考研英语语法精讲讲义——屠皓民 8页

考研英语语法精讲讲义北京新东方学校国内部屠皓民总述1.考研语法的重要性2.考研语法有哪些简单句20%并列句10%三大从句60%特殊句法10%3.考研语法怎么考直接考查（1）完形填空Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener___interferewithhiscomprehension.A.whoB.asC.whichD.what分析：Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener___interferewithhiscomprehension.usedbythespeaker分词结构充当thewords的修饰定语；句子的主体结构为thewordsmaystirupunfavorablereactions；填空部分引导从句修饰名词reactions（2）书面表达语言多样化Theboyisstandingthere.Hewaspraisedbytheteacher.Theboywhowaspraisedbytheteacherisstandingthere.间接考查（1）理解阅读理解文章，对比选项帮助理解阅读理解Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.”句子主体：Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”（2）分析翻译部分长句完成翻译考题中的句子分析Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.语言考点：部分倒装+定语从句第一讲定语从句ItisLiuYinan. LiuYinanlikesplayingvolleyball.用who替代指代人的相同名词who引导的句子放在相同名词的后面ItisLiuYinanwholikesplayingvolleyball.（who代替LiuYinan）Heenjoysreadingnewspapers.Newspaperscantellhimalotofknowledge.用which替代指代物的相同名词which引导句子放在相同名词的后面Heenjoysreadingnewspaperswhichcantellhimalotofknowledge.(which替代newspapers)Theboyismybrother.Hehelpedme.=Theboywhohelpedmeismybrother.Thisisthemountainvillage.Ivisiteditlastyear.=Thisisthemountainvillagewhich/thatIvisitedlastyear.定语从句：用who/which/that等关系代词引导一个句子修饰前面的名词Thefactoryisoverthere.Myfatherworkedinittenyearsago.=Thefactorywhichmyfatherworkedintenyearsagoisoverthere.Thefactoryinwhichmyfatherworkedtenyearsagoisoverthere.Hisfatherdiedthatyear.Hewasborninthatyear.=Hisfatherdiedthatyearwhichhewasbornin.Hisfatherdiedthatyearinwhichhewasborn.IcannotforgetthedayMyfamilymovedintothecityonthatday.　=Icannotforgetthedaywhichmyfamilymovedintothecityon.Icannotforgetthedayonwhichmyfamilymovedintothecity.　 Hisfatherdiedthatyearinwhichhewasborn.inwhich=inwhichHisfatherdiedthatyearwhenhewasborn.Icannotforgetthedayonwhichmyfamilymovedintothecity.Icannotforgetthedaywhenmyfamilymovedintothecity.Thefactoryinwhichmyfatherworkedtenyearsagoisoverthere.Thefactorywheremyfatherworkedtenyearsagoisoverthere.定语从句：用who/which/that等关系代词和where/when等关系副词引导一个句子修饰前面的名词第二讲定语从句的拆分Haveyouheardofapigthatisnearlyassmartasahumanbeing?从句部分：thatisnearlyassmartasahumanbeingAnelephantandamousefellinlovewitheachother,whichismostunusual.从句部分：whichismostunusual非限定性定语从句定语从句类型非限定性定语从句Hegotthefirstprize,whichisoutofmyexpectation.限定性定语从句Haveyoufinishedtheworkthattheteacherasked?Ihaveasisterwhoisanurse.Ihaveasister,whoisanurse.区别：【1】从句作用不同【2】翻译方式不同ThespeedatwhichChina’seconomyhasbeengrowinginthepastdecadeisremarkable. 从句部分：atwhichChina’seconomyhasbeengrowinginthepastdecade拆分步骤1.圈定句中动词2.圈定句中关系代词或关系副词3.动词1+关系词+动词2关系词+动词1+动词2Thechildwhoseparentsdiedinthecarcrashwasleftinthecareofhisgrandparents.ThefirstcaseofbirdfluthatwasreportedinThailandcapturedtheattentionofofficialsfromWHO.Shehastheconfidencewithwhichshecanovercomeeveryobstaclethatshemaycomeacrossinherlife.第三讲定语从句的省略句子主体构成Theteacherpraisedtheboy.主谓宾Themanistheprofessoroftheuniversity.主系表IknowthegirlwhocomesfromBeijing.Iknowtheboywhowaspraisedbytheteacher.Thebookwhichisrelatedtothedevelopmenthasbeenpublishedrecently.当关系词在从句中充当主语时，可以省略，后面的动词发生形式变化——主动语态时，动词变成-ING形式被动语态时，动词保留过去分词形式IknowthegirlwhocomesfromBJ.IoftenlikereadingshortnovelswhichwerewrittenbyHemingway.IoftenlikereadingshortnovelswrittenbyHemingway.IraiseadogwhichisnamedKING.*IraiseadognamedKING.Ibelievethecandidatewhomadethespeechintheassemblyyesterdayissuretowinthesupport.*Ibelievethecandidatemakingthespeechintheassemblyyesterdayissuretowinthesupport.Iknowtheboywhowaspraisedbytheteacher. Thebookwhichisrelatedtothedevelopmenthasbeenpublishedrecently.Theylivedinahousefacingthesouth.=Theylivedinahousewhichfacedthesouth.Theworkersworkinginthefactoryarewell-paid.=Theworkerswhoworkinthefactoryarewell-paid.=Theworkerswhoareworkinginthefactoryarewell-paid.ThetiewornbyourheadwasmadeinShanghai.=ThetiewhichiswornbyourheadwasmadeinShanghai.ThebookwrittenbyWangsellswell.=ThebookwhichwaswrittenbyWangsellswell.第四讲定语从句真题演练AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.Forawhile,itlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.”Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes,areinactiveinnormalcells.第五讲特殊句型之倒装基本句型主谓宾定状表Ilikewatchingtheromanticmoviesinmysparetime.Heisafamousteacherinthisuniversity.谓语动词的助动词watch---dowatched---didwatches---does has/havewatched---has/havehadwatched---hadcanwatch---can全部倒装——谓语动词放置在主语之前Anoldmanlivesinthecitycenter.=Inthecitycenterlivesanoldman.Atemplestandsonthemountain.=Onthemountainstandsatemple.全部倒装？强调句中的地点副词或状语Theregoesthebus.Inthecitycenterlivesanoldman.Underthetresssatawoundedsoldier.Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization:fully76percentofJapan’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouse-holds.考研阅读全部倒装难点：分词结构的倒装(a)Allkindsofseaanimalbodiesareburiedinthedeepsea.(b)Ourteacherwaswalkingattheheadoftheline.(a)Buriedinthedeepseaareallkindsofseaanimalbodies.(b)Walkingattheheadofthelinewasourteacher.(a)Addedtothestressistheiropportunityforstress.(2008)(b)Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.部分倒装——主语和谓语动词位置不变，将谓语动词的助动词放置到主语的前面。OnlywithyoucanIfeelhappy.LittledoeshecareaboutwhatIsaid.什么时候需要部分倒装？（1）句首出现否定词never,nor,seldom,little,hardly,scarcely,rarely,few等Inevertrustyou.=NeverdoItrustyou.HeseldombelievestheinformationfromtheInternet.=SeldomdoeshebelievetheinformationfromtheInternet.(2)否定词组在句首 Henolongerworksforthemoney,butforthepersonaldevelopment.=Nolongerdoesheworkforthemoney,butforthepersonaldevelopment.(3)only+状语/状语从句在句首Wecanachievethegoalonlyinthisway.=Onlyinthiswaycanweachievethegoal.(a)Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.(b)Onlywhenthemeetingwasoverwasheabletomeethisfriend.(4)so或so引导的短语放在句首要部分倒装Hesawthefilm.Sodidshe.【?Sohedid.】-Sheisastudent.-SoamI.Heransofastthatwecouldn’tcatchupwithhim.=Sofastdidherunthatwecouldn’tcatchupwithhim.Shespeakedsoloudlythateveryonecouldhearherclearly.=Soloudlydidshespeakthateveryonecouldhearherclearly.Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedarole,too—andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday’s“babyboom”generationreacheditschild-bearingyears.（5）让步状语从句的倒装AlthoughIamyoung,Icanlivebymyself.=YoungasIam,Icanlivebymyself.=YoungthoughIam,Icanlivebymyself.Althoughheisachild,hehaslearnedtoearnaliving.=Childasheis,hehaslearnedtoearnaliving.=Childthoughheis,hehaslearnedtoearnaliving.AlthoughIlikeyouverymuch,……=MuchasIlikeyou,……=ThoughasIlikeyou,……Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmanyastrophysicshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.特殊句型Hardly…when…Nosooner…than…一……就……Nosooner(Hardly)hadwereachedhomethan(when)itbegantorain.Hardlyhadthefootballmatchbegunwhenitstartedsnowing.Nosoonerhadhearrivedatthestationthanthetrainbegantoleave.第六讲2011年考研真题实例 ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.