen,wool,silkandsomeotherchemicalmaterials.However,theactualmeaninginthissourcetextillustratesadiversesensetoreaders.Sothetranslatorconsiderstheculturalcompensationmethodandthentranslatestheminto“thecarpetpromotion”.Meanwhile,thetranslatoraddsthenecessaryinformationafterrealtranslation.Inaddition,inExample2,thephrases“桔中之王”and“金牌’”aretheculture-loadedwordsinsourcetext.Theformeronereferstothespecialstatueinallcitrusandthelatteronestandsforprideofthebestplayerincompetitionandshowsaimplicitmeaningundertheliteralmeaning.Generally,bothtwophrasesdemonstratethefavorablequalityandfameofNanfengorangeindustry.Therefore,thetranslatorusestheliteraltranslationstrategyandrespectivelyexpressestheminto“thekingofthecitrus”and“goldenbrand”.Inaword,theculturalcompensationisacommonphenomenonanditdeeplyinfluencethetransmissionofcrossculturalinformation.Example3:ST:“三个代表”重要思想TT:TheImportantThoughtof“ThreeRepresents”Theabovephrase“三个代表”inExample3belongstotheChinesecharacteristicsanditappearedwiththesocialdevelopment.Basically,thisphrasewasfirstputforwardbytheformerPresidentJiangZeminonFebruary25,2002andthedeepmeaningsofthreerepresentsareasfollows:thecommunistpartyofChina34 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryshouldalwaysrepresenttheadvancedproductiveforces,thedevelopingdirectionofadvancedcultureandthebenefitsofallresidents.Inthiscase,thetranslatorhastogivetheextraexplanationintranslation.Consideringtheunderstandingstandardoftargetreaders,wecaneasilyknowthatthesupplementaryinformationisfairlynecessaryinthetargetlanguage.35 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIChapterFiveConclusion5.1LimitationoftheStudyFirstofall,becauseofthespecialmaterialofthesourcelanguage,therelevanttheoreticalresearchisquiterare,especiallytheforeignliteratureinthisfield.Asweallknow,thepoliticalessayofsourcetextcomesfromthelocalresearchinstituteandthecontentrelatestothelocalfruitinthespecificarea.Thisreportisaimedatdiscussingandstudyingthecharacteristicsoflocalindustrialstructuredevelopment.WhilethepromotionfileoftheorangeindustryisatextaboutthelocalspecialtyandEnglishtranslationisquiteraretoday.Secondly,inthetranslationprocess,wecaneasilyfindthattherearemanytranslatingdifficultiesinthesourcetext,suchasthespeciallocalcharacteristics,theprofessionaltermsandsomeculture-loadedwordsetc.Allthesetranslatingpointsinsourcetextresultinatoughpreparationwork.Apartfromthat,thespecificculturalbackgroundofthesourcetextisalsoastudyingdifficultfortheauthor.Finally,astotheapplicationandtranslatingstrategiesofthefunctionalequivalencetheory,boththeforeignexpertsanddomesticscholarscannotgiveacleardefinitionandmethods.Allofthemincludingtheauthorcannotavoidtheoldthinkingstylesandtheirowntranslatinghabits.Therefore,thelimitationofsuchstudyisnotonlyexistinthetheoreticalbasebutalsoconsistintherealpractice.Anditrequiresthattheauthorhastopayenoughattentiontothefuturedevelopmentoflocalproductstranslation.5.2ExperienceGainedfromtheTranslationPracticeGenerallyspeaking,thisreportisbasedontheauthor’srealtranslationexperienceofthelocalspecialtyandhasgivenadetaileddescriptionofthefeatures36 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryandcharacteristicsofNanfengorange.Also,thetranslationpreparation,theresearchstudy,therelatedtranslationtheoryandtranslatingstrategiesandtheconcerningdifficultiesarealsoreferredinthisreport.Firstly,theauthorhasgainedmuchknowledgeoflocalproductsduringthepreparationandtranslationprocessonthebasisofthis.Suchasthelocalnaturalconditions,theprofessionaltermsandeventheculture-loadedwordsandphrasesinthesourcelanguage.Theauthorhaslearnedalotfromthesourcetexttranslation.Secondly,thefunctionalequivalencetheoryappliedinthesourcetextEnglishtranslationalsogivesareferencesignificancetothelaterstudyofthesimilarresearch.Itisknowntoallthattherelevantresearchandforeignstudyofsuchfieldarequiterare.Thusthisreportcangiveastudsignificanceforthefollowingtranslatorsinthesimilarfieldstosomeextent.Thirdly,thepracticaltranslationisquitedifferentfromthetheorylearning.Thustheauthorfindthatagoodtranslationcomesfrommountainsofrealpractice.Justastheoldsayinggoes‘practicemakesperfect’.Inotherwords,thepracticaltranslationisquiteneededinbecomingaqualifiedtranslator.5.3SuggestionsforFurtherStudyCombinedwiththeauthor’stheoreticalpreparationandpracticaltranslationinfinishingthisreport,therearemainlythreesuggestionsforfurtherstudy:Firstly,theapplicationofthefunctionalequivalencetheoryhasledausefulinfluenceonthepracticaltranslation.Thefunctionalequivalencetheoryemphasizedthatthegoaloftranslationwastomakeaconversionbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguageandreducethedifferencesintwolanguages.“Thereadersofatranslatedtextshouldbeabletocomprehendittothepointthattheycanconceiveofhowtheoriginalreadersofthetextmusthaveunderstoodandappreciatedit”.(Nida,1982:112)Duringthetranslationprocess,thefunctionalequivalencetheoryhasguidedtheauthortodealwiththeproblemsappearedinthelexicallevel,syntacticallevelandtextuallevel.Sothefunctionalequivalencetheoryisofgreatimportancein37 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIthissourcelanguage.Secondly,thepoliticalessaysofthesourcetextsrequiredtheauthortopossessarichknowledgeoflocalspecialty.Inthetranslationprocess,theauthorfoundsomanytranslatingdifficultiesinsourcetextespeciallytheculture-loadedwordsandseveralprofessionalterms.Althoughtheauthorpreparedalongtimebeforepracticaltranslation,thereexistedstillmanyrealdifficultiesinfinishingthisreport.Thusafullpreparationofbothprofessionalknowledgeandabundanttranslatingexperiencearequiteneededinfurtherstudy.Thirdly,suchtranslationworkrequiredthetranslatortoendurethepressureandberesponsibleforthework.Becausetheauthorhastotranslatethesourcetextinarelativelyshorttimeatalmostthreetimes.Theauthorhastofaceatightscheduleandahardworkingtranslatingwork.Also,thetranslatingqualityoughttobeguaranteedatsametime.38 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AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIAppendix1南丰蜜桔产业中长期发展纲要AnOutlineofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry抚州市南丰柑桔研究所王泽义TheInstituteofOrangeIndustryinFuzhouWangZeyi为积极应对我国加入WTO后的新形势和全面建设小康社会的新要求，围绕“创世界名牌果业、建绿色生态桔都”的总体目标，按照现代农业的新理念，充分发挥南丰蜜桔产业对县域经济发展的强力拉动作用，推动社会主义新农村建设，促进城乡经济协调发展，现根据南丰县蜜桔产业实际情况，进一步确立新时期南丰蜜桔产业发展方向和目标任务，明确南丰蜜桔产业今后十五年工作重点，确保南丰蜜桔产业持续稳定健康发展，特制定南丰蜜桔产业中长期发展纲要。ToactivelyrespondtothenewsituationandrequirementsafterChina’sentryintoWTOandtheconstructionofawell-offsocietyinanall-roundway,wemaketheoutlineofmediumandlong-termdevelopmentofNanfengorangeindustrycenteringontheoverallgoalofcreatingaworldwidefruitindustrybrandandbuildingagreenecologicalcounty.Inaddition,peoplecomplywiththenewconceptofmodernagriculturalconstructionandgivefullplaytotheorangeindustry’sstrongpullofthelocaleconomy.Inthisway,wepromotedtheconstructionofnewsocialistcountrysideandthecoordinateddevelopmentofurbanandruraleconomy.Recently,accordingtothebasicconditionofNanfengorangeindustry,wehavefurtherestablishedthedevelopmentdirectionandthenewtargetofNanfengorangeindustryinthenewperiod.Also,wehaveclearlyconfirmedthekeyworksofNanfengorangeindustryinfifteenyearsandensureasteadyandhealthilysustainabledevelopmentoftheNanfengorangeindustry.42 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry南丰蜜桔产业发展的主要成就和发展优势theMainAchievementsandDevelopingAdvantagesofNanfengOrangeIndustry（一）取得的主要成就First,Themainachievements南丰县种植南丰蜜桔有1300年的历史，南丰蜜桔以其色泽金黄、皮薄核少、汁多化渣、酸甜适口、香味浓郁、肉质脆嫩、食之爽口和营养丰富等特色而驰名中名，自唐代以来被列为历代皇室贡品。曾被斯大林誉为“桔中之王”，温家宝总理称为“金牌”，要求永远保持长盛不衰。1962年南丰蜜桔被列为全国十大柑桔良种之一，自1976年以来连续多年被评为全国优质水果，现已成为江西省名牌产品、著名商标，绿色食品A级产品，南丰县被授予“中国南丰蜜桔之乡”，被认定为全国柑桔商品基地县、园艺产品出口示范区、无公害农产品（南丰蜜桔）示范基地。Nanfenghasaplantinghistoryoforangeformorethan1300yearsuntilnow.What’smore,Nanfengorangeshavegotfamousfamebothathomeandabroadfromthefollowingfeatures:agoldenyellowcolor,thinskin,lesscore,morejuice,meltingthedregs,afavortastyofsourandsweet,astrongfragrance,asucculentsweetcrisp,arefreshingtasteandarichnutrition.AndtheyhadbeenlistedastheimperialtributesincetheTangdynasty.Stalin,theleaderofformerSovietUnion,hadhonoredtheNanfengorangeas“theKingoftheOrange”,andtheprimeministerWenJiabaohadalsooncenameditas“theGoldenBrand”.In1962,Nanfengorangehadbeenlistedasoneofthenationaltoptenofcitrusvarietiesandhasbeennamedasthenationalhigh-qualityfruitformanyyearssince1976.Currently,Nanfengorangehasbecomethebrandproducts,famousbrandandtheAgradegreenfoodproducts.Nanfenghasbeenlistedas“China’stownshipofcitrus’’andhasbeenidentifiedasthecommoditybasecounty,theexportingdemonstrationareaofhorticulturalproductsandthedemonstrationbaseofpollution-freeagriculturalproducts.截止2005年，南丰县桔园总面积达35万亩，总产量达25万吨，总产值达8亿元，销售网点遍布全国各大中城市，已远销东南亚、俄罗斯、欧盟、北美市场，并带动了包装、运输、加工等行业的迅速发展，已经成为南丰县农民增收和财政43 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTI增长的主要来源，是南丰县域经济的支柱产业。By2005,thetotaltangerineproductionareainNanfenghadreached350000mu,andthetotaloutputofNanfengorangehadattained250000tonsandthegrossoutputvaluehadreached800millionyuan.Also,thesalesoutletshasspreadthealloverthecitiesinChina,andevensoldtoSoutheastAsia,Russia,TheEuropeanUnionandtheNorthAmericamarkets.Inthisway,thesalesrouteshasdrivenarapiddevelopmentofpackaging,transportationandprocessingandsoon.Andithasbecometheprimarysourceoffarmers’incomeandfinancialgrowthandturnedintothepillarindustryofNanfengregionaleconomy.（二）产业发展的优势Second,TheIndustrialDevelopmentAdvantages1、种植历史悠久。南丰县建县1700多年，南丰蜜桔栽培历史达1300多年，早在唐开元年就被历代皇室列为贡品，据史料记载清朝中期有专业种植南丰蜜桔的村落，至今南丰蜜桔已形成规模化种植。1,Alongcultivationhistory.Nanfengcountyhasahistoryofmorethan1700yearsandtheplantinghistoryofNanfengorangecoulddatebackto1300yearsago.Itbecametheimperialtributefromyear713to741ofTangdynasty.Accordingtothehistoricalrecords,thereexistedthespecificcountrysideinplantingNanfengorangesincethemidQingdynastyandhasformedalargescalecultivationuptonow.2、自然资源丰富。南丰县位于东经116°9′~116°45′，北纬26°51′-27°21′，属中亚热带季风气候，年平均降雨量1700毫米，年平均气温18.3℃，平均≥10℃年有效活动积温5596.7℃，年平均日照时数1928.2小时，无霜期271天，最冷月1月平均气温在6.1℃以上。地形以低丘山地为主，土壤大多属于红黄壤和紫色土，土层深厚，非常适宜南丰蜜桔的生长，而且南丰蜜桔经过长期驯化和人工选育，已形成了丰富的品种资源。2,Richinnaturalresources.Locatedintheeastlongitude116.9degreesto116.45degrees,northlatitude26.51degreesto27.21degrees,thecountyofNanfengbelongstothesubtropicalmonsoonclimateandtheaverageannualrainfallgetsto1700mm.Astothetemperature,theannualaveragetemperatureofNanfengis18.3℃andthe44 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryaverageeffectiveaccumulatingtemperature(≥10℃)hasreached5596.7℃.Apartfromthat,theannualaveragesunshinetimeisabout1928.2hoursandthefrost-freeperiodis271days.January,thecoldestmonth,holdsaaveragetemperatureofmorethan6.1℃.Astotheterrainfeatures,themainproportionisthelowhillsandthesoilsmostlycovertheredyellowsoilandpurplesoil.AndthedeepsoilisquitefavorabletothegrowthofNanfengoranges.Afterthelong-termdomesticationandtheartificialbreeding,theNanfengorangehasformedarichresources.3、交通便利。南丰县位于赣闽两省七县交界处，京福高速、昌厦公路、206国道穿境而过，向莆高速铁路、济南至香港高速公路将途经南丰，交通输纽辐射全国，十分便利。产品运送到各大中城市和各主要港口方便快捷。3,Aconvenienttransportation.LocatingatthejunctionofsevencountiesofbothFujianandJiangxiprovinces,thecountyofNanfengfacesmanyhighwaysaroundtheareas.SuchastheBeijing-fuzhouexpressway,theGuangchang-Xiamenhighway,the206nationalhighway,theXiangtang-PutianrailwayandtheJinan-Hongkongexpressway.SomeofthesehighwaysexactlypassedthroughNanfenggeographicalarea.Thus,theconvenienttransportationhubcoveredallcountryareas.Anditisquiteconvenientandquicktoshiptheorangeproductstothemaincitiesandharbors.4、市场前景广阔。柑桔是世界上重要农产品之一，其产量居水果之首。当今宽皮柑桔、甜橙、柚和其它柑桔类水果的比例为55:35:9:1。随着人们生活节奏的加快和生活水平的提高，易剥皮的宽皮桔将更加受到消费者青睐，南丰蜜桔属于宽皮桔中的精品，在各地市场倍受欢迎，价格一直高于同类水果，产品竞争力强，而且还有大量的国外市场有待开拓。就国内市场而言，我国人口占世界的1/5，柑桔人均占有量为8kg，仅为世界人均的1/2，南丰蜜桔按2005年产量测算，全国人均占有量不到0.2kg。而在国际市场当中，美国的宽皮柑桔需求每年递增5%。随着经济的发展，生活水平的提高，人们对水果的需求量将不断加大，因而南丰蜜桔具有广阔的市场发展空间。4,Awideprospectofmarket.Citrusisoneoftheimportantagriculturalproductsintheworldandrankstopamongfruitsproduction.Theproportionofwide-peelorange,sweetorange,grapefruitandothercitrusfruitsis55:35:9:1.Withthespeedup45 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIofhumanlivesandimprovementsoflivingstandards,customersarebecomingmorefavortothewide-peelcitruswhichareeasytopeelofftheskin.However,Nanfengorangesarethehigh-qualitygoodsamongallthecitrusfruitsandshareafavorablemarketprospects.Then,thepriceofNanfengorangeisalwayshigherthanthesimilarfruitsandkeepsastrongproductcompetitivenessinthemarkets.Inthiscase,thereexistaquitelargeforeignmarketsforproducerstoexploit.Astothedomesticmarket,China’spopulationaccountsforonefifthintheworldandthepercapitaisabout8kg,whichisonlyonehalfoftheworldpercapita.Accordingtotheproductionin2005,peoplepredictedthatthenationalpercapitaislessthan0.2kg.Nevertheless,intermstotheinternationalmarket,thedemandofwide-peelcitrusinAmericaisincreasing5％annually.Withthedevelopmentofeconomyandtheimprovementoflivingstandards,peoplewillkeepalargedemandforfruits.Therefore,Nanfengorangesshareabroadmarketpotentialintheworld.（三）在经济社会发展中的地位Third,thePositionofEconomicDevelopment南丰蜜桔是我国的名特优柑桔品种，因其“皮薄核少，汁多无渣，酸甜适口，营养丰富”而被列为皇室贡品，多次被评为全国优质水果，素有“桔中之王”的美称，温家宝总理亦称赞南丰蜜桔是金牌。近年来，我县按照省委、省政府关于“三个基地一个后花园”的发展思路，围绕“建区域强县，创桔都辉煌”的总体目标，坚持把做大做强南丰蜜桔产业化为农业结构调整的重头戏来抓，大力实施“蜜桔兴县”战略，有力地促进了县域经济的发展。但由于受资金、技术、人才的制约，南丰蜜桔产业的规模化、集约化和组织化程度还比较低，整体素质在国际市场的竞争力不强。提高整体素质，做强、做优南丰蜜桔产业的任务艰区，任重道远。NanfengorangesarethegoodvarietiesofcitrusinChina,andtheyhavebeenlistedastheimperialtributeforthefollowingfeatures:thinskinlesscore,morejuicemeltingthedregs,afavortastyofsourandsweetandarefreshingtasteandarichnutrition.Also,theyhavebeenratedasthenationalhigh-qualityfruitformanytimesandholdthegoodnameof“theKingoftheCitrus”.TheformerprimeministerWenJiabaoevenpraisedthemasgoldenbrand.Recently,accordingtothedevelopmentthoughts“threebaseandagarden”andthe46 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryoverallgoalof”buildingaregionalpowerfulcounty,creatingabrilliantcounty”,whichraisedbyJiangxiprovincialpartycommitteeandprovincialgovernment,Nanfengcountyhasadheredtostrengthentheorangeindustrializationasthekeyworksinagriculturalstructureadjustment.Inthiscase,peopleimplementedthestrategyof”rejuvenatingthecountythroughorangeproduction”andpromotedthedevelopmentofregionaleconomy.Duetotherestrictionofcapital,technologyandtalent,thescale,intensiveandorganizationofNanfengorangeindustrydevelopquiteslowandtheoverallqualityininternationalmarketcompetitivenessisnotstrong.So,thetaskofstrengthening,improvingandoptimizingtheorangeindustrykeepsalongway.1、农民收入增长的一大亮点。南丰县13个乡镇场，21.5万农业人口，有五分之四栽种了南丰蜜桔，而且大部分农民是以蜜桔生产为家庭主要收入来源，2005年南丰县农民人均收入4365元，其中40%直接来自南丰蜜桔。2、县域经济发展的一大支柱。南丰蜜桔产业的发展，不仅增加了农民收入，并促进了运输业、包装业、食品加工业、商贸及服务业等相关产业的发展。2005年南丰蜜桔及相关产业产值达10亿元，来自南丰蜜桔产业的收入，占南丰县国内生产总值的一半，财政收入的四分之一强，南丰蜜桔产业已成为南丰县域经济的支柱产业。1,Amainsourceoffarmers’incomegrowth.Nanfengcovers13villagesandtownsandkeepsaagriculturalpopulationof215000.Amongallareas,80％oflandshaveplantedtheorangesandmostofthefarmers’familyincomearebasedontheproductionoforanges.In2005,thepercapitaincomeofnativeresidentsis4365yuanand40％oftheincomedirectlyrelatedtotheorangeproduction.2,Thepillarindustryoftheregionaleconomy.TheblossomofNanfengorangeindustryhasnotonlyincreasedfarmers’income,butalsopromotedthedevelopmentoftransportation,packaging,foodprocessing,commerceandtradeandtherelatedservices.In2005,theoutputvalueofNanfengorangeindustryandrelatedindustryhavereached1billionyuan.Inaddition,theincomeofNanfengorangeindustryoccupiedhalfoftheGDPinNanfengand25％ofthefinancialrevenue.Inaword,47 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIthecitrusindustryhasbecomethepillarindustryofNanfengregionaleconomy.3、新农村建设的主要内容。南丰蜜桔产业的发展，给南丰县农民带来巨大财富，促进了新农村的建设，农民住房条件、生活环境和交通条件等得到改善，促进农村实现了通电、通电视、通电话，还为下一步改栏、改水、改厕打好了良好的物质基础。4、农村稳定的重要基础。南丰蜜桔的生产需要相对固定的劳动力，给农民带来较丰厚的收入，使农民能够安居乐业。3,Themaincontentofthenewruralconstruction.TheblossomofNanfengorangeindustryhasbroughtgreatwealthtothelocalpeopleandhasalsopromotedtheprogressofnewruralconstruction.Apartfromthat,farmers’housingcondition,livingenvironmentandthetrafficconditionhaveallimproved.Andtheimplementationoftheelectricity,TVandphonecallinruralareashaveallcametrued.Tosomeextent,thecitrusindustryhasprovideafavorablematerialbasisfortheimprovementofhandrail,waterandeventhetoiletofnextstage.4,Animportantfoundationoftheruralstability.TheproductionofNanfengorangeindustryrequiresarelativelystableworkforceanditbringagenerousincomeforlocalresidentsinreturn,whichenablefarmerstoliveandworkinpeaceandcontentment.（四）存在的主要问题Fourth,theexistingproblems南丰蜜桔产业虽然呈良好的发展态势，但也存在一定的问题和不足，主要表现在：5、AlthoughtheNanfengorangeindustrypresentsafavorabledevelopmenttrend,thefactualproblemsanddeficiencyarestillexist.Andtherealperformancesareasfollows:1、良种覆盖率不高。桔园品系良莠不齐，参差不一，优良品系覆盖率仅占40%左右，且成熟期过于集中。目前全县良种比例大约只占30-40%，大多数桔园品种（系）不纯，同一桔园有大果系、小果系和早熟系，因此，果品经销商很难找到大批量的果形大小、成熟度、着色度、肉质、风味一致的果品，影响了南丰蜜桔订单农业的发展。1,Thelowerfractionofgoodseedscoverage.Thereexistaquitedifferentqualitystandardamongorangeseedsintheorangecultivationsystemandthefractionof48 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustrygoodseedscoverageisonly40%.What’smore,thematureperiodconcentratesonmidNovember.Recently,thefractionofgoodseedscoverageofthewholecountyisnearly30%to40%andmostoftheorangevarietiesarenotpure.Inthiscase,peoplecanfinddifferenttypesoforangesbothinsizeandmatureperiod.Thus,alltheserelatedfactorscouldcontributetothedifficultiesoflargequantitiesofsalesfordealers.Obviously,thesize,thematureperiod,thecolor,thefruitflavorandthesimilartastefruitallcouldinfluencethepromotionoftheNanfengorangeorders.2、果品技术含量偏低。生产者掌握新技术的不多，管理水平偏低，且桔园投入不足，桔园基础设施不全，水利设施不齐，蜜桔单产和品质差异较大。2、Lowtechniquesofthefruits’quality.Thelocalproducershaven’tgraspenoughnewtechniqueandownalowlevelofmanagement.Thelocalgovernmenthasputlittlefundingtotheorangeproductionandtheinfrastructureandthewaterconservancyfacilitiesarenotcomplete.Also,thedifferenceoftheperunityieldandthequalityoftheorangeisfairlydistinct.3、桔园配套设施差。桔园环境保护及水利化等基础设施整体水平较差，大多数桔园生态破坏严重，梯田不规范，防护林没有同步建立，而且水利设施差或不配套（现有桔园50%以上无水利设施，70%以上水利设施不配套），高温干旱季节不仅土壤水分不足，而且空气相对湿度过低，阻碍果实顺利发育，导致渣多汁少味酸。3、Thesupportingfacilitiesoftheorangecultivationfieldsarepoor.Thewholequalityoftheenvironmentalprotection,thewaterconservancyfacilitiesandotherinfrastructuresispoor.Theecologicaldamageoftheorangecultivationfieldsisseriousandthelayoutoftheterracedfieldsislackofstandardization.Inaddition,theshelterforestshaven’tbeenbuiltsynchronouslyandthewaterconservancyfacilitiesarenotmatched.(morethan50%oftheorangecultivationfieldsisnoneofthewaterconservancyfacilitiesandmorethan70%isnotmatched).Thesoilmoistureisinsufficientinthehightemperatureanddryseasons.Thelowhumidityofairhasimpededthefruitsdevelopmentandactuallyresultinthebadflavor.4、标准化生产程度不高。食品安全是国际社会广为关注的问题，而标准化49 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTI生产是食品安全最主要的环节。虽然已出台了《绿色食品南丰蜜桔生产技术规程》等相关标准，但生产过程还存在许多问题。大部分桔园不具备标准化生产的条件和经济实力；政府对从业者进行标准化生产的培训力度也不够；缺乏有效的标准化生产的监督机制；对标准化生产的要求和重要性不到位，桔农未掌握标准化生产技术，不了解标准化生产内容；诸多原因造成栽培技术不规范。果农施肥不注意氮、磷、钾合理配比，长期偏施氮素化肥，土壤酸化板结；病虫防治不讲究综合防治，用药次数过多，随意加大浓度，病虫抗药性增强，螨、蚧、疮痂病得不到很好控制；树冠整枝修剪不合理，树枝重叠交叉，内膛郁闭，通风透光性差，果小味酸，着色不良、影响品质及果品的出口。4、Thestandardizedproductionisnothigh.Thefoodsafetyhasarousedaworldwideattentionintheinternationalcommunityandthestandardizedproductionisthekeylinkoffoodsafety.AlthoughthelocalgovernmenthasalreadyintroducedrelatedstandardsintheGreenfoodofNanfengorangeProductionTechnologyDiscipline,manyproblemsandquestionsstillexistedintheproductionprocess.Themajorityoftheorangecultivationfieldsarenotequippedwithproperconditionsandeconomicpowersforthestandardizedproduction.Forinstance,shortoftrainingeffortsforthestandardizedproductionofpractitioners,lackofsupervisionmechanismfortheeffectivestandardizedproduction,donotreachthedesignatedrequirementsforthestandardizedproductionandnoneknowledgeforthefuturestandardizedproductiontechniqueandcontent.Allthesereasonshaveleadtoapoorplantingtechnology.Theorangegrowershaven’tpayattentiontothereasonableproportionofammonia,phosphorusandpotassiuminfertilization.Inotherwords,theyfertilizedwithmoreammoniaelementsandmakethesoilacidification.Thecomprehensivepreventionandcontrolofdiseasesandpestspreventionhaven’tbeenvalued.Thedrugsusageanddrugsconcentrationaresoexcessive.Thediseaseandinsectresistancehaveincreasedandtheacarus,thepestandcallusdiseasehaven’tbeencontrolledproperly.Theunreasonablecrownpruningtrim,theoverlappingbranches,thecellaclosureandpoorventilationandpoorlight,smallsizewithacidflavorandcoloringwithimproperhuealltheseabovefactorshaveallinfluencethequalityandtheexportoffruits.50 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry5、产后处理环节较薄弱。采后贮藏和商品化处理技术比较落后，产品加工也没有得到很好开发。南丰现有南丰蜜桔果品产后处理和加工业远远落后于国际先进水平。世界发达国家的果品均在包装工场采用现代化的工艺流程进行商品化处理。南丰蜜桔果品大多数仍然是以初级产品应市，经过机械分级、清洗、打腊上色的上市果品还很少，人工分级多不合标准。保鲜与加工技术和装备落后，贮藏、保鲜仍以化学制剂贮藏为主。包装标准不统一，造成市场桔果良萎不齐，产地不明，严重影响了南丰蜜桔声誉。5、Thepost-productionprocessinglinkisrelativelyweak.Thespecialtechniqueforthepost-harveststorageandcommercializationprocessareoutofdate.Besides,thefruitsprocessinghasn’tgotabetterexploitation.Thecurrentlevelofthepost-productionprocessingofNanfengorangeisfarbehindtheinternationaladvancedlevel.Inthedevelopedcountries,producersalwaysusethemoderntechnologicalprocessinthecommercializationprocessinthefruitspackingworkshop.AstotheNanfengoranges,theystillmeetthemarketswiththeprimaryproducts.However,thelistedfruitsaftertheprocessofmechanicalclassification,cleaningandpolishingcolorarequiterareandtheartificialclassificationisoutofstandard.What’sworseisthatthepreservation,processingtechnologyandtheequipmentarebackward.Thechemicalstorageismainmethodforthefruitsstorageandpreservation.Inconclusion,theunifiedpackingstandardleadtoadisorderofcitrusmarketandtheunknownoriginresultinanundesirableinfluenceofNanfengorangereputation.6、市场机制不完善。南丰蜜桔生产的经营方式以家庭承包经营为主，而销售管理上又没有形成产供销一体化的体制，加上水果批发市场辐射力不强，国内外供求信息不畅，小生产与大市场的矛盾突出，产销脱节，桔农在市场交易中始终处于被动和从属的不平等地位，抵御市场风险的能力较弱，生产利益得不到保证，从而挫伤桔农的生产积极性。市场流通也比较混乱，无序竞争造成水果优质优价不能充分体现出来。6、Themarketmechanismisnotperfect.ThemainmodebusinessoperationofNanfengorangeproductionisthehouseholdcontractedoperation.Andthesalesmanagementhasn’tformedaintegrationsystemofbothsupplyandmarketing.What’s51 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTImore,theinfluenceoffruitswholesalemarketisweakandtheinformationaccessofsupplyanddemandbothathomeandabroadisnotconvenient.Thecontradictionbetweensmall-scaleproductionandlarge-scalemarketisobviousandtheproductionandsalesisdisconnected.Inthisway,theorangegrowerswillalwaysinapassiveandsubordinateunequalpositioninmarkettransaction.Theresistingabilitiesofthemarketrisksareweakandtheproductioninterestscouldn’tguaranteed,whichwouldcrippledtheincentivesforproductionofthelocalfarmers.Themarketcirculationisconfusionandthegoodqualityandreasonablepricecouldn’tfullyreflectunderadisordercompetitioncondition.指导思想、基本原则和发展目标TheGuidingIdeology,theBasicPrincipleandtheDevelopmentGoals（一）指导思想First,theGuidingIdeology以“三个代表”重要思想为指针，围绕社会主义新农村建设和“创世界名牌果业、建绿色生态桔都”的新目标。以市场为导向，以科技为动力，进一步解放思想，转变观念，牢固树立科学发展观。在基本稳定南丰蜜桔种植面积的前提下，不断提升产业化经营水平，提高南丰蜜桔品质，打造南丰蜜桔“金牌”。加速实现南丰蜜桔品种优良化、生产标准化、销售品牌化、加工规模化、市场国际化。通过把农工贸、产供销、经。科教紧密结合在一起，抓好南丰蜜桔品牌建设，巩固南丰蜜桔支柱产业的地位，确保南丰蜜桔产业持续健康发展。Guidedbytheimportantthoughtof‘ThreeRepresents’,thelocalproducerscreatethenewgoalswiththethemesofbuildinganewsocialistcountrysideand‘makingaworldwidefruitsbrandandconstructingagreenecologicalcounty’.Takingthemarketastheguidance,usingthetechnologyasimpetus,furtheremancipatingthemindaswellaschangingtheideastofirmlyestablishascientificconceptofdevelopment.UnderthebasicpremiseofstabilizingtheplantingareasofNanfengorange,theoperatorsenhancetheindustrializationlevelconstantly,improvethefruitsqualityandcreatethegoldmedalofNanfengorange.Theproducerswillspeedupthefollowinggoals:improvingseedsquality,standardizedproduction,thesalesbranding,thelarge-scaleprocessingandtheinternationalizationofmarket.Peoplescientificallycombinedtheagriculture,industryandcommercewiththesupply,demandand52 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustrymarket.ItskeypointliesinthegraspingtheconstructionofNanfengorangebrand,consolidatingthestatueofpillarindustryandensuringthesustainabledevelopmentofNanfengorangeindustry.（二）发展思路Secondly,theDevelopmentThought根据国内外柑桔生产的新形势，为确保南丰蜜桔产业稳定健康可持续发展，依托南丰独特的资源优势，以保蜜桔金牌创世界名果县为目标，提出如下发展思路：Accordingtothenewsituationofcitrusproductionbothathomeandabroad，wemustensurethesustainabledevelopmentofNanfengorangeindustry,bydependingontheuniqueresourcesinthelocalareasandguaranteeingthegoldenbrandofNanfengorangeworldwide.Weproposedthefollowingdevelopmentthoughts:一是规范市场，搞活南丰蜜桔流通。以市场为导向，以优质安全为目标，以科技为支撑，发挥优势，突出特色，优化品种结构和区域布局，加强高新技术的组装集成和科技成果转化。为了促进南丰蜜桔果品的快捷流通，必须紧紧围绕瞄准“退出农市、覆盖城市、挤进超市、突破洋市”的目标，形成“以大型桔贸专业市场为枢纽、大中城市销售点为网点、网上交易为手段、内联国内、外联世界”的销售体系。First,standardizingthemarketandenliveningthecirculationofNanfengorange.Takingthemarketastheguidance,dependingonthegoalofgoodqualityandsupportingbythescienceandtechnology,Nanfengorangeindustryhastakenadvantagesofthespecialresources.Furthermore,theproducersoptimizedthevarietystructureandregionallayoutoforangeindustry.Strengtheningtheassemblyintegrationofhighandnewtechnologyandthetransformofscientificandtechnologicalachievementsarealsothekeyworks.InordertopromotetherapidcirculationofNanfengorangeproducts,wemustdefinitelycenteronthetargetsof‘retreatingfromtheagriculturalmarket,coveringtheurbanmarket,squeezingintothesupermarketsandpenetratingtheforeignmarket’.Unsurprisingly,wewillgraduallyformasalessystemof‘takingthelarge-scalecitrustradeasthehinge,handlingthelargeandmedium-sizedcitiesoutletsasthenetwork,effectivelyusingtheonlinetransactionandmakingaexpediteconnectionbetweendomesticandoverseas’.53 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTI一方面，巩固发展现有的南丰蜜桔国内市场的供应体系，提高南丰蜜桔在国内市场上的份额比例；另一方面，努力开拓国际市场，实施名牌战略，增进国际水果市场，逐步扩大国际市场占有率。三是加快扶持南丰蜜桔销售经纪人，代理商及中介服务组织。鼓励果农加入南丰蜜桔流通协会，将全县分散的销售队伍联合起来，形成活而有序的竞争局面。以桔都大市场为重点，引入现代流通组织形式和营销方式，实施产业化，搞好产前、产中、产后的链接。大力开拓市场、努力参与国内外市场竞争，积极发展高效农业和出口创汇农业，提高经济效益，增强农民收入。逐步达到区域化布局、标准化生产、组织化经营、市场化运作、社会化服务、企业化管理的现代果业水平。促进南丰蜜桔产业可持续发展和城乡经济的协调发展。Ontheonehand,consolidatingtheexistingsupplysystemofNanfengorangesdomesticmarketisstillthetoppriority.AndweareobligedtoincreasethedomesticmarketshareratioofNanfengorange.Ontheotherhand,producershavetoexploittheinternationalmarketandutilizethebrandstrategytograduallyexpandtheinternationalmarketshareratio.Moreover,peopleneedtospeedupthesupportofNanfengorangeagent,thecommercialagentandtheintermediaryserviceorganization.Also,thelocalgovernmentencouragedtheorangegrowerstojoinintheNanfengorangecirculationassociationandunitedthescatteredsalesteamsaroundthecounty.Finally,itformsalivingandorderlycompetitiveatmosphere.Needlesstosay,theoperatorsoughttotakefulladvantagesofthehugemarketofNanfengorangeandbringinthemoderncirculationorganizationformandtherelatedmarketingmethods.Inthisway,theimplementationofindustrializationandthelinkamongallproductionprocessareofgreatimportance.Themarketingmanagersmustvigorouslyexploitthesalesmarkets,activelyparticipateinthemarketcompetitionathomeandabroadandstrugglingtoimprovetheagriculturalbenefitsandexportshare,whichboundtoenhancetheeconomicperformanceandimprovefruitsgrowers’income.Intheend,thewholecountywouldgraduallyattainedthefollowingachievementsofmodernfruitindustry:theregionaldistribution,thestandardizedproduction,theorganizationalmanagement,themarketingoperation,thesocialserviceandtheenterprisemanagement.Aboveall,alltheseeffortscontributetothesustainable54 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustrydevelopmentofNanfengorangeindustryandthecoordinatedadvanceofbothurbanandruraleconomy.二是在稳定发展面积的基础上,全面提高果品质量，推进优质果基地建设，全面推进集约化、标准化、无公害化和绿色食品生产，强化产后处理。经过10多年的迅速发展期，至2004年，南丰蜜桔面积达30万亩以上，形成了规模优势，为做强、做优南丰蜜桔产业奠定了工作基础。今后，南丰蜜桔发展一定要遵循“适地适栽”的原则，以“巩固现有桔园为主，过度扩大面积为辅”的方针，加强南丰蜜桔绿色栽培技术的普及和产业化建设。县委，县政府应出台政策，制定总体实施方案，加快实现南丰蜜桔产业由数量型、粗放型、向质量型、集约型转变，由产中型向产前产后连接型转变，由产供割裂型向农工商一体化转变，由内向型向外向型转变。Second,onthebasisofthestabilityofplantingarea,thefruitsgrowershavetocomprehensivelyimprovethefruits’qualityandimmediatelypropeltheconstructionofhigh-qualityfruitsbase.Theworksofthepromotionofintensification,standardization,pollution-freeandthegreenfoodproductionaswellastheprocessingofpost-productionareallextremelyurgent.Aftertherapiddevelopmentinthelast10years,theplantingareasofNanfengorangehasreached300000muin2004,whichhasdonethegroundworkfortheboomingandlarge-scaleproductionofNanfengorangeindustry.Inthefuture,thedevelopmentofNanfengorangeindustrymustfollowtheprincipleof‘appropriateplantinglandsandappropriatecultivation’andadheretotheguidelineof‘consolidatingtheexistingplantingareasisonthetoppriorityandexpandingthecultivatingareasisthecomplementarypart’.Thelocalgovernmentshouldspeedupthepopularizationofgreencultivationtechniquesandindustrializationconstruction.Boththecountyandthecountygovernmenthaveintroducedthepolicyandtheoverallimplementationplantochangetheorangeindustryproductionmodes.Thedetailedchangesareasfollows:changingfromthequantitativeandextensivemodesintothequalitativeandintensivemodes,changingfromproductionperiodmodeintoall-roundproductionmode,changingfromthesplitmodeofproductionandsupplyintotheintegrationmodeofagriculture,industryand55 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIcommerceandchangingfromtheintrovertsmodeintoexport-orientedmode.三是加大科技投入，全面提升南丰蜜桔品质。Third,greatlyincreasingtheinvestmentinscienceandtechnologyandcomprehensivelyenhancingthequalityofNanfengoranges.品质是蜜桔产业化的关键和核心，我县应把南丰蜜桔发展的基点放在提高品质上，加大南丰蜜桔产业产前、产中、产后的科技投入。Qualityisthekeyandcoreoftheorangeindustrializationandthelocalgovernmentneedtoputthedevelopmentbasisonimprovingfruitsqualityandincreasethescientificandtechnologicalinvestmentonall-roundproductionprocess.1、推广繁育良种，实现南丰蜜桔良种化。一要加大对南丰蜜桔良种选育力度。不断广泛开展南丰蜜桔营养系选种。筛选出不同成熟期，多类型的优良株系。二要开展南丰蜜桔品种纯化研究，利用AFLP分子标记技术对现有的南丰蜜桔资源进行鉴定。对现有的母本园及接穗圃进行提纯复壮。采取高接换种淘汰劣种及劣变单株，彻底扭转当前南丰蜜桔品系混乱、良萎不齐状况。力争用5年时间使得南丰蜜桔良种覆盖率达80%以上。1、Promotingthecultivationofgoodseedsandachievingthegoalofallgoodqualityseedsofentireareas.Foronething,wehavetointensifythesupportingeffortstothebreedingofgoodqualityseedsandconstantlycarryouttheselectionofnutritionseedsofNanfengorangeindustry.Onlyinthisway,canweselectthedifferentmatureperiodanddifferenttypesoffruitsseeds.Foranotherthing,wemustputforwardthepurificationstudyoffruitsseedsandtakefulladvantagesoftheAFLPmolecularmarkerstoidentifytheNanfengorangeresources.Researchershavetofinishthepurificationandrejuvenationprocessintheparentalcultivatingandscionnurseryareas.Inthisway,thefruitsgrowerscouldchangetheimproperorbadbreedsandthoroughlyreversetheturbidsituation.Finally,westrivetoachievethegoalofmorethan80%ofthecoverageofgoodqualityseedsofNanfengorange.2，加强生态桔园建设，促进果品质量无公害化。要坚持把南丰蜜桔开发与实施小流域综合治理，立体开发与发展生态农业有机结合起来，实现农、林、牧、副渔协调发展。新开发的桔园按生态桔园的标准进行建设，并逐步改善现有桔园的56 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry生态环境。建立防护林，实施等高梯田栽植、种树植草配套、山顶戴帽、梯梗种草。大力发展“猪—沼—果”生态模式果园，提倡桔园生草种草，改清耕为少耕甚至免耕。从发展无公害食品入手，推广使用生物防治方法和生物农药防治病虫害，以及生物肥料，有机肥料、无机肥料的合理配比使用，从而减少果品环境的农药化肥污染，确保果品质量达到无公害食品的目标。2、Strengtheningtheconstructionofecologicalplantinglandsandacceleratingtheharmlessoffruits’quality.WemustadheretocombinetheexploitationofNanfengorangeandthecomprehensivetreatmentofsmallwatershedwiththethree-dimensionalpromotionoftheecologicalagriculture.Thus,thelocaleconomycouldgetacoordinateddevelopmentamongtheagriculture,theforestry,theanimalhusbandryandthefisheryindustry.Thenewfruitsplantinglandshavetoobeythestandardsofecologicalcultivationandgraduallyimprovetherecentecologicalenvironment.Theconstructionofshelterforest,theplantingofcontourterrace,thecultivationofcompletesetofgrass,plantingfullvegetationonthetopmountainandbreedinggrassontheladderterriersareallinprogress.Furthermore,thegovernorsarestronglyadvocatedaecologicalpatternof‘pig-swamp-fruit’andpopularizedmoregrassplantationanddecreasedthecultivationlandsaslittleaspossible.Theproducersstarttheirworkfromtheperspectiveofthepromotionofpollution-freefood.Meanwhile,theypromotetheuseofbiologicalcontrolmethodsandthebiologicalpesticideandinsectpestspreventionways.Thereasonableproportionuseofthebiologicalfertilizer,theorganicfertilizerandinorganicfertilizersarequiteneeded.Ultimately,wecanreducethepollutionofchemicalfertilizeranddefinitelyensurethefruitsquality.3、完善技术推广网络，普及推广绿色标准化生产技术。一要强化柑桔科研部门职能，必须紧紧盯住制约南丰蜜桔产业发展的“瓶颈”问题开展科学研究，着眼于解决蜜桔生产中的实际问题，由农科、教部门联合组织协同攻关，扎扎实实推进果业科技创新工作，在生物技术、品种选育、节本增效、绿色可持续发展、设施栽培、有机配方施肥、立体果园建设、草生态栽培、果品精深加工等方面积极开展研究，为南丰蜜桔产业跨越发展奠定扎实的科学基础，增强发展后劲。二要加57 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTI强技术推广网络建设，整合现有资源，合并柑桔研究所和柑桔技术推广中心形成果业局。建立以县果业局为中心，以各乡镇农技站为依托，配齐配强南丰蜜桔技术推广人员，形成县、乡、村三级技术推广网络。三是搞好技术培训，普及推广绿色标准化生产技术。聘请县内有丰富经验的柑桔专家编写南丰蜜桔技术培训教材，编导制作VCD教学片，建立轮训制度逐步对乡村级技术干部、桔农进行轮训，普及推广绿色标准化生产技术。3、Improvingthepromotionofnetworktechniquesandpopularizingthegreenstandardizedproductiontechnology.Firstofall,thegovernorsoughttostrengthenthecitrusresearchdepartments’functionandfocusonthetrickyproblemsrestrictingthedevelopmentofNanfengorangeindustry.Fromthisaspect,theoperatorsaimatsolvingthepracticalproblemsofcitrusproductionandproceedwiththeinnovationworksoffruitsproductiontechnologywiththehelpofcoordinatedorganizationofbothagriculturedepartmentandeducationdepartment.TheycouldlaythescientificfoundationfortheleapfrogdevelopmentofNanfengorangeindustryinthefollowingaspects:thebiotechnology,thevarietybreeding,reducingcostandincreasingefficiency,thesustainabledevelopment,thepropercultivation,theorganicfertilizer,theconstructionofthree-dimensionalplantinglands,thegrassecologicalcultivationandthedeepprocessingofthefruits.Secondly,strengtheningthepromotionofnetworktechniquesandintegratingtheexistingresourcesandcombiningthecitrusresearchwiththerelatedtechniquestofruitsindustrybureauarealwaysnecessary.Inordertoreachabetterlayout,thedesignerscenteronthecountyfruitsbureaudepartment,supportingbytheagrotechnicalstationoftheneighborvillagesandtownsandthetechnologypopularizationpersonneltoformathree-levelnetworktechnologypromotionamongcounty,townandvillage.Thirdly,doingagoodjobintechnicaltrainingandpopularizingagreen,standardizedproductiontechnology.What’smore,thesalesworkerwillemploytheexperiencedcitrusexpertstowritethelocaltechnicaltrainingmaterialsandthedirectorstomakethespecificVCDtrainingfilms.Bydoingso,theoperatormaybuildatrainingsystemforthetechnicalcadresatalllevelsandthefruitsgrowers.Thenthepopularizationandpromotionofthegreen,standardizedproductiontechnologycouldberealizedinthefuture.58 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry四是加大宣传，提高产品知名度。要严把质量关，从严掌握、规范使用南丰蜜桔原产地域保护产品标识和产地证明商标及产品商标。要通过多种方式，充分发挥县委、县政府的统一作用，形成整体对外宣传优势，全方位开展宣传南丰蜜桔工作。每年可以从县财政中安排一笔宣传经费，组织精干力量到一些大中城市召开优质南丰蜜桔新闻发布会和品尝会。此外，当地政府还借助有影响的报刊、电视、广播开展“地毯式”宣传以全面介绍南丰蜜桔的产业优势，规模及产品特色等。可以利用中国蜜桔网等网站将南丰蜜桔的有关信息上网发布，扩大南丰蜜桔知名度。Fourth,makingapublicpropagandafortheorangeindustryandgainingaprettybrandreputation.Wemuststrictlycontrolthequalitystandardandkeepawaketoboththeprotectionoforiginalplantingareaidentificationandthecertificateoforiginoftrademark.ThecountyaswellasthecountygovernmentneedtojointogethertoconductawholepropagandaadvantageinthebroadcastofNanfengorange.Ingeneral,thelocalgovernmentwouldannuallyarrangeanadvertisingbudgetfromfinancialdepartmentandorganizeseveralexpertstoconvokeanewsconferenceandtastingpartyinthepromotionofNanfengorangeselling.Inaddition,inordertocompletelyintroducetheindustrialadvantages,thescaleandtheproductfeaturesofNanfengorangeindustry,thelocalgovernmentdefinitelycarryoutthe“carpetpromotionplan”whichincludesthelocalinfluentialnewspapers,TVshowandtheradiostationbroadcasting.(*“Thecarpetpromotion”meansalltheavailablemethodsthatonecanthinkof.)TheoperatorscouldusetheChinesecitrusnetworktoreleasetherelevantinformationofNanfengorangeontheinternetandultimatelybroadthefameoforangebrand.五是加强行政执法，强化行业管理。加大行政执法力度，加强对南丰蜜桔种苗规范化管理，规范果苗的生产经营制度；加强对农资市场的管理，严禁高毒、高残留农药在南丰蜜桔生产上使用；加强对南丰蜜桔产品的保护，严格执行国家标准GB190512003的规定，严厉打击贩假行为。Fifth,strengtheningtheadministrativelawenforcementandintensifyingtheindustrymanagement.59 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIStrengtheningtheadministrativelawenforcement,intensifyingthestandardizedmanagementoforangeseedingandstandardizingtheproductionandoperationsystemareallinprogress.Inaddition,wehavetostrengthenthemanagementofagriculturemarketsandstrictlyprohibittheuseofpesticidesandpoisonsontheorangeproduction.Also,theprotectionofNanfengorangeproduction,thestrictenforcementofrulesofnationalstandardGB190512003andthestrikeonthefakeproductionarequitenecessary.六是招商引资，加大对外开放力度。通过加强与科研院校合作和请进来、派出去的方法，引进国内外的先进技术；出台优惠政策，鼓励、支持采取各种渠道与合作形式，引进资金和筹集资金，投资南丰蜜桔果园开发、果品贮藏、加工和包装、销售，加快南丰蜜桔产业化建设。Sixth,strengtheningtheinvestmentpromotionandcapitalintroductionandintensifyingtheopeningtotheoutsideworldoforangeindustry.Bystrengtheningthecooperationwithscientificresearchinstitutions,themanagerswouldintroducetheadvancedtechnologyathomeandabroad.Furthermore,thelocalgovernmentwouldputforwardthepreferentialpolicytoencourageandsupportthecooperationinallkindschannelsandways.Inthiscase,theintroductionofcapitalandmoneywouldcontributestothedevelopmentofNanfengorangeindustryinmanyaspects,suchasthefruitsstorage,theprocessingandpackaging,thesellingandtheindustrializationconstructionoffruitsindustry.（三）基本原则Thirdly,TheBasicPrinciples坚持南丰蜜桔发展区域化布局、标准化生产、组织化经营、市场化运作、社会化服务原则。面对社会新形势，我们要把握政府职能部门的宏观控制，加大政府扶持力度，抓好科学规划、区域化布局，因地制宜地发展，合理分配资源，提高产业要素的利用率，充分调动蜜桔产业协会、企业经营、农民科学种植等多方面的积极性和创造性，充分发挥市场机制的作用。吸引外资和民间资金投入蜜桔产业，大力扶持龙头企业的发展；在总结好现有生产技术的经验基础上，更要不断提升科学研究水平，加快先进适用技术的推广，推进绿色无公害化生产；全面做好南丰蜜桔的产前、产中服务工作，抓紧产后处理与加工产品的开发，搞好南丰蜜桔60 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry的综合开发利用。具体应处理好以下几方面关系：Indealingwiththeorangeindustry,themanagersmuststicktothedevelopmentofNanfengorangeregionaldistribution,thestandardizedproduction,theorganizationalmanagementandthesocialserviceprinciples.Confrontedwiththenewsocialsituation,wemustgraspthemacrocontrolofgovernmentfunctionaldepartments,strengthengovernmentalsupportandpayattentiontothescientificplanningandregionaldistribution.Wemustadjustmeasurestothelocalconditionsandmakereasonableallocationofresourcestoimprovetheutilizationrateofindustrialdevelopment.Thenweshouldfullymobilizetheenthusiasmandcreativityofthefarmerindustryassociation,enterprisemanagementandfarmers’scientificplantingandgivefullplaytotheroleofmarketmechanisms.What’smore,attractingtheforeigninvestmentandtheprivateinvestmentandvigorouslysupportingthedevelopmentofleadingenterprisearealsoneededinthepromotionoforangeindustry.Onthebasisoftheconclusionofexistingproductiontechnologyexperience,wemustconstantlyimprovethescientificresearchlevelandspeedupthepromotionofadvancedsuitabletechnology.Tosomeextent,theoperatorsalsoneedtoacceleratethegreenpollution-freeproductionanddoallthepreparationworkofallproductionprocess.Graspingthepost-productionprocessingandthedevelopmentofprocessingproductisfairlyurgent.Indetails,thefollowingseveralaspectsofrelationshiparequiteimportant.坚持区域化布局原则，处理好统一规划与分户实施的关系；坚持可持续发展原则，处理好桔园开发与生态保护和社会发展的关系；坚持“科技兴果”原则，全面提高蜜桔发展的科技含量；坚持依法监管原则，处理好南丰蜜桔品牌利用和保护的关系；坚持社会化服务原则，不断增强服务能力，努力提升服务水平；坚持市场化原则，正确处理产与销的关系。Stickingtotheprincipleofregionaldistributionandproperlyhandlingtherelationshipbetweentheunifiedplanningandimplementationofhousehold.Stickingtothesustainabledevelopmentprincipleandproperlyhandlingtherelationshipamongtheorangecultivation,theecologicalprotectionandthesocialdevelopment.61 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIStickingtotheprincipleof‘flourishingtheeconomythroughscienceandtechnology’andcomprehensivelyimprovingthesci-techcontentsinthepromotionoforangeindustry.StickingtotheprincipleoflawfulregulationandproperlyhandlingtherelationshipbetweentheutilizationandprotectionofNanfengorangebrand.Stickingtotheprincipleofsocialserviceandconstantlyenhancingtheserviceabilityandservicelevel.Stickingtothemarket-orientedprincipleandproperlyhandlingtherelationshipbetweenproductionandsales.（四）发展目标Fourth,theDevelopmentGoals1、种植规模适度扩大。稳步扩大产业规模，到2010年，全县南丰蜜桔种植面积达到50万亩，总产量达50万吨，总值达15亿元（其中出口创汇4亿元）；至2020年蜜桔面积基本稳定在50万亩，总产量提高到75万吨，总产值达25亿元。各乡镇具体目标见表一表一各乡镇南丰蜜桔发展目标乡镇(thevillagesand现有面积Theoutput2010年2010年towns)Theexistingarea面积acreage产量theoutput（万顿tenthousandton）（万亩tenthousandmu（万亩ten（吨ton）琴城镇（Qinchengtown）2.83.093.64.5市山镇(Shishantown)7.286.58.4511.2莱溪乡(Laixivillage)4.532.84.536.8洽湾镇(Qiawantown)4.361.85.356.5白舍镇（Baishetown）6.634.08.538.8桑田镇(Sangtiantown)2.641.854.533.6太和镇(Taihetown)2.370.83.721.8太源乡(Taiyuanvillage)1.781.042.611.6付坊乡(Fufangvillage)1.070.582.22162 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry三溪乡(Sanxivillage)1.82.42.61.7东坪乡(Dongpingvillage)1.741.072.361.5紫霄镇(Zixiaotown)1.200.211.501全县合计(thetotalamount)38.226.145050Properlyexpandingtheplantingscaleandsteadilyexpandingtheindustrialscaleareofgreatimportance.In2010,thewholecultivationareaofNanfenghasreached500000muandthetotaloutputhasreached500000tons.Inaddition,thetotalvalueoftheorangeindustryhasgot1.5billionyuan(theforeignexchangeearningoccupied400millionyuan).Thecitruscultivationareaswillbasicallystableat500000muupto2020andthegrossoutputandthetotalvaluewouldrespectivelyincreasedto750000tonsand2.5billionyuan.Thespecifictargetsofallcountrytownsareshowninthetable1.Table1thedevelopmentgoalsofalltownsofNanfengorangeindustry1、品系结构进一步优化。早熟、大果、小果品系结构维持在10：20：70左右，适当培育中晚熟良种进行推广，以延长产品供应期，全面提高良种覆盖率，至2010年良种覆盖率达70%。至2020年良种覆盖率达100%。2、Furtheroptimizingtheproductstructure.Thecitrusstructurepercentofearly-maturing,large-sizeandsmall-sizekeepsnearlyat10:20:70,andthecultivationingood-qualityseedsofbothmid-maturingandlate-maturingneedtobepopularizedtoextendthesupply.Themanagershavetocomprehensivelyimprovethecoverageratioofgood-qualityseedsandendeavortogetafractionofcoverageof70%in2010and200%in2020.3、品质明显提升。积极创建绿色食品示范基地，不断提升南丰蜜桔品质，到2010年全县南丰蜜桔果品达到A级绿色食品标准，部分达到AA级绿色食品标准。优质果品率达到75%；到2020年全县南丰蜜桔果品达到A级绿色食品标准，40%达到AA级绿色食品标准，优质果品率达到90%。3、Significantlyimprovingthefruitsquality.Thelocalproducersactivelycreatethedemonstrationbaseofgreenfoodandconstantlyimprovethefruitsquality.In2010,thewholeorangeproductionwouldreachthetopAlevelofgreenfoodstandardand63 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIsomepartcouldevenattainthetopAlevel.Thehighqualityfruitsratewouldreachmorethan75%andthewholeorangeproductionwouldreachthetopAlevelofgreenfoodstandardand40%couldevenreachthetopAAlevel.Thehighqualityfruitsratecouldattainnearly90%.4、市场不断拓展。进一步搞活流通，积极拓展国内外市场，按照“走出农市、覆盖城市、摆进超市、挤进洋市”的战略思路，积极建立国内市场直销点，力争至2010年直销到全国市级以上城市；至2020年直销到全国县级以上城市；出口市场在稳定发展东南亚、俄罗斯等市场的基础上，大力拓展欧美市场。至2010年出口量达20%，自营出口企业达10家，至2020年出口量达40%，自营出口企业达30家以上。4、Continuouslyexpandingthemarket.Weneedtoactivatethemarketcirculationandexpandthemarketsbothathomeandabroad.Apartfromthat,ineffortstobuildthedomesticoutlets,themanagershavetocomplywiththefollowingstrategies:comingouttheagriculturalmarkets,coveringtheurbanmarkets,squeezingintothesupermarketandforeignmarket.Westrivetoownthedirectsellingoutletsinthenationalmunicipalcityin2010andthecountylevelin2020.OnthebasisofstabilizingtheexportingmarketoftheSoutheastAsiaandRussia,theproducershavetoworkhardtoexploittheEuropeanandAmericanmarkets.Theexportingvolumehasreached20%in2010and40%in2020.Then,wewouldown10proprietaryenterprisesin2010andmorethan30in2020.5、产后处理和加工能力逐步增强。逐步引进国外先进的果品光电分检包装技术设备，至2010年果品采后商品化处理率达60%以上，至2020年达90%以上；研究气调保鲜技术，建立温、气调保鲜库，使南丰蜜桔鲜果供应期延长至4个月以上，至2010年气调贮藏能力达5万吨，至2020年气调贮藏能力达20万吨；充分利用南丰蜜桔残次果、烂果加工，研制一批品质优、附加值高、竞争力强的南丰蜜桔加工产品，如蜜桔汁、蜜桔饮料、桔甙、果酸、果醋、核苷酸等，至2010年年加工能力达总产的10%，至2020年达总产的30%以上。5、Graduallyincreasingthepost-productionprocessingandtheprocessingcapacity.Wegraduallybringinthephotoelectricsortingpackingtechnologyequipmentfromforeigncountriesandareabletoreachacommercializationprocessratioofmorethan64 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry60%inthepost-harvestfruitsin2010andmorethan90%in2020.Doingresearchonthefreshnesspreservationtechnologyandbuildingatemperature,thegasadjustmentfreshnessstorehousewouldextendthesupplyperiodoffreshorangetomorethan4monthsandthestoragecapacitywouldreach50000tonsin2010and200000tonsin2020.Apartfromthat,theproducerscouldalsomakefulluseoftheincompletefruitstoprocessapieceoforangeprocessedproductswithgoodquality,highaddedvalueandhighcompetitiveness.Forexample,theorangejuice,theorangedrinks,thetartaricacid,thefruitvinegarandsomeothers.Inthiscase,wecangetaprocessingcapacityof10%in2010and30%in2020.6、效益进一步提高。依托科技进步，全面推广绿色无公害高产优质栽培技术，使南丰蜜桔单产和品质逐步提升，力争至2010年，全县桔园面积50万亩，平均每亩产1000kg，总产50万吨以上，优质果率75%以上；果品达到绿色食品A级标准，部分达到AA级标准；至2020年平均亩产1500kg，总产75万吨，优质果率85%以上，40%果品质量达到绿色食品AA级标准，全县农民纯收入大幅度提高，至2010年达人均6000元，其中50%以上来自蜜桔产业，至2020年达人均10000元，其中65%来自蜜桔产业。6、Furtherimprovingtheefficiency.Relyingonthescientificandtechnologicalprogress,themanagerswouldcomprehensivelypromotethegreenpollution-free,highyieldandgoodqualitycultivationtechniqueandimprovetheperunitareayieldandthefruitsquality.In2010,thewholecultivationlandsreach500000muandtheaveragepermuis1000kg,thewholeproductionvolumeismorethan500000tons.Thegood-qualityratioismorethan75%andgraduallyattainthegreenfoodofAlevelstandard.In2020,theaverageperunitis1500kgandthewholeproductionvolumeis750000tons.Then,thegoodqualityratiois85%and40%ofthefruitswouldreachtheAAlevelstandardandthenetincomeoffarmerswouldbegreatlyincreased.Theaveragepercapitaincomewouldreach6000yuanandhalfofthemcomefromorangeindustryin2010.Whilein2020theaveragepercapitaincomewillreach10000yuanand65%ofthemcomefromtheorangeindustry.三、南丰蜜桔产业发展的主要措施Third,themainmeasuresforthedevelopmentof65 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTINanfengorangeindustry.1、建立良种繁育体系。加大良种资源保护和良种株系繁育力度，建设良种资源设施保护圃10亩，扩建南丰蜜桔“两园两圃”至1500亩，并建立南丰蜜桔无病毒苗繁育基地，实行南丰蜜桔苗木良种统一供应接穗、统一基地繁育,使全县苗木品种优良率达100%，并杜绝检疫性病虫害的侵入。1、Buildingagood-qualityseedsbreedingsystem.Weoughttoincreasetheintensityofbreedingsystemandtheprotectionofgood-qualityseedsandgraduallybuildaten-muresourcesfacilitiesprotectionareaandextendthe‘twogardensandtwoplants’to1500mu.Basedonthisfoundation,thelocalgovernmenthasconstructedavirus-freeseedingbreedingbaseofNanfengorangetoputthegood-qualityunitedsupplyscionandtheunitedbasebreedingofNanfengorangeintopractice.Intheend,thegood-qualitycultivationratioofwholecountywouldreach100%anddefinitelyeradicatetheinvasionoftheplantdiseasesandinsectpests.2、大力推进标准化生产。建立和推行南丰蜜桔绿色食品生产技术规程和质量标准，新桔园建设按标准做到统一规划、统一布局、统一开发。实行山顶戴帽、山腰种桔、山脚蓄水养鱼、梯田坡壁种草护坡栽培模式。老桔园接照无公害绿色食品栽培规程要求进行标准化改造，并在每个主产乡镇设立千亩标准化生态示范园基地。确保全县50万亩南丰蜜桔果品质量2010年达到绿色食品A级标准，10%果品达到AA级绿色食品标准，到2020年力争40%果品达到绿色食品AA级标准。2、Vigorouslypromotingthestandardizationproduction.Inanefforttoestablishandimplementtheproductiontechnologyproceduresandqualitystandardoforangegreenfood,neworangeplantingareaswillbebuiltaccordingtothesamestandardofplanning,layoutanddevelopment.Theproducershavetoimplementthecultivationmodelof‘plantingfullvegetationonthetopmountain,plantingorangeonthemountainside,fishingatthefootofmountainandplantinggrassontheterracesareas’.Theoldorangegardensneedtobestandardizationtransformedaccordingtothepollution-freegreenfoodcultivationproceduresandestablishthe1000mustandardizedecologicaldemonstrationbasesineveryvillage.Indoingso,thegovernorscouldensurethefruitsqualityofAlevelstandardand10%evenreachthe66 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryAAlevelgreenfoodstandardand40%ofAAlevelstandardin2020.3、加强先进科学技术引进及研究和推广。全面普及南丰蜜桔土壤测土配方施肥技术，推广应用“以螨治螨”生物防治技术，推广应用“猪一沼一果”生态模式，研究和推广适宜于南丰蜜桔特性的大枝修剪技术，并不断加强先进技术的开发与应用，提高科学种桔水平，提高南丰蜜桔品质和单位面积产量。3、Strengtheningtheintroduction,researchandpromotionoftheadvancedscienceandtechnology.Theproducerscomprehensivelypopularizethesoiltestingfertilizertechnologyandimplementtheapplicationof‘usingmitetopreventandcuremite’biologicalcontroltechnologyinNanfengorangeindustry.Also,theapplicationoftheecologicalpatternof‘pig-swamp-fruit’andtheresearchandpromotionofbranchpruningtechnologysuitabletotheorangefeaturesareofgreatimportanceinthedevelopmentandapplicationoftheadvancedscienceandtechnology.Further,theexpertsmustconstantlyimprovethedevelopingleveloftheadvancedscienceandtechnologyinorangecultivationandgraduallyincreasetheperunityieldandthefruitsquality.4、进一步搞活流通。实施南丰蜜桔品牌销售战略，进一步规范南丰蜜桔包装，统一外观设计、统一规范使用标识等。稳步推进南丰蜜桔原地域保护商标、南丰蜜桔证明商标、绿色食品标识使用。实行南丰蜜桔品牌销售，在国内主销区由县政府授权，设立正宗南丰蜜桔销售点（窗口）；建立和完善南丰蜜桔协会等合作组织，健全服务功能；培植南丰蜜桔销售公司发展，加强产销联合，促进公司+农民新型生产关系的形成；大力支持自营出口企业的发展，规范行业竞争秩序，增强统一对外的竞争优势；完善商品化处理设施，大力推行采后商品化处理技术，实行分级包装、等级销售；进一步加大品牌宣传力度，扩大出口份额。4、Furtherinvigoratingthemarketcirculation.Implementingthestrategyofbrandmarketingandgraduallystandardizingtheunitedappearancedesignandunitedspecificationlogoarequiteneeded.First,wehavetomakeasteadyprogressintheprotectionoforiginaltrademark,thecertificationmarkandtheuseofgreenfoodlogoofNanfengoranges.Thegovernorscertainlyimplementthestrategyofbrandmarketingandauthorizethemainsalesdistrictstodomesticmanagersandsetupthe67 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIauthenticorangesaleswindow.Second,buildingandimprovingthecooperatingorganizationsoforangeindustryandservicesystem.Fosteringthedevelopmentofsalescompanyandstrengtheningthejointofproductionandmarketingcontributetotheconstructionofanewlyrelationshipbetweencompanyandfarmers.Then,wealsoneedtogreatlysupportthepromotionofexportingenterprises,standardizetheindustrialcompetitionordersandimprovetheunitedcompetitiveadvantagestoforeigncompanies.Finally,thefollowingsareofgreatimportance:improvingthecommercializationoftreatmentfacilities,greatlyimplementingthecommercializationtreatmentofpost-production,classificationpackaging,classificationselling,promotingthebrandpublicityandexpandingtheexportingshares.5、培植壮大加工企业。通过与国家级、省级科研院校的强强联合，研究开发适合于南丰蜜桔的附加值高、竞争力强的南丰蜜桔加工产品，引进南丰蜜桔加工企业，通过招商引资、优惠政策扶持、信贷扶持、技术改造扶持等手段，培植壮大南丰蜜桔加工型龙头企业，实现企业规模化，逐步形成加工企业产业群和大型集团，不断延伸南丰蜜桔产业链。5、Cultivatingandexpandingtheprocessingenterprises.Cooperatedwithbothnationalandprovincialscientificresearchcollegesanduniversities,thelocalresearchinstitutecouldexploitsomeprocessedproductsofhighaddedvalueandhighcompetitiveness.TheintroductionofprocessingenterprisesofNanfengorangeindustrydoesmanybenefitstothereinforceoftheleadingenterprise.Forinstance,theinvestmentpromotionandcapitalintroduction,thepreferentialpolicies,thecreditandloanandthetechnicalrenovation.Inthisway,theorangeindustrywouldachievealarge-scaledevelopmentandprogressivelygrowtoaprocessingenterprisegroupandevenextendtotheorangeindustrychain.6、加强质量监管。建立和健全南丰蜜桔质量监管体系。适应市场经济的需要，与国际市场接轨，运用法律手段规范经营主体的行为。依据《工商管理规定》和《国家产品质量法》等有关法律法规，对南丰蜜桔产、供、销全过程进行质量监管。依法处理和打击提早采收上市、使催红素着色、掺假使假、以次充好、违规使用南丰蜜桔商标、标识、使用不合格外包装等损害南丰蜜桔品牌形象的不良行68 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry为。防止恶性竞争，确保南丰蜜桔品牌形象。加强农业行政执法力度，开展农资市场监督检查，杜绝高毒、高残留农药的施用，规范产业组织行为及涉农收费行为，切实保护桔农合法利益。6、Strengtheningthesupervisionoffruitsquality.EstablishingandimprovingthequalitysupervisionsystemofNanfengorange.Inordertomeettheinternationalmarketsandmarketneeds,thesellersandretailersmustuselegalmeanstoregulatebehaviors.Accordingtotherelatedlawsandregulationsoftheindustrialandcommercialmanagementregulationandthenationalproductqualitystandard,thegovernorsmustsupervisethewholeproductionprocess.Inaddition,thegovernorsmustagainstthefollowingbadandillegalbehaviorsaccordingtothelawandregulation:theearlyharvest,coloringredonfruitsappearance,counterfeitandfake,illegallyusingorangetrademarkandlogoandusingunqualifiedpackagingtodamagethefruitsbrandimage.Forthepurposeofpreventingtheviciouscompetitionandensuringthebrandimage,wemuststrengthentheadministrativelawenforcement.Theproducershavetocarryouttheagriculturalcapitalmarketsupervisionandinspectionanderadicatetheuseofhightoxinchemicalfertilizeronfruits.Inthelongterm,theycouldalsoregulatethebehaviorsofindustrialorganizationandtherelatedchargebehaviorstoguaranteefarmers’legitimaterightsandinterests.7、搞好社会化服务。建立南丰蜜桔病虫害防治监控体系和果品质量检测中心，开展果品农药残留检测，叶片、土壤营养诊断，病虫预测预报等服务；逐步推行配方施肥技术，抓好检疫性病虫害的预防和监控，严防黄龙病等检疫性病虫害的侵入；完善技术服务体系建设，实施人才培养行动，造就一支高素质的科技队伍，建立科技人员培训交流学习制度；根据需要不定期将科技人员送到外地进行交流学习，不断提高科技人员的科研和技术推广水平，健全县乡村三级科技推广网络，大量培训乡村级技术人员，培训农民技术员。力争到2010年全县百亩桔园有一名农民技术员，每千亩桔园有一名初级技术员，每万亩桔园有一名中级以上技术员，确保南丰蜜桔生产新技术及时传播到桔农手中；大力发展南丰蜜桔有机肥、生物农药等配套企业，完善产业配套服务体系。7、Improvingthesocialservices.Establishingthepestcontrolmonitoringsystemand69 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIthequalityinspectioncentertotestthepesticideresidues,fruitsleavesandsoilnutrientsoforange.Gradually,thelocalfarmerswouldintroducethefertilizationtechnologyandpayattentiontothequarantinevenerealinsectpestpreventionandcontrol.Then,wealsoneedtopreventallthediseasesespeciallythehuanglongquarantinediseaseoforange.Ineffortstoperfectingtechnicalservicesystemconstruction,wearefacedwiththespecificpersonneltrainingandahighqualityofscienceandtechnologytalentsteam.Buildingascienceandtechnologypersonneltraininglearningexchangesystemandoccasionallyarrangeworkerstothecommunicateandlearnabroad.Fromthisaspect,wecanconstantlyimprovethescientificresearchlevelandimprovethenetworkscienceandtechnologypromotionandproduceseveraltechniciantrainingfarmers.In2010,westrivetoownonetechnicianfarmerin100muplantinglands,onejuniortechnicianin1000muplantinglandsandoneintermediatetechnicianin10000muplantinglands.Inthiscase,thegovernorscouldguaranteethatthemodernproductiontechnologycouldspreadtothefarmersintime.Vigorouslydevelopingtheorganicfertilizerandthebiologicalpesticideandsomeothersupportingenterprisesandthenperfectingtheindustrialsupportingservicesystem.8、大力实施沃土工程。当前南丰蜜桔大量上山后，平均有机质含量不足1.0%。根据各类桔园不同的特性，建立测土配方施肥基础上，大力推广施用有机肥和生物菌肥，提高土壤有机质含量，力争到2010年全县桔园土壤平均有机质含量达1.5%，至2020年达2%以上。8、Vigorouslyimplementingthefertilesoilengineering.Theorangetreesaremostlyonthemountainouslandsandtheaverageorganiccontentislowerthan1%.Accordingtothedifferentcharacteristicsofdifferentcultivationareas,thefruitsgrowersneedtobuildasoiltestingformulaandpromotetheorganicfertileandbio-bacterialmanuretoincreasetheorganiccontents.Inthisway,westrivetogetanaverageorganiccontentof1.5%inallplantinglandsin2010andmorethan2%in2020.四、政策保障Fourth,ThePolicyGuarantees70 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry1、加强组织领导，强化政府职能。县委、县政府围绕“创世界名牌果业，建绿色生态桔都”的总体目标，坚持把做大做强南丰蜜桔产业作为经济建设的重头戏来抓，大力实施“蜜桔兴县”战略。在今后发展中，突显政府职能，完善政策法规，加大行政执法力度，加强对种苗的规范化管理及农资市场的管理和南丰蜜桔品牌的保护。严格执行国家标准，确保南丰蜜桔发展规划顺利实施。1、Strengtheningtheorganizationalleadershipandthefunctionsofthegovernment.Basedontheoverallgoalof‘creatingaworldwidefruitsindustryandbuildingagreenecologicalcounty’,thelocalcountyandcountygovernmenttreattheorangeindustryasthekeypartinenhancingtheeconomicconstructionanddefinitelyimplementthestrategy‘enliveningthecountythroughorangeselling’.Inthefuturedevelopmentperiod,thegovernorsmustputthefunctionsofgovernmentontheprominentpositionandperfectthepoliciesandregulations.Apartfromthat,theyalsoshouldstrengthentheadministrativelawenforcementandstrengthentheprotectionofbothseedlingsofstandardizedmanagementandtheagriculturalmarketsandtheorangebrands.Strictlyenforcingthenationalstandardsandensuringasmoothimplementationoforangedevelopingproject.2、加大科技投入，依托科技进步。保证对蜜桔产业的投入，在项目、经营、人才等各方面予以倾斜，积极争取上级项目支持，逐步建立以国家项目支持为主，以县级资金配套为辅的科研投入体系，县财政每年计划安排50万元资金作为科研经费。2、Increasinginvestmentinscienceandtechnologyandrelyingonthescientificandtechnologicalprogress.Themanagersmustensureastableorangeindustryinvestmentandputattentionontheproject,operationandtalents.Then,theyalsoneedtogetasuperiorprojectsupportandgraduallybuildascientificresearchsystemmainlybasingonnationalprojectsupportandcountyfundingincomplementary.Andthecountyfinanceneedtoarrange500000yuanasthescientificfees.3、制定优惠政策，建立多元化的产业投入机制。政府部门要加大对南丰蜜桔产业的扶持力度，每年安排南丰蜜桔产业化专项扶持资金50万元；制订优惠政策，积极争取更多的民间资金投入到南丰蜜桔产业，形成国家、集体投资为辅，社会71 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTI投入为主的，多元化投资体系；加大招商引资力度，进一步扩大对外开放，充分利用南丰蜜桔自然资源优势，营造良好的投资环境；鼓励支持采取各种渠道与合作形式，积极引进外资投入到南丰蜜桔开发，服务和壮大南丰蜜桔产业。3、Formulatingpreferentialpolicyandestablishingadiversifiedindustrymechanism.Thegovernmentdepartmentneedtostrengthenthecapitalsupporttotheorangeindustryandannuallyarrangeaspecialsupportof500000yuantotheorangeindustry.4、进一步强化科研部门职能，加强与科研院校的合作。紧紧盯住制约南丰蜜桔产业发展的“瓶颈”问题开展科学研究，组织有关部门协同攻关，解决蜜桔生产中的实际问题。鼓励科技创新，采取请进来、派出去的方法，聘请国内柑桔知名专家做顾问，引进智力，引进人才，引进国内外先进技术，加强国际合作与交流，学习先进管理经验与方法，为南丰蜜桔产业持续健康发展奠定扎实的科学基础。4、Furtherstrengtheningthescientificresearchdepartmentfunctionsandimprovingthecooperationwithscientificresearchinstitutions.Tightlypeggedtothe"bottleneck"problemrestrictingthedevelopmentofNanfengorangeindustry.Thenlocalmanagerswouldgraduallyopenthescientificresearch,organizerelevantdepartmentstocollaborativeresearchandsolvethepracticalproblemsinorangeproduction.Peopledefinitelyencouragethescientificandtechnologicalinnovationandadaptthemethodofbothbringinginandgoinggloballyinorangepromotion.Employingthewell-knownexpertsindomesticcitrusasconsultantsandintroducingtheintelligence,thetalentsandtheadvancedtechnologyfrombothdomesticandforeignareas.Inthiscase,westrengtheninternationalcooperationandexchanges,learnadvancedmanagementexperienceandmethodstolayasolidscientificbasisforthesustainableandhealthydevelopmentofNanfengorangeindustry.5、进一步落实土地（山地）流转政策。完善土地流转制度，允许通过租赁、转让等多种形式流转土地，促进土地（山地）向种桔大户，种桔能手集中，促进南丰蜜桔产业朝规模化、集约化方向发展。建立健全桔园评价体系与流转中介机构，力争2020年前全县规模桔园产权关系明确并全部发证，促进桔园能合法有序流转。5、Furtherimplementingthelandcirculationpolicy.What’smore,perfectingthelandcirculationandallowingtheleaseandtransferofallkindsofforms.Forthepurpose72 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustryofmassproductionandintensificationoforangeindustry,thegovernorsshouldgatherthegreatcultivatorsandorangeexpertstotheplantinglands.Establishingandimprovingtheperformevaluationsystemandcirculationintermediaries.Inthisway,governorsstrivetoensureaclearpropertyrightrelations,issueallcertificationsandpromotealegalandorderlycirculationin2020.6、建立信息平台，加强信息工作。建立“南丰蜜桔168技术信息台”、南丰蜜桔网、农村信息网，通过产业协会等组织，建立蜜桔产业信息传递网络，重点做好蜜桔生产信息、产品供求信息、价格信息、政策信息、科技信息和经济预测信息的服务与分析，充分发挥信息的作用。6、Settingupinformationplatformandstrengtheninginformationcommunication.Buildingupthe“Nanfengorange168technicalinformationplatform”,Nanfengorangenetworkandtheruralinformationwork.Throughtheindustryassociationandotherorganization,themanagersestablishtheorangeinformationtransmissionnetworkandbasicallyfocusontheorangeproductioninformation,thesupplyanddemandinformation,priceinformation,policyinformation,scienceandtechnologyandeconomicforecastandanalysisofinformationservicesaswellastheinformationdeliveryservice.7、合理利用国际法规，尽快抢占国际市场。加强国际法律法规的研究，充分利用WTO等国际条款，调整自己的战略和保护自己的利益，把南丰蜜桔创建成为世界名牌水果。7、Utilizingtheinternationallawsandregulationsrationallyandgrabbingtheinternationalmarketassoonaspossible.Strengtheningtheresearchofinternationallawsandregulationsandmakingfulluseoftheinternationalterms.Fromthisaspect,thelocalfarmersadjusttheirstrategiesandprotecttheirowninterestsandthuscreateNanfengastheworldfamousfruitscity.8、建立切实可行的激励和奖励政策。对于在南丰蜜桔科研、技术推广及加工、经营方面做出突出贡献和纳税大户，由政府给予奖励。8、Establishingfeasibleincentiveandrewardingpolicy.Also,thelocalgovernmentneedstogivefavorablerewardstotheoutstandingcontributorsandtaxpayersinthe73 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIscientificresearch,technologypopularization,processingandoperatingmanagementofNanfengorangeindustry.9、建立科学的目标考核工作机制。创新管理体制，建立统一的指导协调机构，形成合力，协同发展。对各乡镇南丰蜜桔园的标准化建设进行目标考核，强力推进南丰蜜桔产业化。9、Establishingascientificassessmentoftargetworkmechanism.Innovatingthemanagementsystemandbuildingaunifiedguidanceagencytopromotethecoordinatedandsustainabledevelopment.Then,thegovernorsoughttomakeatargetevaluationonthestandardizationofNanfengorangeinkindsofcountrytownsandgraduallypromotetheorangeindustrialization.10、营造浓厚和谐的创业氛围，推进南丰蜜桔产业健康发展。投照市场经济法则，完善产业化经营管理体制和运行机制，处理好生产加工销售之间、生产者与经营者之间的利益关系，建立合理的利益分配机制；实行税收优惠政策，进一步扶助蜜桔产业发展；鼓励社会各类人员从事蜜桔生产、加工和流转。加强法制宣传和治安工作，及时为南丰蜜桔产业发展提供相关法律服务，保护南丰蜜桔从业人员合法权益。10,BuildingastrongandharmoniousbusinessatmospheretopromotethehealthydevelopmentofNanfengorangeindustry.Accordingtothelawsandregulationsofmarketeconomy,perfectingtheindustrializationmanagementsystemandoperationalmechanismareingreatneed.Also,themanagershavetodealwiththefollowingrelationshipsinaproperway.Suchastherelationshipbetweenprocessingandproduction,theprocessingandsales,andtheinterestsrelationbetweenproducersandbusinessoperators.Then,peoplecanestablishareasonablebenefitdistributionmechanism.Inaddition,thelocalgovernorsimplementthetaxpreferentialpoliciestofurtherpromotethedevelopmentofNanfengorangeindustry.Encouragingpersonnelofallkindsfieldstoengageintheworkofproduction,processingandcirculation.StrengtheningthepublicityandpublicsecurityworkandtimelyprovidingtherelatedlegalservicestoNanfengorangesindustrialdevelopmenttoprotectthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofworkersinNanfengorangeindustry.74 AReportonC-ETranslationoftheProgramofMediumandLong-termDevelopmentofNanfengOrangeIndustry南丰县蜜桔产业局2012年6月TheindustrybureauofNanfengorangeInJune201275 AThesisfortheDegreeofMTIAcknowledgementUponthecompletionofthispracticereport,Iwanttoextendmysincerethankstothosewhohaveofferedmehelpduringaccomplishmentofthisthesis.First,Iwouldliketothankmydearsupervisor,ProfessorPengZhihongwhohasinstructedmealotintheacademicstudiesandpracticaltranslation.Hegavememanyvaluablesuggestionsontherevisingandwritingofthisreport.Withtheguidanceofhisinstruction,Icanfinallyfinishthereport.Besidesstudy,thesupervisoralsotaughtmealotinthereallifeandbroughtmerichexperienceindeed.Thanksforhispatient,inspiringandencouragement.Second,IwouldsharemyheartfeltthankstoalltheprofessorsandteachersintheForeignLanguagesCollegeinJXNUfortheirinstructionsinthepastthreeyears.Inaddition,Ialsofeelappreciatedtomydearclassmatesandroommates,becausetheyencouragedandenrichedmycollegelife.Atlast,Iwanttoexpressmywarmthankstomydearparentsandfriends,whoalwaysgivemepositiveenergyandpowerfulsupportduringthestudyandlife.76