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考研英语语法归纳与练习从2002年起,研究生英语考试取消了语法、词汇等基础知识的考查,将此部分改考为听力。但取消了此部分知识点的考查并不意味着英语语法等基础知识的不重要。根据以往英语取得高分同学的经验和高联英语辅导名师的建议,他们都一致认为英语语法和词汇是学好、考好英语的重要基础,其实完形填空是对语法、词汇的综合考查,但更关键的是学好此部分有助于对英语句子结构的分析和理解,有助于学生掌握灵活多变的句式,这样不仅有助于学生做好阅读理解,而且有助于学生做好英译汉,写好作文。(一)情态动词一、情态动词的现在完成式的用法情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能:表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面must/mustn’t;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t;ougtht等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的1.表示已经发生的情况。1)musthave+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为“(昨天)一定……”。如:Mypain___apparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:”Areyoufeelingallright?”[A]mustbe[B]hadbeen[C]musthavebeen[D]hadtobe(答案为C)2)can’t/couldn’thave+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为“(昨天)一定没……”。如:Mary____myletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.[A]couldn’thavereceived[B]oughttohavereceived[C]hasreceived[D]shouldn’thavereceived(答案为A)3)may/mighthave+过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为“也许……”。如:AtFloridaPower’sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyserious
leakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.2.表示虚拟语气。1)needn’thave+过去分词,表示做了不必做的事,相当于”didn’tneedtodo”,译为“其实没必要……”。如:Youneedn’thavecomeoveryourself.Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,we____soformally.[A]needn’tdressup[B]didnotneedhavedressedup[C]didnotneeddressup[D]needn’thavedressedup(没有必要穿的那么正式,体现是说话者的建议,实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定,答案为D)2)shouldhave+过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做,译为“本应该……”shouldnot+have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了,译为“本不应该……”。如:Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好,但实际上作者还是没有规划好,以至工作没有完成。3)oughttohave+过去分词,表示动作按理该发生了,但实际上未发生,译为“该……”,与should的完成式含义类似。如:Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.4)couldhave+过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做,译为“完全可以……”。这点与ought/should/have+过去分词用法相似。如:Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.5)may/mighthave+过去分词,表示过去可以做但实际未做,译为“(那样)也许会……”。如:Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeoffice二.几个情态动词常考的句型:1).may/might(just)aswell“不妨,最好”,与hadbetter相近;Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.
既然航班已经取消了,你不妨乘火车吧。相当于youhadbettergobytrain。2).cannot/cann’t…too…“越……越好,怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over….如:Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.驾车时候,越小心越好。Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.3).usedn’t或didn’tuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。4).should除了“应该”一层意思外,考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如:Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.我无法想象他竟然这样做。三.情态动词被动关系的主动表达法1.want,require,worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。YourhairwantscuttingThebookisworthreadingThefloorrequireswashing.2.need既可以用needtobedone也可以使用needdoing,两种形式都表达被动的意义Thehouseneedspainting=thehouseneedstobepainted.Thewatchneededrepairing=thewatchneededtoberepaired.(二)形容词、副词及比较级最高级一.形容词的修饰与位置一般来说,从构词法角度来看,后缀”ly”往往是副词,但有的以“ly’结尾的词是形容词而不是副词,这点要注意;形容词一般可以在句子中做定语,表语等成份,但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语;这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下归纳:1以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词:costly昂贵的lonely孤独的deadly死一般的lively活泼的friendly友好的silly傻气的kindly热心肠的likely可能的
leisurely悠闲的ugly长得丑的brotherly兄弟般的monthly每月的earthly尘世的2只作以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语:afraid害怕的alike相象的awake醒着的alone单独的,惟一的alive活着的ashamed羞愧的asleep睡着的aware意识到的、察觉到的well健康的content满意的unable无能的3只作前置定语的形容词earthen泥土做的,大地的daily每日的latter后面的golden金子般的weekly每周的inner里面的silken丝一般的monthly每月的outer外面的wooden木制的yearly每年的elder年长的woolen毛织的former前任的mere仅,只不过only惟一的sheer纯粹的very恰好的little小的live活的4.下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词,注意用做系动词时,要求形容词做表语:remainkeepbecome,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look。如:Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics.二.形容词与副词的比较级与最高级1.考比较级时,考生应把握:1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如:Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoften____,orbetterthananactualperformance.[A]asgoodas[B]asgood[C]good[D]goodas在这里asgoodas比较连词与betterthan比较连词同时出现时候,不能省略任何一个介词。答案为A
Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念,既是说比较要具有可比性。如:Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalf____.[A]oflastyear’s[B]thoseoflastyear’s[C]ofthoseoflastyear[D]thatoflastyear’s(前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“thenumberof”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”,而不能选择B,those是指代participants,不是同类对比,答案为D。Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofdickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray’s.3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为“为….若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等,他们的位置是,倍数词+as…as…,或倍数词+more…than…,但again一般放在原级词之后,即“as+原级+again+as”.如:Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillspeopleeachyear____thanautomobileaccidents.[A]sevenmoretimes[B]seventimesmore[C]overseventimes[D]seventimes(答案为B)“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaid____forit.”[A]twicesomuch[B]twiceasmuch[C]asmuchtwice[D]somuchtwice(答案为B)MyuncleisasoldagainasIam4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念:inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan.如:Theirwatchis____toalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.
[A]superior[B]advantageous[C]super[D]beneficial(答案为A)Priortohisdeparture,headdressedalettertohisdaughter.(1986年考研题)5)“比较级+and+比较级”或“moreandmore/lessandless+原级”以及“ever,steadily,daily等副词+比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow,get,become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如:Thingsaregettingworseandworse.AsIspoketohimhebecamelessandlessangry.HerhealthwasbecomingdailyworseTheroadgoteverworseuntiltherewasnoroadatall=theroadgotworseandworse.6)比较级前面可以用even,still,yet,allthe(more)等修饰语用以加强语气,表示“更加”的意思。如TodayitisevencolderthanyesterdayIhaveyetmoreexcitingnewsforyou7)有关比较级的特殊句型:A):notsomuch…as…与其说……不如说……Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthrates____afallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.[A]and[B]as[C]but[D]or人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高,还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。答案为BB)no/notanymore…than…两者一样都不……Theheartis____intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.[A]notso[B]notmuch[C]muchmore[D]nomore(心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,他们都受大脑控制。答案为D)Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,theycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.[A]muchmorethan[B]nomorethan
[C]nolessthan[D]anymorethan(答案为D)C)no/notanyless…than…两者一样,都……注意基本上与no/notanymore…than意思相反Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮D)justas…so…正如……,……也……(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,____theatmosphere.[A]asitis[B]thesameis[C]sois[D]andsois(答案为C)2.最高级形式应注意的问题:1)最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,among。in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:inChina,allovertheworld.of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses.注意:among…相当于oneof…,不说amongall…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来如:Allvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolet____theshortestwavelength.[A]Among[B]Of[C]For[D]To答案为[B]2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用:anyother+单数名词theother+复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是other,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说:Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。3)most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相当于very,用法区分单复数,但不能用定冠词the,如:amostinterestingbook,mostexpensiverestaurants,要注意与“the+形容词最高级+of+名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别,如:Hespokeinthewarmestofvoices
TheyhavebeenmostkindtomeBasketballisthemostpopularofsportsinthiscountry.ChineseisthemostdifficultoflanguageChineseisamostdifficultlanguage三.不用比较级和最高级的形容词:1)表示颜色的有:white,black2)表示形态的有:round,square,oval,circular,triangular(三角形),level3)表示性质和特征的有:atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy4)表示状态作表语的有:afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike5)表示时间、空间和方位的有:daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final6)表示极限、主次、等级的有:maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chiefminor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite7)含有绝对概念的有:absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete.四.平行结构与比较级平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如:Theideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutsidethemusicatthemomentitisplayedandenjoysitalmostasmuchasthecomposeratthemomenthecomposes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比notonly…but(also);prefer…to…;ratherthan有的是同类对比:and;but;or;both…and…;either…or…;neither…nor…..平行结构测试时候注意以下几点:1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如:Itisbettertodieone’sfeetthan____.[A]livingonone’sknees[B]liveonone’sknees
[C]onone’sknees[D]toliveonone’sknees(答案为D)Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。1)ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如:Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyle____inapersonalstyle.[A]ratherthan[B]otherthan[C]betterthan[D]lessthan答案为AForthenewcountrytosurvive,____foritspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.[A]tonameafew[B]letalone[C]nottospeak[D]let’ssay(答案为B)2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如:Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.(三)代词及其指代一致一.代词的指代1.that的指代作用that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数,用those),后面通常跟有修饰语,如出现在比较结构中的thatof。如Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses”byboth.这里that指代前面的therole。Nobreadeatenbymenissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.2.one的指代作用one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词,复数为ones。theone指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如:Agoodwriteris____whocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.
[A]that[B]he[C]one[D]this答案为[C]3.do的替代作用。do代替动词,注意数和时态的变化。如:Forhimtobere-elected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.二.代词指代一致问题代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致,或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseaseformitseffect.这里he指代前面的person。Itwasduringthe1920’sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.这里its指代前面的两人的friendship。Ourdepartmentwasmonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme.这里me必须用宾格形式。代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律:1.邻近和靠近原则由either…or,neither…nor,notonly…but(also)连接先行词时候,如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致,就用其相应的一直的人称代词;如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。NeitherMarynorAlicehasherkeywithher.NeitherthepackagenorthelettershavereachedtheirdestinationIfeitherDavidorJanetcomes,heorshewillwantadrink2.当noone,everyone,each,everybody,none,anybody,someone,somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything,nothing,somethingeverything等不定代词作主语时候,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式。如:Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice.Noneoftheboyscandoit,canhe?
Everythingisready,isn’tit?3.当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式;如果each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如:Theyeachhavetwocoatsweareeachresponsibleforhisownfamily4.由and连接两个先行词,代词用复数如:thetouristandbusinessmenlosttheirluggageintheaccident(三)主谓一致问题主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题,考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定,进而选择适当的谓语。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则:语法一致原则意义一致原则就近一致原则很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致,在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则,具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。总结如下:一.谓语动词用单数的情况1.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语,谓语用单数。如:Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheconesthatfithimorher.(1987年考研题)Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.2.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时,谓语用单数。TwoweekswastoolongFivetimesfivemakestwentyfive3.一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候,谓语用复数,但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念,谓语用单数:lawandorder法制soapandwater肥皂水
acupandsaucer茶杯碟子forkandknife刀叉theneedleandthread针线trialanderror反复尝试,不断摸索horseandcarriage马车timeandtide岁月breadandbutter奶油面包theebbandflow盛衰,潮涨潮落如:Iflawandorder____notpreserved,neitherthecitizennorhispropertyissafe.A.isB.areC.wasd.were答案:A。4.表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式,作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式Linguisticsisabranchofstudyonhumanlanguage.5.有些名词形式上是复数,意义上是单数,根据意义一致原则动词用单数ThechaoswasstoppedbythepoliceThenewsisagreatencouragementtousAseriesofdebatesbetweenthelectureswasscheduledforthenextweekend.6.用and连接的成份表示一个单一概念时候,动词谓语用单数形式BreadandbutterisourdailyfoodTimeandtidewaitsfornoman二.谓语用复数情况1.由and,both…and,连接的并列主语,和both,afew,many,several等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式。FewpeopleknowheandIwereclassmateswhenwewereatcollege.2.集体名词police,public,militia,cattle,class,youth后常用复数形式的动词TheChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworkingThecattlearegrazinginthesunshine3.当表示民族的词与冠词合用当主语,谓语动词用复数形式TheJapanesewereonceveryaggressive4.某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人,做主语时候,谓语动词用复数Thericharenotalwaysselfish
5.不可数名词作主语,其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时,谓语动词用复数Threemilliontonsofcoalwereexportedthatyear三.谓语动词可用单数,也可以用复数的情况1.就近一致原则这种情况下,谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数,存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能:1)由连词either…or…;neither…nor…;whether…or…;notonly…but(also);or等连接的并列主语NeithermoneynorfamehasinfluenceonmeNotonlyyoubutalsoheiswrong2)在倒装结构中,谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致Blockingtheopen-sidedporch,framedbytheenvelopingfog,standsatallgrave-facedpoliceman.Justoutsidetheruinsisamagnificentbuildingsurroundedbytalltrees.Althoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestillinneedofrepair,therehasbeenimprovementinthefacili2.主语带有(together/along)with,suchas,accompaniedby,aswellas,nolessthan,except,besides,with,combinedwith,inadditionto,including,togetherwith等等附加成分,谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致ProfessorTaylor,withsixofhisstudents,isattendingaconferenceinBostonorganizedtocomparecurrentpracticeintheUnitedStateswiththoseofothernations.Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.(1981年考研题)3.关系代词做主语的定语从句中,谓语的数要与先行词一致。如:Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.(1996年考研题)Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.
(1990年考研题)4.一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数,名词是复数,谓语动词用复数,反之就用单数。这些短语包括:alotof/lotsof;plentyof/heapsof;halfof;two-third(three-fourth…)of;eighty(ten,twenty…)percent;partof;restof;noneof等等Two-thirdsofpeoplepresentarewomenLotsofdamagewascausedbythefire5.集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数,当表示整体时候,谓语动词就用单数,当强调集体中的个体时候,谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词如:army,audience,band,government,group,flock,police,public,staff,team,troop.Crowd,firm,family等等ThefamilyisthebasicunitofoursocietyThefamilywerewatchingtheTVTheaudiencewasenormousTheaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords6.某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数:第一组:agreatmany+可数名词复数谓语用复数anumberof+可数名词复数谓语用复数themajorityof+可数名词复数谓语用复数第二组;thenumberof+可数名词复数谓语用单数each/every+可数名词复数谓语用单数neither/eitherof+可数名词复数谓语用单数oneandahalf+可数名词复数谓语用单数第三组;morethanone+可数名词单数谓语用单数manya+可数名词单数谓语用单数第四组;thegreaterpartofalargeproportionof50%of
onethirdofplentyoftherestof谓语的数与of后面的名词一致第五组;(n)either…(n)or….notonly…..butalso……not…..but……谓语的数与主语的第二部分(即(n)or/butalso/but引导的后面部分)一致.注意比较:MorestudentsthanonehavebeenreferredtoMorethanonestudentisgoingtobuythisbook(四)倒装结构倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列,而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段,目的是为了强调。倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装,考试多为部分倒装。考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装,并对倒装后的句子能够认出来,避免做题时候的盲目和迷茫。一.用全部倒装的情况全部倒装一般是存在以下列副词开头的句子中,全部倒装的方法是把句子的主谓语序颠倒过来,把谓语移到主语前面:1)出于修辞需要,表示方向的副词:out,down,in,up,away,on。如:Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.Upwenttheplane2)出于习惯用法:here,there,now,thus,hence,then.如:Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell.HereisaticketforyouThereexistedacertaindoubtamongthestudentsastothenecessityofwork注意:here,there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词,如果是人称代词则不需要倒装“whereisthecup?”“Hereitis!”
Hereyouare.Therehecomes.3)有时主语较长,为了使句子平衡,避免头重脚轻,主谓要全部倒装。这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。如:Lessimportantthaneverisdevelopingameaningfulphilosophyoflife.Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawhole,butfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.二.采用部分倒装情况部分倒装一般是把句子谓语的一部分(主要是助动词或系动词)放到句子主语前,构成部分倒装,而全部倒装则把句子的谓语(包括实义动词)都放在主语前1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时,若置于句首,句子的主谓要部分倒装:never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,invain,stillless。如:Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypassestheessenceofwhatsociologistsfocuson.Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate.(1985年考研题)注:1)如果谓语动词是单个实义动词,倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do。如:Littledidweexpectthathewouldfulfillhistasksorapidly.(1983年考研题)2)考生要广义理解“句首”的概念,注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首。如:Suddenly,Gallup’snamewasoneveryone’slips;notonlywashetheprophetofthemoment,butitwasgenerallybelievedthathehadfoundedanewandmostimportantmethodofprediction.2.以only修饰状语(副词,介词短语,状语从句)开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装:
onlythen,onlyatthattime,onlyonce,onlyinthisway,onlywith,onlythrough,onlyby,onlywhen,onlyafter,onlybecause。如:Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdata____cometoasoundconclusion.[A]canyou[B]wouldyou[C]youwill[D]youcan3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装:often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint,manyatime。如:____Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersthatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.[A]becamethechildren[B]becomethechildren[C]hadthechildrenbecome[D]dothechildrenbecome(2001年考研题,答案为D)4.比较从句的倒装:as,than引导的比较从句中,如果主语是名词短语且较长,经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意:这种结构主语一般为名词,如果是代词则不倒装。如:Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.Today’selectuiccarscannotgoasfastasgasoline-drivenvehiclesbecausethebatterydoesnotofferthesameamountofenergyasdoesgasolinecombustion.Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.5.用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(物)的肯定句或否定句中的倒装1)肯定重复倒装用:soTheyhavegotup,andsohasjack2)否定重复倒装用:nor,neither,nomoreIfyoudon’tagreetoourplan,neitherwillthey6.“notonly..butalso”结构时,如果notonly放在句首,则前半句but(also)句子后面不倒装
Notonlydidweloseallourmoney,butwealsocameclosetobeingbroke.三.特殊的倒装结构特殊形式的倒装结构是指句子虽然是倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而往往是出于强调的需要,把强调部分移到句首,而其它部分顺序不需要改变,句子主谓不需要倒装。出现这样的情况有以下几种可能:1.让步从句的倒装。1)as引导让步状语从句,必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如:MuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthejob.Braveastheyare,theyareafraidoffight2).出现在句型be+主语+其他,comewhatmay中。如:Whileit’struethatweallneedacareer,preferablyaprofitableone,itisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificorartistic.Thebusinessofeachdaysellinggoodsorshippingthem,___wentquitesmoothly.[A]itbeing[B]beit[C]wasit[D]itwas(答案为B)3)nomatterhow(who…);however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如:Nomatterhowbusyheis,hehastoattendthemeetingHowevercolditis,healwaysgoesswimming.语法测试1.Shesaidthatshe__muchprogresssinceshecamehere.A.makesB.madeC.havemadeDhadmade2.“What’sthematter,Ali?Youlooksad."“Oh,nothingmuch.Asamatteroffact,Imyfriendsbackhome."A.justthoughtB.havejustbeenthinkingC.wasjustthinkingD.havejustthought
3.Sheonthisessayfortwentyminutesbutshehaswrittenonlyaboutahundredwords.A.willbeworkingB.workedC.hasbeenworkingD.willhaveworked4.Thecommitteewillnotmakethedecisionuntilitthematter.A.hasinvestigatedB.investigatesC.willhaveinvestigatedD.investigated5.Careydidn"tgotothepartylastnightbecauseshethebabyforhersisteruntil9:30.A.musthavelookedafterB.wouldhavetolookafterC.hadtolookafterD.shouldhavelookedafter6.fouryearssinceJohnleftschool.A.TheyhavebeenB.ItisC.ItwasD.Thoseare7.Thecaratthepresentspeeduntilitreachesthefootofthemountainatabout4o"clockthisafternoon.A.hasgoneB.hasnotgoneCwillbegoingD.hasbeengoing8.BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we__inEuropefortwoweeks.A.shallstayB.havestayedC.willhavestayedD.havebeenstaying9.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed.A.hadproducedB.havebeenproducedC.wouldhaveproducedD.hadbeenproduced10.Thepresident__thedelegationattheairportbuthewastakenilllastnight,sothevice-presidentisgoingtoinstead.A.istomeetB.wastomeetC.hasbeentomeetD.wastohavemet
语法测题答案与详解1.(D)根据时态一致的原则,间接引语(或宾语从句)的时态应与主句的时态一致。该句中said是过去时所以that引导的宾语从句中也要用过去的某一种时态,而从句中since引导的时间状语从句表明其应为完成时态,故应用过去完成时态。2.(C)通过上下文可以判定Ali看起来很难受很伤心,是因为刚才在进行的事情所导致的,所以用过去进行时较好,故(C)是正确答案。3.(C)根据句意和时间状语fortwentyminutes,可以判断这里应填入现在完成时态,现在完成进行时是现在完成时态的强调形式,并且选项中没有现在完成时态,所以(C)是正确答案。4.(A)句意表明委员会是在调查事件之后才会做出决定,调查应发生在决定之前,所以应用将来完成时态,但是在英语中,时间条件状语从句中的将来完成时态是由现在完成时来表示的,所以正确答案是(A)。5.(C)从上下文的逻辑意义看,(C)项是唯一的正确答案。Carey没有参加晚会,原因是给她姐姐照看小孩子。而(A)和(D)表示对过去发生的事情根据客观情况作出主观推断:(A)作“准是看孩子了”讲;(D)作“本应该看孩子”讲,都不对,而(B)表示动作发生在过去的将来,也不对,所以只有(C)正确。6.(B)这是一个固定结构(或句型)。本句也可说在"FouryearshavepassedsinceJohnleftschool.”或“hasbeenfouryearssinceJohnleftschoo1.’’7.(C)until引导的时间状语从句用了一般现在时表示将来的意思,主句因此必须用一般将来时与之呼应,口语中常用将来进行时代替一般将来时表示预料即将发生或肯定发生的事,也可表示某件事已经决定了。本句完全可以用willgo因此,正确答案是(C)。?8.(C)bythetime引导的时间状语从句中若谓语动词用现在时,则主句要用将来完成时;若谓语动词用过去时,则主句要用过去完成时,有时也可以用过去将来完成时。这样,本道题目的正确答案是(C)。9.(D)有具体表示过去某一时间段内业已发生的事件的时间状语,句子应该用过去完成时。
10.(B)由第一个句子中的but引导的转折句中所用的过去时,可以判断总统本要在机场接见代表团,表示计划要做某事在英语中可以用be+动词不定式来表达,故正确答案是B)。考研英语语法难点精析语法难点精析之一:被分隔的定语从句 定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词;但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分,使它与先行词分隔开来,这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句,在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况,在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。 一般说来,定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种: ①在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。 如There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun. 在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。 乍一看,that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面,似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想,”不对啊,天空怎么能象太阳呢?”,原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点状语分隔开来,修饰中心词stars。 ②在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。 如Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace? 你还记得吗,十年前的一天下午,我来到你家,找你借了一条钻石项链? when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰 years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。
③先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时,先行词通常是句子的主语,因定语从句较长,主句谓语较短,为使句子平衡,常将定语从句移至谓语之后 如:A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天,新(男)老师将来较你德语。 语法难点精析之二:besides、but、except、execpt for、excepting、apart from的区别 (1) besides与except 前者表示"除...以外,还有...";后者表示"从整体中除去..." 这个大家都知道,就不举例子了. (2)except与except for a.除去的和非除去的是同类事物,用except 如: All the essays are well written except Nelson’s. Nelson的文章(除去的)和All the essays(非除去的)是同类事物,所以用except. b.除去的和非除去的不是同类事物,用except for,并且从语气上通常表示遗憾. 如:His essay is well written except for a few spelling mistakes. a few spelling mistakes(除去的)和His essay(非除去的)是不同类的事物. (3)apart from 具有多重意义:既可表示besides,也可以表示exept或exept for,还可以表示without的意思 如: Apart from the cost,it will take a lot of time.(=besides) The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.(=except) He has done good work,apart from a few slight faults.(=except for)
There can be no knowledge apart from practice.实践出真知.(=without) (4)excepting =except,但一般用于句首或用于not,without,always等词之后 如: Excepting his brother,they are all right. Everyone,not excepting myself,must share the blame. All of us,without excepting those who know more about the subject,should study. All my brothers com here every day,always excepting the youngest(5)but与except同义,但but多用在every,any,no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything,anywhere,nobody等词以后及all,none之后 如: The children go to school everyday but Sunday. They are all gone but me. You can get the book anywhere but here. There is no one but me. Who but George would do such a thing? 语法难点精析之三:too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况 我们知道too...to结构一般表示否定含义,意为"太...以致于不能" 如:He is too old to work. 但too...to在下列情况下却表示肯定含义: ⑴当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时. 如:English is not too difficult to learn. 英语并不太难学. He is too wise not to see that. 他很聪明,不会不懂这一点.
(2)当too后面是:glad、pleased、happy、delighted、satisfied、ready、willing、kind、apt、good、true、easy、near、careful、well、early、delicious、eager、anxious等形容词或副词时. 如:They are too anxious to leave. 他们急于离开. He is too ready to help others. 他总是乐于助人. 与这些词连用时,too前还常加上only、all、but、just、simply等副词,意思不变,因为这些词加上too后与very同义. 如:I’m only too glad to see you. 见到你非常高兴. They are but too pleased to hear the news. 他们听到这个消息,非常高兴. ⑶与cannot连用时. 如:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough) to do your homework. 你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分). ⑷当不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时. 如:There are too many problems to be solved. 有很多问题有待解决. It is too much to say that he is a fool. 语法难点精析之四:every表示”每隔“的用法 ⑴"every other+单数名词” 意思是“每隔。。。” 如:every other day 每隔一天 every other tree 每隔一棵树 ⑵“every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词” 意思是“每隔。。。”(较英语数词少一个) 如:every three days=every third day 每隔两天(或者译为每三天)
因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天(或者译为每两天) ⑶“every few+复数名词” 意思是“每隔几。。。” 如:every few days(每隔几天) 语法难点精析之五:含义因有无冠词而迥异的短语 at play 在玩 at the play 在看戏 behind time 迟到 behind the times 落在时代后 by day 在白天 by the day 按日计算 by sea 乘船 by the sea 在海边 in front of 在...(外面的)前面 in the front of 在...(内部的前面) in charge of 看护,负责 in the charge of 由...看护,由...负责 in secret 秘密地(作状语) in the secret 知道内情(作表语) in course of 在...过程中(作表语/后置定语) in the course of 在...期间(作状语) in red 穿着红衣服 in the red 负债,赤字 of age 成年 of an age (岁数)同年 on fire 着火 on the fire 在考虑中 on occasion 不时地;必要时 on the occasion 在那时
out of question 毫无疑问 out of the question 不可能 to death 十分 to the death 到最后 five of us 我们中的五人(部分) the five of us 我们五个人(全部) a yellow and white cat 一只黄白相间的猫 a yellow and a white cat 一只黄猫和一只白猫 in a familial way 象一家人一样 in the family way 怀孕 die of cold 冻死 die of a cold 感冒而死 have words with 与...争吵 have a word with 与...略谈 keep house 管理家务 keep the house 守在家里 take rest 就寝 take a rest 休息一下 take place 发生 take the place of 代替 语法难点精析之六:用to do还是of doing作后置定语 不同的名词,对这两种后置定语的选择是有区别的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的两种都可以.现分述如下: (1)will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定语. 如: Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用of winning)
玛丽有获得一等奖的决心. He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad with his family.(不用of winning) 他已作出了携家去国外的决定. ⑵hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsiblility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定语. 如: In fact,tere is no hope of their winning the game. 事实上,他们没有希望赢得这场比赛.(不能说for them to win) He will run the risk of losing his life to save the child. 他将冒生命危险去救那个孩子. ⑶way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短语,又可用of doing短语作后置定语. 如: Their chance to go(of ging) abroad was lost. 他们失去了出国的机会. He has the right to do (of doing) that. 他有权那样做. 语法难点精析之七:与-ly副词同义的介词短语 in angry= angrily in despair= desparingly in admiration= admiringly in common = commonly in fact = acrually in fear = fearfully in fairness = fairly in fun = funnily
in grief = grievously in joke = jokingly in line = lineally in mercy = mercifully in public = publicly in silence =silently in spite =spitefully in sorrow =sorrily/sorrowfully in surprise =surprisedly with a smile =smilingly with satisfaction = satisfactorily with attention =attentively with care =carefully with courage =courageously with difficult =difficultly with emphasis = emphatically with fascination =fascinatingly with grace =gracefully with joy = joyfully with pride =proudly with pleasure =pleasantly with warmth =warmly out of breath =breathlessly 语法难点精析之八:以f(e)结尾名词的复数形式 英语中以f(e)结尾的可数名词有100多个.其中: ①直接加s的有: serf belief roof
gulf chief cliff proof safe stuff ②须改f(e)为ves的有 calf life loaf self sheaf shelf thief wife wolf ③既可直接加s,又可改f为ves的有: dwarf hoof hankerchief neckchief oaf scarf turf wharf ④bee,staff的复数虽然有两种方式,但含义不同: staffs(工作人员) staves(五线谱) beeves(菜牛) beefs(牢骚) 语法难点精析之九:需要用名词复数的短语
英语中有些以名词为核心的短语,使用时需用该名词的复数形式。常见的主要有如下三类: ①表示“交往关系”的短语 be friends with sb. (和某人是朋友) keep friends with sb. (与某人保持友好关系) make friends with sb. (与某人交朋友) be on good terms with sb. (与某人关系良好) be on bad terms with sb. (与某人关系不好) keep on good terms with sb. (与某人保持友好关系) make terms with sb.(与某人达成协议) have friendly relations with sb. (与某人有友好关系) break off all relations with sb. (与某人绝交) ②“交换、交流”之义的短语 shake hands with (与某人握手) exchange/change seats with sb (与某人交换座位) exchange greetings with sb. (与某人相互问好) change trains (换火车) take turns (轮流) ③有些约定俗成的短语 take pains (煞费苦心) at (the) pains (下苦功) make arrangements (安排) make preparations for (为。。。作准备) keep up one’s spririts (振奋精神) in high spirits (情绪高昂) 语法难点精析之十:集体名词的类与群 表示一群人或物的名词叫集体(或集合)名词。为便于弄清其特点,我们不妨把它们分为表示无生命的物的“类”和表示主要是由人(有少数是低等动物)构成的“群”的集体名词。
⑴表示“类”的集体名词,常见的有 clothing furniture baggage/luggage jewelry traffic infomation machinery merchandise produce scenery 它们指同一类的许多东西,其用法与不可数名词相当: ①形式上总是单数,没有复数形式,作主语时,谓语用单数。 如: The old machinery is out of date. 这些旧机器过时了。 ②不可直接与a(n)或数词连用。表数量时用much,little,some,a piece of,an article of等。 如: Each room has five pieces of furniture. 每个房间有五件家具。 ③若需用代词,用单数代词。 如: Do you want to see my jewelry?It is in the box. 你想看我的珠宝吗?它在我的箱子里。 ⑵表示“群”的集体名词常见的有 (Ⅰ) people police
cattle poultry vermin clergy militia (Ⅱ) family class team government vrowd committee crew jury party firm couple board group gang enemy union audience public mankind humanity youth ▲上述(Ⅰ)部分的词作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。 如:
The police are looking for him. 警察当局正在找他。 ▲▲上述(Ⅱ)部分的词把集体当作一个整体时,用作单数;若考虑构成这些集体的各个成员时,看作复数。 如: My family is a large one. 我家是个大家庭。 My family are all workers. 我的家人都是工人。 ▲▲▲上述(Ⅰ)部分的词以及public,church,audience,mankind,humanity等通常只有单数形式,也不能直接加a(n)(audience除外);其中clergy,public、church,youth,police等的前面通常要加the。 ▲▲▲▲把一个集体名词看作单数或复数,要注意前后一致。 如: The team is famous for its(不能用their) long history. 该对以历史悠久而闻名。 He has joined the football team who are (不可用which is) all famous footballers. 他参加了一个队员全是著名足球选手的那个足球队。语法难点精析之十一:名词作定语的情况 作定语的名词往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。 ⒈材料 a diamond necklace a bamboo pole paper money a stone bridge ⒉用途
a meeting room the telephone poles the railway station trade union water pipe welcome speech eye drops ⒊时间 a day bed the dinner party the Spring and AutumnPeriod evening suit midday lunch ⒋地点 London hotels Beijing University body temperature the spaceship floor the kitchen window ⒌内容 a story book piano lessons the sports meet oxygen supply the air pressure the grammar rules ⒍类别 children education enemy soldiers
a bus driver 语法难点精析之十二:no more(...)than与not more(...)than 的用法 在阅读理解里面,我们经常会遇到自己认为熟悉短语,于是便按照字面意思去理解。实际上,在英语里面有很多短语都有其约定俗成的用法和意思,不能按其字面意思去理解,象这样的短语有很多,这里先把大家觉得比较头疼的no more(...)than与not more(...)than 的用法先解释清楚,希望对大家有所帮助: (1)不用于比较,后接数词时,no more than意为“仅仅,只不过,只有”(=only),而not more than意为“至多,不超过”(=at the most). 如:There are no more than fifteen eggs in the basket. 篮子里只有15个鸡蛋。(暗指15个鸡蛋太少) 如:There are not more than fifteen eggs in the basket. 篮子里至多有15个鸡蛋。(暗指可能少于15个) (2)用语两者的比较时:“no+形容词或副词比较级+than”是对两者的否定,相当于neither...nor... 如:This story is no more interesting than that one.(=Neither this story nor that one is interesting.) 这个故事和那个故事一样没趣。 “not+形容词或副词比较级+than"是普通的比较级结构,表示前者不如后者,相当于not so...as... 如:This story is not more interesting than that one.(=This story is not so interesting as that one.) 语法难点精析之十三:rather than、more...than、other than的用法 (1)rather than 用来表示“是。。。而不是。。。”,通常连接两个并列成分 如:He is an artist rather than a philosopher. 他是位艺术家而不是位哲学家。 (2)sb/sth is more A than B表示“与其说sb/sth是B,不如说是A”
如:He is more an artist than a philosopher. 与其说他是位哲学家,不如说他是位艺术家。 sb/sth is not more A than B表示“与其说sb/sth是A,不如说是B” 如:He is not more an artist than a philosopher. 与其说他是位艺术家,不如说他是位哲学家。 注意:这里的not more...than 与疑难短语(一)中所讲的不同,疑难短语(一)中所讲的 not more...than所作比较的是主语和than后面的词语,而这里所讲的not more...than 所作比较的是than前和than后的词语,要注意区分。