河南省新密一高高三英语语法专项复习动词不定式课件 21页

动词不定式 一、不定式结构作主语Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.Toperseveremeansvictory!注①：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置：It’sagreatpleasuretobehere.Itisnotaneasythingtomasteralanguage.注②：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如：Ittookusfivehourstogetthere.Itmadeusveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat. 注③：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“for+名词词组”来表示，如：Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itwasdifficultformetodothework.注④：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上“of+名词词组”来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如：It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.Itwascarelessofhertomakesuchamistake. 二、不定式结构作表语1．主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Todothatwouldbetocutthefoottofittheshoe.削足适履2．主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组，或以what引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.Yourmistakewasnottowritethatletter.Mysuggestionistostartworkatonce.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce. 三、不定式结构作动词宾语1．“动词+带to的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford,agree,arrange,ask,choose,decide,demand,desire,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,continue,try,start,forget,mean,intend,begin,等，例如：I’vearrangedtomeethimatteno’clock.Ididn’texpecttofindyouhere.2．“动词+疑问词+带to的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,forget,know,explain,remember,see,understand,wonder等。疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what,where,who(m),when,how,whether,which（why除外），如：Idon’tknowwhattodo/wheretogo/who(m)toask/whentostop/howtogetthere.Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertosellitornot.Wemustfindoutwhattodonext/wheretoputit. 注①：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行it，把不定式后置，例如：Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.Wethoughtitwrongnottohelpher.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.注②：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语,只有在个别场合,即在含有否定意义的带有介词except或but(=except)的结构中才能这样用，例如：Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Thechilddidnothingexceptweep.Shecandoanythingbutsing.她除了唱歌之外,什么都会做。Hewilldoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoney.Theycoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctorstoarrive.注意不定式符号的省略问题！ 五、不定式结构作状语不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。1．表示目的：Theyranovertowelcomethedelegates.Heboughtabicycletogototownmorequickly.Hewenthometoseehismother. 注：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词not时，通常可以在不定式符号to之前加上inorder或soas，如：HecamehereinordertoseeCharlie.Heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed.Hewentearlyinordernottomissthetrain.Iturnedtheradiodownsoasnottodisturbhim.注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上inorder，但却不可以加上soas，如：Todrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.(Inordertodrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.)Togetthebestresults,usecleanwater. 2.表示结果：WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangry?Hecameroundtofindhimselfinhospital.不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型：①so…asto…Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle/tellmethetime?②such(…)asto…I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.③enoughto…Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.④too…to…Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：I’monlytoogladtogo.(=I’mverygladtogo.)Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome.(=Ishallbeverypleasedtogethome.)〖onlytoo(adv.)极;非常;太;很〗 3.表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作）Shewepttohearthenews.Ipretendtobehappytoknowhim.Helaughedtoseesuchfun.Sheseemedsurprisedtomeetus. 六、不定式结构作宾语补足语Don’tforceyourselftowritewhenyouhavenothingtosay.Didyouseeayoungmanenterthehouse?1．只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词：①表示“希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：wish,desire,expect,love,prefer,encourage,trust等。Whatdoyoudesiremetodo?Thedirectorpreferredhertoacttheoldlady.②含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词，如：let,allow,permit,decide,mean,lead,bring,put,hurry,cause,等。Wemustn’tletthishappenagain.Hisfatherputhimtomindthesheep.③带有“请求”“恳求”等感情色彩的动词，如：ask,desire,invite,beg,request,worry等。Hebeggedmenottotellhisfatheraboutit.ShewasalwaysworryingherfathertotakehertoParis. ④ 含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词，如：advise,persuade,callon,urge等。Heurgedustoacceptthecompromise.Thedentistadvisedmetohavethebadtoothpulledout.⑤含有“命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词，如：order,command,require,charge,tell,make,force,drive,forbid,warn等。Herequiredustokeepitasecret.Thedoctororderedhimtostayinbedforafewdays.Iwarnyounottodothatagain.⑥其他还有：help,teach,show,assist,report,bear,waitfor,train,dependon等。Hepromisedtoteachmetoswim.Weshouldtrainthemtomakeuseofreferencebooks.Wearewaitingforthetraintostop. 2．既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词：△see,watch,notice,lookat,hear,listento,observe,feel,have;△imagine,find,discover,like,want,understand,hate,bring,get,leave,setDidyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Don’timagineyourselftobealwayscorrect.Wefindhimtobedishonest.Hesettheboystocarrywater.I’llleavehimtosolvetheproblemforhimself.注①：有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）；而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行，即：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行，如：Didyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Hesawhisfathertalkingwithhisteacher.Ionceheardhimsingthissong.SheheardMr.Whitesinginginthenextroom. 注②：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号to应当省略。△下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去不定式符号to：let,make,have,see,watch,notice,lookat,observe,hear,listentoHeobservedsomeoneopenthedoor.Iwatchedthemgetintothecar.Didyounoticehimleavetheroom?△help一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带to，也可以不带to，如：Doyouoftenhelpyourmother(to)dothehousework?△使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改为被动结构以后，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，这时，“to”不可以省略，如：Thebossmadethemworkfrommorningtillnight.Theyweremadetoworkfrommorningtillnight. 不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生例如：Whoheardhimsaythat?Theyinvitedustogotherethissummer.如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式就要用完成式，如：I’mgladtohaveseenyourmother.(cf.I’mgladtoseeyou.)不定式的完成式Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.(Itissaidthathehaswrittenanewbookaboutworkers.)Theenemywasreportedtohavesurrendered.(Itwasreportedthattheenemyhadsurrendered.)Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready.(Itseemedthatshehadalreadyheardaboutit.) 如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时，不定式就要用进行式。不定式的进行式Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrosstheriver.Theyseemtobegettingalongquitewell.Ihappenedtobegoingthatwaytoo.Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.Iamgladtobeworkingwithyou.It’sniceofyoutobethinkingofus. 九、如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行，就需要用完成进行式，如：TheyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsinYunnan.Shewishedtohavebeentrainingashardastheothers.It’sagreatpleasuretohavebeenworkingwithyou. 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。十、不定式的被动形式Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.SheaskedtobesenttoworkinXinjiang.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Shedidn’tlikeherselftobepraisedlikethat.Thebooksarenotallowedtobetakenoutoftheroom.Areyougoingtothemeetingtobeheldintheteachers’office?Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork. 不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式Itisagoodthingforhimtohavebeencriticized.（主语）Shepreferredtohavebeengivenheavierworktodo.(宾语)）Hethoughtitanhonourtohavebeeninvitedtotheparty.（复合宾语）Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.（复合谓语）Shewasthefirstwomantohavebeenelectedtosuchapost.（定语）