英语语法知识大全grammar 13页

一.Tense(1.时间状语；2.动词)1・一般现在吋：1)和时间无关；Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.2)在时间和条件状语中，用一般现在时代替将来时。“主将从现”F11ringyouassoonas/ifhecomesback.2.现在进行吋：1)表示厌恶、感激等强烈的感情。Sheisalwayscookingsomedeliciousfoodforus.Heisalwaysfindingfaultwithhisemployees.3.一般过去时1)和表示过去的时间状语连用，女H:yesterday,lastweek,in1993,atthattime,before■一,afewdaysago,when…等Hesmokedfortycigarettesadayatthattime.2)usedtodo,beusedtodoing,beusedtodosthHeusedtoworkfourteenhoursaday.Iamusedtogettingupearlyinthemorning・Thepenisusedtodrawthepicture・4.现在完成时(PresentPerfect)现在完成时的时间状语1)不确定的过去吋间状语：(already，yet)，before,recently,lately2)频率吋间状语：often,sometimes,never,ever,once,twice,threetimes3)包括现在时间在内时间状语:now,just,today,thismorning(week9month),until(upto)now,sofar,inthepast(Iast)twodays(weeks,months),allday,forthreeyears,since19905.过去完成时(PastPerfect)1)过去的过去Theyfulfilledtheplanearlierthantheyhadexpected.2)过去完成时常和wbytheend(time)of+过去时间”连用3)hardly/scarcely・・・when..・和nosooner・・・・than常用过去完成日寸=玄3soonasIhadhardlyreachedtheschoolwhenthebellrang.NosoonerhadIreachedtheschoolthanthebellrang.6.将来完成吋将来完成吋常和“bytheend(time)of+将来时间”连用。It"sreportedthatbytheendofthismonththeoutputofcementinthefactory willhaverisenbyabout10%.WhenIcomebackintenyears*time,allthoseoldhouseswillhavebeenpulleddown.二.动词语态1.主动代替被动1)S+V+adj/adv(sound,taste,smell,wash,write,wear)Thefoodtastesdelicious・Theclotheswasheseasily・2)S+be+adj+toV(难易程度impossible,hard,rough,easy)Thebookiseasytounderstand・Ilikeit/IhateitSVO三.SubjunctiveMood1)UnrealCondition(If,)IfClause(If-,)MainClause()PresentPastFuturepast(were)would/should/could/might+VhadVedwould/should/could/might+haveVedshould+Vwould/should/could/might+VWereto+V①If省略:Were,should,had在主语前,省if.Haditnodifficultiesinlife,itwouldbetoosmooth.Weretherenoclouds,wewouldnotenjoythesun.②时间的交错Ifyouhadn"twatchedthatlatemovielastnight,youwouldn"tbedozynow.IlikeitIhateitSVON2)RootV.■■■(that)S—:rather/time/sooner(past)—Others(should+V)Heinsistedthatallofthembepresentatthebanquet.(V:insist,require,recommend,suggest,order,..・)Youradvicethathenotsmokeisreasonable・Itis+adj/Ved+thatSItisnecessarythatwedomorningexerciseseveryday.(Adj/Ved:necessary,important,essential,vital,strange...)・・・thatS・Fdrather/sooner(that)SpastFdrather(that)youcametovisitus. It"s(high/about)timethatSpastItsabouttime(that)peopletooknoticeofwhatwomendidduringthewar.…thatS(V/past)1)Others©otherwise,butfor/butthat,without■一mainclauseButforthestorm,weshouldhavereachedourdestination.②ifonly,wish,asif/though■一clauseHespeaksFrenchasifhewereaFrenchman.ifonly,wishwouldV(将来)/couldhaveVed(过去)IwishIhadslept/couldhavesleptlongerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometoclass.③incase,forfearthat,lest■一RootVThemadmanwasputinasoft-paddedcelllesthehurthimself.4)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned/was/were+tohaveVedhadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+toVIintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.四.倒装1・PartialInversion1)否定词开头的句子。女H：never,hardly,little,seldom,nowhere,rarely,notuntil,atnotime,innoway,bynomeans(prep+no+N)等。Undernocircumstanceswillbooksdesertyou.2)only和so...that引导的表示强调的短语置于旬首。Sowonderfulisyouththatitisacrimetowasteit.(Youthissowonderfulthatitisacrimetowasteit.)Onlythrougheducationcanweriseintheworld・Onlyinthiswaycanwe・Onlywhenweattachmuchimportancetotheproblemcanwe3)so,nor,neither,less等的倒装。・—Hehasn"tfinishedhishomework.・—NorhaveI(finishedmyhomework.)Ihavenotfinishedmyhomework,either一.Heissmart・■一SoheisandsoamI.Iamsmarttoo.4)在adj./adv./N+as/though+主语+V(),的结构中，表让步。 Simpleastheproblemmayseem,itisnoteasytoworkout.Althoughtheproblemmayseemsimple,itisnoteasytoworkout.1)nosooner...than/hardly...when/scarcely...when/notonly...butalso等结构中，常把助动词或系动词放在主语前。Hardlyhadhefinishedwhensomeonerosetorefutehispoints.6)省略if的非真实条件句1.FullInversion1)here,there,now,then放在句首，谓语多为be,come,go,exist,live,follow等不及物动词，句子倒装全部倒装。Look!Herecomesthetaxi.(Doesthetaxicome)2)表示方位的副词、地点的介词和顺序的副词开头，谓语为表示位置的静态动词或表示位置转移的动态动词，主语往往很长，有较复杂的修饰语。Inbooksareembalmed(使不木T)thegreatestthoughtsofallages・Note：主语为代词时，主谓不倒装。Awaytheywent.五.从句Coni1)NominalClauseConi所有名词从句都用陈述语气，不倒装。陈述性名词从句that/whatHealwaysmeanswhathesays・Shesuggestedthathedoitatonce・疑问性名词从句wh・wordswhy/when/where/which/how/who/whom/whose/Idon"tknowwhenweshouldstartourwork・Whether/if从句whether可引导各种名词从句，后可加ornot,讦只引导宾语从句；但讦后不可加ornot,且不放在句首。注意：know,remember,say,see,tell,certain,sure+whether/if-多用于否定句或疑问句。女n：Fmnotsurewhether/ifFllhavetime・Shedidn"tsaywhethershe"dgoorstayathome・Wh-words+todoIdon"tknowwheretogo.2)AdverbClauseConj，orConj, Conj:时I、可：when,as,while,instantly,immediately,directly,theday,thetime,theminute,theinstant,themoment=assoonasIwillringyouimmediately/thetimeIcomehome・条件：if,unless(ifnot),as(so)longas,providingthat,provided,supposingthat,supposethat,onconditionthat,IwillvisitLondonnextyearIhavemoney.(unless/provided)原因:because,since,as,for,nowthat,inthat,consideringthat,owingto/duetoN/Ving/thefactthat,让步：though/as,although,evenif,eventhough,while,whereasdespite/inspiteofN/Ving/thefactthat，nomatter+wh-words=wh-words+evernomatterwhen=whenever目的：sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase,结果：sothat,so...that...,such...that・・・方式:as,asif(though),theway,howthewayX/that/inwhichthewayIdoit/thatIdoit/inwhichIdoitWhileIadmitthattheproblemsaredifficult,Idon"tagreethattheycan"tbesolved.Thisisanideasiteforauniversityinthatitisfarfromthedowntownarea.1)AdjectiveClauseNwho,whose,whomAnoldfriendfromabroad,whomIwasexpectingtostaywithme,telephonedfromtheairport・You5retheonlyonewhoseadvicehemightlistento.Nwherenwhen®why1.分别表示地点，时间及原因；2.在定语从句中作状语。ThisisthehouseIwanttobuy.ThisisthehouseIwasborn40yearsago.thereasonwhy/that/forsthForsomereason,Nthat/whichN,which：非限定性定语从句that：先行词为不定代词(all,everything,somebody,much)>序数词、最高级、或由any,every,all,no,few,little,same,only,very等修饰.ThisisthemostbeautifulcampusthatFveeverbeento. FveexplaineverythingthatIcantoyou.Allthat,which,as®than(As(be)Ved/N,)Waterconsistsofhydrogenandoxygen,which/asisknowntoall. Asisexpected,allthestudentshavepassedtheexam・(is/was)Ved,SThemanwasdrinkingmorewinethanwasgoodforhishealth.Nprepwhich/whomThisistheringonwhichshespent1,000dollars・Iamshockedtolearntheextenttowhichthechildrenarepunished・Tosomeextent/theextenttowhichN,theN.prepwhichn.+prep+NAsurveywascarriedoutonthedeathrateofnew-bornbabiesinthatregion,theresultsofwhichweresurprisingInvestigate/survey/conveycarriedout/through六.强调—般式：Itis+所强调部分(主语、宾语、状语)4-that(who)...Itis…thatItissilverthatisthebestconductor.疑问式：Isit+所强调部分(主语、宾语、状语)+that(who)...?Isit—-that?Isitsilverthatisthebestconductor?所强调部分的疑问代词+isitthat--?Who/what/where/—-isitthat?Whatisitthatisthebestconductor?Itisnotuntil—that—Notuntil—(inversion)Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefoundthechildrenwerenotinbed.Notuntilmidnightdidhefindthechildrenwerenotinbed・七.非谓语动词Non-finiteVerb(toVA^ing/Ved)Adverbial(3points)/Object/ObjectComplement/Post-posedAttribute1.Adverbial(3points)1)…,S……(Ved/Ving/toV)tothetopofthetower,wesawamagnificentview.Climb/climbingfromadistance,themountainlookslikeanelephant.See/seenException:be+Ved+prepFacedwithsomanyproblems,weshouldworkharde匚BefacedwithFacingthesouth,theroomiswarminwinterandcoolinsummer.2)s+…，S……(Ved/Ving) (with)s+…，S(Ved/Ving)Itaholiday,Iwentfishing.(be/being)Weather,weshallstarttomorrow.(peirnit/permitting)(With)thelampburning,hefellasleep.1)Conj・…，S(Ved/Ving)Conj.:although,asif,if,nomatter+wh-words,once,though,unless,until,when,whether,whileThoughwritteninancienttimes,thebookstillappealstoreaderstoday.After./where2.ObjectV_doing/todo_(remember,forget,mean,regret,try,stop,goon)Imustremembertopayyoufortheticket・Idon"trememberpayingyoufortheticket・V_doing/tobedone_(Need,want,deserve,require,demand)Thebikeneedsrepairing/tobere卩aired.John"shouseinthecountrywantspaintinp/tobepainted.V_doing_(appreciate,avoid,enjoy,escape,anticipate,consider…)Wouldyoumindkeepingquietforamoment?Iamtryingtofilloutaform.Notice:Be+Ved(toV)Usuallyhemakeshislittlesistercry,buttodayhewasmadetocrybyhe匚3.ObjectComplementV+O1)V+O+_do_(使役动词have,make,let)Flltrytohavesomeonerepairtherecorderforyou.2)V+O+_do/doing_(感官动词See,hear,feel,watch,notice...)Ihearsomeonesinging/singinthenextroom.Ihaveheardbothteachersandstudentsspeakwellofhim.3)V+O+_doing/done_(passive/active)+_todo/done/doing_(time)Hisremarksleftmeabouthisrealpurpose・(wonder/wondering)Keepme(informed/informing) 2.Post-posedAttributeN1)N_doing_Itisnouse_(in)doing_(point,sense,good,use,)It"snopointwritingtohim;heneveranswerletters・havetrouble_(in)doing_(trouble,difficulty,problem,time...)Sometimesveryyoungchildrenhavetroubleseparatingfactfromfictionandmaybelievethatsuchthingsactuallyexist.time2)N+_toVprep_ToV+(prep)NHeisapleasantfellowtoworkwith.AhousetoliveinThehouseiscomfortabletolivein.3)N+_toV/Ved/Ving_(time)+_Ving/Ved_(Passive/active)Iftheworktobecompletedbytheendofthemonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.Adverbial1・—,S(Ving/Ved/toV)beVedprep2.s—,S3.Conj・+■—,SObject1.VVdoing/todo(remember,regret,forget,mean,try,stop,goon)VDoing/tobedone_(need,want,require,deserve,demand)VdoingNItisno_Doing(use,good,point,sense,time)Havetrouble_doing(trouble,difficulty,problem)N+_toVprep_N+_toV/Ved/Ving_(time)+_Ving/Ved_(Passive/active)OC.1.V+Odo(let,make,have)2.V+Odo/doing(see,hear,feal,watch■一)3.V+O—Ving/Ved oOtoV(prep.)O—Ved/Ving/toV六.形容词和副词1.比较的逻辑对象必须一致(That/those+prep)TheclimateinBeijingiscolderthanthatinWuxi.2.排除自身anyotherHeistallerthananyotherstudentsintheclass・3.比较级前修饰语：1)much,alittle,abit,alot,even,still,agreatdeal,farmuchlargerthanRoomAismuchlargerthanRoomB・2)twoinches,20percent,threetimes20%largerthan4.倍数关系：1)threetimesaslargeas—2)threetimeslargerthan—・RoomAisthreetimeslargerthanRoomB.3)threetimes+NRoomAisthreetimesthesizeofRoomB.5.不用than表示比较级superior,inferior,senior,junior,prefer,prior(to)Hisstrengthissuperiortomine.6.表示范围：in(不同类)/of(同类)Heisthebeststudentinthedepartment.Ofthemodernwriters,heisthebestknown.7.・・・asgoodas,orbetterthan,—・・・asgoodas,ifnotbetterthan,・・・Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodasorbetterthananactualperformance.&特殊句型1)themore・・・，themore....Theharderyoustudy,thebetterscoreyouwillget.2)nomorethan和notmorethanHeisno/notwiserthanyou.Sheisno/notmorebeautifulthanhersister.3)moreandmore/increasinglyThesituationisbecomingmoreandmore/increasinglybright.Moreandmorepeople=peopleinincreasing/growingnumber 1)as・・・as・・・,notso・・・as・・・Johndoesn"tworksohardasHenry.5）wouldrather・・・than・.・Fdratherjoinyouinresearchworkthangoout.Fdrather（that）S・Fdratheryouwentouttoplay/Fdrathergoouttoplay.六.情态动词can和beabletocan（总的能力或客观可能性），beableto（主观意志）must和havetomust（主观意志）/haveto（客观需要）；Must:havetodon"thaveto或needn，tMust:guesscan，t/couldn，t。Must的否定形式为mustnot（mustn^t）,表示"决不可J"一定不要”。回答must提出的请求时，用don，thaveto或needn，t而不用mustnotoModel+haveVed对过去的推测：1.might,may,could,can%，must表示推测，Must的否定推测为can，t/couldn，t。must/could/may/might/can^t/couldn^+haveVedHemust/could/may/might/can9t/couldn91haveheardthenews.他一定/可能/不可能已经听说那个消息了。2.Could+haveVed本来可以，但没有…3.Should/oughtto+haveVed本来应该，但没有・・・4.Needn^t+haveVed本来不必，但是做了…don^haveto没有必要做某事。5.Might/mayaswell+V不妨做十.主谓一致1.邻近一致原则1）由0巧either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso,not…but…连接的词作主语。EitheryouorIam/EitherIoryouare2）在there,here引导的句子中，主语如有几个，使用邻近一致原则。2•单数1）either,neither,one,each（of）,every（of） 作主语或修饰主语，谓语用单数。2）everyone,everybody,noone,nobody,anyone,someone,somebody,oneof,anything,everything,nothing,what,whoever等词后，动词用单数。3）非谓语动词和从句作主语，4）国家、机构、书刊、事件、科目等作主语。theUnitedStates/SelectedPoems5）时间、金钱、距离、体积等名词作主语。6）manya修饰主语，谓语用单数。 7）由with,aswellas,alongwith,besides,inadditionto,accompaniedby,ratherthan,but,otherthan等词组修饰的单薮名词作主语，谓语用单数。Theboss,ratherthanhisemployees,istoblame.3•复数斗l）both,few,many,several,anumberof,themajorityof等作主语。Anumberof/thenumberof——1)某些集合名词(few,people,therest,cattle,police等)2)在正式语体中，“oneofthose/the+复数名词”之后的定语从句中的谓语。但当one之前有theonly修饰时，用单数。■一oneofthestudentswho4•单数或复数1）and连接两个主语,谓语一般用复数。AandBTheAandtheB（复数）/TheAandB（单数）And连接的名词前有each,every,manya,no修饰时，用单数。Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.Themanagerandsecretarywaspresentatthemeeting.Eachhourandeveryminuteisvitaltomenow・2）当family,army,class,crowd,herd,public,group,party,committee,company,government,group,team等集合名词作主语，由意念决定。3）Chinese,Japanese,English,French等词指语言时用单数，指人民时用复数.十一.平行结构亠1.并列连词and,but,or;等立连词either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso,not…but…Intheteachingofmathematics,thewayofinstructionisgenerallytraditional,withteacherspresentingformallecturesandstudentstakingnotes.2.比较结构中的比较对象It"sbettertodieonone"sfeetthantoliveonone"sknees.Fdratherdiethangivein.3・具有并列或比较意义的短语eg:rather,letaloneForthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired・Prosperity/prospective/perspective