简明高考英语语法知识总结（附练习答案） 22页

语法知识1句子结构1.句子结构：主+谓+宾/主+谓/谓+宾一个句子中只能有一个谓语。如果一个句子含有两个及以上谓语肯定就是错的句子，自己写作时需谨记。阅读时，分析难句可从谓语入手，因为它只有一个，好找。从句也是句子，所以可包含谓语，但它是属于从句的谓语，与主句不同谓语不同，也就是说主句中的谓语还是仅有一个。2.主语的引导词不能省，宾语的可以省。2非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、分词(现在分词和过去分词)和独立主格。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。1不定式1)一般式。同时发生或将要发生。 Heseemstoknowthis.（同时）Ihopetoseeyouagain.（将要）2)完成式。已经发生。I"msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.（发生在sorry之前）Heseemstohavecaughtacold.（发生在seems之前）3)进行式。正在进行。Heseemstobeeatingsomething.4)完成进行式。已经发生且一直进行Hewashappytohavebeenstayingwithhisuncle.1.1不定式做表语表将来，用于命令、要求等。Youarealwaystoknockbeforeyouentermyroom.2动名词动名词格式：动词原形+ing动名词和现在分词区别：1）现在分词作定语、表语、状语。起形容词、副词作用。有时也用在复合结构中。不能做主语，一看到是主语成分，必定是动名词。一般可翻译成“…的”的意思。2）动名词作主语、宾语、表语。起名词作用。单独用或动名词短语。表示抽象的一般行为。3分词包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词：动词原形+ing；过去分词：动词原形+ed。现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。具体方式参见上文动名词中的“动名词和现在分词区别”。 过去分词和过去式区别：过去分词充当副词、形容词，是非谓语；过去式充当动词，是谓语。·过去分词：Accompaniedbyhisfriend,hewenttotherailwaystation.Givenbetterattention,theplantscouldgrowbetter.·过去式：ThenewworldsFreudexploredwereinsidemanhimself.4独立主格Yet,thecaseSchwartzmakesforacorrelationbetweenouremotionalstateandwhathecallsthe“tyrannyofchoice”iscompelling,theimplicationdisturbing.分析：1）后置定语；2）独立主格结构翻译：Schwartz用事例说明感情状态和他所说的“残酷的选择”之间的相关性，然而这个事例是令人震撼的，其含义是令人烦扰的。3)名词/代词与后面的词是主谓关系4疑问句分为：一般、特殊、选择和反意疑问句。 1一般疑问句“你是……吗?”,“你做……了吗?”。一、把be动词、情态动词、助动词do调到句首。陈述句:Theyareintheswimmingpool.一般疑问句:Aretheyintheswimmingpool?陈述句:Hecandriveacar.一般疑问句:Canhedriveacar?一般动词的一般疑问句,也要借助助动词do/does,第三人称单数用does,其余人称用do。其句型为:Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其它。陈述句:Tommyhasacomputer.一般疑问句:DoseTommyhaveacomputer?陈述句:AmyspeaksEnglish.一般疑问句:DoesAmyspeakEnglish?2特殊疑问句以特殊疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有：（代词）what、who、whose、which、（副词）when、where、how、why等。有以下两种格式：1）．疑问词作主语或主语的定语。语序是陈述句。Whoissingingintheroom﹖whosebikeisbroken﹖2）．其他成分。语序是：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句【be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语（+其他）】Whatclassareyouin﹖Whatdoesshelooklike﹖ 3选择疑问句以一般疑问句为基础，增加多个可选的答案。Wouldyoulikeagin，orawhisky，ora`beer?4反意疑问句它表示提问人的看法，没有把握，需要对方证实。有两种格式。1）．陈述部分肯定句+疑问部分否定句（可记为前肯后否）.例：Theyworkhard,don’tthey?Let"sgotothesupermarket,shallwe?2）．陈述部分否定句+疑问部分肯定句（可记为前否后肯）.例：Youdidn"tgo,didyou?5虚拟语气英语中有三种不同的语气：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气表示动作或状态与事实相反，表可能或不可能发生的情况。1条件句中的虚拟语气1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式时间     从句谓语形式   主句谓语形式将来动词过去式(be用were)should+ 动词原形wereto+ 动词原形 would/should/might/could+ 动词原形现在动词过去式(be 用 were)would/should/might/could+ 动词原形过去had+动词过去分词would/should/might/couldhave+ 动词过去分词举例：(1) 将来。如：IfheshouldgotoQingHuaUniversity,hewouldmakefulluseofhistime. Ifheweretocomehere,hewouldtellusaboutit.(2) 现在。如：Ifhewerefree,hewouldhelpus.Ifhestudiedatthisschool,hewouldknowyouwell.(3) 过去。如：IfIhadgotthereearlier,IwouldhavemetMr.Li.须注意问题：(1) 主从句动作不同时发生。①从句与过去相反，主句与现在或将来相反。如：IfIhadworkedhardatschool,Iwouldbeanengineer,too.②从句与现在相反，主句与过去相反。如：Ifhewerefreetoday,wewouldhavesenthimtoBeijing.(2) 当虚拟条件句的谓语含有were,should,had时，if可省略，而将were,should,had等词置于句首。如：原句：ifshewerehere,shewouldagreewithus.省略句：Wereshehere,shewouldagreewithus.(3) 须通过上下文来判断。如：Iwouldhavecometoseeyou,butIwastoobusy.Butforhishelp,wewouldbeworkingnow.(4) 主从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的强烈感情。①省略从句。Hewouldhavefinishedit.②省略主句。IfIwereathomenow.2. 目的状语从句虚拟语气(1) 在forfearthat,incase,lest引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should+动词原形。并且should不能省略。Sheexaminedthedooragainforfearthatathiefshouldcomein.(2) 在sothat,inorderthat所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can/may/could/might/will/would/should+动词原形。如：Hegoesclosertothespeakersothathecanhearhimclearer.  3. 让步状语从句虚拟语气(1) 在evenif,eventhough所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Evenifhewereherehimself,heshouldnotknowwhattodo.(2) 在whatever,whichever,whenever,whoever,wherever,however,nomatterwhat等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：① may+动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：Wewillfinishitontimenomatterwhat/whatevermayhappen.② may+完成式(指过去)，主句结构不限。如：Youmustn’tbeproudwhatever/nomatterwhatgreatprogressyoumayhavemade.(3) 在though,although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为should+动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although/Thoughheshouldoftenbelate,heisagoodstudent.4. 原因状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed,angry,annoyed,astonished,disappointed,frightened,happy,pleased,proud,sorry,surprised,upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：① should+动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：Hewasangrythatyoushouldcallhimbyname.② should+完成式,指过去。如：I’mverysorrythatyoushouldhavefailedtheexam.5.表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气含有请求、命令、建议等名词advice,desire,decision,idea,instruction,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish时，在表语从句或同位语从句中，须用虚拟语气。结构为：(should)  +动词原形。如：Wefollowedhisadvicethatweshouldaskourteacherforhelp.Hetoldushisideathatheshouldgotouniversity.6倒装和省略表强调。包括部分倒装和完全倒装。完全倒装，即全部谓语置于主语前；部分倒装，即部分辅助词谓语置于主语前。例： 1.完全倒装1.Therewasadropinthetemperature.原句：temperaturewasdrop.2.Outrushedayounglady.原句：Ayoungladyoutrushed.3.Thereisnouniversallyaccepteddefinitionof[whatadevelopingcountryis];neitheristhereoneof[whatconstitutestheprocessofeconomicdevelopment].one：指代universallyaccepteddefinition，普遍接受的定义4.Inthehumanspeciesindividualsareequippedwithfewerinstinctsthanisthecaseinmanynonhumanspecies.thecase:指代individualsareequippedwithinstincts，个体装载着本能。5.AmakebetterBthandoCdoC：倒转，正常为：CmakeB，其中do为省略指代makeB6.Withmarriagecomeinstructionandadmonition,appropriatetotheoccasion,fromelderrelativesand,intmoreadvancedcultures,frompriests.主语：instructionandadmonition.指导和忠告谓语：come宾语：withmarriage.用倒装，是为了强调withmarriage.appropriate：形容词当状语1）fromelderrelativesand,intmoreadvancedcultures：插入语,2）frompriests. 2.部分倒装Onlyinthiswaycanyousolvethisproblem.原句：Inthiswayyoucansolvethisproblem.NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.原句：AfterIgothomeitbegantorainsooner.3.省略1.Cancerissaidtobemalignantbecauseofitstendencytocausedeathifnottreated.省略：ifitisnottreated.12定语从句ABostonpoliceofficerwhowasshotinthefacebyamanduringatrafficstopwasimprovingafterhoursofsurgeryduringwhichabulletwasremovedfromhisneck,officialssaidonSunday.during修饰hourswhich修饰surgery 11As用法4）Yet,temptingasitistoblowtheBuffetbillionsonbolsteringtheseprograms,researchalsohasaclaimonthepot.解析：5）Nermerofffoundthatpeopledrawthegermsoftheirloversaslessscary-lookingthanthoseof enemies,andtheysaythosegermswouldmakethemlessill.解析：7）notsomuch...as...与其说，不如说<=不是，而是例1：ThedistinctionbetweenAandBisnotsomuchCasD.A与B的差别与其说是C，不如说是D。12主谓一致主语单数、复数，谓语也要对应的单数、复数形式。1）常规型Sheisbeautiful.Theyareworkers.2）两个并列主语，谓语要用复数：HeandShearegoinginside. 但是，如果并列的主语表示一个整体概念时，谓语就用单数：Breadandbutterisadailyfoodinthewest.Breadandbutter：表示一个整体概念，抹上奶油的面包。3）介词连接主语with：谓语与前一个一致Hewiththeyisgoinginside.either...or...,neither...nor：谓语与后一个一致EitherheorTheyaregoinginside.aswellas：谓语与前一个一致HeaswellasTheyisgoodperson.他和他们一样都是好人。4）集体名词集体名词表示一个集体时，谓语用单数；集体名词表示每个个体时，谓语用复数Policeisahonorcareer.警察是一个光荣的职业。Thepolicearesearchingfortwobandits.警察正在搜查两个匪徒。5）表示“时间”、“金钱”、“距离”的名词复数做主语表示“时间”、“金钱”、“距离”的名词复数做主语，谓语用单数Fiveminutesisenough. 15杂项1情态动词、助动词情态动词、助动词+V原形。1）情态动词can(could)、may(might)、must(must)、need、dare(dared)、will(would)、shall(should)、have(to)、hadbetter。2）助动词（1）be类助动词：am，is，was，are，were，be，been，being。　　（2）have类助动词：have，has，had，having。　　（3）will类助动词：will，would，shall，should。（4）do类助动词：do，does，did。2havebeen/hasbeen1)havebeen与表示职业的名词连用，用来询问或说明某人所从事的职业。例如：Haveyoueverbeenateacher?你曾经当过教师吗？2)havebeen后接形容词，表示某种行为或状态。此时和表示时间的短语howlong,for或since等连用时，则表示这种状态持续的时间。例如：Theshophasbeenopen.这家商店营业了。Howlonghasthisfactorybeenopen?这家工厂开工多久了？Wehavebeenslowtodevelopthescience发展这一学科，我们一直是缓慢的。3）havebeen可以和表示地点的介词短语连用，可以表示相当于汉语中的“去过”、“来”、“到”、“在”等不同动词的意思。和howlong,for,since等表示时间的短语连用后，表示这种状态的持续时间。例如：HaveyoubeentoBeijing?你去过北京吗？(不在北京问） 4)havebeen可以与away,back,in,on,out,over等小品词连用，相当于一个表示动作动词的现在完成时的用法，表示某种状态。Tomhasbeenaway(foraweek).汤姆离开（一周）了。5)havebeen后接动词的现在分词，为现在完成进行时Hehasbeenworkinginthatfactoryforfiveyears.他在这工厂工作五年了。（现在是否仍在该工厂工作，视上下文而定。）6)havebeen+及物动词的过去分词，为现在完成时被动语态的形式，表示一个已完成的被动动作。例如：Themoonhasbeenvisitedbyhumanbeingalready.月亮已经被人类访问过了。3could和can的区别1、can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力，例如：HecanspeakalittleEnglishnow.Shecouldplaythepianowhenshewasfive.2、在表示请求许可时，没有时间区别，在语气上could更加委婉客气，can的可能性更大，例如：CanIuseyourpen?CouldIhavealookatyourbook?4同位语和定语区别同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词。而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句。定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性 从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,与先行词同义，属于名词性从句的范畴。有些引导词如how,whether,what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。例：Thefactthathesucceededintheexperimentpleasedeverybody．同位语从句。（that只起连接作用）Thefactthat(/which)wetalkedaboutisveryimportant．定语从句。（that在从句中作about的宾语）5which与that区别1.Alongwiththeletterwashispromise____hewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether答案：B2.Theotherday,mybrotherdrovehiscardownthestreetat____Ithoughtwasadangerousspeed.A.asB.whichC.whatD.that答案：B3.Luckily,we"dbroughtaroadmapwithout____wewouldhavelostourway.A.itB.thatC.thisD.which答案：D6并列句并列连词：and,or,but,so...通用结构：A,B,andC或者A,BandC极少数结构：A,B中间不用连词。 7引述他人说话Hesaid“Iamfine!”.Hesaid,“Iamfine!”“Iamfine!”,Hesaid.8日期表示突尼斯时间2015年3月18日星期三，在突尼斯首都发生爆炸案。TherewasabombattackinTunisia"scapital,Wednesday,March18,2015inTunis.英语日期格式：1）月日,年2）星期，月日,年·小地方，大地方，星期，月日，年：inLausanne,Switzerland,Thursday,March19,2015.9.名词复数一般加s,es，少数的自身单词发生变化：man-men,foot-feet抽象名词，复数为本身，只有转为具体对象时才要加s或es16难句解析11Thepresident’sdecisionayearagotoallowresearchonalreadyexistingstemcelllineswasportrayedasareasonablecompromisebetweenscientist’sneedsforcellstoworkwith,andconcernsthatthiskindofresearchcouldleadtowholesalecreationanddestructionofhumanembryos,clonedinfantsandageneralcontemptforhumanlife. 解析：Thepresident’sdecision【(ayearago)(toallowresearch)(onalreadyexistingstemcelllines)】wasportrayed【asareasonablecompromise(between1)scientist’sneeds>,and2)concernsthat(thiskindofresearchcouldleadto1)wholesalecreationanddestructionofhumanembryos,clonedinfantsand2)ageneralcontemptforhumanlife.))】主干句：总统的决定被描述为一个合理的折衷。展开：一方面科学家需要利用细胞进行研究，另一方面这种研究又会导致大批量的人类胚胎、克隆婴儿被随意制造和毁灭，甚至发展成为对人类生命的普遍蔑视。基于以上两方面的折衷考虑，总统于一年前做了决定，允许已经存在的干细胞系的研究。语法详析：(ayearago)：时间状语(toallowresearch)：介词短语，充当decision的定语(onalreadyexistingstemcelllines)：介词短语，充当research的定语wasportrayed：谓语asareasonablecompromise：as引导的介词短语，充当状语between，and：并列结构>：复合介词短语，充当needs同位语that(thiskindofresearch...)：充当concerns同位语thiskindofresearchcouldlead：为虚拟语气的主句1)wholesalecreationanddestructionofhumanembryos,clonedinfantsand2)ageneralcontemptforhumanlife.：为复合并列句。最外层wholesale...与ageneral...并列；creation与destruction并列；humanembryos与clonedinfants并列，humanembryos与clonedinfants的并列，中间没有连词，是一种不常见的并列写法。2.NeitherofthetwohealthcareworkersbroughtbackWednesdayhastestedpositiveforEbola,buttheyarebeingmonitored【becausetheymighthavebeenexposedtoacolleaguewhohascontractedit.】3.Anyinvitationisamatter[for1)congressionalleadersand2)Abe(that)cutsacontroversialfigure, [givenwhatcriticsseeashisattemptstowaterdownpaststatementsaboutthebehaviorofJapan"sImperialArmyinWorldWarTwo.]]cutsacontroversialfigure:形成有争议的形象。cut：削减成givenwhatcriticsseeas：让评论家们看到...4.Byrdlivedjust200yards[fromthespotinawoodedareaoffadirtroad(thatranbehindhishouse).]5.递进动作并列TheshotsstruckWhiteinthechest,faceandthigh,grazedabystander"sarm,andhitthethirdTSAagentinthearm,Normandsaid.解析：Theshots1）struckWhiteinthechest,faceandthigh,2）grazedabystander"sarm,and3）hitthethirdTSAagentinthearm,Normandsaid.6.PoliceareinvestigatingallegationsKappaDeltaRhofraternitymembersusedtwosecretFacebookpagestopostphotosofnudefemales,someofwhomappearedtobesleepingorpassedout,aswellaspostsrelatingtohazingordrugdeals.解析：Policeareinvestigatingallegations[KappaDeltaRhofraternitymembers（usedtwosecretFacebookpagestopost1）photosofnudefemales,someofwhomappearedtobesleepingorpassedout,aswellas2）postsrelatingtohazingordrugdeals）]7.Yemen"sembattledpresidentfledhispalaceinAdenforanundisclosedlocationWednesdayas Shiiterebelsofferedcashbountyforhiscaptureandarrestedhisdefenseminister.解析：Yemen"sembattledpresidentfledhispalaceinAdenforanundisclosedlocationWednesday【asShiiterebels1）offeredcashbounty(forhiscapture)and2）arrestedhisdefenseminister.】周三，也门被围困的总统逃出亚丁宫殿到一个没有被包围的地方。...as：引导时间状语从句。8.Hislawyersopenedthetrialearlythismonthbybluntlyadmittingthedefendantcommittedallthecrimesofwhichheisaccused,butcontendingTamerlanwasthedrivingforcebehindtheattackwithDzhokhargoingalongoutofasenseofsubservience.解析：Hislawyersopenedthetrial(earlythismonth)bybluntly1）admitting（that）【thedefendantcommittedallthecrimes（ofwhichheisaccused）】,but2）contending（that）TamerlanwasthedrivingforcebehindtheattackwithDzhokhar【goingalongoutofasenseofsubservience.】9Republicansmuscledabalanced-budgetplanthroughtheSenateearlyFriday,positioningCongressformonthsofbattlingPresidentBarackObamaovertheGOP"sgoalsofslicingspendinganddismantlinghishealthcarelaw.解析：Republicansmuscledabalanced-budgetplanthroughtheSenateearlyFriday,【positioningCongressformonthsofbattlingPresidentBarackObamaovertheGOP"sgoalsofslicingspendinganddismantlinghishealthcarelaw.】battleover：因..而争吵battlesb.oversth.让某人因某事而吵架 positioningCongressformonths...：安置国会做某事，即让国会一致做了好几个的是停下来。10TheArkansasSenateoverwhelminglyapprovedonFridayaRepublican-backedbillwhoseauthorssayisintendedtoprotectreligiousfreedomsbutcriticscontendcouldallowbusinessestorefuseservicetogaypeople.解析：TheArkansasSenateoverwhelminglyapprovedonFridayaRepublican-backedbill【whoseauthorssayisintendedtoprotectreligiousfreedomsbutcriticscontendcouldallowbusinessestorefuseservicetogaypeople.】11ThebilladvancingintheRepublican-ledArkansaslegislaturesays"governmentsshouldnotsubstantiallyburdenthefreeexerciseofreligionwithoutcompellingjustification."解析：Thebill【advancingintheRepublican-ledArkansaslegislature】says"governmentsshouldnotsubstantiallyburdenthefreeexerciseofreligion（withoutcompellingjustification."）Republican-led：共和党主导的legislature：立法机关翻译：议案（在由共和党主导的立法机关里得到提升）说：“政府不应该在没有有力理由情况下实际上承担起宗教的自由执行”。12Theleadtraincarjumpedthetracks,crashingthroughametalfenceandacrossagrass-covered medianbeforecomingtorestinthemiddleofExpositionBoulevard.【解析】Theleadtraincar1）jumpedthetracks,【crashingthroughametalfence】and2）acrossagrass-coveredmedian【beforecomingtorest（inthemiddleofExpositionBoulevard.）】lead：领头的car：车厢，轿车rest：停止13ThehighcourtleftintactarulingbytheSanFrancisco-based9thU.S.CircuitCourtofAppealsthatthrewoutthelawsuit.【解析】ThehighcourtleftintactarulingbytheSanFrancisco-based9thU.S.CircuitCourtofAppealsthatthrewoutthelawsuit.leftarulingintact：让裁决原封不动，即保持原定裁决。14Theruleswouldshortentheperiodbetweenaunionfilingapetitiontorepresentworkersandanelection,fromthecurrentmedianof38daystoaslittleas14days.【解析】Theruleswouldshortentheperiodbetween1）aunion【filingapetitiontorepresentworkers】and2）anelection,【fromthecurrentmedianof38daystoaslittleas14days.】15Thenation"sworstcoalminedisasterindecadesexposedlaxsafetymeasuresatsomeAppalachianmines,issuesthatpersistfiveyearslaterdespitethecrackdownthatfollowed,accordingtoan AssociatedPressreviewoffederalinspectionrecords.【解析】Thenation"sworstcoalminedisasterindecadesexposedlaxsafetymeasuresatsome主语谓语Appalachianmines,issuesthatpersistfiveyearslaterdespitethecrackdown【thatfollowed】,是measures的同位语accordingtoanAssociatedPressreviewoffederalinspectionrecords.现在分词，起补充作用【thatfollowed】：宾语从句。完整：thatfollowedthenation"sworstcoalminedisaster翻译：根据美联社对联邦调查记录的评论可知，几十年来全国最严重的那起煤矿事故揭露出在一些Appalachian煤矿中存在松懈的安全措施问题，这个问题尽管在该起最严重的煤矿事故发生后进行了整治，但还是持续了五年之久。