2010年高考英语语法专题复习-13名词性从句 11页

名词性从句I、重点难点解析名词性从句是历年高考的重点和难点也是热点。名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主高考资源网句的主语、宾语、表语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句（见下表）。主语从句做主语，用that，whether，what（＝thethingthat）等连接词（原疑问词）引导宾语从句做宾语，用that（可省略），if，whether（ornot），what（＝thethingwhich）等连接词（原疑问词）引导表语从句用that（一般不省略），whether，what（＝thethingwhich）等连接词（原疑问词）引导同位语从句用that（常用在news，thought，idea等词后），whether等连接词（原疑问词）引导一、主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。如：Whowillgoisnotimportant.Itdoesn’tmattersomuchwhetheryouwillcomeornot.Thathesuddenlyfellilllastweekmadeussurprised.1.It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.（主语从句）Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.（主语从句）Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.（强调句）ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.（强调句）2.用it作形式主语的结构：句型例子1Itis＋名词＋从句Itisafactthat…事实是…/Itisanhonorthat…非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat…是常识2Itis＋形容词＋从句Itisnaturalthat…很自然…/Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是…3Itis＋不及物动词＋从句Itseemsthat…似乎…/Ithappenedthat…碰巧…Itappearsthat…似乎…4It＋过去分词＋从句Itisreportedthat…据报道…/Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实…Itissaidthat…据说…3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：情况说明例句1if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。Ifhewillcomeornotisunknown（误）.Whetherhewillcomeornotisunknown（正）2Itissaid/reported…ItissaidthatJiangwillvisitourschool.（正）第11页共11页 结构中的主语从句不可提前Jiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.（误）3Ithappens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.（正）Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.（误）4Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.（正）Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.（误）5含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?（正）Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?（误）二．宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。情况说明例句1作动词的宾语由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略)Iheard(that)hejoinedthearmy.由what,whether(if),when,where等引导的宾语从句Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.2作介词的宾语Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.3作形容词的宾语Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.4it可以作为形式宾语Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.5否定的转移（若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式）Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。注意：that引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。三．表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等结构。例如：1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.3)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四．同位语从句第11页共11页 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。情况说明例句1同位语从句的功能（一般由that引导）对于名词进一步解释，Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.说明名词的具体内容，Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2同位语从句在句子中的位置有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，被别的词隔开HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.五．whether,if引导名词性从句的区别：情况说明例句1在句首引导主语从句时，只能用whetherWhetherwewillgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.2if不能引导表语从句Whatthedoctorreallydoubtiswhethermymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon.3if不能引导介词后的宾语从句Everythingdependsonwhetherwecanmakeaplanthattheywillagreeto.4如果宾语从句是否定句只能用ifIaskedPaveifhehadn’tdecidedwhathewouldsayatthemeeting.5discuss后的宾语从句只能用whether引导Wediscussedwhetherthemedicinewillcausesideeffect.注意：doubt作“怀疑”解，后接宾语从句时，如主句是肯定的，宾语从句用whether或if引导；如主句是否定，宾语从句只能用that引导。(1)Idoubtwhether/ifheisfitforthejob.(2)Idon’tdoubtthathecandoitverywell.II、实战演练用适当的连词填空：1.Ican’tdecide____________dictionaryIshouldbuy.2.That’s____________herefusedmyinvitation.3.Iamveryinterestedin____________hehasimprovedhispronunciationinsuchashorttime.4.____________weneedismoretime.5.Thefact____________shehadnotsaidanythingatthemeetingsurprisedeverybody.6.____________and____________theywillmeethasnotbeendecidedyet.7.Pleasetellme____________youarewaitingfor.8.Isthat____________youarelookingfor?9.Wouldyoupleasetellme____________thenearestpostofficeis?10.Idon’tknow____________hewillagreetotheplanornot.11.______isdonecannotbeundone.12.Takecare______youdon’tmakemistakesinthecomingexam.13.Tohissurprise,theumbrellawasnot______hehadput.14.______wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan______wehave.15.______we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.第11页共11页 16.______theyaremostinterestedinis______theycanproducemoreandbettercars.17.Itdoesn’tmatter______Irestornot.18.______Ihavewillbeyourssoonerorlater.19.Ithinkitis______you’reeatingtoomuch.20.Canyoumakesure______Alicehasputthegoldnecklace?21.——Doyouremember______hecame?——Yes,Ido.Hecamebytrain.22.Motheraskedme______waswrongwithme.23______theyhavewonthegamemadeusexcited.24.______hesaysinhisreportisaveryinterestingquestion.25.Thatishefailedtoarriveontime.定语从句I、重点难点解析定语从句是英语语法中的重点。除了在语法填空中会考到，在基础写作和任务型写作中正确恰当地运用定语从句是作文得高分的关键。另外，在阅读理解中正确理解定语从句也至关重要。常见考点：1.指物时只用that或which的情况2.介词+关系代词3.Whose用法及转换形式4.as与which的区别5.指人时that与who的区别6.如何判断用关系副词还是关系代词7.定语从句中的主谓一致问题一、定语从句的概念在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句，在句中起定语的作用.被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系代词或关系副词。如：Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.先行词关系代词定语从句二、关系代词和关系副词的用法：关系代词和关系副词又称关系词，用来引导定语从句、代替先行词并在从句中担当一个成分。其用法见下表：定语从句的关系词词例先行词充当成分例句关系代词who人主语Thisisthedoctorwhosavedmylife.whom人宾语Sheisthenewstudent(whom)Iwanttotelltoyou.that人&物主语、宾语（指人相当于who或whom，指物相当于which）第11页共11页 which物主语、宾语1.Pleasepassmethebookwhichislyingonthetable.2.Thenovel(which)Tomboughtisveryinteresting.as物主语、宾语Theearth,asisknowntoall,isround.whose=ofwhomofwhich人&物定语TheprofessorwhosedaughterteachesyouEnglishisDr.Williams关系副词when=atinonduringwhich时间状语We’llneverforgetthedaywhenthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.where=atintowhich地点状语Thisisthehousewherehelived.why=forwhich原因状语Iknowthereasonwhysheworkssowell.三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整标点从句和主句之间不用逗号分开从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开关系代词指人who(that)whom指人who（作主语）whom（做宾语）指物which(that)指物which人和物的whose人和物的whose关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去关系代词一般不可省修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个词也可修饰整个主句翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子四、关系词的选用1只能用that做关系代词的情况：只能用that做关系代词的情况例句1当先行词是all,everything,anything,nothing,much,little,none,one等不定代词时(something除外)PayattentiontoeverythingthatIdo.2当先行词被All,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时Hehaslittletimethathecanspare.3当先行词被序高考资源网数词或形容词最高级修饰时Thisisthebestnovel(that)haveread.4如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时Theyweretalkingaboutthepersonandthingsthattheyrememberedinschool.5当先行词被theonly,thelast,theway,thesame等等修饰时ThisisthelasttimethatIIwanttoseeyou.6.在疑问词who,which,what开头的特殊疑问句中,为了避免重复只用thatWhichofthestudentsthatknowssomethingabouthistory.7当定语从句为therebe句型时，关系代词只能用Thisisthefastesttrain(that)thereis第11页共11页 that,也可以省略toBeijing.8当指人或物的关系代词在定语从句中做表语时，关系代词只能用that,也可以省略Chinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas.2指物只能用which不用that的情况:只能用which不用that的情况:例句1在非限制性定语从句中StPetersburg,whichwasoncecalledLeningrad,isaverybeautifulcity.2在介词后面Thisistheroominwhichwelivedlastyear.3指人时只能用who不用that的情况:只能用who不用that的情况例句1先行词为one,ones，those，anyone，he时Thosewhobreakthelawmustbepunished.4as与whichas与which均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as:多用as的情况:例句1与such或thesame连用时，一般用asSuchbooksasyoureadareinterestingSuchmoneyasheearnedwasspentonbooks.2as引导的从句可以放在句首,as表“正如…..正象…”之意Asweallknow,theearthisround.五、定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致:1.Iamnotonewhoisafraidofdifficulty．2.Don’tchooseme,whoamnotfitforthisjob．II、实战演练用恰当的关系代词或关系副词填空：1.Becauseofmypoormemory,all____youtoldmehasbeenforgotten.2.Doyourememberthosedays____wespentalongtheseashoreveryhappily?3.Those____wanttogopleasesigntheirnameshere.4.Whoisthewoman____issweepingtheflooroverthere?5.Theman____youaregoingtomakefriendsismyfather’sneighbour.6.Finally,thethiefhandedovereverything____hehadstolentothepolice.7.Thisistheveryletter____camelastnight.w。w8.Thisisthefactory____weworkedayearago.9.Jackispleasedwithwhatyouhavegivenhimandall____youhavetoldhim.10.Doyouworknearthebuilding____colourisyellow?第11页共11页 11.Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,____cameasasurprise.12.Iliveinthehouse____windowsfacesouth..13.Theystayedwithmethreeweeks,____theydrankallthewineIhad.14.Theroom____MrWhitelivesisnotverylarge.15.I’vefinishedwritingthenovel,____istobepublishednextmonth.16.Hereturnedhomesafeandsoundafterafiercebattle,____wasunexpected.17.Theoldmanhadthreesons,allof____diedduringWorldWarⅡ.18.Ihaveboughttwopens,bothof____writewell.19.Doyouknowthereason____shehaschangedhermind?20.Hefailedintheexam,____provesthathewasn’tworkinghardenough.21.____wasexpected,hesucceededintheexam.22.Weshouldreadsuchbooks____willmakeusbetterandwiser.23.Heisabsent，____isoftenthecase.24.Itisthefirsttime____Ihavecometoyourcity.25.Who____hasthesameideaasitwilldoitinthisway.26.Ishallneverforgetthoseyears____Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmers,____hasagreateffectonmylife.27.Thisistheonlybook____Icanfind.28.Thisistheonlyoneofthestudents____handwritingisthebest.29.Youmustshowmywifethesamerespect____youshowme.30.Thisistheprofessor____taughtmechemistryin1980.专题十五状语从句I、重点难点解析状语从句是由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、www.ks5u.com原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。不同的状语从句所使用的连接词也各不相同。见下表：状语从句名称连接词时间状语从句when,as,while,whenever,after,before,till(until),since,once,assoonas(或themoment),bythetime,nosooner…than,hardly(scarcely)…when,everytime等地点状语从句where和wherever条件状语从句if,unless,so(as)longas,onconditionthat,so(as)faras,ifonly(=if)原因状语从句because,since,as,nowthat（既然）结果状语从句sothat（从句谓语一般没有情态动词）,so…that,such…that目的状语从句so,sothat（从句谓语常有情态动词）,inorderthat,incase（以防，以免）让步状语从句although,though,as,evenif(though),however,whatever,whether…or,no第11页共11页 matterwho(when,what,…)等比较状语从句than,so(as)…as,themore…themore方式状语从句as,asif(though),theway,ratherthan等一、时间状语从句w。1、当while,when,as引导时间状语从句时的区别：(1)while引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时，或状态动词的一般时。while的这些用法可用when代替。E.g.Pleasekeepquietwhile(when)othersarestudying；(2)when除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于“atthetime”，也就是说when引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。E.g.WhenIwentintothelab,theteacherwasdoinganexperiment.（when不能换成while）HeoftenmakesmistakeswhenheisspeakingEnglish.（when可换成while）(3)as常可与when，while通用，但强调“一边、一边”。E.g.As(when,while)Iwaswalkingdownthestreet,Inoticedapolicecarinfrontofnumber37.(4)when有时代替if，引导条件句，意为“如果”、“假如”E.g.I’llcomewhen(if)I’mfree.2、till,until引导时间状语短语或状语从句，用于否定句时，结构为not…until(till)，主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为“直到…才…”。用于肯定句时，只与延续性动词连用，表示“到…为止”。E.g.Theyplayedvolleyballuntil(till)itgotdark./Theydidn’ttalk（延续性动词）until(till)theinterpreter（译员）came./Hedidn’tgotobed（非延续性动词）until(till)thehisfathercameback.；until可以放在句首，till则不行，E.g.Untilthelastminuteofthematchwekeptonplaying./Notuntilhefinishedhisworkdidhegohome.（倒装）；till,until只用于时间，以下句子是错误的：Wewalkedtilltheedgeoftheforest.（要用asfaras或to）。二、地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是where和wherever等。E.g.Sitwhereveryoulike.Makeamarkwhereyouhaveaquestion.三、条件状语从句条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if,unless,so(as)longas,onconditionthat,so(as)faras,ifonly(=if)。注意：条件从句中的if不能用whether替换。E.g.Ifheisnotintheoffice,hemustbeoutforlunch.第11页共11页 Youmayborrowthebooksolongasyoukeepitclean.SofarasIknow（据我所知）,hewillbeawayforthreemonths.Youcangoswimmingonconditionthat(=if)youdon’tgotoofarawayfromtheriverbank.Ifhehadcomeafewminutesearlier,hecouldhaveseenher.四、原因状语从句because,since,as引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别：1.如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because,因此because引导的从句往往放在句末。用why提问的句子，一定用because回答。E.g.Hehadtostayathomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.；2.如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或since。since比as更正式些。as和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。E.g.Asyouaretired,youhadbetterrest./Sinceeveryoneishere,nowlet’sbegin.五、结果状语从句结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由sothat（从句谓语一般没有情态动词）,so…that,such…that等引导。E.g.Shewasill,sothatshedidn’tattendthemeeting.Hewassoexcitedthathecouldnotsayaword.Sheissuchagoodteacherthateveryoneadmiresher.六、目的状语从句引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so,sothat（从句谓语常有情态动词）,inorderthat,incase（以防，以免）等。E.g.Speakclearly,sothattheymayunderstandyou.ShehasboughtthebookinorderthatshecouldfollowtheTVlessons.Heleftearlyincaseheshouldmissthetrain.w。七、让步状语从句让步状语从句可由although,though,as,evenif(though),however,whatever,whether…or,nomatterwho(when,what,…)等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。E.g.Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.Childasheis,heknowsalot.w。w。Whatever(=Nomatterwhat)yousay,I’llneverchangemymind.八、比较状语从句比较状语从句常用than,so(as)…as,themore…themore等引导。E.g.Ihavemadealotmoremistakesthanyouhave.第11页共11页 Hesmokescigarettesasexpensiveashecanafford.Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.九、方式状语从句方式状语从句常由as,asif(though),theway,ratherthan等引导。E.g.YoumustdotheexerciseasIshowyou.Heactedasifnothinghadhappened.十、使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。E.g.We’llgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow.I’llwritetoyouassoonasIgettoShanghai.2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be，就可省略从句中的“主语+be”部分。E.g.When(hewas)stillaboyoften,hehadtoworkdayandnight.If(youare)askedyoumaycomein.If(itis)necessaryI’llexplaintoyouagain.3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。E.g.Youaretofinditwhereyouleftit.（地点状语从句）Tellmetheaddresswherehelives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）Idon’tknowwherehecamefrom.（宾语从句）Wherehehasgoneisnotknownyet.（主语从句）Thisplaceiswheretheyoncehid.（表语从句）4、as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。（1）as引导时间状语从句，意为“当…时”。例如：As(hewas)ayoungman,hewasastorekeeperandlaterapostmaster./Hesangasheworked.高.考.资.源.网（2）as引导方式状语从句，意为“象…一样”。例如：WemustdoasthePartyteachesus.　（3）as引导原因状语从句。意为“由于”，例如：Asyouaretired,youhadbetterrest.　（4）as引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然”、“尽管”Childasheis,hecandoitwell.(=Althoughheisachild,hecandoitwell.)另外，as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句，如：Ihavethesamebookasyou.II、实战演练用适当的连词填空：第11页共11页 1.Dr.Bethune(白求恩)cametoChina__________hewasfifty.2.Hebegantowork__________hegotthere.3.Let"sbeginourmeeting__________everyoneishere.4.IliketheEnglishpeople,__________Idon"tliketheirfood.5.__________yougoinChina,youcanseesmilingfaces.6.Hedidn"tcometothelecture,__________hewasverybusy.7.__________wehadenoughtime,wewalkedtothecinema.8.Theywillhelpyou__________youmeetwithdifficulty.9._________wecametotheuniversity,wehavelearntquitealot.10.Ididn"tjointhemyesterdayevening__________Ihadtogotoanimportantmeeting.11.Wewouldtrytogetacar__________wecouldalltraveltogethermoreeasily.12.Shewouldn"tforgethermother"sbirthday__________sheseldomwrotetoherfamily.13.We"redoingeverythingwecantomakethingsaseasyforyou___________wecan.14.Themeetingbecamesodisorderly__________thespeakerhadtoshouttheaudiencedown.15.Hewasangrier__________everbefore.16.__________youlockallthedoors,hecanstillmanagetogetin.17.Theboywassotired__________hefellasleeponthebus.18.Hard_________hetried,hecouldn’tforcethedooropen.第11页共11页