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  • 2022-06-17 15:23:56 发布

中考英语语法总结及练习

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英语总结(一)八种时态一、一般现在时:  概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。  时间状语:  always,usually,often,sometimes,everyweek(day,year,month…),onceaweek,onSundays,etc.  基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词  否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don"t,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn"t,同时还原行为动词。  一般疑问句:①把be动词放于句首;②用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。二、一般过去时:  概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。  时间状语:ago,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastweek(year,night,month…),in1989,justnow,attheageof5,oneday,longlongago,onceuponatime,etc.  基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词  否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn"t,同时还原行为动词。  一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②用助动词do的过去式did提问,同时还原行为动词。三、现在进行时:  概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。  时间状语:now,atthistime,thesedays,etc.  基本结构:am/is/are+doing  否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.  一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。四、过去进行时:  概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。  时间状语:atthistimeyesterday,atthattime或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。  基本结构:was/were+doing  否定形式:was/were+not+doing.  一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。五、现在完成时:  概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。  时间状语:recently,lately,since…for…,inthepastfewyears,etc.  基本结构:have/has+done  否定形式:have/has+not+done.  一般疑问句:have或has。六、过去完成时:  概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即"过去的过去"。  时间状语:before,by theendoflastyear(term,month…),etc.  基本结构:had+done.  否定形式:had+not+done.  一般疑问句:had放于句首。七、一般将来时:  概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。  时间状语:tomorrow,nextday(week,month,year…),soon,inafewminutes,by…,thedayaftertomorrow,etc.  基本结构:①am/is/are/goingto+do;②will/shall+do.  否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn"t,同时还原行为动词。  一般疑问句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。八、过去将来时:  概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。   时间状语:thenextday(morning,year…),thefollowingmonth(week…),etc.  基本结构:①was/were/goingto+do;②would/should+do.  否定形式:①was/were/not+goingto+do;②would/should+not+do.  一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should提到句首。Ⅱ.几种常见时态的相互转换  英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式:一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动词却不能。但是,可用别的表达方式:①瞬间动词用于"一段时间+ago"的一般过去时的句型中;②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用;③瞬间动词用于"Itis+一段时间+since+一般过去时"的句型中,表示"自从……以来有……时间"的意思,主句一般用itis来代替Ithasbeen;④瞬间动词用于"Sometimehaspassedsince+一般过去时"的句型中。请看:  A.HejoinedtheLeaguetwoyearsago.  B.HehasbeenintheLeaguefortwoyears.  C.ItistwoyearssincehejoinedtheLeague.  D.TwoyearshaspassedsincehejoinedtheLeague.二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换  在一般现在时中,at加上名词表示"处于某种状态",如atwork(在工作),atschool(上学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看:  Peterisatwork,butMikeisatplay.  Peterisworking,butMikeisplaying.三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换  在现在进行时态中go,come,leave,start,arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如:Iamcoming,Mum!意为"我就来,妈妈!"请看:  Thetrainisleavingsoon.  Thetrainwillleavesoon.四、"begoingto+动词原形"与"will(shall)+动词原形"结构的转换  "begoingto+动词原形"、表示打算、计划要做的事;将来时"will(shall)+动词原形"结构在书面语中,当主语为第一人称时,常用助动词shall。在口语中,所有人称都可以用will。请看:  WearegoingtovisittheGreatWallnextSunday.WeshallvisittheGreatWallnextSunday.时态对比一、过去进行时与一般过去时的区别:  A.过去进行时表某一行为的“片断”,一般过去时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。  例如:Iwasreadingthebookatthattime.(未读完,“读”的片段);Ireadthebookyesterday.(已读完,表整个“读”)。  B.一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用。  例如:Hewaswritingaletterthewholeafternoon.(短暂动词与持续时间连用,表反复、连续发生,不可用一般过去时)。C.while引导的时间状语从句中,用短暂动词时只能用进行时。例如:Hebrokeachairwhilehewasjumpingupanddown.二、英语中有四类动词一般不用进行时(不用现在进行时和过去进行时)。  A.表心理状态、情感的动词:love、hate、like、care、respect、please、prefer、know等。若用进行时则词意改变。例如:I’mforgettingit.(=beginningtoforget)。  B.表存在、状态的动词,如:appear、exist、lie、remain、stand、seem等。  C.表感觉的动词see、hear、feel、smell、sound、taste  D.表一时性的动词accept、allow、admit、decide、end、refuse、promise等。  [示例]考题1Asshe____thenewspaper,Granny____asleep.  A.read/wasfallingB.wasreading/fell  C.Wasreading/wasfallingD.read/fell.  分析:时间从句的动作长,而“入睡”动作短,故前者用过去进行时,而较短动词用一般过去时,选B。  考题2Tom___intothehousewhennoone___.   A.slipped/waslookingB.Hadslipped/looked  C.slipped/hadlookedD.wasslipping/looked.  分析:此题先要理解好when,表“此时”,说明主句中slipped是较短行为,而look是较长行为的片断,即汤姆溜进房子,此时没人瞧见,故选A为正确。三、一般过去时和现在完成时的区别。  一般过去时只表示过去某时发生的动作和状态。现在完成时则强调到目前为止动作的完成和结果,与现在的情况有联系,对现在也有影响。  需要特别注意的是:  A.刚做过的事,用现在完成时态,当说明或者询问做事的时间、地点时,要用一般过去时。例如hehaswatchedthefootballmatch.ShewatcheditlastSaturday.她看了那场足球赛,她是上周六看的。  B.have/hasbeentoaplace.表示某人曾经去过或者到过某地。have/hasgonetoaplace表示某人说话时已经离开此地,或在去某地的路途中或者已经到了某地。例如:FrankhasgonetoTibet.弗兰克已经去西藏了。FrankhasbeentoTibettwice.弗兰克已经去过西藏2次了。  经典考题:---IsthatJackspeaking?---Sorry,heisn"tinrightnow.He______ thecinemawithhisaunt.  A.hasbeentoB.hasgoneto  C.havebeentoD.havegoneto  (显然Jack不在现场,答案选B)四、现在完成时与过去完成时的区别:  过去完成时与现在完成时两者的用法基本相同,但现在完成时以现在的时间为基点,而过去完成时则以过去的时间为基点,与现在无关,是过去的过去。  Ihavefinishedmyhomework.(表示说话时作业已经做完了)  Byfouro’clock,Ihadfinishedmyhomework.  初步掌握延续性动词和瞬间动词在语法上的区别:如ie,arrive,come,go,join,leave,buy,begin,get,start,become,borrow等均为瞬间动词,在现在完成时态中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。  Hehasjoinedthearmy.他参军了。Hehasbeeninthearmyforayear.他参军已经一年了。(换成可以延续的动词)Hejoinedthearmyayearago.(用过去时)  经典考题:LinLinhascome.He_____hereforhalfanhour.  A.hasbeentoB.hasgoneto  C.hasgoneD.hasbeen  (把come转化成behere,答案选D)五、三种一般将来时的区别  1.will+动词原形构成的将来时表示主观意愿,未经事先精心计划或打算.可用于各种人称.  Eg1.Thereissomeoneatthedoor.Iwillgoandopenit.  Eg2.Whowillgoandhelpthatpooroldman?  2.begoingto+动词原形强调计划,安排要发生的事或有迹象要发生的事.  Eg1.Heisgoingtobuyanewcarnextweek.  Eg2.Lookatthedarkclouds,Ithinkitisgoingtorainsoon.  3.shall+动词原形构成的将来时主语通常是I或we并且在肯定句中常被will+动词原形构成的将来时代替,但在疑问句中ShallI…../Shallwe…..?常用来征求对方意见.  Eg1.ShallI/wegoingfishingtomorrow?  Eg2.Whenshallwemeet?  4.用于条件句时,begoingto表将来;will表意愿  Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you"dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.  Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.(二)被动语态动词的语态分主动语态和被动语态。在主动语态中,主语是谓语动作的执行者;而在被动语态中,主语是谓语动作的承受着。例如:Jackremoveshiscomputerfromthedesk.Jack把电脑从书桌上移开。(Jack是动作的执行者)HiscomputerisremovedfromthedeskbyJack.电脑被Jack从书桌上移开。(电脑是动作的承受者)(1)被动语态的构成:助动词be+动词的过去分词 时态形式一般现在时Is/are/amdone一般过去时was/weredone一般将来时willbedone现在完成时have/hasbeendone(2)由主动语态变为被动语态的方法:1.将主动语态的宾语变成主语;2.将主动语态的谓语动词变为被动语态的谓语形式(be+过去分词),时态要和原来主动语态时态保持一致;3.若主动语态的主语需要保留,可以用介词by引导放在动词的后面,将主语改为宾语。例:Jackfinishesthehomework.ðThehomeworkisfinishedbyJack.练习:一、请把下列句子改为被动语态。1、PeoplespeakEnglishallovertheworld._________________________allovertheworld.2、Thenaughtboybrokethewindow.Thewindow______________________________.3、Theywillbuildatallbuildinginthetownnextyear.Atallbuilding_______________________________nextyear.4、Theworkerswon’tfinishtheworkuntilteno’clock.Thework_____________________________untilteno’clock.5、Dothestudentswatertheflowerseveryday?_________________________thestudentseveryday?二、选择正确选项。1.Doyouknowrice___________inSouthChina?A.isgrewB.growsC.isgrownD.isgrowing2.Sorry,yourgoodideas_____________totheprincipal.A.didn’tsendB.wasn’tsentC.weren’tsentD.havesent3.Allofthem___________totakepartintheSchoolArtFestival.A.inviteB.invitedC.areinviteD.areasked4.Mice_________never___________afterthehouse____________.A.was,seen,wascleanedB.were,seen,cleanedC.were,seen,wascleanedD.was,seen,cleaned5.Isthelibraryoftencleanedby_______________?A.sheB.herC.heD.his三、完成句子。1、这些书包是用英语写的。Thesebooksandnewspapers___________________________.2、我们将会在中国大酒店吃晚饭。Supper_________________________inChinaHotel.3、那把锁匙是用钢制成的,它是用来锁课室门的。Thatkey____________________metal,it_________________theclassroomdoor.4、老师常常让我们在课堂上讲英语。We_____________________________________inclass.(三)动词不定式不定式的构成:(1)肯定式:“to+动词原形”(2)否定式:“notto+动词原形”或“neverto+动词原形”不定式的基本用法:(1)做主语:Itisinterestingtogoboating.划船很好玩。(it是形式主语,togoboating才是真正主语。动词不定式作真实主语时,常放在后面。(2)作宾语:Ihopetohaveaholidayonanisland.我希望在岛上度假。(3)作宾语补足语(复合宾语的第二部分):IaskedhimtoshowmehisnewMP3.我叫他给我看看他的MP3.(4)作表语:Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。 (5)作定语:Ihavealotofthingstodo.我有很多事情做。(6)作状语:Hecametoseemeyesterday.他昨天来看我了。注意:有些动词后要跟不定式,如:agree,arrange(安排),forget,refuse,decide,hope,plan等。有些动词后面的不定式不带to,如使役动词和感官动词make,let,have,hear,see,notice,feel,watch等。help后面的动词可以带to,也可以不带to。练习:1.学好英语很重要。Itisimportant__________Englishwell.2.他是最后一个离开的。Heisthelast__________.3.一些学生没有通过考试。Somestudentsfailed___________thetest.4.他决定和我们去那儿。Hedecided____________therewithus.(四)动名词动名词的基本用法:(1)做主语:Playingfootballismyfavouritesport.踢足球是我最喜爱的运动。(2)作宾语:Sheisinterestedindancing.她对跳舞感兴趣。(3)作表语:Myfavouritesportisswimming.我最喜爱的运动是游泳。(4)作定语:Heisinthereadingroom.他在阅览室。注意:有些动词后要跟动名词,如:enjoy,finish,like,suggest,deny(否认),keep等。练习:1.看电视太多对你的健康有害。___________toomuchisbadforyourhealth.2.我的工作是教英语。Myworkis___________English.3.这是一根拐杖。Thisisa________stick.4.我很愿意和你们一起工作。Ienjoy__________withyou.(五)形容词形容词的用法:形容词用于修饰、说明名词或不定代词,表示人或动物的性质、特征和状态。eg:1.Thisisabigroom.2.Ihaveagentlecat.3.Hehassomethingimportanttotellyou.4.Themountainis4000metreshigh.5.Theoldmanlookshappy.注意:形容词一般放在被它所修饰的词前(如1,2),但当它修饰用some,any,every,no等构成的复合不定代词(如3)或修饰表示长度、宽度和厚度等量度单位(如4)时须后置。另外,连系动词后须加形容词(如5)。Exs:1.Themeatsmells_____.You"dbetterthrowitaway.A.bad,B.badly,C.wellD.good2.Lilyisa_____girl,shealwaysdoeswellinherhomework.A.care,B.carefulC.carefullyD.careless3.Isaw_______)inthepicture.A.somethinginteresting,B.interestingsomething,C.anythinginterestingD.interestinganything4.Samis1.62_______,heisgettingtallerandtaller.A.metrestall,B.tallmetres,C.metreshighD.highmetres5.Thereisn’t______forallofus.A.enoughwaterB.waterenoughC.booksenoughD.enoughbooks6.Theroomis_____forustostayin.A.bigenoughB.enoughbigC.enoughgoodD.wellenough注意:enough作副词修饰形容词或副词时应后置。特殊形式的形容词:一般来说,名词加y变形容词,而以-ly结尾的是副词,只有以下一些单词例外:friendly,lovely,lively,lonely等都是形容词。 eg:1.It’sa_____day(sun,sunly,sunny)2.She’sa_____woman.(friend,friendy,friendly)注意:其比较级和最高级的变化为:friendlier,friendliest…….eg:Sheisthe_____girlofthefour.(love,lovely,loveliest)形容词不同等级的变化规则:构成法原级比较级最高级备注一般词尾加-er,-esttalltallertallest以不发音的e结尾的单音节词加-r,-stnicenicernicest以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单音节词,双写结尾辅音字母,再加-er,-estbigbiggerbiggest类似词有:fatthinwethotred辅音字母+y结尾的词,改y为i,再加-er,-esteasyeasiereasiest多音节词在前面加more,mostinterestingmoreinterestingmostinteresting类似词有:carefulinterestingbeautifulimportantdelicious等不规则变化:原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestbad,illworseworstoldolderelder(更年长的)oldest,eldest(最年长的)many,muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther,furtherfarthest,furthest注意:比较级前面可加much,far,even,still,alot,alittle,abit等修饰语eg:Heismuchtallerthanhisbrother.Ourcountryismuchmorebeautifulthanbefore.原级:肯定形式:as+原级+as(像….一样)否定形式:not+so(as)+原级+as(不如….那样)eg:Mybrotherisastallasme.Pandasarenotasdangerousaslions.比较级:不同程度:比较级+than(比……)eg:Thisdressismorebeautifulthanthatone.程度加深:比较级+and+比较级(越来越…..)the+比较级,the+比较级(越…就越…..)eg:Theweatherisgettinghotterandhotter.Themorehegets,themorehewants.最高级:the+最高级+of(+数量)/in(+地点范围)(最…….)eg:TheChangjiangRiveristhelongestriverinChina.Lilyisthebestgirlofthethree.Exs:1.Whichsubjectdoyoulike______,math,ChineseorEnglish? A.betterB.bestC.wellD.verymuch2.Guangzhouisoneof___________inChina.A.biggestcityB.thebigcityC.thebiggestcitiesD.thebigcity3.Youaretoofat.Youshouldeatandtakeexercise.A.less,lessB.less,moreC.least,moreD.more,less4.---Howistheweatheryesterday?---Itisterrible.Itisgetting_________.A.worst,worstB.better,betterC.good,goodD.worse,worse5.---Thisbookisinteresting.---Yes.ButIthinktheonewithapictureis_________ofall.A.interestingB.moreinterestingC.themostinterestingD.theinteresting6.______heeats,______hegets.A.Themore,thefatterB.Themore,thefaterC.less,fatterD.theless,thefatter7.Theoldman’shairis________snow.A.aswhiterasB.sowhiteasC.aswhitethanD.aswhiteas8.LessonOneis_________thanLessonTwo.A.muchdifficultB.muchmoredifficultC.moremuchdifficultD.asdifficult9.Whichis_______,thecatorthetiger?A.gentleB.gentlestC.gentlerD.mostgentle10.Thisis_______goodboy,alltheteacherslikehim.A.aquiteB.quiteaC.atooD.soa(六)副词【副词】用来修饰动词、形容词,其他副词等。副词应放在动词后。形容词变副词(1)直接加ly(2)元音e结尾的,去e加ly(3)辅音y结尾的,改y为i加ly(4)以le结尾的,改e为y练习:()1.Thenewsmadeusvery______.Allofusbegantalking______.A.happy,happyB.happy,happilyC.happily,happilyD.happily,happier.()2.Thereisastrangesmellinyourroom.You’dbetterkeepthewindow_____.A.openB.openedC.closesD.closed()3.Jack"sbrotherdoesn"tworkso_________asJack. A.harder      B.hard        C.hardly()4.You____eversawcomptersyearsago,butnowtherareeverywhere.A.sometimesB.almostC.hardlyD.hard()5.Pleasestayhere.It’sraining_____outside.A.hardB.hardlyC.heavy(七)介词和连词1.介词的功能介词是一种虚词,用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系,不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。例如:TheboyoverthereisJohn’sbrother.(定语)Thegirlwillbebackintwohours.(状语)OurEnglishteacherisfromAustralia.(表语)Helpyourselftosomefish.(宾语补足语) 2.常用介词的用法辨析(1)表时间的介词at,inon表示时间点用at。例如:atsixo’clock,atnoon,atmidnight。表示在某个世纪,某年,某月,某个季节以及早晨,上午,下午,晚上时,用in。例如:intheninettenthcentury,in2002,inmay,inwinter,inthemorning,intheafternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午,下午,晚上时,用on。例如:onMonday,onJuly1st,onSundaymorning等。since,after由since和after引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段,但since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻,因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去,因而要与一般过去时连用。例如:Ihaven’theardfromhimsincelastsummer.Afterfivedaystheboycameback.in,afterin与将来时态连用时,表示“过多长时间以后”的意思,后面跟表示一段时间的词语。After与将来时态连用时,后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。After与过去时态连用时,后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如:Hewillbebackintwomonths.Hewillarriveafterfouro’clock.Hereturnedafteramonth.(2)表示地点的介词at,in,onat一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某个范围之内;on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如:HearrivedinShanghaiyesterday.Theyarrivedatasmallvillagebeforedark.Thereisabigholeinthewall.Theteacherputupapictureonthewall.over,above,onover,on和above都可表示“在……上面”,但具体含义不同。Over表示位置高于某物,在某物的正上方,其反义词是under。above也表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,其反义词是below。On指两个物体表面接触,一个在另一的上面。例如:Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Weflewabovetheclouds.Theyputsomeflowersontheteacher’sdesk.across,throughacross和through均可表示“从这一边到另一边”,但用法不同。Across的含义与on有关,表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。Throgh的含义与in有关,表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如:Thedogranacrossthegrass.Theboyswamacrosstheriver.Theywalkedthroughtheforest.Ipushedthroughthecrowds.infrontof,inthefrontofinfrontof表示“在某人或某物的前面”,在某个范围以外;inthefrontof表示“在……的前部”,在某个范围以内。例如:Therearesometalltreesinfrontofthebuilding.Theteacherissittinginthefrontoftheclassroom.3.介词的固定搭配介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。记住这种固定搭配关系,才能正确使用介词。(1)介词与动词的搭配listento,laughat,getto,lookforwaitfor,hearfrom,turnon,turnoff,worryabout,thinkof,lookafter,spend…on…,等。(2)介词与名词的搭配ontime,intime,bybus,onfoot,withpleasure,onone’swayto,introuble,atbreakfast,attheendof,intheend等。(3)介词与形容词的搭配belatefor,beafraidof,begoodat,beinterestedin,beangrywith,befullof,besorryfor等。4.连词的功能用来连接词,短语,从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词,在句中不能单独使用。连词可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。5.并列连词并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词,短语或句子。常见的并列连词有:(1)表并列关系的and,both…and,notonly…butalso,neither…nor等。(2)表选择关系的or,either…or等。 (3)表转折关系的but,while等。(4)表因果关系的for,so等。6.从属连词从属连词用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有:(1)引导时间状语从句的after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,assoonas等。(2)引导条件状语从句的if,unless等。(3)引导原因状语从句的because,as,since等。(4)引导目的状语从句的sothat,inorderthat等。(5)引导让步状语从句的though,although,evenif等。(6)引导结果状语从句的sothat,so…that,such…that等。(7)引导比较状语从句的than,as…as等。(8)引导名词从句的that,if,whether等。7.常用连词的用法辨析(1)while,when,as这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句,但用法有所不同。1)当某事正在进行的时候,又发生了另一件事。While,when,as都可用来引导表示“背景”的时间状语从句。例如:As/When/WhileIwaswalkingdownthestreetInoticedapolicecar.2)当两个长动作同时进行的时候,最常用的是while。例如:Whilemotherwascookinglunch,Iwasdoingmyhomework.3)当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时,最常用的是as。例如:Aschildrengetolder,theybecomemoreandmoreinterestedinthingsaroundthem.4)当两个短动作同时发生时,或表示“一边…一边…”时,最常用as。例如:Justashecaughtthefly,hegavealoudcry.Shelookedbehindfromtimetotimeasshewent5)当从句的动作先于主句的动作时,通常用when。例如:Whenhefinishedhiswork,hetookashortrest.6)当从句是瞬间动作,主句是延续性动作时,通常用when。例如:WhenJohnarrivedIwascookinglunch.(2)as,because,since,for这四个词都可表原因,但用法有区别。1)如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because。因此,because引导的从句往往放在句末。例如:Istayedathomebecauseitrained.---Whyaren’tyougoing?---BecauseIdon’twantto.2)如果原因已被人们所知,或不如句子的其它部分重要,就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一点。As和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如:Ashewasn’tready,weleftwithouthim.SinceIhavenomoney,Ican’tbuyanyfood.3)for用来补充说明一种理由,因此,for引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里。For引导的句子不放在句子的开头。例如:Idecidedtostopandhavelunch----forIwasfeelingquitehungry.(3)if,whetherif和whether都可作“是否”讲,在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。例如:Iwonderwhether(if)youstillstudyinthatschool.Idon’tknowwhether(if)helikesthatfilm.在下列情况下,只能用whether,不能用if:1)引导主语从句时。例如:Whetherhewillcometothepartyisunknown.2)引导表语从句时。例如:ThequestioniswhetherIcanpasstheexam.3)在不定式前。例如:Ihaven’tmadeupmymindwhethertogothereornot.(4)so…that,such...that1)so…that中的so是个副词,其后只能跟形容词或副词,而such...that中的such是个形容词,后接名词或名词短语。例如:I’msotiredthatIcan’twalkanyfarther.Itwassuchawarmdaythathewentswimming.2)如果在名词之前有many,much,little,few时,用so,不用such。例如:Hehassolittleeducationthatheisunabletogetajob. IhavehadsomanyfallsthatIamblackandblueallover.(5)either…or…,neither…nor,notonly…butalso…这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例如:Eitheryouorheiswrong.Neitherhenorhischildrenlikefish.Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudentswanttobuythebook.(6)although,but这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中。例如:我们不能说“Althoughheisoversixty,butheworksashardasothers.”这个句子应改为:Althoughheisoversixty,heworksashardasothers.或Heisoversixty,butheworksashardasothers.(7)because,so这两个连词同样不能用在同一个句子中。例如:我们不能说“BecauseJohnwasill,soItookhimtothedoctor.”这个句子应改为BecauseJohnwasill,Itookhimtothedoctor.或Johnwasill,soItookhimtothedoctor.(八)反意疑问句①肯,否?②否,肯?③对反意疑问句的回答,若事实是肯定的,就用yes回答;若事实是否定的,就用no回答。例如:Mikedoesn’tstudyhard,doeshe?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn’t.练习:1.你想要回你的电视机,是吗?YouwanttogetyourTVsetback,___________?2.比尔学习很努力,是吗?Billstudiesveryhard,____________?3.你母亲是医生,是吗?Yourmotherisadoctor,____________?4.吉姆英语讲得很好,是吗?JimcanspeakEnglishverywell,___________?5.教室里没有学生,对吗?Thereisn’tanystudentintheclassroom,__________?6.李雷没有去过美国,对吗?LiLeihasneverbeentoAmerica,____________?7.汤姆的父母不讲德语,对吗?Tom’sparentsdon’tspeakGerman,__________?(九)宾语从句一.宾语从句的种类宾语从句是一种名词性从句,在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类。1.由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用,没有实在的意义,在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如:Hesaid(that)hewantedtostayathome.Shedoesn’tknow(that)sheisseriouslyill.Iamsure(that)hewillsucceed.2.由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,why,how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如:Doyouknowwho(whom)theyarewaitingfoe?Heaskedwhosehandwritingwasthebest.CanyoutellmewheretheNo.3busstopis?Idon’tknowwhythetrainislate.3.由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如:Iwanttoknowif(whether)helivesthere.Heaskedmewhether(if)Icouldhelphim.二.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如:Ihear(that)physicsisn’teasy.Ithink(that)youwilllikethisschoolsoon.CanyoutellmehowIcangettozoo?Pleasetellmewhenwe’llhavethemeeting.三.宾语从句的时态 1.如果主句的时态是一般现在时,宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。如:Idon’tthink(that)youareright.Pleasetelluswhereheis.CanyoutellmehowIcangettotherailwaystation?2.如果主句的时态是一般过去时,宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时)。例如:Heaskedwhattimeitwas.Hetoldmethathewaspreparingforthesportsmeet.HeaskedifyouhadwrittentoPeter.HesaidthathewouldgobacktotheU.S.soon.3.如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理,其时态常用一般现在时。例如:OurteachersaidthatJanuaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.Scientistshaveprovedthattheearthturnsaroundthesun.1.Doyouknow_______duringthecomingsummerholiday?A.whatwillTomdoB.whatdidTomdoC.whatTomwilldoD.whatTomdid2.Iwanttoknow_________.A.whatishisnameB.what’shisnameC.thathisnameisD.whathisnameis3.Doyouknow________Icouldpasstheexam?A.thatB.whetherC.whatD.which4.Jimdoesn’tunderstand____________.A.whichisthewaytothemuseumB.whyhiswifealwaysgoesshoppingC.whatisthewaytothemuseumD.whydoesshealwaysgoshopping5.---Couldyoutellme______sheislookingfor?A.thatB.whoseC.whoD.which6.Mr.Kingdidn’tknow_______yesterdayevening.A.whendoeshissoncomehomeB.whenhissoncomeshomeC.whendidhissoncomehomeD.whenhissoncamehome7.Couldyoutellme_______thebikethismorning?A.howdoeshemendB.howhemendsC.howhemendedD.howdidhemend8.---I’mwaitingforthemail.Doyouknow________itwillarrive?---Usuallyitcomesby4:00.A.howB.whereC.whenD.what9.---Excuseme,wouldyoupleasetellme________?---Certainly.Gostraightalonghere.It’snexttoahospital.A.howwecangettothepostofficeB.howcanwegettothepostofficeC.howgettothepostofficeD.howcouldwegettothepostoffice10.---CanIhelpyou?---Yes.I’dlikeatickettoMountEmei.Canyoutellme______taketogetthere?A.howsoonwillitB.howsoonitwillC.howlongitwillD.howlongwillit11.Hewantedtoknow___________.A.whetherhespeaksatthemeetingB.whenthemeetingwouldstart C.whathe’sgoingtodoatthemeetingD.wherewouldthemeetingbeheld12.---Couldyoutellme_________theBambooGarden?---Thedayaftertomorrow,Ithink.A.whenwillyouvisitB.whenyouwillvisitC.whenwouldyouvisitD.whenyouwouldvisit13.Wouldyoupleasetellme_________next,MrWang?A.whatshouldwedoB.weshoulddowhatC.whatweshoulddoD.shouldwedowhat14.Youcan’timagine_________whentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents.A.howtheywereexcitedB.howexcitedtheywereC.howexcitedweretheyD.theywerehowexcited15.Iwanttoknow________youwillcomebackat8:00tomorrow.A.thatB.whenC.whereD.whether16.---Couldyoutellme____________?---Sorry,Idon’tknow.Iwasnotatthemeeting.A.whatdoeshesayatthemeetingB.whatdidhesayatthemeetingC.whathesaysatthemeetingD.whathesaidatthemeeting17.---Couldyoutellme_________lastnight?---Er,IwaswatchingEuro2004athome.A.whatyouweredoingB.whatwereyoudoingC.whatyouaredoingD.whatareyoudoing18.Theteacheraskedthestudents__________.A.iftheywereinterestedindinosaursB.whenwasAlbertEinsteinbornC.whattheywilldowiththecomputersD.howmanytreestheyhaveplanted19.Everymorningthepatientsareaskedif________theirtemperaturetaken.A.theyhadhadB.havetheyhadC.theyhavehadD.hadtheyhad20.It’suptoyoutodecide_______you’llgothere,byairorbyroad.A.howB.whyC.thatD.when(十)状语从句状语从句用来修饰主句中的动词,副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。1.时间状语从句(1)时间状语从句常用when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas等连词来引导。例如:Itwasraininghardwhengottoschoolyesterday.Whilehewasdoinghishomework,thetelephonerang.Ashewalkedalongthelake,hesanghappily.HehadlearnedalittleChinesebeforehecametoChina.Afterhefinishedmiddleschool,hewenttoworkinafactory.(2)在时间状语从句里,通常不用将来时态,用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如:I’llringyouupassoonasIgettoNewYork.Iwilltellhimeverythingwhenhecomesback.Hewon’tbelieveituntilheseesitwithhisowneyes.(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里,如果主句用肯定式,其含义是“一直到……时”,谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式,其含义是“直到……才……”,“在……以前不……”,谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如:Theyoungmanreadtillthelightwentout.Let’swaituntiltherainstops.Wewon’tstartuntilBobcomes. Don’tgetoffuntilthebusstops.2.条件状语从句(1)条件状语从句通常由if,unless引导。例如:Whatshallwedoifitsnowstomorrow?Don’tleavethebuildingunlessItellyouto.(2)在条件状语从句里,谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如:I’llhelpyouwithyourEnglishifamfreetomorrow.Hewon’tbelateunlessheisill.(3)“祈使句+and(or)+陈述句”在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如:Hurryup,oryou’llbelate.=Ifyoudon’thurryup,you’llbelate.Studyhardandyouwillpasstheexam.=Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam.3.原因状语从句(1)原因状语从句通常由because,since,as引导。例如:Hedidn’tcometoschoolbecausehewasill.Asitisraining,weshallnotgothezoo.Sinceyoucan’tanswerthequestion,I’llasksomeoneelse.(2)because表示直接原因,语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题,只能用because。As和since语气较弱,一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如:------Whyaren’tgoingthere?------BecauseIdon’twantto.Ashehasnocar,hecan’tgetthereeasily.Sincewehavenomoney,wecan’tbuyit.(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。4.结果状语从句(1)结果状语从句由so…that,such…that,sothat引导。例如:Heissopoorthathecan’tbuyabikeforhisson.Sheissuchagoodteacherthateverybodylikesher.Mypencilfellunderthedesk,sothatIcouldn’tseeit.(2)so…that语such...that可以互换。例如:在由so...that引导的结果状语从句中,so是副词,与形容词连用。其结构是:“...so+形容词(副词)+that+从句”。例如:Hewassogladthathecouldn’tsayaword.Thehallissobigthatitcanhold2,000people.Motherlivessofarawaythatwehardlyeverseeher.在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中,such是形容词,它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词,也可以是不可数名词;名词前面可以带形容词,也可不带。如果是单数可数名词,前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如:Itwassuchahotdaythatnobodywantedtodoanything.Hehadsuchlongarmsthathecouldalmosttouchtheceiling.Hemadesuchrapidprogressthathedidverywellinthemid-term.有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如:Itwassuchawonderfulfilmthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain.=Thefilmwassowonderfulthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain.Itissuchanimportantmatchthatnobodywantstomissit.=Thematchissoimportantthatnobodywantstomissit.(3)如果名词前由many,much,little,few等词修饰时,只能用so,不用such。例如:Soonthereweresomanydeerthattheyateupallthewildroses.Hehassolittletimethathecan’tgotothecinemawithyou.5.比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由as…as,比较级+than…等连词引导。例如:TomrunsfasterthanJohndoes.Thisclassroomisasbigasthatone.6.目的状语从句(1)目的状语从句通常由sothat,inorderthat引导。例如:Westartedearlysothatwecouldcatchthefirsttrain.Hestudieshardsothathecouldworkbetterinthefuture.Weusedthecomputerinorderthatwemightsavetime.(2)sothat既可引导目的状语从句,又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个:1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can,could,may,might等。2)从意思上看,目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如: Speakclearlysothattheymayunderstandyou.(目的状语从句)Jackisbadlyillsothathehastorest.(结果状语从句)7.让步状语从句(1)让步状语从句通常由although,though等连词引导。例如:Thoughheisyoung,heknowsalot.AlthoughIamtired,Imustgoonworking.(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如:我们不能说:Thoughitwasraininghard,buthestillwentout.应该说:Thoughitwasraininghard,hestillwentout.或Itwasraininghard,buthestillwentout.8.地点状语从句地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如:Gowhereyoulike.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.1._______he’sold,hecanstillcarrythisheavybag.A.ThoughB.SinceC.ForD.So2.---Doyouknowifhe_______toplaybasketballwithus?---Ithinkhewillcomeifhe______freetomorrow.A.comes;isB.comes;willbeC.willcome;isD.willcome;willbe3.Inthezooifachild_____intothewaterandcan’tswim,thedolphinsmaycomeup______him.A.willfall;tohelpB.falls;tohelpC.willfall;helpD.falls;helping4.Idon’tremember________heworkedinthatcitywhenhewasyoung.A.whatB.whichC.whereD.who5.Wewillstayathomeifmyaunt________tovisitustomorrow.A.comesB.comeC.willcomeD.iscoming6.Thepoliceaskedthechildren_______crossthestreet________thetrafficlightsturnedgreen.A.not;beforeB.don’t;whenC.notto;untilD.not;after7.Iwaslateforclassyesterday_______therewassomethingwrongwithmybike.A.whenB.thatC.untilD.because8.I’llgoswimmingwithyouifI________freetomorrow.A.willbeB.shallbeC.amD.was9.Intheexam,the________youare,______the_______mistakesyouwillmake.A.careful;littleB.morecareful;fewestC.morecareful;fewerD.morecareful;less10.Youshouldfinishyourlessons_______yougoouttopaly.A.beforeB.afterC.whenD.while11.Ihurried_____Iwouldn’tbelateforclass.A.sinceB.sothatC.asifD.unless12.Whenyoureadthebook,you’dbettermakeamark_______youhaveanyquestions.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.though13.Theteacherraisedhisvoice_______allthestudentscouldhearhim.A.forB.sothatC.becauseD.inorder14.Hetookoffhiscoat_______hefelthot.A.becauseB.asC.ifD.since15.Itis______thatwe’dliketogooutforawalk.A.alovelydayB.toolovelyadayC.solovelyadayD.suchlovelyaday16.Maryhad______muchworktodothatshestayedatherofficeallday.A.suchB.soC.tooD.very17._______Ifeltverytired,Itriedtofinishthework.A.AlthoughB.BecauseC.AsD.Asif18.______thedaywenton,theweathergotworse.A.WithB.SinceC.WhileD.As19.______wellyoucandrive,youmustdrivecarefully.A.SolongasB.InorderthatC.NomatterhowD.Themoment20.Writetomeassoonasyou________toBeijing. A.willgetB.getC.gettingD.got(十一)定语从句一.定语从句的功用和结构在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如:Thisisthepresentthathegavemeformybirthday.Doyouknoweverybodywhocametotheparty?IstillrememberthenightwhenIfirstcametothevillage?ThisistheplacewhereChairmanMaooncelived.二.关系代词和关系副词的功用关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语,宾语,定语,关系副词可作状语。1.作主语:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如:Idon’tlikepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle.ThecarswhichareproducedinHubeiProvincesellverywell.2.作宾语:SheisthepersonthatImetattheschoolgateyesterday.Thebookthatmygrandmothergavemeiscalled“TheGreatEscape”.3.作定语关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如:What’sthenameoftheyoungmanwhosesisterisadoctor?Thegirlwhosefatherisateacherstudiesveryhard.4.作状语I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.三.各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语。例如:Thepersonwhobrokethewindowmustpayforit.Theboywhoiswearingtheblackjacketisveryclever.2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语。例如:Doyouknowtheyoungman(whom)wemetatthegate?MrLee(whom)youwanttoseehascome.3.whose指人,在定语从句中作定语。例如:Thegirlwhosemotherisillisstayingathometoday.Iknowtheboywhosefatherisaprofessor.4.which指物,在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如:Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords.Hereisthebook(which)theteachermentionedyesterday.5.that多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如:I’vereadthenewspaperthat(which)carriestheimportantnews.Whoisthepersonthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?6.when指时间,在定语从句中作状语。例如:I’llneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm.HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft.7.where指地点,在定语从句中作状语。例如:Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity.四.关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears.=Thatwastheroom whichwehadlivedinfortenyears.五.具体使用时还要注意下列问题:1.只能使用that,不用which的情况:(1)先行词是all,few,little,nothing,everything,anything等不定代词时。例如:Allthathesaidistrue.(2)先行词被only,no,any,all,等词修饰时。例如:Heistheonlyforeignerthathasbeentothatplace.(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如:Hewasthesecond(person)thattoldmethesecret.(4)先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。Thisisthebestbook(that)Ihavereadthisyear.(5)先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如:Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsheremembered.2.只能用which,不用that的情况:(1)在非限制性定语从中。例如:Themeetingwasputoff,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.(2)定语从句由介词+关系代词引导,先行词是物时。例如:Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance.1.---Whoistheman_______wastalkingtoourEnglishteacher?---Oh!It’sMrBaker,ourmathsteacher.A.heB.thatC.whomD.which2.Ihatethepeople________don’thelpotherswhentheyareintrouble.A.whoB.whichC.theyD.where3.Theforeigner_________visitedourschoolisfromCanada.A.whichB.whenC.whoD.whom4.GeorgeMallorywasanEnglishschoolteacher_______lovedclimbing.A.whoB.whomC.heD.which5.Thisistheplace    _____Ihaveevervisited. A.there      B.when     C.where      D.which6.Nobodyknowsthereason______shedidn’tcometothemeeting.A.thatB.whichC.whyD.when7.Themoonisaworld______thereisnolife.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.why8.Hehasforgottentheday_______hearrived.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which9.Hestillremembersthedays______hespentwithyourfamily.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.onwhich10.Mr.White,______carhadbeenstolen,cametothepoliceman.A.whoB.thatC.whoseD.which11.Hegottothevillage_______hisfamilyoncelivedbeforeliberation.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where12.Thisisthehouse_______Iwanttobuy.A.inwhichB.thatC.whoseD.where13.Thisisthehouse_______ourbelovedPremierZhouoncelivedandworked.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where14.Hedidn’ttellmetheplace_______hewasborn.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where15.Helivedinasmallvillage,______wasalongwayfromtherailwaystation.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when(十二)直接引语与间接引语 直接引述别人的原话,叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话,叫间接引语。如:MrBlacksaid,“I’mbusy.”布莱克先生说:“我很忙。”(直接引语)MrBlacksaidthathewasbusy.布莱克先生说他很忙。(间接引语)1.直接引语变为间接引语主要有以下几种情况:1)直接引语是陈述句直接引语是陈述句,间接引语应改为由连词that引导(that在口语中常省略)的宾语从句。如:“IlikewatchingTV.”shesaid.她说:“我喜欢看电视。”→Shesaid(that)shelikedwatchingTV.她说她喜欢看电视。Hesaid,“I’mwaitingforher.”他说:“我在等她。”→Hesaid(that)hewaswaitingforher.他说他在等她。如果引述动词是saytosb.,则通常改为tellsb.sth.结构。例如:Hesaidtome,“Yourbikeisbroken.”她对我说:“你的自行车坏了。”→Hetoldmethatmybikewasbroken.他对我说我的自行车坏了。2)直接引语是一般疑问句直接引语是一般疑问句,间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。(宾语从句必须用陈述句语序)。如:Hesaid,“Canyouswim,John?”他问:“约翰,你会游泳吗?”→HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim.他问约翰是否会游泳。“Doyougotoschoolbybus?”heaskedme.他问我:“你坐公交车上学吗?”→HeaskedmeifIwenttoschoolbybus.他问我是否坐公交车上学。3)直接引语是特殊疑问句直接引语是特殊疑问句,间接引语应改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句。(宾语从句必须用陈述句语序)如:Sheaskedme,“Whendotheyhavetheirdinner?”她问我:“他们什么时候吃晚饭?”→Sheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner.她问我他们什么时候吃晚饭。“WhenwillyougotoChongqing?”heaskedme.他问我:“你什么时候去重庆呢?”→HeaskedmewhenIwouldgotoChongqing.他问我什么时候去重庆。4)直接引语是祈使句直接引语是祈使句,变间接引语时须将祈使句的谓语动词变成不定式,作宾语补足语。原主句谓语动词say须改为ask,tell,order等含有祈使意义的及物动词,构成“tell(ask,order,beg等)sb.(not)todosth.”句型。如:“Don’tmakeanynoise.”shesaidtothechildren.她对孩子说:“不要吵。”→Shetold(order)thechildrennottomakeanynoise.她告诉(命令)孩子们不要吵。“Bringmeacupoftea,please.”shesaidtohim.她对他说:“请拿杯茶给我。”→Sheaskedhimtobringheracupoftea.她请他拿杯茶给她。注意:直接引语如果是以“let’s”开头的祈使句,变间接引语时,通常用“suggest+动名词(或从句)。”如:Hesaid,“Let’sgotothefilm”他说:“我们一起去看电影吧。”→Hesuggestedgoingtothefilm.=Hesuggestedthatweshouldgotoseethefilm.他建议我们去看电影。2.直接引语变间接引语要注意以下几种情况:直接引语变间接引语,要变成用相应连词引导的宾语从句。句中的时态、人称、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要做相应的变化。1)变人称:直接引语变间接引语时,人称要做相应的变化。请记熟这句顺口溜:“一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新。”“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语是第一人称或第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句或宾语的人称变化。如:Shesaid,“Mybrotherwantstogowithme.”她说:“我的弟弟想跟我一起去。”→Shesaidherbrotherwantedtogowithme.她说她弟弟想跟她一起去。“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时,若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人称所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语,也可以用第一人称。如:Hesaidtokate,“Howisyoursisternow?”他对Kate说:“你的妹妹现在怎么样?”→HeaskesKatehowhersisterwasthen.他问Kate她的妹妹那时怎么样。“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰,从句中的人称一般不需要变化。如: MrSmithsaid,“Jackisagoodboy.”史密斯先生说:“Jack是个好工人。”→MrSmithsaidJackwasagoodworks.史密斯先生说Jack是个好工人。2)变时态:直接引语在改为间接引语时,如果主句是过去时态,从句的时态一般需要做相应的变化。见下表:直接引语间接引语现在时一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成进行时(或不变)过去完成时(不变)将来时一般将来时过去将来时如:Hesaid,“I’mwaitingforher”他说:“我在等她。”→Hesaidthathewaswaitingforher.他说他在等她。“Itwillrainsoon.”hesaid.他说:“很快就会下雨。”→Hesaidthatitwouldrainsoon.他说很快就会下雨。在以下几种情况下,直接引语变间接引语时,时态一般不变化。①主句中谓语动词的失态如果是现在或将来时,则间接引语和原直接引语的时态一样,不作变化。如:Shesays,“Iwillgotovisitmyfriend.”她说:“我要去探望我的朋友。”→Shesaysshewillgotovisitherfriend.她说她要去探望她的朋友。②直接引语所转述的是现在的习惯动作、科学真理、格言等,时态不变。如:“Theearthmovesaroundthesun.”theteachertoldus.老师告诉我们,“地球绕着太阳转。”→Theteachertoldustheearthmovesaroundthesun.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。Mymothersaid,“Practicemakesperfect.”我妈妈说:“熟能生巧。”→Mymothersaid(that)practicemakesperfect.我妈妈说熟能生巧。Hesaid,“Igetupathalfpastsixeverymorning.”他说:“我每天早上六点半起床。”→Hesaidhegetsupathalfpastsixeverymorning.他说他每天早上六点半起床。③直接引语表示有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语时,时态不变。如:Hesaid,“IjoinedthePartyin1985.”他说:“我是1985年入的党。”→HesaidthathejoinedthePartyin1985.他说他是1985年入的党。XiaoLisaid,“IwasbornonApril17,1985”小李说:“我是1985年4月17日出生的。”→XiaoLisaidhewasbornonApril17,1985小李说他是1985年4月17日出生的。④有些情态动词,如must,need,oughtto等,无过去时,变间接引语时,时态不变。如:Johnsaid,“Youmustcomeheretoday.”John说:“你必须今天来这里。”→JohnsaidImustgotherethatday.John说我必须那天去那里。Hesaid,“Ineedsomewater.”他说:“我需要一些水。”→Hesaidthatheneedsomewater.他说他需要一些水。3)变状语:直接引语变间接引语,状语变化有其内在规律,如:now变为then;yesterday变为thedaybefore;ago变为before等,尤其表示方向性的,或用指示代词修饰的状语,由“此”改为“彼”(如this改为that)。如:Mikesaid,“Thesebooksaremine.”Mike说:“这些书是我的。”→Mikesaidthosebookswerehis.Mike说那些书是他的。“Willyougoshoppingwithmetomorrow?”mymotheraskedme.我妈妈问我:“明天你和我一起去购物吗?”→MymotheraskedmeifIwouldgoshoppingwithherthenextday.我妈妈问我第二天是否和她一起去购物。指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化具体见下表:直接引语间接引语指示代词thisthatthesethosenowthen 时间状语todaythatdaythismorningthatmorningtonightthatnightagobeforetomorrowthenext/followingdayyesterdaythedaybeforelastnightthenightbeforethedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbeforethreedaysagothreedaysbeforenextweektheweekafter地点状语herethere方向性动词bringtakecomego注意:表中的这些变化,要根据具体情况而定,不可机械照搬。如果就在当地转述,here就不必改为there,come也不必改为go;如果就在当天转述,yesterdayortomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。练习:1.“Inevereatmeat.”heexplained._____________________________________________________________________2.Hesaidtome,“Ihaveleftmybookinyourroom.”_____________________________________________________________________3.“Itookthedictionaryhomewithme.”hesaid._____________________________________________________________________4.“Haveyoubeenhereforages?”sheasked._____________________________________________________________________5.Heasked,“Areyousureyourmotherwillcome?”_____________________________________________________________________6.“Willyoubeheretomorrow?”heaskedme._____________________________________________________________________7.Hesaidtome,“Pleasecomeagaintomorrow.”_____________________________________________________________________8.Hesaidtome,“Don’tdothatagain.”_____________________________________________________________________9.“Wholivesnextdoor?”sheasked._____________________________________________________________________10.“Whatareyoudoinghere?”sheasked._____________________________________________________________________11.“IwillgotoAmericanextyear,”hesaidtome._____________________________________________________________________12.“ThisismyfirsttimethatIhavecometoChina,”hesaid._____________________________________________________________________13.“Haveyouinvitedhertodinnertonight?”Tomsaidtome._____________________________________________________________________14.Myfathersaidtomysister,“Canyouhelpmewashthecar?”_____________________________________________________________________15.“Howmuchmoneydidyoupayforthedriver?”Marysaidtohim._____________________________________________________________________16.“Whatareyoulookingfor?”Isaidtoher._____________________________________________________________________17.“Pleasesitdownandhavearest.”shesaidtous. _____________________________________________________________________18.Shesaidtohim,“Goaway.”_____________________________________________________________________19.Heaskedme,“WhenwillyougotoTianjin?”_____________________________________________________________________20.Maryaskedme,“DoseHelencomefromtheUSA?”_____________________________________________________________________(十三)情态动词1.can的用法:(1)表示能力(相当于beableto)(2)表示许可(相当于may)(3)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信(主要用于否定句和疑问句)(4)表示可能性例子:1.没有人能做着工作。Noone____dothiswork.2.下课了,你们可以回家了。Classisover,You____gohomenow.3.他不可能只有十二岁。He______beonlytwelve.4.你可以乘飞机去那里。You_____gotherebyair.2.could的用法:(1)表示“能力”或“可能性”(是can的过去式)(2)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信(主要用于否定句和疑问句,这时can和could可以互换,但could表示的语气更缓和一些,在时间上没有差别。)(3)用于比can更委婉更客气地提出问题或陈述看法,但没有时间上的差别(4)用于虚拟条件句构成谓语。例子:1.他说他小时候就很会游泳。Hesaidhe______swimverywellwhenhewasachild.2.他怎么会这样粗心?How______hebesocareless?3.我能否借用一下你的小推车?______youlendmeyourcart?]4.如果你们能给我们寄一份样品我们将非常感激。Wewouldmuchappreciateifyou______sendusasample.3.may的用法:(1)表示可以(相当于tobeallowed/permitted)(2)表示一件事可能会发生或某种情况可能存在(只用于陈述句)(3)在表示目的或让步的状语从句中构成谓语。(4)可用于表示祝愿。例子:1.你可以坐这个位子。You_____takethisseat.2.今天他可能很忙。He_____bebusytoday.3.大家站起来以便看得更远。Allstandupsothatyou____seefarther.4.愿那一天早日到来。____thatdaycomesoon.4.might的用法:(1)作may的过去式,表示可以做的事或可能发生的事。(2)代替may,表示可以做的事或可能发生的事(这是,might不是may的过去式,两者在时间上没有差别,但是might表示的语气更婉转些或者实现的可能性更小一些)(3)在表示目的和让步的状语从句构成构成谓语。(4)在虚拟条件句中构成谓语。例子:1.他说我的意见可能是好的。Hesaidthatmyidea______beagoodone.2.明天可能更冷。It______becoldertomorrow.3.她站起来以便看得更远。Shestoodupsothatshe______seefarther.4.要是你努力学习,你考试就可能及格。You______havepassedtheexaminationifyouhadworkedharder.5.must的用法:(1)表示“必须、应该”。在回答由must引起的问题时,如果是否定回答,不能用must’t,而是用needn’t或don’thaveto,因为must’t表示“千万不可以”、“一定不要”的意思。(2)表示猜测(只用于肯定句)例子:1.我们必须身体好、学习好、工作好。We_____keepfit,studyhardandworkwell.2.他一定是新来的英语老师。He_____bethenewEnglishteacher.接动名词与不定式意义不同1)stoptodo 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。stopdoing 停止做某事。  2)forgettodo 忘记要去做某事。 (未做) forgetdoing 忘记做过某事。  (已做)3)remembertodo记得去做某事    (未做) rememberdoing 记得做过某事   (已做)4)trytodo  努力,企图做某事。 trydoing 试验,试着做某事。5)goontodo 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。goondoing 继续做原来做的事。 6)meantodo 打算、想meandoing 意味着容易混淆的常用动词的辨析(1)say,speak,talk,tell的用法。 1)say表示讲话,作为及物动词使用,后跟宾语或宾语从句。Hesaidhewouldgothere.It"stimetoleave.Wehavetosaygoodbyetoyou.2)speak表示“讲话”,一般作为不及物动词使用,而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。DoyouspeakEnglish?MayIspeaktoMrPope,please?3)talk表示“谈话”,是不及物动词,与to,about,with等连用,才可以接宾语。Whatareyoutalkingabout?MrJacksonistalkingwithmyfatherintheofficenow.4)tell表示“告诉,讲述”是及物动词,可以带双宾语或复合宾语。Shetoldusaninterestingstoryyesterday.MyteachertoldmethatwewouldhaveanEnglishexamthenextmonth.(2)look,see,watch和watch的用法。1)look强调“看”这个动作,是不及物动词,常与at连用,然后接宾语。Look!Thegirlisswimminginthelake.Lookatthepicturecarefully.Canyoufindsomethingunusual?2)see指“看见”某物,强调的是结果。Theycan"tseethewordsontheblackboard.DoesLilyoftengotoseeafilmonSunday?3)watch指的是“观看”,“注视”之意。ThetwinsarewatchingTVnow.Hewillgotowatchavolleyballmatch.4)read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意。Don"treadinthesun.IliketoreadnewspaperswhenIamfree.(3)borrow,lend和keep的区别。1)borrow意思为“借入”,常常与from连用,是非延续性动词,表示瞬间即能完成的动作。Meimeiborrowedabookfromthelibraryjustnow.MayIborrowyourdictionary?2)lend是“借出”之意,常常与to连用,同borrow一样,是非延续性动词,只表示瞬间即能完成的动作。UncleWanyhaslenthiscartoMrLi.Couldyoulendusyourradio,please?3)keep是“保存”的意思,动作可以延续。Howlongcantherecorderbekept?Thefarmerkeptthepatfortwoweeks.(4)bring,take,carry和get的用法。1)bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。Bringmethebook,please.MayIbringJimtoseeyounextSaturday?2)take意思是“拿走”,“带走”,把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意。Itlookslikerain.Takearaincoatwithyou.Mothertookthelittlegirltothenextroom.3)carry是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思,指随身携带,有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义,不表明来去的方向。Doyoualwayscarryahandbag?Theboxisheavy.Canyoucarryit?4)get是去某处将某物拿回来。Pleasegotomyofficetogetsomechalk.Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Whynotgetsome?(5)wear,puton和dress的区别 1)wear是“穿着”“戴着”的意思,可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等,强调“穿着”的状态。Tomalwayswearsblackshoes.Hewearsaraincoatevenwhenitisfine.Shedoesn"tliketoweararedflowersinherhair.2)puton是“穿上”“戴上”的意思,可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。着重于穿戴的动作。It"scold.You"dbetterputonyourcoat.Heputonhishatandwentoutoftheroom.3)dress可以作及物动词和不及物动词,有“穿着”“打扮”的意思。作“穿着”解时,只用于穿衣服,不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作为及物动词用时,它的宾语是人,不是衣服。dresssb.(给某人穿衣服),而wear作“穿着”用时,也是及物动词,但它的宾语是物,不是人,即wearsth.(穿着衣物)。Shealwaysdresseswell.Getupanddressquickly.Maryisdressingherchild.(6)take,spend和use的用法。1)take指做某事用多少时间,句型是:Ittakes/took/willtake+sb.+sometime+todosth.Ittookmethreedaystofinishthework.Itwilltakeyouawhileweektotravelthoughttheforest.IttakesonlyonehourtoflytoShanghai.2)spend指某人在某事(物)上花费时间或钱。句型是:Someonespends+money/time+onsomething(in)doingsth.Shespentmorethan500yuanonthatcoat.Hedidn"tspendmuchtimeonhislessons.Hespentmuchtime(in)correctingstudents"exercises.Motherspentherevenings(in)washingclothes.3)use表示使用工具、手段等。Doyouknowhowtousethecomputer?Shallweuseyourcar?(7)reach,get和arrive的区别。1)reach是及物动词,后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。Afterthetrainhadleft,theyreachedthestationWereachedthetopofthemountainatlast.2)get是不及动词,常与to连用,再接名词,后面接表示地点的副词时,不用to,getto常用于口语中。Whenthestudentsgottothecinema,thefilmhadbegun.Mysisterwascookingwhenmothergothome.3)arrive是不及物动词,表示到达一个小地方时,用arriveat,到达一个大地方时用arrivein。ThesoldiersarrivedatasmallvillageTheforeignerswillarriveinShanghaitomorrow.