中美两国媒体关于莫言获诺贝尔文学奖报道的批评性话语分析 79页

学校代码：10036剧矽}芗委(节贸易声学硕士学位论文中美两国媒体关于莫言获诺贝尔文学奖报道的批评性话语分析培养单位：英语学院专业名称：外国语言学及应用语言学研究方向：跨文化商务交际作者：吴汉兰指导教师：江春论文日期：二。一三年五月 ?f物ThesisCriticalDiscourseAnalysisonChinaandtheU·SMedia，SReportsonMoYan，SWinningoftheNobelLiteraturePrizeBy晰fHanlanAdvisor：Prof．JiangChunSchoolofInternationalStudiesUniversityofInternationalBusinessandEconomicsMay21，2013 学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文所涉及的研究工作做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。．本人完全意识到本声明的法律责任由本人承担。特此声明学位论文作者签名曼及兰砂房年r月≥J日 学位论文版权使用授权书本人完全了解对外经济贸易大学关于收集、保存、使用学位论文的规定，同意如下各项内容：按照学校要求提交学位论文的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存学位论文的印刷本和电子版，并采用影印、缩印、扫描、数字化或其它手段保存论文；学校有权提供目录检索以及提供本学位论文全文或部分的阅览服务；学校有权按照有关规定向国家有关部门或者机构送交论文；在以不以赢利为目的的前提下，学校可以适当复制论文的部分或全部内容用于学术活动。保密的学位论文在解密后遵守此规定。学位论文作者签名：堡孜兰导师签名：流导师签名：彻矽房年r月zJ日砂f弓年厂月叫日 ACKNOWLEDGMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAtthecompletionofthisthesis，1wouldliketoextendmydeepestthanksandgratitudetomanypeoplewhohavehelpedme，withoutwhomthisthesiscouldnotbethewayitispresented．Firstofall，1wouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisor,Prof．JiangChun，whohasgenerouslyofferedinsightfulcommentsandsuggestions，eitherforthechoosingofthesubjectofthestudy,themethodologyorforimprovementofthethesis，shealsosupportsmystudybyprovidingalargequantityofusefulresources．Withoutherinstructionandhelp，thecompletionofthisstudycouldnothavebeenpossible．MygratitudealsogoestoalltheteachersinSchoolofInternationalStudiesofUIBE，whoha乇,ehelpedbroadenedmyhorizoninlinguisticsandculturestudiesthroughtheirpatientguidingandlecturing,andthestaffinSIS，whohavebeencaringforusandworkinghardtocreateabetterenvironmentforUStostudy．Myheartfeltthanksalsoextendtomyroommates，myclassmatesandallthefriendswhohavebeenmyaccompanyinthistwo-yearstudyinUIBE，duringwhichofferedmegeneroushelpandencouragement．Lastbutnotleast，1wouldliketothankmyparents，mybrotherandthosewholovemesomuchforthesupporttheygiveme，bothfinanciallyandspiritually．助JHanlanMarch，2013 摘要2012年10月11日，瑞典文学院宣布2012年诺贝尔文学奖的得主为中国作家莫言，使莫言成为第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的中国人，是中国文学史上具有重要里程碑意义的一页。近几十年来，中国经济和政治实力不断增强，中国文化也渐渐受到世界的接受和认可。与此同时，美国这个昔日世界唯一超级大国的地位正渐渐受到来自包括中国在内的新兴国家的威胁。批评性话语分析的概念在1979年首先由福勒(Fowler)提出，1989年由费尔克劳夫将其作为一个理论确定下来。批评性话语分析理论认为语言受社会因素的影响，有关研究主要致力于揭示语篇中隐藏的意识形态和权力关系。本文以费尔克劳夫(Fairclough)的三维分析模型为主要框架，以WordSmith5．0为分析工具，结合批评性话语分析和相关文化理论，对中美两国主要报纸媒体对莫言获诺贝尔文学奖后相关的35篇报道进行了批评性话语分析，从语言结构特征和社会背景的角度出发，研究了两国主要报纸媒体的报道中心，揭示了隐含的意识形态和权力关系。通过对中美两国主流报纸媒体各35篇报道的批评性话语分析，本文揭示了新闻语言体现且受制于意识形态、文化和社会各种因素，鼓励读者以批判性的思维来甄别新闻报道的真实性。本文研究发现，中国主流报纸媒体对于莫言获诺奖的报道主要侧重于赞扬莫言的文学总体成就，其引发的图书市场效应和人们对其家乡的关注；而美国方面则主要关注莫言对于中国政府严格的审查制度的态度，将其与前诺贝尔和平奖获得者刘晓波作比较，并对莫言的几部描写旧中国的小说进行重点介绍，通过这些，美国报纸媒体主要意在塑造一个专制、忽视人权、盲目追求经济发展而忽视商业道德的中国政府形象。关键词：莫言，诺贝尔文学奖，批评性话语分析，意识形态，中美主流报纸媒体II ABSTRACTCriticalDiscourseAnalysisOUChinaandtheU．SMedia’SReportsOilMoYan’SWinningoftheNobelLiteraturePrize‘纾缸HanlanOnOctober11，2012，MoYahwasannouncedbytheSwedishAcademyasthewinnerofthe2012NobelLiteraturePrize．MoisthefirstChinesetowinthisprizeandthisisallimportantmilestoneinthehistoryofChineseliterature．Chinahaswitnessedasteadygrowthinitspowerintherespectsofeconomyandpoliticalinfluenceinrecentdecades,meanwhileitscultureisalsograduallyacceptedandappreciatedbytheworld．Bycontrast,theUnitedStates，whichistheonlysuperpowerintheworldinthepast，isfeelingthreatenedbytheemergingeconomiesrepresentedbyChina．TheconceptofCriticalDiscourseAnalysis(CDA)isfirstraisedupbyFowlerin1979，itislaterdevelopedintoatheorybyFaircloughin1989．InCDA，languageisinfluencedbythesocialcontextinwhichitisusedandCDAstudiesmainlyaimtorevealtheideologyandpowerrelationshiddeninvariousdiscourses．Inthisstudy,Fairclough’Sthree-dimensionalmodelisusedasthemainmethodologicalframework，inthethreestepsWordSmith5．0servesasthemainanalyticaltoolindescription，thecitationsinthereportscollectedarecountedandcategorizedinthestepofinterpretationandthepolitical，economicandculturalfactorsbehindthesereportsarescrutinizedinexplanation．Throughthesethreesteps，acriticalanalysisofthe35reportsfromthemajornationalnewspapersofChinaandtheU．Srespectivelyarecarriedout，themajorconcernsofthetwocountries’reportsandtheideologyandpowerrelationsembeddedinthediscoursesarefullyrevealed．Thisstudyshowsthatmedialanguagereflectsandissignificantlyinfluencedbydifferentideologies，culturalandsocialfactorsofdifferentcountries，itencouragestheIII MAPAPEROFUIBEreaderstomaketheirjudgmentbasedoncriticalthinking．ItisfoundoutinthisstudythatthemajorconcernoftheChinesenewspapers’reportsresidesonpraisingMo’Sliteraryaccomplishment，thebusinesseffectithasonthemarketandhishometowninShangdongProvince．Incontrast,however,theU．SnewspaperslaymoreemphasisonMo’SattitudetowardstheChinesegovernment’Spolicyofcensorship，ex-NobelPeacePrizewinnerLiuXiaoboandsomeofMo’Snovelswhicharesetinacorruptandpoverty-strickenoldChina,throughwhichtheU．SnewspapersistocreateaimageofChinesegovernmentthatisdictatorial，thatoverlooksitspeople’Shumanrightsandthatblindlypursueseconomicdevelopmentatthecostofbusinessmoral．Keywords：MoYan，NobelLiteraturePrize，CDA，ideology,majornewspapersinChinaandtheU．S CONTENTSChapterOnelNTRODUCTION⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·11．1BackgroundoftheStudy⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯l1．2NeedfortheStIldy⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯21．3LayoutoftheThesis⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．3ChapterTwoLITERATUREREVIEW⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯52．1MoYahandHisMajorWorks⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．52．1．1LifeandworksofMoYah⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．52．1．2Controversyandcriticism⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．62．2CriticalDiscourseAnalysis⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一62．2．1OverviewofCDA⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一62．2．2DifferentapproachestoCDA⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯82．2．3ImportantconceptsofCDA⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ll2．3RelevantStudiesinCDAResearch⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14ChapterThreeRESF．ARCHMETHODOLOGY⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．163．1ResearchQuestions⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯163．2DataCollection⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯163．3DataAnalysis⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯l833．1Fairclough’SthreedimensionsofCDA⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．183．3．2Analyticaltool⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯20ChapterFourRESUL．TSANDDISCUSSION⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯264．1Description：Top30KeywordsStudy⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．264．1．1AnalysisofkeywordsinUSC⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯294．1．2AnalysisofkeywordsinCHC⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯364．2Interpretation---DiscourseAnalysis⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．414．2．1Ouotation：directquotation，indirectquotationandslipping⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一414．3Explanation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯444．3．1Politicalbackground⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．444．3．2Economicbackground⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯454．3．3Culturalbackground⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯46ChapterFiveCONCLUSIONS⋯⋯⋯．⋯．．．．⋯．．．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．485．1SummaryofMajorFindings⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．48V MAPAPEROFUIBE5．2LimitationoftheStudy⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯505．3SuggestionsforFutureStudy⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．50REFERENCES⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．5lVI ListofTablesTable4，1SourcesoftheReports⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．：⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．．27Table4．2UniquekeywordsinUSCandCHC⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯～28Table4．3KeywotxisofUSCbyclassification⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯29Table4．6Qeotaeo嬲inl菸配。～。一⋯～——～VⅡ⋯⋯一·12 MAn憾0FU珥匝ListofFiguresFigtwe3．2WordlistofCHC⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．：⋯⋯．．2lFigure3AThe㈣listofUSC("censorship"asthequeryword)．．⋯⋯⋯⋯23Fi驰3．5Themmx)xdam=listofCHC洲"asthegucryword)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．313F"喀uro3．61k缸删I随ofU∞删C硝Ⅱ埒—b咖髓∞Il一砷．．．⋯⋯⋯一⋯。24Figure3．7TheKeywo—listofCliO(BNCasll蟛玎el凫田嘲∞oDlj睥Is"⋯⋯⋯⋯～。．25Figure4．1CoacordancelistofL／t贸aryinCHC⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．38Figme4．2ConeoRleace壮蚊of-Wer／矗诳CltCⅧ39 CHAPTER0NE：TNTRODUCTloNChapterOneINTRODUCTION1．1BackgroundoftheStudyrn地NobelPrizeisasetofannualinternationalawardsbestowedinanumberofcategoriesbyScandinaviancommitteesinrecognitionofculturaland／orscientificadvances．ThewilloftheSwedishphilanthropistinventorAlfredNobelestablishedtheprizesin1895．TheprizesinPhysics，Chemistry,PhysiologyorMedicine，Literature，andPeacewerefirstawardedin1901．Laterontheprizeineconomicsandmathematicswereincluded．Since1901，theNobelPrizeinLiteraturehasbeenawardedannuallytoanauthorfromanycountryintheworldwhohas，inthewordsofthewillofAlfredNobel，produced“inthefieldofliteraturethemostoutstandingworkinanidealdirection"，．1OnOctober1l，2012，ChinesewriterMoYanWasawardedbytheSwedishAcademytheNobelLiteraturePrizeoftheyear,markingahistoricmomentofChinaasawholenation．AlthoughbeforeMotherewerepeople(DalaiLamaandLiuXiaobo)whohadwonNobelPeacePrizes，theyalebothpoliticallysensitivenames，thedomesticmediarefusedtogivepositivereport，ifany,towardtheaward，whichhaveneverbeenofficiallyrecognizedbytheauthority．Therefore，inthissense，MoisnotonlythefirstChineseNobelLiteraturelaureate，butalsothefirstNobellaureatetoreceivepraisesandhailsfromthewholenationaswellasfromthewholeworld，withoutgeneratinganypoliticalconflict．FollowedtheunprecedentedsuccessachievedbyMoistheChinesemedia’S、Ⅳidecoverageoftheexcitingnews，Mo’Sbooks，hisfamily,hometownandeverythingabouthim．TherewardbelongstoMo，butitbelongstoallChinesepeopleaswell，everyChineseisproudofhim．Meanwhile，duetotheinternationalprestigeandauthorityoftheNobelPrize，theWesternmedia，includingthatoftheU．S，hasalsoreportedthisnews．Thisisthebackdropagainstwhichthisstudyiscarriedout．Source：http：／／en．wikipedia．org／wiki／NobeI—Prize MAPAPEROFUIBE1．2NeedfortheStudyNationalidentitydescribestheprocessofidentifying谢ththenation，whichmeansthatitisrelevanttodrawontheoriesofculturalidentityingeneral(Brookes，1999)．Whenexplainingwhatnationalidentityis，AnthonyD．SmithsaidinhisbookNationalIdentitythatwhenwemeannationalidentity,somesenseofpolitical，howevertenuous，isinvolved．Apoliticalcommunityinturnimpliesatleastsomecommoninstitutionsandasinglecodeofrightsanddutiesforallthemembersofthecommunity．Italsosuggestsadefinitesocialspace，afairlywelldemarcatedandboundedterritory,、)l，inlwhichthemembersidentifyandtowhichtheyfeeltheybelongto．(Smith,1991)HoweveLneitherculturalidentitynorpoliticalidentityissetonceandforall，instead,itischangingallthetime．JustasBrookesputit,“nationalidentityshouldnotbeseenasfixedandstatic”．(Brookes，1999)AndersonstatedinhisImaginedCommunitiesthatasallimportantsocialandlinguisticsite，newspapershaveplayedaparticularlyimportantroleinimaginingthenationandcreatingnationalism．Indeed,newspapersCanexertatremendouslyimportantinfluenceontheshapingofpeople’Ssenseofidentityandtheirideology．AsAndersonpointsouLthisfeelingofanationalcommunityisproducedthroughthemasscommunicationofideasinnewspapers，aswellasthesharedexperiencesasreaders，andtheknowledgethatpeopleinthenationareperformingthedailyritualofreadingthesamenewspaper(Anderson，1991)．As0111"perspectiveoftheworldisverymuchdeterminedbywherewemaystandandthe‘‘rangeofvision’’availabletoUS(Blau,1975)，newspapers，especiallynationalnewspapers，iswithintherangeofvisionsprovidedforthepeopleinanationtoformtheirunderstandingoftheworld．ChinaandtheU．Saretwocountrieswithdistinctsocio—politicalsystems，withtheformerbeingthelastCommuniststronghold，theworld’Smostpopulouscountrywiththesecondlargesteconomy，andthelattertheworld’Sremainingsuperpower．Overthepastdecade，theyareoftenbroughtintoapost-ColdWarpowerequation，ininternationalcommunication，thewaythetwocountriesviewtheworldandeachotherisofpracticalandtheoreticalsignificanceinpost—ColdWarnewsflowacrossnationalborders．(Changeta1．，1998)Fromthebeginningsofculturalstudiesinthe1970s，‘hegemony’hasbeenperhapsthepivotalconceptinthisstillemergingdiscipline．Culturalstudieshasbeenperhapsprimarilyconcernedfromitsoutset、析tllthequestionofpower,anditisthrough2 CHAFrr．ERONE：TNTRODUCTIoNhegemony——oranequivalent——thatitsanalystshaveunderstoodpowertobeeffective．Hegemonymeansdominationthroughconsentasmuchascoercion．Ithasmeantdominationthroughideologyordiscourse．(Lash,2007)TheWesternworld,especiallytheU．S，hasbeenevaluatingChinawithitsownvaluesandstereotypingChinaasapoorcountrywherethepeoplearedepdvedofhumanrights．Thisstudysupposesthatforthetwocountrieswithdistinctivepoliticalsystemandideologies，eachcountry’Snationalnewspapers’reportsonMoYan’SNobelwinningwouldprovideUSachancetotracksomedifferencesonthetwocountriesnationalidentitiesandhowthetwocountriesvieweachother．Inaddition，itisalsoproposedinthisstudythattheU．S，asanadherentanddefendantoftheWesternvalues，wouldimposesomeofitsownvaluesonChina,whichisaformofculturalhegemony．ThisstudymainlyconsistsofacriticaldiscourseanalysisofthereportsfromChinaandtheU．S’SmediatowardstheeventofMoYan’SwinningoftheNobelLiteraturePrize，andtriestofmdthedifferencesintheattitudesofthetwocountries嘶mdifferentideologies，culturesandvalues，thenitwillstrivetoexplainitfromtheperspectiveofnationalidentityconstructionandculturalhegemony．Mo’SachievementisabreakthroughfortheChineseliteraturetobeappreciatedby．theworld，ananalysisofthetwonewspapers’reportsonthisveryissue，intheprocessofwhichnationalidentitycanfinditsway,isoftheoreticalandpracticalsignificanceinthefieldofdiscourseanalysis．Inthisstudy,35articlesaboutMoYan’SbecomingtheNobelLiteraturelaureatearepickedrespectivelyfromtheChineseandU．Snewspapers．InthepartofChina,ChinaDailyandGlobalTimesareselected，whiletheLosAngelesTimes，theAssociatedPreSSandtheWashingtonPost,theChristineScienceMonitor,theNew1ror{cTimesarechosen．1．3LayoutoftheThesisTllisthesisiscomposedoffiveparts：Chapteroneisanintroductionofthestudy,includingthebackgroundinformationaboutMoYan’Swinningofthe2012NobelLiteraturePrize，significanceforthesmdyandthestructureofthisthesis．Chaptertwoisliteraturereview,inwhichthebackgroundofMoYanasawriterandageneralsummaryofCDAasatheoryandmethodologywillbegiven．Inaddition，3 MAPAPEROFUIBEmajorconceptsinCDAsuchasideologyandpowerwillbeintroducedindetail．Chapterthreeservestoprovidetheresearchmethodologyandtheresearchquestions．Also，howthedataiscollected，samplingcriteria，theanalyticaltoolandhowitisanalyzedwillbeelaboratedon．Chapterfouristhemainbodyofthisstudy．ReportscollectedwillbefullyanalyzedwithFairclough’SThreeDimensionsofCDA．Thelastchaptergivestheconclusionsofthestudy．Inaddition，limitationsofthestudyandsuggestionforfuturestudywillbepointedout．4 CHAPTERTW0：LITERATUREREVlEWChapterTwoLITERATUREREVIEWThischapterservestoreviewtheliteratureandempiricalresearchontherelevantfield．First,somgbasicinformationaboutMoYanandhisworkswillbebrieflyintroduced．Second，ageneralintroductionofCDAasatheory,themajorclassesandscholarsandtheirtheoriesinthisfieldwillbeelaboratedononebyone．Third,importantconceptsofCDA，suchasideology,powerandintertextualitywillbeintroduced．2．1MoYanandHisMajorWbrks2．1．1LifeandworksofMoYanMoYan(莫言)isthepseudonymofGuanMoye(管谟业)．MoYanWasbomin1955inGaomiCountyofShandongProvincetoafamilyoffarmers．WhenMowas1yearsold，theCulturalRevolutionWaslaunched,andthenheleftschooltoworkasafarmer．Attheageof18，hebegantoworkatacottonfactory．ThisperiodoftimeWasmarked谢masuccessionofpoliticalcampaigns，fromtheGreatLeapForwardtotheCulturalRevolution，thereforehisaccesstoliteraturewaslargelylimitedtonovelsinthesocialiarealiststyleunderMaoZedong，whichcenteredlargelyonthethemesofclassstruggleandconflict．WhentheCulturalRevolutioncametoanendin1976，MoenlistedinthePeople’SLiberationArmy(PLA)，andcontinuedhiswritingwhilehewasstillasoldier．Duringthispost-Revolutionerawhenheemergedasawriter,thelyricalandepicworksofChineseliteratureaswellastranslationsoftheworksofforeignwriters，suchasWilliamFaulknerandGabrielGarciaMhrquez,hadcastedinfluenceonhiswork．In1984，hereceivedaliteraryawardfromthePLAMagazine，andthesameyearhejoinedtheMilitaryArtAcademy,wherehebegantousethepennameofMoYan．Hepublishedhisfirstnovella，ATransparentRadish，in1984，andRedSorghumin1986，thelatterhasbeenputintoapopularmoviebytheprestigiousChinesedirectorZhang5 MAPAPEROFUTBEYimou．TillthenMohadlaunchedhiscareerasanationallyrecognizednovelist．In1991，heobtainedamaster"sdegreeinLiteraturefromBeijingNormalUniversity．MoYahhaspublisheddozensofshortstoriesandnovelsinChinese．HisfirstnovelwasFallingRainonaSpringNight,publishedin1981．SeveralofhisnovelsweretranslatedintoEnglishbyHowardGoldblatt，professorofEastAsianlanguagesandliteraturesattheUniversityofNotreDame．ThemostfamousofhisworksincludeB／gBreastsandWideHips，RedSorghumClan，theGarlicBallads，theRepublicofWine，Frog,Pow!，LifeandDeathareWearingMeOut．MoYan’Sworksarefeatured‘‘‘withhallucinatoryrealismme而gesfolktales，historyandthecontemporary”，asquotetheSwedishAcademy’Swords．AmajorthemeinMoYan’Sworksistheconstancyofhumangreedandcorruption，despitetheinfluenceofideology．Usingd删iIlg，complex，andoftengraphicallyviolentimages，hesetsmanyofhisstoriesinhishometown，NortheastGaomiTownshipinShandongprovince．22．1．2ControversyandcriticismAlong、舫tllpraiseandfameMoisalsoatthecenterofcontroversyandcriticism．Hehasbeencriticized，bysomepeoplefavoringtheWest,ofbeingtooobedientoftheChinesegovernment’Scensorship．FellowChinesewriterMaJianhasdeploredthelackofsolidarityandcommitmentofMoYanforotherChinesewritersandintellectualswhowerepunishedordetainedfortakingacriticalviewofthestateofaffairsinCommunistChina．3Mohasattractedsomecriticismforhissupposedgoodrelationship、丽廿ltheChineseCommunistParty．Incommemorationofthe70manniversaryofthedeliveringofMaoZedong’Sfamousspeechwhichisseenascontroversialbymanyintellectuals，Yan"an勋凰onLiteratureandArt,，Mohashand—copiedthespeech,thisalsoarousedcriticismagainsthim．2．2CriticalDiscourseAnalysis2．2．1OverviewofCDAAsamultidisciplinarytheory,CriticalDiscourseAnalysis(CDA)emergedinthelinguisticfieldinlate1980s．Itisarelativelyyoungdiscipline，however,its2Source：http：／／en．wikipedia．org／wiki／MoYah’Source：http：／／business-standard．corn／india／news／from-cowherd-to-nobel-it-was-long—lonely-journey·too-yah／190857／on，RetrievedJanuary21，2013．6 CHAPTERTWO：LITERATUREREVIEWphilosophicalrootscanbetracedtoasfarasMarx，mainlyviaAlthusserandGramsci，whoseideasonsocialtheoryandorganizationandtheoriesofideologyhavehadasignificantimpactonscholarslater．ItsbeginningismarkedbythepublicationofthebookLanguageandControlwriRenbyFowlerandKressin1979．Theconcept“CriticalLinguistics"’(CL)、^粥firstusedinthebook，themaincommitmentofCI厂怕studythesocialstructurereflectedinlanguagemwasalsomadeclear．Sincethen，CDAhaswitnessedrapiddevelopment,nowitisspearheadedbyNormanFalrelough,RuthWodak，TeunVanDijk，andothers．(Ji&Xin，2009，P．21)ThetermCDAisusednowadaystorefermorespecificallytothecriticallinguisticapproachofscholarswhofindthelargerdiscursiveunitoftexttobethebasicunitofcommunication．Itspecificallyconsidersinstitutional，political，genderandmediadiscourses(inthebroadestsense)whichtestifytomoreorlessovertrelationsofstruggleandconflict．(Wodak&Meyer’2001，p．2)TeunaA．VanDijk(2001)definesCDAas‘‘atypeofdiscourseanalyticalresearchthatprimarilystudiesthewaysocialpowerabuse，dominance，andinequalityareenacted，reproduced,andresistedbytextandtalkinthesocialandpoliticalcontext．”(vanDijk，2001，P．352)EmeritusProfessorNormanFairclough,oneofthefoundersofCDA,hasdescribedCDAasaimingTosystematicallyexploreoftenopaquerelationshipsofcausalityanddeterminationbetween(a)discursivepractices，eventsandtexts，and(”widersocialandculturalstructures，relationsandprocesses；toinvestigatehowsuchpractices，evensandtextsariseoutofandareideologicallyshapedbyrelationsofpowerandstrugglesoverpower．(Fairclough，1995b，P．132)Compared诵tllothersociolinguisticsapproaches，CDAhassomeofitsowncharacteristics．Firstly,CDAendeavorstomakeexplicitpowerrelationshipswhicharcfrequentlyhidden,andtherebytoderiveresultswhicharcofpracticalrelevance，thereforeCDAalwaystakesadifferentandcriticalapproachtoproblems．(Wodak&Meyer，2001，El5)IntermsofpoliticalorideologicalcontenLdiscoursesarenotviewedasneutral．Thisissometimesreadilyobservable，whileatothertimesitistheimplicitpresuppositionsorthe‘unsaid’elementsinthetextsthatbestrevealunderlyingassumptions．Secondly,CDAassumesthatalldiscoursesarehistoricalandCanthereforeonlybeunderstood、Ⅳitllreferencetotheircontext．Basedonthisassumption，itreferstosuchextralinguisticfactorsasculture，society,andideology．Inanycase，thenotionof7 MAP：APEROFUlBEcontextiscrucialforCDA，sincethisexplicitlyincludessocialpsychological，politicalandideologicalcomponentsandtherebypostulatesaninterdisciplinaryprocedure．Thirdly,CDAdoesn’tincludeabroadrangeoflinguisticcategories．OnlyasmallrangeoflinguisticdevicesalecentralforCDAstudies．AfurthercharacteristicofCDAisitsinterdisciplinaryclaimanditsdescriptionoftheobjectofinvestigationfromwidelydifferingperspectives，aswellasitscontinuousfeedbackbetweenanalysisanddatacollection．(Wo,m&Meyer,2001，El5-16)ViewingfromtheabovedefinitionofCDA，wecanfindthatthepreferenceofCDAresidesintheintersectionoflanguageandsocialstructure．AccordingtoBlommaertandBulcaen，CDApractitionerstendtoworkonappliedandapplicabletopicsandsocialdomainssuchaspoliticaldiscourse，ideology,racism，economicdiscourse，advertisementandpromotionalculture，medialanguage，institutionaldiscourse，education，literacy，inallofwhichissuesofpowerasymmetries，exploitation,manipulation,andstructuralinequalitiesarehighlighted．(Blommaert&Bulcaen，2000，P．450—451)Infact，powerandideologyarethetwocentralconceptsforCDA．(Wodak&Meyer,2001)Wewillexplainthesetwoconceptsinthelaterpart．2．2．2DifferentapproachestoCDAisnotSOmuchadirection，school，orspecializationnexttothemanyother‘‘approaches"’indiscoursestudies．Rather,itaimstoofferadifferent‘‘mode’’or‘"perspective”oftheorizing，analysis，andapplicationthroughoutthewholefield(vanDijk，2003，p．352)Itdoesnotconstituteawell—definedempiricalmethodbutratherabulkofapproacheswiththeoreticalsimilaritiesandresearchquestionsofaspecifickind．(Wodak&Meyer,2001)Therefore，itsubsmesavarietyofapproachestowardsthesocialanalysisofdiscourse．Fairclough(1995b)alsostatedthatthemethodologyofCDAentailsUStoworkina‘"transdisciplinary”waythroughdialoguewitllotherdisciplinesandtheorieswhichareaddressingcontemporaryprocessesofsocialchange．(Fairclough，1995b，p．1)ThistransdisciplinarywaythusleadtomanydifferentapproachestoCDA，amongthemFairclough，VanDijkandRuthWodakaretherepresentativesofthethreemostinfluentialapproaches．2．2．2．1Dialectical-RelationalApproach(DRA卜NormanFaircloughNormanFairclough，oneofthefoundersofCDA，isaProfessorofLanguageinSociaILifeatLancasterUniversityintheUK．Hehaswrittenextensivelyoncritical8 CHAPTERTWO：LITERATUREREVTEWdiscourseanalysis．Hismainpublicationsinclude：LanguageandPower(1989)，DiscourseandSocialChange(1992)，MediaDiscourse(1995)，CriticalDiscourseAnalysis(1995)，DiscourseinLateModernity(1999)(withLilieChouliaraki)andNewLabo媚NewLanguage?(2000)，alloftheseareinfluentialbooksinthefieldofCDA．DRAdrawsonHailiday’SmultifunctiouallinguistictheoryandtheconceptofordersofdiscourseaccordingtoFoucault．(Wodak&Mey％2001，P．21)AccordingtoDRA，everysocialpracticehasasemioticelement．Productiveactivity,themeansofproduction,socialrelations，socialidentities，culturalvalues，consciousnessandsemiosisaredialecticallyrelatedelementsofsocialpractice．Faircloughbelievesthatlanguageiscentrallyinvolvedinpower,andstrugglesforpower,andthatlanguageisSOinvolvedthroughitsideologicalproperties．(Fairclough,1989，P．17)HefocusesuponsocialconflictintheMarxiantraditionandtriestodetectitslinguisticmanifestationsindiscourses，inparticularelementsofdominance，differenceandresistance．(Wodak&Meyer,2009，P．27)AccordingtoFairclough(1989)，languageisaformofsocialpractice．Theimplicationsbehindthisinclude：first,languageisapartofsociety,andnotsomehowexternaltoit．Second，languageisasocialprocess．Third，languageisasociallyconditionedprocess，conditionedthatisbyother(non-linguistic)partsofsociety．Inotherwords，thereisnotanexternalrelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety,butaninternalanddialecticalrelationship．Therefore，viewinglanguageasdiscourseandassocialdiscoursemeansthatoneshouldnotonlyanalyzetextsandtheprocessesofproductionandinterpretation，butalsotoconsidertherelationshipbetweentexts，processesandtheirsocialconditions，boththeimmediateconditionsofthesituationalcontextandthemoreremoteconditionsofinstitutionalandsocialstructures．inotherwords，therelationshipbetweentexts，interactions，andcontexts．Texts，interactions，andcontextsarethethreedimensionsofdiscourseproposedbyFairclough，correspondingtothesethreedimensions，hedistinguishedhisfamousthreedimensionsofCDA：description，interpretationandexplanation，whichwillbeexplainedindetailinChapterthree．DRAsuggestsastepwiseprocedureinpreparationforanalysis．Itprefersapragmatic，problem-orientedapproach．Itspropositionsareasfollows：1．Focusuponaspecificsocialproblemwhichhasasemioticaspect，gooutsidethetextanddescribetheproblem，andidentifyitssemioticaspect．2．Identifythedominantstyles，genresanddiscoursesconstitutingthissemiotic9 MAPAPEROFUlBEaspect·3．Considertherangeofdifferenceanddiversityinstyles，genresanddiscourseswithinthisaspect．4．Identifytheresistanceagainstthecolonializationprocessesexecutedbythedominantstyles，genresanddiscourses．Afterthesepreparatorysteps，whichalsohelptoselectthematerial，DRAsuggests(1)astructuralanalysisofthecontext，andthen(2)aninteractionalanalysis，whichfocusesonsuchlinguisticfeaturesas：agents，time，tense，modalityandsyntax．Andfmally(3)ananalysisofinterdiscursivity,whichtriestocomparethedominantandresistantstrandsofdiscourse．(Wodak&Meyer,2009，p．30—31)Inthisstudy,DRAwillbeselectddasthemajormethodologyandthestudywillbecarriedoutroughlyinaccordancewimthesesteps．2．2．2．2Discourse-HistoricalApproach(DHA卜_RuthWodakRuthWodakisadistinguishedprofessorandChairinDiscourseStudiesatLancasterUniversitysince2004．ShemovedfromVienna,Austria，wheresheWasfullprofessbrofAppliedLinguisticssince1991．Wodak(2001)believesthatCDAisnotconcernedwithevaluatingwhatis‘right’or‘wrong’，instead，itshouldtrytomakechoicesateachpointintheresearchitself．．andshouldmakethesechoicestransparent．Itshouldalsojustifytheoreticallywhycertaininterpretationsofdiscursiveeventsseemmolevalidthanothers．(Wodak，2001，P．65)AlthoughDHAisalignedtoCriticalTheory,generalsocialtheoryplaysaminorrolecompared、析mthediscoursemodelandtheemphasisonhistoricalanalysis：contextisunderstoodasmainlyhistorical．ThefocalpointofDHAresidesinthefieldofpolitics，andittriestodevelopconceptualframeworksforpoliticaldiscourse．AccordingtoWodak(2001)，whenitcomestoinvestigatehistorical，organizationalandpoliticaltopicsandtexts，thediscourse—historicalapproachtendstointegratealargequantityofavailableknowledgeaboutthehistoricalSOUrCeSandthebackgroundofthesocialandpoliticalfieldsinwhichdiscursive‘events’areembedded．ThenitanalysesthehistoricaldimensionofdiscursiveactionsbyexploringthewaysinwhichparticulargenresofdiscoursearesubjecttOdiachronicchange．Lastly,andmostimportantly，thisisnotonlyviewedas‘information’：atthispointtheyintegratesocialtheoriestobeabletoexplain10 CHAPTERTW0：L11飞RATUREREVIEWtheso-calledcontext．(Wodak,2001，P．65)2．2．2．3Socio-CognitiveApproach(SCA)---T．AvanDijkTeunA．vanDijkisascholarinthefieldsoftextlinguistics，discourseanalysisandCDA．HeiswasprofessorofdiscoursestudiesattheUniversityofAmsterdamuntil2004，andisatpresentprofessorattheUniversitatPompeuFabra,Barcelona．VanDijkisonthesocio-psychologicalsideoftheCDAiidd,inthisapproach,CDAservesasaframeworksystematizingphenomenaofsocialreality．Hereliesonsocio-cognitivetheory·splintsandunderstandslinguisticsinabroad‘structural-functional’sense．HearguesthatCDAshouldbebasedonasoundtheoryofcontext．Withinthisclaim,thetheoryofsocialrepresentationsplaysamainpart．(Wodak&Meyer,2001，P．21)VanDijkintroducestheconceptofcontextmodels，whichareunderstoodasmentalrepresentationsofthestructuresofthecommunicativesituationthatarcdiscursivelyrelevantforaparticipant．Thesecontextmodelscontrolthe‘pragmatic’partofdiscourse，whereaseventmodelsdoS0withthe‘semantic’part．VanDijknamesthreeformsofSOcialrepresentationsrelevanttotheunderstandingofdiscourse：firstlyknowledge(personal，。group，cultural)，secondlyattitudes(notintheSOcio-psychologicalunderstanding)，andthirdlyideologies．(Meyer,2001，P．21)2．2．3ImportantconceptsofCDAseesdiscourseasaSOcialphenomenonandseeks,consequently,toimprovethesocial-theoreticalfoundationsforpracticingdiscourseanalysisaswellasforsituatingdiscourseinsociety．AfundamentalaspectofCDAisthatitclaimstotakeitsstartingpointinsocialtheory．Therefore，oneimportantdirectionthatCDAshowsspecialconcemistheoriesofpowerandideology．(Blommaert&Bulcaen，2000，p．451)2．2．3．1IntertextualityViewingthetextasconstitutingsocialrelationsandpractices，Fairclough’Sexplanationsofintertextualityis‘‘thepropertytextshaveofbeingfullofsnatchesofothertexts，whichmaybeexplicitlydemarcatedormergedin，andwhichthetextmayassimilated，contradict，ironicallyecho，andforth"’．(Fairclough，1992，p．84)Inotherwords，textsareproducedunderthemixedinfluencefromspecificsocialanddiscursivepractices．Hethenfllrtherconceptualizestheabstractsocialanddiscursivepracticesinto MAPAPEROFUIBEconcreteformsoftextbytakinguseoftheconceptsofgenre，discourse，andstyle．InhisA,砸lysingDiscourse：TextualAnalysisfo，．SocialResearch,Faircloughexplainsgenresas‘"thespecificallydiscoursalaspectsofwaysofactingandinteractinginthecourseofsocialevents”，discoursesas‘"waysofrepresentingaspectsoftheworld”andstylesas‘"thediscoursalaspectofwaysofbeing，identities”，“howpeopleidentifythemselvesandRaReidentifiedbyothers"．(Fairclough，2003)Intertextualanalysisdrawsattentiontothedependenceoftextsuponsocietyandhistoryintheformoftheresourcesmadeavailablewithintheorderofdiscourse．(Fairclough,1992钆P．195)Varioussocial，historical，culturalbackgroundsandrelationsareembeddedandincorporatedinasingletext．2．2．3．2PowerAcentralnotioninmostCn缸calworkondiscourseiSthatofpower,andmorespecificallythesocialpowerofgroupsorinstitutions．Summarizingacomplexphilosophicalandsocialanalysis，VanDijkdefinessocialpowerintermsofcontr01．Hebelievesthatgroupshave(moreorless)poweriftheyareableto(moreorless)controltheactsandmindsof(membersof)othergroups．Thepowerofdominantgroupsmaybeintegratedinlaws，rules，norms，habits，andevenaquitegeneralconsensus，andthustaketheformofwhatGramscicalled“hegemony"．(VanDijk，2001，P．354-355)Onewaythroughwhichpowerdemonstratesitselfislanguage．Inthediscussionsoftherelationshipoflanguageandpower,Fmrclough(1989)dividedpowerintopowerindiscourseandpowerbehinddiscourse．PowerindiscourseisconcemedwithdiscourseasaplacewhererelationsofpowerRaReactuallyexercisedandenacted，andpowerbehinddiscourseshiftsthefocustohowordersofdiscourse，asdimensionsofthesocialordersofsocialinstitutionsorsocieties，arethemselvesshapedandconstitutedbyrelationsofpower．(Fairclough，1989，P．43)However，itisnottosaythatlanguageitselfisofpower,itisthepeoplewhouselanguageempowerlanguage．InCDA，discoursesarenotseenasneutralintermsoftheirpoliticalorideologicalcontent．Thisissometimesreadilyobservable，whileatothertimesitistheimplicitpresuppositionsorthe‘unsaid’elementsinthetextsthatbestrevealunderlyingassumptions．Infact，textsRaRecapableofcirculatingand‘hegemonizing’particularideologiesandcommonsensethinking(vanDijk，1998)．Methodologically,thismeansthatdiscoursesareconnectedtoideologiesthroughtheassumptionsembeddedinthe CHAPTERTWO：LITERATUREREVlEWtexts．Theseassumptionsareusuallyseenas‘triggered’bythelinguisticfeaturesoftext(Fairclough,2003，p56)andthisiswhyclosetextualanalysisisrequiredinCDA．Intermsofthepowerrelatiominmediadiscourse，FaircloughinsiststhatthenatureoftheserelationsisthatproducersexercisepoweroverconsumersinthattheyhavesoleproducingrightsandCanthereforedeterminewhatisincludedandexcluded，howeventsarerepresented,andeventhesubjectpositionsoftheiraudiences．(Fairelough,1989，P．50)Sometimesthisleadstopowerabusebythemediaorevenhegemony．2．2．3．3IdeologyThenotionofideologywasinventedbyFrenchphilosopherDestuttdeTracyattheendofthe18mcenturyandhasbeeninuseforabouttwocenturies．Thevastmajorityofstudiesofideology(whetherMarxistornon-Marxist)arcrootedinthesocialsciencesandpayextensiveattentiontoideologiesinrelationtoclass，dominantgroups,socialmovements，power,thepoliticaleconomyor,togenderandculture．However,theyhavepaidlessattentiontothecognitiveandthediscursivedimensionsofideologies．(VanDijk，1998)AlthoughtheCOredefinitionofideologyisacoherentandrelativelystablesetofbeliefsorvalues，itisnotthistypeofideologythatinterestsCDA，instead，itisthemorehiddenandlatenttypeofeverydaybeliefswhichoftenappeardisguisedasconceptualmetaphorsandanalogies，thusattractinglinguists’attention．(Wodak&Meyer,2009，p．8)AccordingtoFairclough(2003)，ideologiesarerepresentationsofaspectsoftheworldwhichcontributetoestablishingandmaintainingrelationsofpower,dominationandexploitation．Analysisoftextsisanimportantaspectofideologicalanalysisandcritique，provideditisframedwithinabroadersocialanalysisofeventsandsocialpractice．ThisisbecauseoneofthecausaleffectsoftextswhichhasbeenofmajorconcernforCDAisideologicale任．ects—theeffectsoftextsininculcatingandsustainingorchangingideologies(VanDijk1998)．InhisIdeologyandDiscourse：AMultidisciplinaryIntroduction，VanDijkgivesmanydefinitionsofideology：Thecognitivedefinitionofideologyisgivenintermsofthesocialcognitionsthatalesharedbythemembersofagroup．Thesocialdimensionexplainswhatkindofgroups，relationsbetweengroupsandinstitutionsareinvolvedinthedevelopmentandreproductionof13 MAPAPEROFUIBEideologies．Thediscoursedimensionofideologiesexplainshowideologiesinfluenceourdailytextsandtalk，howweunderstandideologicaldiscourse，andhowdiscourseisinvolvedinthereproductionofideologyinsociety．(VanDijL2000，P．4)2．3RelevantStudiesinCDAResearchInrecentyearsCDAasatheoryandmethodologyhasbeenappliedintotheanalysisofdiscoursesindifferentfieldslikebusiness，culturalandpoliticalsites．Anumberofstudieshavebeencarriedouttofindouttheideology,senseofidentityandpowerrelationsreflectedindifferentdiscourses．SomeresearchersarededicatedtoapplyCDAintoculturestudies，especiallyinterculturalstudies．JolantaAritzandRobynC．Walker(2009)，forexample，studieswhatactuallyOCCurSintermsofcommunicationpracticesininterculturaldecision-makingmeetings，specificallythoseinvolvingU．S．-bornnativeEnglishspeakersandparticipantsfromEastAsiancountries，takingCDAasaresearcht001．Theyfoundthattheconversationstyledifferencestheyobservedmightbeattributedtointergroupidentityissuesinsteadofpowerdifferentialsorlanguagecompetenceassuggestedbefore．KumikoMurata(2007)inWasedaUniversityinJapancomparesandcontraststhediscourseofwhalinginBritishandJapanesenewspaperreports，besidespointingoutthedifferencesofthetwocountries’reportthroughananalysisofthediscourses，sheclaimsthattheissueofwhalingtendstobediscussedunderdifferentculturalassumptionsandvaluesintherespectivediscourses；andthus，suggeststhepossibilitythatreadersmaybeinfluencedbythecumulativeeffectsofthesedifferentdiscourses．Inthefieldoforganizationandmanagementstudies，criticaldiscourseanalysishasbecomeanincreasinglypopularmethodology．PhilipsN．etal(2008)triestorevealtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheformulationandimplementationof鼬瞰egy—strategyasasystemofsharedmeaning，strategyastextandtalk，andstrategyastruth．TheydiscussedhowcriticaldiscourseanalysisCanbeusedtoextendanddeveloptheseapproachesbyexploitingtheirunderlyingcomplementaritiesandexplorethepracticalimplicationsofapplyingcriticaldiscourseanalysisinstrategicmanagementresearchbyusingtheexampleofarecentlycompletedcasestudyofstrategicchangeinalargebankingandfinancialservicesinstitution．ThestudyofVaaraE．etal(2010)focusedontheforcepotentialofstrategicplansofacityorganization，involvingitstextualagency,14 CHAPTERTWO：L1TERATUREREVIEWperformativeeffects，impactonpowerrelationsandideologicalimplications．Theybelievesthatthestudyhelpstobettercomprehendthespecificmicro—leveldiscursiveandtextualprocessesthroughwhichstrategydocumentsimpactstrategizinganddecision-makingingeneral．Therealealsomanyempiricalstudiesthataresimilartomineinthisthesis，谢ththediscoursesunderstudyareofpoliticalimportance．FocusingontherepresentationofclimatechangeintheBritish‘"qualitypress，’’AnabelaCarvalho’S(2007)studyarguesthatthediscursive(re)constructionofscientificclaimsinthemediaisstronglyentangledwithideologicalstandpoints，thatideologyworksasapowerfulselectiondeviceindecidingwhatisscientificnews，i．e．whattherelevant“facts”are，andwhoaretheauthorized“agentsofdefinition"’ofsciencematters．FromtheperspectiveofCDA,JamilaHakam(2009)studiedthelittle—knowndiscoursesiteofEnglish-languageArabnewspapersandappliesquantitativemethodstoalargeamountofdatatouncoverpatternsthatshowhowthesenewspapersreproduce，resistand／orchallengethediscoursethatstemsfromadominantEuro-centeredculture．Centraltothestudyisacomputer-assistedquantitativefrequencyandconcordanceanalysisofthecorpus,whichis．thesamewithmystudy．Besides，therearealsostudiesthattriestocomparediscoursesfromdifferentcountries，suchasJuanLiinIntertextualityandnationalidentity：discourseofnationalconflicts加daitynewspapers切theUnitedStatesandChina，whichexaminestheeffectsofinteaextuali够onthediscursiveconstructionofnationalidentitiesinthepress．ItdoessobycomparinghowtwodailynewspapersintheUnitedStatesandChinaemployspecificdiscursivestrategiestoconstructnationalidentitiesandpositionsintheirdiscourseoftwoparticulareventsthatrepresentmomentsofcrisisandconflictinU孓—Chinarelations．ByanalyzingthereportsonIndia’SnucleartestfromfourinfluentialnationalnewspapersfromChina,theUKandtheU．S，Xu(1999)cameattheconclusionthatlanguagereflectsideology：whenpeopleusetheirownlanguage，theyunconsciouslychoosetheirlanguageprojectandwayofexpression，whichreflecttheirideology．Thereisnonewsreportthatisimpartialandthereisnoabsolutelyfairandobjectivereports． MAPAPEROFUlBEChapterThreeRESEARCHMETHODOLOGYInthisChaptertheresearchquestionswillbeproposed，thetheoreticalframeworkandresearchmethodologywillbegivendetailedintroduction．Meanwhile，theresearchproceduressuchashowthedataiscollected，thesourcesofthedata,samplingstandardandhowthedatawillbeanalyzedwillalsobediscussedindetail．3．1ResearchQuestionsCDAprovidesuSwithatooltoanalyzediscourse，detectshowthediscoursereflectthewriterorspeaker’Sintentionandhowitcastssubtleinfluenceonthereaderorlistener,anditalsoexplainshowthesocialcontextinfluencesthediscourse，tryingtoexposethehiddenideology,senseofidentityandunderlyingpowerrelationsrunningbeneath．ThisthesischoosesreportsontheChinesewriterMoYan’SwinningoftheNobelLiteraturePrizepublishedbynationalnewspapersfromChinaandtheU．Sasthesubjectofstud),,tryingtoanswerthefollowingquestions：ResearchQuestion1：Whatisthedifferenceinthemajorconcemsofthetwocountries’nationalnewspapers’reportsonMoYan’Swinningofthe2012NobelLiteraturePrize?ResearchQuestion2：Whataretheculturalandsocialfactorsbehindthedifferenceinthemajorconcern?ResearchQuestion3：WhatideologiesandpowerrelationsarepresemedinthetWOcountries’reports?3．2DataCollectionAsisnotedinmythesisproposal，myoriginalplanistochooseonenationalnewspaperinChinaandtheU．Srespectivelyfromwhich50reportsaboutMoYan’SwinningoftheNobelLiteraturePrizewillbecollectedfromtheirofficialwebsites．BothofthetWonewspapersshouldbedomesticallyinfluentialandauthoritative，SOChinaDailyforChina，andtheWashingtonPostfortheU．Sweremyfirstchoices．16 CHAPrrERTHREE：RESEARCHMETHODOLOGYHowever,asIbegantocollectthereportsabouttheeventbasedonwhichmystudyistobecarriedout’itturnedoutthatmyoriginalplanWasnotfeasible：thereportsIfoundintheWashingtonPostaremuchfewerthanthosefromChinaDaily．ThisisreasonablebecauseMoisaChineseandhisachievementisabreakthroughfortheChineseliteraturetobeacceptedbythewholeworld，naturallytherewillbefrequentand谢decoverageabouthim．Incontrast,fortheU．Smedia,heisnomorethanjustanotherNobelwinner,thatreportsabouthimarelimitedisunderstandable．Butthismademyplanofcollecting50reportsfromeachnewspaperunpractical--Icouldn’tfindenoughreportsfromtheWashingtonPost．Inviewofthedifficulty,IWasforcedtochangemyoriginalplan：moreU．Snewspapersshouldbetakenintoconsideration．Therefore，apartfromtheWashingtonPost,threeothernewspapers：theLosAngelesTimes，theNewYorkTimesandtheAssociatedPressandtheChristianScienceMonitorareadded．AllofthemareimportantandinfluentialnationalnewspapersintheU．S，whichwillhelptoofferabetterviewoftheU．S’Sattitudeasanation．Atthesametime，thiscanmakemystudygetcontinued．Inaddition，GlobalTimes，anationalnewspaperproducedbythePeople’SDally，isaddedintothelistofChinesenewspapers．Despitemorenewspapersaretakenintoconsideration，itisstillhardtocollect50reports晰吐laproperlengthinthesideoftheU．S．Therefore，35reportsfromeachsideareselectedtoformthesampleofthisstudy．BecausethereareplentyofreportsfromChinaDailyandGlobalTimes，thelengthofthereportsCanbebettercontrolled．Allthe35reportsarebetween440-970words．However，thelackofresourcesresultsinarelativelyimbalancedspreadofthelengthintheU．Sside，withreportsrangingfrom140-1040words．nesubjectofthereportsisnotjustconfinedintotheannouncementofthewinning，thesamplingstandardisthatsinceMo’SwinningofthePrizeonOct．11m2012，allthereportsafterthatwithMoasthemajorcharacterareincluded．Table3．1：SourcesoftheReportsContinued(Continuedonthenextpage)17 MAPAPEROFUIBEU．StheWashingtonPostwww．washingtonpost．com6theLosAngelesTimesvcww．1atimes．tom7heNewYork乃聊船EBSCOnewspapersource7theAssociatedPressNewsBank9theChristiansciericewww．csmonitor．tom6MonitorThecollectingofdataisalaboriousandtime·consumingwork．Thetableaboveshowsthedifferentsourceswherethereportsarecollected．ReportsfromChinaDailyandtheAssociatedPressarccollectedfromthedatabaseofNewsBank，whilereportsoftheNewYorknmesarecollectedfromthedatabaseEBSCOinthenewsresourcesection，otherreportsareallcollectedfromtheirofficialwebsitesrespectively．3．3DataAnalysis3．3．1Fairclough’SthreedimensionsofCDAWhichstandsinthecenterofFairclough’SapproachtoCDAisthatdiscourseisanimportantformofsocialpracticewhichbothreproducesandchangesknowledge，identitiesandsocialrelationsincludingpowerrelations，andatthesametimeisalsoshapedbYothersocialpracticesandstructures．(Phillips＆Jorgensen，2004)Therefore，throughanalyzingofaspecificdiscourse，wecanfindthepowerrelationsandsocialpracticesagainstwhichthediscourseisproduced．Fairclough(1995)arguesthatdiscoursesshouldbesimultaneouslyanalyzedatthreelevels：textual(micro-leveltextualelements)，discursivepractices(theproductionandinterpretationoftexts)andsocialpractice(thesituationalandinstitutionalcontext)．(Vaaraeta1．，2010)Withthisinmind，Faircloughhasconstructedthethree—dimensionalframeworkfortheanalysisofdiscourseassocialpractice．Therefore，CDAisatheoryaswellasaresearchmethodology,whichwillbeusedtoanalyzethenewsreportsinthisstudy．Fairclough’S(1995b)modelforCDAconsistsofthreeinterrelatedprocessesofanalysis，whicharecloselytiedtothreeinter-relateddimensionsofdiscourse．Thesethreedimensionsare：(1)Theobjectofanalysis(includingverbal，visualorverbalandvisualtexts)．(2)Theprocessesbymearlsofwhichtheobjectisproducedandreceivedby CHAP下ER丁HREE：RESEARCHMETHoDOLOGYhumansubjects，includingwriting／speaking／designingandreading／listening／viewing．(3)Thesoeio-historicalconditionswhichgovemtheseprocesses．Thefirsttextuallevelimpliescloseanalysisoflinguisticstructures．Thesecondlevelofdiscursivepracticesbringsthecommunityanditsbehaviorintoplay；analysisofdiseourseinthisrespectisanalysisofwhatpeopledowithtexts．Furthermore，atthethirdlevelonethenfocuses011thebroadersocialandculturalcontext：howtextsanddiscoursesareusedinsituationalandinstitutionalcontextsthattheybothindexandconstruct．Correspondingtothesethreedimensions，Faircloughhasproposedthreedifferentstagesofanalysis：Descriptionasthefn"ststageisusedtoanalyzetheformalpropertiesofthetext，includingvocabulary,grammarandtextualstructures，etc．LinguisticfeaturesofthereportscollectedwillbeanalyzedbytakinguseofthetoolOxfordWordsmith5．0．Interpretationisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweentextandinteraction．AccordingtoLuke(1995)，thecomprehensionofmeaningliesnotinthetextitself,butinthecomplexinteractionbetweentheauthor’Sintentandhispefformativeabilitytoencodethatintent,andthereceptor’Sintentandhisperformativeabilitynotonlytodecodetheauthor’Sintentbuttomeshhisownintentwiththeauthor’S．Inthisprocessideologyandnationalidentityplayimportantrole，foritexertsignificantinfluenceonhowtheproducerencodetheinformationandhowthereceiverdecodeit．InthisstageofanalysisHalliday’Stheoryonmodalitywhichcanservetofindtheauthororspeaker’Sintentionandattitudewillbeused．Explanationisconcemedwiththerelationshipbetweeninteractionandsocialcontext--withthesocialdeterminationoftheprocessofproductionandinterpretation，andtheirsocialeffects．(Fairclough,1989，p26)19 MAf"APEROFUIBEFigure3．1Fairclough’SThree—dimensionalFramework(Fairclough,1995a)Inviewinglanguageasdiscourseandassocialpractice，oneiscommittingoneselfnotjusttoanalyzingtexts，norjusttoanalyzingprocessesofproductionandinterpretation，butalsotoanalyzingtherelationshipbetweentexts，processes，andtheirsocialconditions．boththeimmediateconditionsofthesituationalcontextandthemoreremoteconditionsofinstitutionalandsocialstructures．(Fairclough，1989，p26)CombinedandcomplementedbyHalliday’StheoryofmodalityandWordsmithastheanalysingtool，thisthree—dimensionalframeworkwillservetobetheoverallresearchmethodologyofthisstudy．3．3．2AnalyticaltoolAsismentionedabove，thedescriptionstagewillconcentrateonthelinguisticfeaturesofthediscourse，andthereportscollectedinthisstudyCanbeseenasacorpus，thereforetoolsoftenusedinthefieldofcorpuslinguisticsCanbewellusedinthefirststageoftheCDAstudy．Therapiddevelopmentofcomputertechnologyhasbroughtmoreandmoreanalyticaltoolsforscientificstudy,thisalsoappliesinthelinguisticstudy．Amongthevariousanalyticaltools，Wordsmith5．0developedbyOxfordUniversityisusedinthisstudy．Itischosenbecauseitisrelativelymoreaccuratethanothertoolsandisusuallythefirstchoiceforcorpuslinguisticstudies．Thecoreareasofthesoftwarepackageincludethreemodules：wordlist，20 concordanceandkeywords，allofwhichwillbeusedinthisstudy．TheChinesenewspapers’reportswillbenamedasChineseCorpus(hereafterabbreviatedasCHC)，andtheU．Snewspapers’reportsasU．SCorpusabbreviatedasusc)．Inthenextpart1willelaborateonwhatlinguisticfeatureeachmoduleservestoexpose，howitisusedandhowtheresultscallcontributetothisstudy．3．3．2．1WbrdlistModuleThemajorfunctionoftheWordlistModuleisastatisticalanalysisofthecorpus．Itpresentsthefrequencyofeachword,thepercentageitaccountsinthewholecorpusandinhowmanytextsofthecorpusitappears．ItCanbeusedtostudythetypeofvocabularyused，toidentifycommonwordclusters，tocomparethefrequencyofawordindifferenttextfilesoracrossgenres，togetaofoneormoreofthewordsinyourlist,etc．Afterchoosingthetargettextortexts，andthenpressthebutton“makeawordlist”，theresultswillbeshowninatableasFigure3．2andFigure3．3，whicharethewordlistofCHCandUSCrespectively．FileEditV；wComptaeS,ettlngsWindowsHelpNWordFreq％Texts％emmasl[SetoF67829435100002AND58325235100003454823735100OO5o54523635100006N49421435100007o394171351000083071333188579S25811234971410S257111349714"HINESE25010833942912THA丁247107351000013R214093349714‘ERATURE2110913394291520508930857116S1790，7833942917BEL1760．763497．1418JZE17307532914319D16407124685720155067349714嗍m斜lak：}habetieatlstatisticslfiIenam％IfIol∞l13,925．Type-m21 MAPlAPEROFUlBE潦黔蚺瀵溯麟瀚溺徽然燃缀麓鍪麓漓缫豳黼滋滋滋麓溺豳≤FileEditV粕ComputeSettingsWindowsHelpNwofdIFreq．i％ITextsI％lemmaslSetI1I!l墨1"o"dr￡711￡1nnnn2oF7003，0135100．003A6032693497144IN56624335100，005AND56524335100．OO6To5452343S100007MO36015535100008HlS3131353394299IS2771．1935100．0010HE27011632914311FORZ5310935100OO12书25210834971413THAT247106351000014CHINESE2180943S1000015NoBEL1950843491．1416AS179O7731885717YAN16507135100OO18PRIZE1630，7035100．OO19埔，AS1600693085。7120IT1520653291—43frequencyalph洲}statisticslfilenemeslnotesl3．678Type-inFigure3．3WordlistofUSCThewordlistfunctioncanprovideUSageneralpictureofwhatarethenotionalwords(functionalwordsexcluded)thataremostfrequentlyusedinatext．Thisfunctionwouldbemostlyhelpfulinthemodalityanalysisofthediscourse．3．3．2．2ConcordanceModuleThefunctionofconcordanceservestofindanexactword(whichiscalled‘‘queryword”)inalltexts，italsoshowsthewordsaccompanythisqueryword．ThisfunctionprovidesUSamoreconvenientandaccuratewaytoseethenameandnumberofthetextsinwhichthiswordiSlocated．andthecircumstanceunderwhichitiSused．Figure3．4istheconcordancelistofUSCgeneratedbychoosing‘‘censorship"’asthequerywordwhileFigure3．5isaconcordancelistofCHCwith‘‘Gaomi’’asthequeryword．WeCanseethesewordsusedindifferentreportsofthecorpuses． CHAPTERTHREE：RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY蟊conc口耐舞螽；囊溅黝蠹|囊巍戮黼黼磁黼戮l|l蠢黼糍||羹l凌麟戮巍糕缀麓滋瓣戳戳黼缀徽黼滋瀵黼幽鹾幽幽瞄斛黼戮濯鞫黼黼糊辎辎l|i|l缀藕iFiIeEdit讲wComputeSettingsWindowsHelpNc∞cofdanceIs训T妁1wo『d口|l一∞II卅∞．14as．It．一o$JF一⋯一·-一⋯⋯—⋯_qu匝一11，-·__________一1口￡1rIl■‘00％100％1WP022autuaitybelievetheselimitationsorcensorshipisgreatlbfliteraturecreation26694％08％l08嘲WP023saidthattherewerenorestnctionsofcensorshiponnmelistsinChinaAt380123％02％102％1WP024for临hngtocondermtstatecensorshipinChina．andfornot779514％00％100％1"仃07Slive椭theda¨realityofauthoritariancensorship—havesomegroundsfor344141％09嘲09嘲NYT066taboos．butheaisohascreditedstatecensorshipwithspawninglheformal18772％101％101％1NYT047ofexpressionandagainstpelfas№censorshiplnChins?Otherexplanations12034嘲05％105％1NYT028AcademyonDec6hecomparedcensorshiptoairportsecuritychecks。401179嘲01％101嘲NYT029strenuousIva吲dedtakJngastand∞censorshiporotherpoliticallydelkate543346嘲05纠0S％1NYl们10Moga∞theChineseregmapassoncensorship：It"sa5necessaryasairport282181％107嘲07％1LT0711actuaIlvbelievetheseIimitmlons04"censorshipisgreatforliteratl3e657264％104吲O4嘲LT∞12Mog狮t。heChineseregmea妒ss明censorship．It"sasn∞essa吖as西rpo|t245141％104％104％LT0513thatMoYamwastooauceptingofcensorship"Literatureisliterature333130％102％O2％LT0414MoYMspokeaImostcheerfufiyaboutcensorship．suggestingatone舯ntthat449198嘲01％O1％LT0415havelonglaboredundercriticismaboutcensorshipwerethriHe．dbytheawardto509232％100％O0％LT04"6page、鸹Salonrepotsi口Hedefendscansushipand∞n"-tsi妒the脚i∞11271％0O％OO％LT0317倒}口赫nghissuppodofsomecensorshipinChina】remindsmeofthat17290％01％01嘲LT03伯oRenmakesforadegreeofseff