大学英语语法 第三讲 代词 74页

第三讲代词一、分类代词可分为人称代词(I,them,you),形容词性物主代词(my,your),名词性物主代词(mine,hers),不定代词(anything,some),指示代词(this,that),疑问代词(who,whatever),反身代词(myself,itself),相互代词(eachother)和关系代词(as,who,which)等。二、功能1.人称代词1)当一个句子中有两个或两个以上人称代词时,语法功能相同的代词形式应该一致JimandIsawthemanpassingby.(同为主格)Betweenyouandme,hegotalotofmoneyfromsomewhere.(同为宾格)私下跟你说吧(别告诉他人),不知他从哪里弄到一大笔钱呢。2)人称代词可以指代动物Thedogwavedhistailwhenhesawhismaster.Youmaytakeahorsetothewater,butyoucan..tmakehimdrink.She(thecat)hasadaptedherselftoalifeontheisland.3)人称代词可以拟人(地球、月亮、党派、国家、车辆等),以表示喜爱或亲昵等Wethanktheearthforherbounty.我们感谢大地的慷慨。Themoonshinesherraysonall.万物都沉浸在融融的月色里。Deathlayshisicyhandonkings.在死亡面前,帝王亦如平民。4)人称代词有时可以用作名词在某些情况下,人称代词可用形容词或限定词作定语,可有-s复数形式,这种特征的人称代词称作名词化的人称代词。人称代词I作名词可表示“自我,极端自私的人”等义;he和she表示男性和女性或动物的雄性和雌性。we和you有时亦可作名词用。Isthenewbabyaheorshe?Therearemoreshesthanhesintheclass.It..shardtodealwiththeIs.极端自私的人很难对付。It..sreportedthatpoorwretchedhehadcommittedsuicide.Itwastheotheryoudoingsuchsillythings.HewasIT.他很自负。(it大写或用斜体,可表示“自负的人,讨厌的人”等意)Thepersonshelovesistheotherhim.她爱的是另一个他。There..snousearguingwiththeangryyou.Thatmeyousawisinfactsomebodyelse.你所看到的那个我事实上是某个别人。Intheory,that..slikeusingoneofyourskincellstocloneanewyou.在理论上,那就像使用你的皮上细胞来克隆一个新的你本人。比较:Heisreally“it”.他真蠢。(或:他是个重要人物。) Sheisreally“it”.她很性感。(sexy)5)如果几个人称代词并列,应注意其排列次序 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书62第三讲代词(1)第二人称+第一人称。例如:youandIyouandus(2)第三人称+第一人称。例如:myfriendsandIHenryandme(3)第二人称+第三人称。例如:youortheyyouorthem(4)第二人称+第三人称+第一人称。例如:you,himandmeyou,JimandI(5)第一人称+不定代词。例如:Weandtenotherswentonthetrip.Iandanyoneelsewillenjoythemusic.(6)第一人称+带后置定语的并列成分。例如:Iandtheoldmanlivingnextdoorweandthestudentsofthecollege(7)第一人称+第二或第三人称(在承担责任,承认错误,检讨工作时)。例如:Iandshearetoblame.Weandthechildrenspoiledtheplan.(8)父母、妻子、丈夫+第一人称+子女。例如:MyhusbandandIandourtwinsons,TomandScott,willbegoing.MymotherandIandTomoncesatthereinthepark.6)人称代词应与其所代替的那个词在人称和数方面保持一致Meatandfisharemoreexpensivethantheyusedtobe.Idon..tlikethebookbecauseitistoodull.那本书太乏味了,我不喜欢。7)用主格还是用宾格(1)在系动词后,在suchas,thesamethingas,otherthan,ratherthan,between,thinkof...,being后及独立主格中,一般用主格或宾格皆可,口语中更多用宾格。例如:Itisshe(或her).Thewinnersarethey(或them).Itseemstobehe(或him).Theythoughtofthelaw-breakerbeinghe(或him).FailureisnotforsuchasI(或me).(但Peoplesuchashewillhaveabrightfuture.用作主语)Hebrokethewindowratherthanshe(或her).Nobody,otherthanhe(或him)wentthatway.Betweenyouandme(或I),heisaliar.Note:现代英语中,下面两句,用主格或宾格均可:Letyouandus(或we)doit.Thisisnotthekindofworkforhim(或he)orme(或I)todo. (2)在think...tobe,imagine...tobe,suppose...tobe,look...up...as等后,多用宾格。例如:Theyimaginedthenewmanagertobeme.Peoplesupposedthebestplayertobeher.Shelookeduponmeashim.大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)63二、功能Hethoughtthepainterstobethem.(3)下面从句中的代词受定语从句的影响,用宾格。例如:ItisherthatIlentthebookto.Itwasthemthatheinvitedtotheparty.(4)有时用主格或宾格含义不同。例如:ShetalkedwithJim,notme.(=Shedidnottalkwithme.)ShetalkedwithJim,notI.(=IdidnottalkwithJim.)Hescoldedeverybodythereandevenher.(Healsoscoldedher.)Hescoldedeverybodythereandevenshe.(Shealsoscoldedeverybodythere.)Jacktreatedthegirlaskindlyasme.(asJacktreatedme)JacktreatedthegirlaskindlyasI.(asItreatedthegirl)(5)注意下面几句中宾格或主格的用法:Letusgo,youandme.(习惯说法,you和me为宾格,作us的同位语)Let..syouandmewaithere.(同上)DoyouknowJohn,himoftheteam?(him是John的同位语)Theythoughttheplayerstobeusboys.(用us,为宾语players的补足语)Theplayerswerethoughttobeweboys.(用we,为主语theplayers的补足语)8)atone..sbest不同于atbest英语中有些词组,仅因形容词性物主代词一字之差,意义往往大不相同。比较:atone..sbest出色,处于最佳状态(表语)atbest至多,充其量(状语)forone..sgood为了某人的益处forgood永远地putone..sheartinto专注于..putheartintosb.鼓舞某人forone..slife拼命地forlife终生loseone..sheartto爱上loseheart灰心aheadofone..stime(思想等)超越时代aheadoftime提前Thekingwenttohisrestearly.那个国王死得早。(=died)Thekingwenttorestearly.那个国王睡得早。(=wenttobed)Undernocircumstanceswillheloseheart.在任何情况下他都不会灰心。Thegirllostherhearttoaforeignyouth.这位女孩爱上了一位外国青年。 9)forthelifeofme的含义双重所有格由“名词+of+名词性物主代词(名词所有格)”表示,如afriendofmine(myfather..sfriend),而不说afriendofme。但是有时候,如果这种结构中的名词前有定冠词the或其他限定词,则要用“the+名词+of+宾格人称代词”结构。这种结构常表示某种感情色彩。例如:Iwillnotforthelifeofmedoit.我无论如何也不会做那件事。Hediditjustforthefunofit.Idon..tlikethelookofhim.我不喜欢他那个样子。新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书64第三讲代词Thefailurewillbethedeathofher.这次失败对她来说将是致命的。Hewillbreaktheneckofyou.他会打断你的颈骨。(威胁)Thebusinessmaybetheruinofher.(=ruinher)Ican..tforthesoulofmedoit.(=Icannever)Ihaveneverseenthelikeofhim.(=amanlikehim)Ihaveneverseenthelikeofit.(=anythingsostrange)Ihatethesightofher.(=hatetoseeher)..再如:thelikesofher像她那样的人(指多人)。..但能用于这种结构的情况是不多的,如不可说forthesakeofme或forthegoodofher。比较:Theystoodatthebackofhim.他们站在他身后边。(=behindhim)Theystoodathisback.他们支持他。(=supportedhim)2.it的用法1)指代事物、动物、婴儿或未知的人Aluminiumlooksheavybutactuallyitisverylight.Poorgirl!Whatisitcryingfor?Lookatthebaby.Isn..titlovely?Whataclevergirlitis!(用于感叹句表示亲密)Whatameanmanitis!(用于感叹句表示鄙视)A:Whoisthat?B:It..sonlyme.Whatisthesound?It..sthewindshakingthedoor.Whoisitspeaking?(电话用语,不能说Whoareyouspeaking?)..考察下面一句:A:Someoneisatthedoor.B:?A.WhatisitB.WhoisitC.WhoisheD.Whichoneisit(B项正确)2)指天气、时间、距离、自然现象、环境等 Itisverycoldtoday.Itisfiveo..clock.Itistwentymilestothezoo.Itisveryquiethere.It..sspring(summer)now.3)作先行代词,代替不定式,作形式主语或形式宾语以it作形式主语或形式宾语的动词有:feel,consider,find,believe,make,take,imagine,think,suppose,deem,count,regard等。在这种结构中,被替代的成分要置于句尾。例如:Itisofgreathelptomasteraforeignlanguage.Ittookmeaweektorewritethepaper.Iconsideritadvisabletotellherbeforehand.Ifinditquitenecessarytomakesomechanges.4)作先行代词,代替动名词it代替动名词,主要用于下面的结构中。注意,这种结构中不宜用不定式。大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)65二、功能Itisnogood(nouse,useless,senseless,dangerous,enjoyable,worthwhile)+动名词Itisawaste(anuisance,hardwork)+动名词Itisworthwhilemakinganothertry.It..sdangeroussleepingoutinthewoodsatnight.Itishardworkpersuadinghimintodoingit.Ithinkitwrongdoingitthisway.Ifinditawastespendingsomuchmoneydrinkingandeating.Itiswonderful,swimminginsummer.5)作先行代词,代替名词性从句该结构中的名词性从句可用that,what,when等引导。例如:Itisobviousthatmetalsincommonuseareveryimportantinourlife.IthappenedthatshewasnotathomewhenIcalled.Hewantstomakeitclearwhetheryoustilllovehimornot.Wehavemadeitclearthatshehasnothingtodowiththecase.Hasitbeenfoundoutwhoisthemurderer?Itisnotknownwhatcausedtheaccident.Itisamysterywhentheygotmarried.Note:在下面一句中,it代替名词。Itwasshocking,thataccident.那个事件使人十分震惊。(强调结构)..考察下面两句:TheybelievethatAtheirB dutytolookafterthemoralsofthoseCwholiveinDpoverty.(A项有问题)AsolardayisthelengthoftimetheEarthtorevolveoncearoundthesun.A.takesB.takesitC.ittakesD.hetakes(C项正确)6)用于独立句中it还常同be动词和with连用,构成独立的句子,为习惯用法。例如:Itisallgonewithher.她一切都完了。Itisalloverwithit.一切都过去了。Itiswellwithhim.他一切都很好。Itisalwayssowithboys.男孩子就是这样。Itfaredwellwithus.我们生活得很好。Howisitwithyourwife?你太太好吗?7)用于强调句中无指代关系,也无实义,去掉“itis...that...”三个词后,剩余的词仍能单独组成一个完整的句子。例如:Itisfromthesunthatwegetlightandheat.(强调句型)正是从太阳那里我们得到了光和热。Wegetlightandheatfromthesun.(非强调句型)我们从太阳那里得到光和热。8)可以指复数名词Whoismakingsomuchnoise?—Itmustbethechildren.9)可以用来替代整个句子或句中谓语部分所表示的意思Thoughnooneknewit,itwouldbethelasttimehewouldbepresentatthebank.新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书66第三讲代词Hehelpedmealotduringmycollegeyears.Ishallneverforgetit.Mrs.Andersonisalreadypastfifty,butshedoesn..tlookit.Hehateschildren,anditisstrange.Johnisanidiot,andhelooksit.Theyarestrongandshouldbeit.(=strong)..考察下面一句:A:Whencanwecometovisityou?B:Anytimeyoufeel.A.oneB.likeitC.soD.forit(B项正确)10)it组成的惯用语 it同动词结合可以组成惯用词组,这种用法的it无明确指代关系,也无明确语义。常见的有:That..sit.那正是我想知道的。(=somethingIwanttoknow)Thatmustbeit.准是那么回事。Thatisaboutit.差不多是这样。(=nearlythecase)ThemanissobadlyinjuredthatI..mafraidhehashadit.(没希望了,不行了)Goit(加油)!We..llbackyouup.You..llcatchit(受责备)ifyourfatherfindsyoudoingthat.ItsaysintheBiblethat...圣经上说..Winorlose,we..llstickitout.(坚持到底)Wheredoesithurt?Hangitall.Wecan..tleavenow.见鬼!我们现在不能离开。Wehadanicetimeofit.我们玩得很好。Thereisnothingforitbuttostand.没有别的办法,只能忍耐一下。Takeiteasy.别着急,慢慢来。Therulerlordeditover(欺压)thepeople...再如:goitalone独自干,makeit做到(起到,办成),roughit生活困顿(艰难地生活),hitit猜对(说中),beatit走开(滚开),cheeseit停止,comeit达到..目的(成功地做..),come/goitstrong做得过分(过分夸大),fightitout一决雌雄(干到底),callitaday今天就干到这里(到此为止),foot/walkit步行,braveitout拼着干到底,hopit快溜,justforthehellofit只是为了好玩,asluckwouldhaveit碰巧(不凑巧,倒霉),faceitout把..坚持到底(挺到底),cabit乘车,takeitoutofsomebody拿..出气,busit坐公共汽车去,tramit坐电车去,taxiit坐出租车去,boatit坐船去,trainit坐火车去,tubeit坐地铁去,kingit做帝王(统治),pigit过困苦生活,queenit当女王(统治),legit逃走,dogit摆阔气,hoofit逃走,hotelit住旅馆,innit住旅馆,coolit平静下来,goitblind瞎干,tripit长途旅行,getit挨骂,behardputtoit处于困境,haveahardtimeofit,havethebestofit,havetheworstofit,makeajollylifeofit,makearevengeofit,Damnit!Deucetakeit!Dashit!brazenitout,chanceit,dukeit,bossit,battleit,hikeit,runit。11)itthat可以引导宾语从句take,hide,seeto,insiston,dependon,counton,relyon等后的宾语从句要求用itthat 引导。例如:Itakeitthat(猜想,认为)he..snotinterestedinthebook.大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)67二、功能Shehiditthat(隐瞒)shewasmarried.Hesawtoitthat(确保)theworkwasfinishedontime.Heinsistedonitthatwesetoffbeforenoon.Youmaydependuponitthatwe..llneverdesertyou.12)forit的含义forit可以表示“应付的手段或方法,因此,受罚”等。例如:Thereisnothingforitbuttowait.(办法)Itisnonethebetterforit.(因此)Shewillbeinforit.(倒霉)Hehadtorunforit.他必得快跑。(以躲避大雨等)Hemadeaboltforit.他赶快逃走了。13)haveitthat的含义haveitthat结构意为“..说”。例如:Legendhasitthatthereisadragoninthelake.据传说,这个湖里有一条龙。Rumourhasitthathehasescapedintotheforest.据谣传,他逃到森林里去了。Thenewspaperhasitthat(声称)thepresidentwillresign.Note:takeitthat...不可同haveitthat...混淆,参阅上文。14)thinkitone..sdutytodosth.结构think,find,prove,show,deem,believe,consider,count,feel,imagine,make,regard,suppose,take等动词后有不定式作宾语,且又有补足语时,必须用形式宾语it代替不定式。若补足语为动名词或从句,亦要用it作形式宾语。参阅上文。例如:Ithinkitmydutytohelpher.(=Itisthoughtmyduty...)Ifounditveryeasytolearntherules.(=Itwasfoundveryeasy...)Note:下面两个句子中的it不可少。Weshallleaveittohimtosettlethematter.(=Itislefttohimto...)IoweittoyouthatIhavesurvivedthedisaster.(=Itisowedtoyouthat...)15)Whoisit和WhoisthatWhoisit?问的不是具体的人,it泛指任何人。Whoisthat?问的是明确具体的人,that指具体“某人”。听到有人在敲门,你要说的是:Whoisit?看见有人在阅览室里读报,你要问的是:Whoisthat?3.物主代词1)物主代词有形容词性和名词性两种前者只用作定语,修饰名词,但不能替代名词。后者用来代替名词词组,即:形容词性物主代词+名词,可用作主语、宾语或表语,可替代名词。例如:Thatismybook.Thatbookismine.Theirsisaverylargeuniversity. Thecherrytreegivesitsshareofcolourtothegarden,andthelilactreegivesits.(=itsshareofcolour)Whatofyourswillyougiveher?Iwillgivehereverythingofmine.Thesearepensofours.(比ourpens强调)2)herorhispaper还是hisorherpaper新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书68第三讲代词如果两个不同性别的形容词性物主代词共同修饰一个名词,男性代词需放在女性代词之前。例如:Whichdoyouprefer,hisorherpaper?..考察下面一句:Whomdoyouknowbetter,?A.hisfriendorherB.herorhisC.hisorherfriendD.herorhisfriend(C项正确)3)名词性物主代词与of连用,可构成双重所有格其结构为:a(an,no,each,which,that...)+名词+of+名词性物主代词。要注意的是,名词前不可用冠词the。例如:Thisisnofaultofhers.Idon..tknowwhatbusinessofyoursitis.Afriendofminecametoseemeyesterday.4)动名词前一般使用形容词性物主代词(参阅第十二讲)Wearesurprisedathisnotpassingtheexam.Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?..考察下面一句:Iwon..tborrowJim..sbikebecauseIdon..tlike.A.thebikeofhisB.histhatbikeC.thatbikeofhisD.thebikeofhim(C项正确)5)ofone..sown的含义这种结构意为“..自己的”,其前面的名词常同时被no,some,any,a(n),this,that,these,those,several,another,which等修饰。例如:Themoonhasnolightofitsown.月亮本身无光。Shesaidshehadnothingofherown.她说她一无所有。Healwayshasviewsofhisown.他总是有自己的见解。Bobwantedtohavearoomofhisown...注意下面的结构:Theytreatedthegirlasifsheweretheirownalthoughtheyhavetheirownchildren. Thefailureisofhisownmaking.失败是他自己造成的。Note:own可以表示“甚至”。例如:Shecan..twriteherownname.她连自己的名字都不会写。Henevercaresabouthisownhealth.他甚至不关心自己的健康。6)touchsb.onthehead还是touchsb.onone..shead在下面这种结构中,表示身体部位的名词前用the,而不用形容词性物主代词:及物动词+宾语系动词+表语被动语态+介词+the+名词(身体部位)Thegeneraltouchedhimontheheadkindly.将军轻轻地拍了拍他的头。Thestonehitthechildinthelefteye.石头正打中孩子的左眼。Onseeinghim,thegirlbecameredintheface.Hewaswoundednotinthearmbutintheleg.Note:单数阳性名词和单数阴性名词连用时,如果前面有each,every修饰,动词用单数,大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)69二、功能代词用his。例如:Everyboyand(every)girlhashandedinhisexercise-book.7)非物主意义的物主代词(1)my用于感叹句时,表示“欢迎、惊奇、痛苦”等义,没有“我的”这种意思。例如:Oh,myboy!好家伙!MyGod!天啊!MyGoodness!天哪!(2)His,Your,Her可同Excellency,Majesty,Honour连用,表示尊称,无物主意义。例如:YourMajesty.陛下。(直接称呼用Your)HisExcellencytheMayorwasinvitedtospeakatthemeeting.市长先生被邀请在会上讲话。(间接提及时用His或Her)HisHighnesswillconsiderthematter.(=ThePrince)HerMajestywillapproveit.(=Thequeen)Note:下面作主语的名词短语相当于you:YourMajesty(或YourExcellency,YourWorship,YourHighness,YourReverence)issokind.8)物主代词所表示的四种关系(1)Hetookoffhiscoat.他脱下外衣。(所属关系=thecoatownedbyhim)Thebookhaslostitscover.这本书的封面掉了。(所属关系=thecoverasapartofit)(2)Theyarewaitingforherarrival.他们在等着她的到来。(主谓关系=shearrives) Helivedinthisroomuntilhisdeath.他到死都住在这个房间里。(主谓关系=hedied)(3)Thebuildingwassetfiretojustafteritscompletion.这幢楼刚完工就被人放火烧了。(动宾关系=Itwascompleted)Herappointmentissomethingunexpected.她的任命是没料到的事。(动宾关系=Shewasappointed)(4)Hisloveisunselfish.他的爱(或别人对他的爱)是无私的。(主被动双重关系=Helovesothers.或Heislovedbyothers.)Histreatmentisjust.他的对待是公道的。(主被动双重关系=Hetreatsothers.或Heistreatedbyothers.)4.指示代词1)指代前面提到过的事物,常用that或those,起“承上”的作用Hehadabadcold.That..swhyhewasabsent.他患了重感冒,所以没有到场。Hestabsyouinthebackandthenprofessestobeyourfriend.Whatdoyouthinkofthat?Tobeornottobe,thatisaquestion.是活还是不活,这是个问题。Willyourfatherlendherthecar?Thathewon..t.Hewillscoldthem.Thathewill.Shehastakenit.Thatshehas.Heismyfriend,thatheis.(=myfriend,相当于so)Heisselfish.Ifindhimthat.TheysayJohniscruel,butIknowhecannotbethat.2)指代将要提及的事物,常用this或these,起“启下”的作用新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书70第三讲代词Thisiswhatweshalldiscusstomorrow.Itallboilsdowntothis:heisasnob.归根到底一句话,他是个势利眼。Whatdoyouthinkofthis?Hepretendstoknowwhathedoesn..tknow.Liquor,coffeeandcigars:thesearemyfriends.比较:Thisisthenewsofthepastweek.现在播送过去一周的新闻。Thatistheendofthenews.新闻播送完了。(结束语)Thisishowyouunlockthebox.你要这样打开箱子。(接着做示范)Thatishowyouunlockthebox.你要那样打开箱子。(示范结束后)Note:this和these常指自己要说的话,that和those常指别人说过的话。例如:Listentothisstory,please.请听我讲这个故事。I..veheardthatstorybefore.我以前听过那个故事。3)this和that同时指出现过的两件事时,this指“后者”,that指“前者” Virtueandviceareforyoutochoose;thisbringsyoumiseryandthatbringsyouhappiness.善与恶供你选择,后者给你带来灾难,前者给你带来幸福。4)this指朝着说话人方向过来的人或物,that指离开说话人而去的人或物Thisisthetrainheridesin.他乘坐的火车开过来了。Thatwasthetrainheridesin.他乘坐的火车开走了。5)this和these指的是在地点、时间等方面较近的事物,that和those指的是地点、时间等方面较远的事物,有时也表示对比Theseareveryhappydays.ThoseweretheyearswhenIwasyoungandstrong.A:Whichbookdoyouwanttobuy,thisorthat?你想买哪一本书,这本还是那本?B:Thisbookischeaper,butthatoneismoreuseful.这本书较便宜,但那本书更有用。Ihavebeenbusythismorning.今天上午我一直忙着。(现在时间)Iwasbusythatmorning.那天上午我很忙。(过去时间)..值得注意的是,this,that,these,those的指代区别并不是那么严格。this和that实际上都能指代上文中出现的名词词组、整个分句、整个句子甚至若干个句子所表达的意思。例如:Atfirstglance,thedesertseemscompletelybarrenofanimallife,butthisisanillusion.6)this或that同介词连用,表示特定的含义Withthis,hewentout.(=Sosaying)Atthis,sheburstintolaughing.(=SeeingthisorHearingthis)Uponthis,hesatdownbythewindow.(=Andthen)Sincethat,Ihaveneverseenher.(=Sincethattime)7)this和that表示某些事物或不知名的某人Someworriedaboutthis,someworriedaboutthat.Hehasn..tsaidanythingagainstMr.ThisorMrs.That.8)this,these和that,those同very连用表示强调这种用法的this等为形容词。例如:Wemustleavethisveryminute.Thatveryaccidentcostherlife.Theseverymenarethepeoplesuitableforthejob.大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)71二、功能9)this,that同and或or连用表示随随便便这种用法的this等为形容词。例如:Heisbusywiththisthingorthat.Hefallsinlovewiththisorthatgirl.Don..trunthiswayandthatway.10)this和that可以表示数量 这种用法的this等为形容词。例如:Thatfactoryhastenthousandworkers,butourshashalfthisnumber.(=fivethousand)Itisfourmetresbuttwicethatlengthisneeded.(=eightmetres)11)this和that可以同much连用这种用法的this等为形容词。例如:Ionlyknowthismuch.ThatmuchIwant.Sheisrightinthatmuch.12)this、these和that、those可以表示某种情绪这种用法的this等为形容词。例如:WhoisthisZhangLin?(看不起)Forgetthatwoman.(鄙视)Othatsweetvoice!Othoseeyes!(赞美)Janeiscoming.Ihopeshedoesn..tbringthathusbandofhers.(厌恶)13)this和that可以用作副词,相当于soHeisn..tthatsilly.Theriveristhatwide.Hehasn..tgonethatfar.Doeshethinkthat?(=thatway,likethat)Itisaboutthistall.Note:比较不同的含义:Johndidn..tseeherthismorning(或thisautumn).(说话时已不是早晨或秋天)Johnhasn..tseenherthismorning(或thisautumn).(说话时是在早晨或秋天)14)要求用this或these的特定场合(1)总结上文刚说过的内容。例如:Prideandconceit,nonchalance,anddejection—thesemakeFredthemanheis.(2)指代直接引语。例如:“We..vehadalotoffunattheparty”,asthegirlsaidthis,apleasantsmilespreadoverherface.(3)在某些习惯用语中要用this。例如:ThisisMr.Zhouspeaking.(电话用语)ThisisMr.Frank.ThisisMrs.Brown.(介绍见面)What..sallthisabout?Justthisonce.就这一次。15)要求用that的特定场合(1)在thatheis等结构中。例如:新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书72第三讲代词Heisverystubbornsometimes.Yes,thatheis.他有时非常固执。是的, 他就是这么个人。(2)用在某些习语、词组或特殊说法中。例如:Thatiswhyyoufailed.Thatisbecauseyoudidn..tcomeontime.Stopcryingandthat(或there)isagoodboy.别哭了,不哭就是好孩子。Thatwilldo.那就够了。Sotha..tsthat.就是这样。That..sit!对啦!That..sall.这就些。Whatofthat?那又怎样?(后来怎样?)ThatishowImadeit.Shesawthatinhisfacewhichfrightenedher.(=something)Hehasthatinhischaracterwhichdeservespraise.(=something)Thereisthatwhodoesn..tlikethefilm.(=someone)(3)同and连用,用作替代词。例如:Youmustgothere,andthatimmediately.(=andyoumustgothereimmediately)Shedecidestobeadoctorandthatallherlife.(=andshedecidestobeadoctorallherlife)Note:these也有这种用法。例如:Shehasalotofstorybooksandtheseveryinterestingones.(=andshehasveryinterestingstorybooks)(4)用在and...atthat结构中,表示强调。例如:Shehasacar,andaverygoodoneatthat.(而且是一部非常好的车)Peoplewenttotheflowershowandthousandsofthematthat.Wehadabettermanforthejob,andamoreexperiencedoneatthat.(=Wehadabettermanforthejob,andthatamoreexperiencedone)Thegirlknowsnothingexceptcooking,andverylittleatthat.16)thisday的一种特殊用法这种用法可以用来表示以当天为起点的向前或向后的一个周期。例如:Theywillarrivethisdayweek.(aweekfromtoday一周后的今天)Theystartedonthejourneythisdaymonth.(amonthfromtoday一月前的今天)Thewarbrokeoutthisdaytwentyyears.这场战争发生在20年前的今天。Ishallseeherthisdaynextmonth.我将在下个月的今天见她。17)Alas,thatSpringshouldvanishwiththeRose中that的含义that有时可以引导句子独立出现,表示说话人的强烈感情或愿望。例如:Oh,thatshewerehere!(=Iwishthatshewerehere.)Thathewaskepttotallyinthedark.(=It..sstrangethathewaskepttotallyinthedark.) ..上面的句子意为It..sapitythatSpringshouldvanishwiththeRose.这个句子似可译为南唐后主李煜《乌夜啼》中的名句“:林花谢了春红,太匆匆..”。18)HeleftthedaythatIarrived中的that不是指示代词上句中的that相当于when,onwhich,起关系副词的作用。that还可以作inwhich,大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)73二、功能why等解。例如:Thisisthewaythattheylive.(that=inwhich)Thatisthereasonthathedidn..ttellyouthefact.(that=why)19)Agoodman,that———用指示代词重复前面所讲的事物,表示强调Theyarenoordinarypeople,those.那些人可不是一般的人。Aratherprettygirl,that!那可是个相当漂亮的女孩!Hewentintothehouse,alovelyhomethis.他走进了那所房子,真是一个漂亮的家。20)fortheminvolvedinthecase还是forthoseinvolvedinthecasethose后可以跟定语从句或短语,而人称代词them后则不可。例如:Fortheminvolvedinthecase,thecourtwillconductinvestigations.(误)Forthoseinvolvedinthecase,thecourtwillconductinvestigations.(正)Note:①thosewho...相当于peoplewho...,意为“凡..的人”,表示两者以上的不定人数,如果涉及到比较,要用最高级。thosewho中的who作主语,不可省略,而thosewhom中的whom后接定语从句作宾语,往往省略。those可以直接代替代词,故不说thoseones,但可以说thosegreenones。例如:Thosewhoinsultthemselveswillbeinsultedbyothers.人必自侮而后人侮之。②thosewho或theywho有时相当于onewho或hewho。例如:Thosewhotakenothoughtatfirstwillatthelastrepent.事前不思考,事后定懊悔。=Onewhotakesnothoughtatfirstwillatthelastrepent.Theywhostaylasttakethemost.坚持到最后者,得到的最多。=Hewhostayslasttakesthemost.③thatwhich=what。例如:Thatwhichisbeautifulisnotalwaystrue.(=What)美的东西未必真实。Thatwhichisoneman..smeatmaybeanother..spoison.东边日出西边雨,道是无晴还有晴。(似可为一种译法)..考察下面的句子:SincethejobisgoingtobeAdifficult,heaskedonlyBthemChetrustedtoassisthimD .(C项有问题)ThebestAworkisnotalwaysdoneBbyCthosewhoworkthefasterD.(D项有问题)5.不定代词1)Alliswellthatendswell———all的用法要点all用于三者或三者以上,接可数名词;也可接不可数名词,视情况而定。另外,the只能放在all的后面。(1)作形容词,意为“所有的,一切的”,即包括全体中的每一个或每一类(接复数名词)。例如:Allmenhaveequalrights.Alldogsarefaithfulanimalsbutallmenarenotkind.Note:①all可同复数名词连用表示“任何”。例如:Hewentthereinallweathers.(=inanyweather)Shebeggedmoneyfromallpassers-by.(=fromanypasser-by)②比较:新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书74第三讲代词Ihavereadallthosebooks.(总体来考虑)Ihavereadeveryoneofthosebooks.(分开考虑)Theboycanrecitealltheessayshehasstudied.(特指,全部)Theboycanreciteanyessayhewillstudy.(泛指任何一个)(2)作形容词,表示集体或整体概念(接this,that或单数名词,动词用单数)。例如:Heremainedunknownallhislife.Shewaitedinalltheafternoon.Hestudiedallday,allnight.Shestayedhereallspring.AllAsiastandsupforthegames.Allthis(或Allthat)ismadness.(3)作形容词,接抽象名词或单数名词,意为any,every,thegreatestpossible。例如:Thatshewelcomesallcriticismisbeyondalldoubt.Theflowersarebloominginalltheirbeauty.Hespokewithallhumility. Thestormcameinallitsfury.Theywenttherewithallspeed.Hetookallcareofher.Thequestionispastalldispute.Itisallnonsense.Itisbeyondallquestion.Itisbeyondallcontroversy.Itiscontrarytoallrule.Shedeniedallerror.Herefusedallpraise.Theycutoffallconnection.allmannerofpeople各种各样的人(manner表示“种类”时用单数)allmannerofgoods各种各样的货物Note“:forall(或withall)+抽象名词”表示“尽管”。例如:Foralltheiropposition,hewenthisownway.不管他们怎么反对,他坚持走自己的路。Withallhiswealth,heisn..thappy.尽管他十分富有,但并不幸福。(4)all可以同复数名词或抽象名词连用,表示“非常,聚精会神地”。例如:Heisallears.他倾听着。Sheisalleyes.她目不转睛地看着。Heisallheart.他非常诚恳。(=veryearnest)Sheisallattention.她注意力非常集中。(=veryattentive)Sheisallastonishment.她非常吃惊。(=veryastonished)(5)all可以同复数名词或抽象名词连用,表示“仅有的,唯一的”。例如:AllthebooksIhaveareyours.我有的书也都是你的。ThatisallthenewsIlearn.我所知道的消息就这些。Lifeisnotallpleasure.生活并不仅是享乐。AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.只工作不玩耍,聪明的孩子也变傻。大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)75二、功能(6)用于ofall或outofall结构中,意为“这么多..中偏偏,这么多..中最”,表示某种情绪,如惊奇、困惑或厌恶等。例如:Heleftonarainydayofalldays.他偏偏在下雨那天离开了。TheyquarrelledonNewYear..sDayofalldays.他们别的时候不吵架,偏偏在新年那天吵架。HemarriedMaryoutofallgoodgirls.在这么多好女孩中,他偏偏娶了玛丽。Ilikethispictureofallpictures.这么多照片中,我最爱这一张。He,ofallpersons,hurthermost.偏偏就是他对她伤害最深。Thissuggestionofallsuggestionsappealstoher.偏偏这个建议使她感兴趣。(=Onlythissuggestion) TheychoseJimofallothers.他们偏偏选中了吉姆。Thisissomethingofallotherstoberemembered.这是最应该记住的事情。Helikestravellingofallthings.他偏偏最爱旅行。(=particularly)Didyou,ofallthings,loveacountrygirl?你怎么偏偏爱上了一位农村姑娘?Itis,ofallthings,theidealwayofdoingit.这是做这件事的最理想的方式。(7)作副词,可以修饰形容词、副词、介词,并常同over,along,round,around,about,through,by等一起使用,表示强调,意为“全部,都”。例如:Hewasallwronginhisconjecture.Shewaslivingallbyherselfinanoldhouseontheriver.Thegirlhasgothimallexcited.Itisalluseless.Herfaceisallswollen.Youressayisallveryfine.Theyareallforstartingearly.Hediedalltoosoon.(修饰副词)Hediedallforthecountry.(修饰介词)Note:allbut表示“几乎,差点”,相当于almost。例如:Sheallbutfailedtheexam.Iamallbutcertainofhersuccess.Theyhavetalkedallbutthewholeday.(8)作代词,意为thewholenumber,quantityoramount(of),谓语动词用单数或复数,视情况而定。例如:AllofthegoodsareimportedfromFrance.Allofthemilkisspilt.牛奶都洒了。Theboyatealloftheapple.(一只苹果)Isawitall.Note:all后有时可跟两个同位语。例如:Allwestudentslikesports.Thegeneralpraisedallthembravesoldiers.(9)作代词,相当于allpeople,接复数动词。例如:Allareinfavouroftheproposal.Allthatlivemustdie.有生必有死。(10)作代词,相当于everything等,接单数动词。例如:新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书76第三讲代词Allwasquietintheopenatnight.夜晚的旷野万籁俱寂。AllIknowisthatallseemstobegoingonwell.我所知道是一切进展顺利。Alliswellthatendswell.结果好,就是好。Allisover.全完了。(全已过去了。) Musicisherall.(=allshehasorvalues)Isthatall?(=Isthereanythingelse?)Allsaidanddone,lifeisstruggle.说到底,生活就是奋斗。(=Afterall)(11)作名词,相当于everything,用于所有格代词之后。例如:Hegavehisalltothepeaceandfreedomofmankind.Thatisherlittleall.那是她的全部所有。(12)作同位语。例如:Theyarealltoblame.Thestudentsallagreedtomakeatriptothescenicspot.(13)beallhere还是allbehere。all位于行为动词前,be动词后,表示强调可以说allofus(them)等,但all不可紧放在代词前。例如:正Allwereintearsatthenews.Allofthemwereintearsatthenews.Theywereallintearsatthenews.Theywereallofthemintearsatthenews.Theyallshedtearsatthenews.误Theyallwereintearsatthenews.Theyshedalltearsatthenews.Alltheyshedtearsatthenews.比较:正allbooksallthebooksallsuchbooksallthese(those)booksallmybooks(my后有名词,前可用all)allofmybooksallofthese(those)books误allofbookstheallbooks(14)allin和inall———all构成的惯用语。allin疲倦,inall总共,allatonce突然(同时),allthesameto一样,allalone独自地,allgone无..留下,onceandforall只此一次,forgoodandall永远,andall连..一起Thesoldiersareallin.(verytired)Thereweretensoldiersinall.(altogether)(15)ofall,atall,allinall和afterall。 比较:大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)77二、功能ofall→在所有中..最(常同最高级连用)atall→根本(仅用于疑问句,否定句和条件句)allinall→一切的一切,最重要的人或事,完全地afterall→毕竟Heisthemostkind-heartedmanofall.他是最善良的人。Helikessmokingleastofall.他最不喜欢抽烟。Ilikeherbestofall.我最喜欢她。Ifyoudoitatall,doitwell.如果你真地做这件事,那就做好它。Sheisallinalltohim.她是他最爱的人。Takeitallinall,healthisthemostimportant.说到底,健康才是最重要的。(=Wheneverythingisconsidered...)Afterall,nooneisperfect.说到底,没有人是十全十美的。Note:①比较下面几句:Allbooksarenotworthreading.并非所有的书都值得读。(泛指所有的书)Allthebooksareworthyourreading.所有这些书都值得你读。(特指某个地点所有的书,如某个书架上的书,也可以说allofthebooks)Allmenmustdie.人皆有一死。(泛指所有的人)AllthemenarefromEngland.所有这些人都来自英国。(特指某地的一群人,也可以说allofthemen)Allthreemenwavedtoher.(正)3个人都向她打招呼。Allthethreemenwavedtoher.(正)(“all+数词+复数名词”结构可用可不用the)Allfourwerewounded.(正)所有4个人都受伤了。Allfourofthemwerewounded.(正)Allthefourwerewounded.(误)(“all+数词”结构一般不可用the)②all和whole的异同。A.在单数可数名词和不可数名词之前多用whole,在复数可数名词之前多用all。例如:whole→thewholebuilding,thewholearmy,thewholeidea,thewholetruth,thewholethingall→allthecars,allthestudents,allthebooksB.在表示时间(day,week,month,year)、季节(spring,summer,autumn,winter)及月份(January...)等名词前,用whole和all均可,但结构不同。比较:all(the)monththewholemonthall(the)springthewholespringallMaythewholeMayalltheway thewholewayallthefamilythewholefamily..但是,hour和century只可用whole修饰,不可用all修饰。比较:thewholehour(正)awholehour(正)allthehour(误)thewholecentury(正)awholecentury(正)allthecentury(误)新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书78第三讲代词C.在“数词+时间名词”前,可用all或whole。例如:allfiveweeksthewholefiveweeksallthreeyearsthewholethreeyearsD.物质名词前通常用all。例如:Notallwaterisfittodrink.(不可说thewholewater)Hewastedallthemoney.(不可说thewholemoney)..有些物质名词前亦可用whole,但有特殊的含义,如:wholemilk全脂奶,wholeflour纯面粉。E.有些抽象名词前用all或whole均可。例如:allthetimethewholetimeallhislifehiswholelifeallherattentionherwholeattentionallherenergyherwholeenergy③all可以同名词或形容词等构成复合词。例如:All-Maker(=AllCreator)全能的上帝,all-wise绝顶聪明的,all-powerful强大无比的,all-important头等重要的,all-knowing无所不知的Themanisall-seeing,all-wise.那人无所不晓,绝顶聪明。④比较:Allislost.一切都完了。(=everything,后跟单数动词指物)Allwerelost.我们不知如何是好。(=we,后跟复数动词指人)Alliswell.一切正常。(都好)Allarewell.我们都好。Allhaschanged.一切都变了。 Allhavechanged.我们都变了。2)both的用法和结构(1)both用于两者,动词用复数形式。both可作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。在句子中,both的位置在行为动词之前,be动词之后。例如:Bothofthegirlsarepopsingers.(主语)Shegotangrywithbothofthem.(宾语)Boththesuggestionsmakegoodsense.(定语)Heisfondofyouboth.(同位语)Wewerebothyoung.(同位语)SheandEdithbothagreedtocome.(同位语)(2)both和alike不可连用,both和aswellas不可连用,但可以说both(或atonce,equally)...and...。both...and...连接两个平行或同等的人或物,表示“和..都,既..又”等。例如:Thetwopicturesarebothverymuchalike.(误)Thetwopicturesareverymuchalike.(正)ShecanspeakbothEnglishaswellasGerman.(误)ShecanspeakbothEnglishandGerman.(正)Thebookiswrittenbothforchildrenandforadults.(连接两个介词短语)Shebothlistenedandmadenotes.(连接两个动词)Note:①比较:大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)79二、功能Sheheldapeninbothofherhands.她双手握着一支笔。(只有一支笔)Sheheldapenineitherofherhands.她一手握着一支笔。(共两支笔)Iboughtagiftforbothofthem.(只买了一份礼物,是给他们两人的)Iboughtagiftforeachofthem.(买了两份礼物,两人每人一份)②both只能放在my,the,these,those等之前,不可放在其后。例如:Thosebothflowersareinbloom.(误)Boththoseflowersareinbloom.(正)③both不可紧放在代词前。例如:Boththeyarepoets.(误)Theybotharepoets.(正)④下面几句结构均正确:Bothchildrenwerepraised.Boththechildrenwerepraised.Boththesechildrenwerepraised.Bothherchildrenwerepraised.Bothofthechildrenwerepraised.Thechildrenwerebothpraised.Theypraisedboth(of)thechildren.Theypraisedthechildrenboth. ⑤both可用作副词。例如:Shecansinganddanceboth.她唱歌跳舞都行。3)either的用法和结构(1)either用于两者,意为“两者中任何一个都..”,可以作主语、定语、宾语或状语,其结构一般为:either+名词+ofthe+名词+单数谓语动词either+形容词+单数名词+单数谓语动词Therearetwowaysleadingintothewoods.Eitherseemstobepassable.(主语)Eitheroneoftheseconclusionsmightbedrawn.(定语)Thereisnosoundfromeitheroftheflats.(宾语)Notonlywashevain,hewasnotveryinterestingtotalktoeither.(状语)(2)either可以表示“两(边),两(头)”等义。例如:Thesoldiersstoodoneithersideoftheroad.士兵们站在路的两边。Ateitherendofthestreetthereisabridge.大街的两头各有一座桥。(3)either...or表示“既..又,或..或”,连接两个平行的人或物,也可表示“要么..要么”。例如:Youmustbeeithermodestorcautious.你必须既谦虚,又谨慎。(连接两个形容词)Youmaybuyiteitherfromthisshoporfromthatshop.(连接两个介词短语)Youmayeitherstayorleave.你可留可走。(连接两个动词)Note:①either只用于两者,each用于两者,也用于两者以上。比较:Therearetwoappleshere.Eitherofyoumaytakeone.(正)Therearetwoappleshere.Eachofyoumaytakeone.(正)Therearethreeappleshere.Eitherofyouthreemaytakeone.(误)Therearethreeappleshere.Eachofyouthreemaytakeone.(正)新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书80第三讲代词②比较either和any的不同含义:Doyouknowanyofthebrothers?(至少有三个兄弟)Doyouknoweitherofthebrothers?(只有两个兄弟)Idon..tlikeanyofthem.(=Ilikenoneofthem)Idon..tlikeeitherofthem.(=Ilikeneitherofthem)③either和both有时可互换,但either强调两者中的每一个,both强调两者的整体。例如:Newbuildingshavesprunguponeithersideofthestreet.(指街道的每一边)Newbuildingshavesprunguponbothsidesofthestreet.(指街道的两边)Eitherofthemfitsme.(着重两者中的每一个)Bothofthemfitme.(着重两者整体)4)any的用法(1)用作代词(有时相当于省略了后面的名词)。例如: Cananydoitbetter?(=anyperson)Willanyofyouhelpher?Shehasalotofpicturebooks,butIhavenotany.Hehasn..tanymoretosay.(=anything)(2)用作副词,表示程度,常用于条件句、否定句和疑问句中。例如:Icannothelpyouany.(inanyway)Hecan..tdoanybetterthanyou.Sheneversleptanythewholenight.HeisnotapoetanymorethanI.(=Iamnotapoet,norishe.)(3)用作形容词,any表示强调,有“不管哪个,任何”等含义。例如:Hecanmeetanycircumstances,howeverdifficult.Anyperson,howeverwise,canmakemistakessometimes.(4)有时表示“极大,极好,极多”等义。例如:Thereisanywineintheshop.这家店里酒应有尽有。Youcanfindanypictureinthemuseum.那家博物馆藏画极为丰富。Therewasanyrascalinthatstreet.那条街上什么样的无赖都有。Note:①下面几句中的形容词相当于any,但更为强调。Don..tletmortalmanknowit.(=anyman)Ican..tgettheslightesthelpfromhim.(=anyhelp)②any不可用在否定词之前,比较:Anyfilmcanhardlyinterestshim.(误)Hardlyanyfilmcaninteresthim.(正)Hehashardlyseenanyfilmthewholeyear.(正)5)any、some及其复合词的用法和结构any指“三者或三者以上之中的任何一个”;any及其复合词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。any的反义词是none。(1)any修饰主语或any的复合词作主语时,其谓语动词只能用肯定式,不能用否定式。比较:Anyofthehunterscouldnotcatchthetigersingle-handed.(误)Noneofthehunterscouldcatchthetigersingle-handed.(正)大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)81二、功能Anybodycannoteathiscakeandhaveit.(误)Nobodycaneathiscakeandhaveit.(正)(2)any和some。一般来讲,any作代词和形容词时用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。some用于肯定句。但是,如果以问句的方式向对方提出要求或邀请,或期望对方作肯定的答复,要用some,不用any。例如:Ifyouhaveanyink,pleasegivemesome.Willyoulendmesomemoney?(请示)CanIhavesometea?(请求)Won..tyoutrysomeofthebread?(邀请)Hasshelostsomething?(含义是:她看来正在找东西,估计是丢了什么。) Note:①比较不同的含义:some(few,several,many,most)cities一些城市(几个城市..)some(few,several,many,most)ofthecities城市中的一些(城市中的几个..)(指整个数目中的一部分)some(little,much,most)food一些食物(..)some((little,much,most)ofthefood食物中的一些(..)(指其中的一部分)..但下面的more等修饰表示抽象概念的名词,两种结构含义相同:morecourage→moreofcouragetheleastwork→theleastofworklittlerest→littleofrest②some和any构成的复合代词的区别同犹如some和any一样。..考察下面几题:HehadthelookAofamanwhoBseesaghostorsomethingCworse,ifsomethingDcanbe.(D项有问题)A:DoyoumindifEdwardridesinyourcar?B:Yes,Ido.I..llbegladtotakeEdward.A.somebodyelsethanB.anybodybutC.someotherpersonbutD.everyonebut(B项正确)SomeingeniousliterarydetectivessuggestAthatShakespeare..splayswere,infact,writtenbyBaconorDerbyoranyoneelseBwhopreferredCtoremainunknownasaDplaywright.(B项有问题)③在if(假如,是否)引导的从句中,用some或any均可。例如:Ifyouwantsome(any)money,letmeknow.④some有时表示“相当程度的,相当数量的”等,这时用作形容词。例如:Heissomewriter.(=awonderful)Thatissomecase.(=animportant)Ihavewaitedforsometime.(=along)⑤some有时表示“些许,大约,左右”等,这时用作副词。例如:Sheissomebettertoday.(=somewhat) 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书82第三讲代词Shecomessometwiceaweek.(=abouttwiceaweek)Hesleptsomelastnight.(=alittle)Itissomesixo..clock.(=aboutsixo..clock)⑥比较不同的含义:Icancomeanytimenextweek.我下周任何时候都可以来。(整个下周有空)Icancomesometimenextweek.我下周找个时候来。(需选择一个方便的时间)Anydoctorcantellyouitispoisonous.任何医生都会告诉你这是有毒的。(没有例外)Somedoctorscantellyouitispoisonous.一些医生会告诉你这是有毒的。(是否有毒意见不完全统一)DoessheknowanyFrench?她懂法语吗?DoessheknowsomeFrench?她懂一点法语吗?Doesn..tsheknowanyFrench?她难道(竟然)一点法语也不懂吗?(一般问句)Doesn..tsheknowsomeFrench?她不是也懂一点法语吗?(修辞问句)(3)anything等的用法及构成的惯用语。①anything。likeanything拼命地,ifanything要说有什么两样的话(甚至还),foranything(用于否定句)说什么也,oranything或是其他别的事,beas...asanything...不得了,beanythingofa(an)+单数可数名词(用于条件句、疑问句、否定句)有点..的气质或味道,anythingbut+单数可数名词(形容词)一点..也不(=not...atall)Themanrandownthestreetlikeanything.Wewon..taccepttheconditionsforanything.Heisanythingbutascholar.他根本称不上学者。Sheisn..tanythingofamusician.她没有音乐家的气质。Note:下面句中的anything用作副词。Sheisanythingbetween15and18.她大约在15～18岁之间。=Sheisanywherebetween15and18.②nothing。nexttonothing几乎没有(几乎什么也不),makenothingof不把..当一回事,gofornothing白费,fornothing免费(白白地),benothinglike(后接as/so...as)绝不如,cometonothing失败(无结果),nothingdoing(拒绝)不行,nothinglike没有..能比得上,nothingofthekind哪里的话(毫不相似的事物),benothingto不能与..相比,benothingifnot非常,nothingbut只是(只有),havenothinginsb.毫无优点(接人称代词宾格),havenothingonsb.不比某人强,thinknothingof认为..没什么,nothingofa(an)算不上,不具有..的能力Nothingsucceedslikesuccess.一事成功,事事成功。 Hethoughtnothingofworkingeighthoursonend.他连续工作八个小时,一点也不觉得什么。Ithinkthereisnothingliketakingawalkasameansofkeepingfit.Sheknewnexttonothingaboutthesecret.JohnhadnothingonHenryinmaths.约翰的数学不比亨利强。Heisnothingifnotoptimistic.他非常乐观。大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)83二、功能比较:Heisnothing(或little)ofadoctor,butmuchof(=quite)aquack.他不是什么医生,只是个江湖郎中。..nothing有时意为“微不足道的事情”(athingofnoimportance)。例如:Hisachievementsarenothingtoyours.他的成就与你相比是微不足道的。③something。somethinglike大约,orsomething类似的..(不肯定时用),somethingorother一件什么东西(一样什么东西),makesomethingof从..得到好处(以..为借口而..),besomethingofa(an)+单数可数名词(用于肯定句)有点..的味道或气质(有一定程度的),besomethingofthekind某些类似的东西,havesomethinggoingforone有某种好条件,havesomethingonsb.抓住了..的把柄Heisapainterorsomething.他是个画家或其他职业。Sheissomethingofascholar.她有点学者气质。Heissomething(或somewhat)ofadoctor.他有点医术。Hehasgonethroughsomethingofacrisis.他经历了某种危机。Itissomethingofaluck.这也算得上幸运吧。Hewassuretomakesomethingoftheexperiment.这次试验他一定会取得成果的。..something可以表示“颇为重要或值得重视的人或物”(apersonorthingofsomeimportance)。例如:Heissomethinginourcity.他是我们市里的一个重要人物。Shethoughtshewassomethingsinceshecameoutfirst.她得了第1名,就以为自己了不起了。Theseprintingsarereallysomething.这些画确实不错。..something和somebody还可表示某个说不出确切名字的人或东西。例如:Mr.Somethingwentinsteadofhim.(我忘了他的名字)ImetMary,Jimandsomebody.(和别的人)Hehasseensomethingoflife.(略有阅历)YoumayaskJacksomethingtodoit.(名叫杰克的某人)Heisbad-tempered,selfishandsomething.(等等)Theybrokethewindoworsomething.(或别的什么)..注意下面一句中something的含义:Ihaveasomethingforyou.我有个小礼物给你。(=asmallgift)..something有时可用作副词,表示“在某种程度上”等。例如: Itissomethingbetterthanyours.Itsomethingsurprisedme.Heissomethingworried.(=somewhat)Sheleftsomethingmorethanamonthago.④everything。everything可以表示“最重要的人或物”(apersonorthingofthefirstimportance)。例如:Moneyiseverythingtothegreedyman.对那个贪婪的人来说,金钱就是他的命。Qualityiseverythingtothem.质量对他们来说比什么都重要。新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书84第三讲代词Herdaughteriseverythingtoher.女儿就是她的命。Thenewsmeanseverythingtous.这个消息对我们来说至关重要。比较:Speedissomethingbuteconomicalbenefitiseverything.速度是重要的,但经济效益最为重要。Facultyissomethingbutdiligenceiseverything.才干固然重要,但最为重要的是勤奋。Moneyissomethingbuthealthiseverything.金钱是重要的,但健康比什么都重要。..考察下面一句:Weshouldknowsomethingofeverythingandeverythingofsomething.我们应该通百艺而专一长。Note:somebody,everybody,anybody和anyone均可以表示“大人物,重要人物”,反义词为nobody(小人物)。例如:Isthatmanoverthereanybody?那边那个人是个大人物吗?Everybodywhowasanybodyattendedthemeeting.重要人物都参加了会议。Theythinkthemselvessomebodies,butinfacttheyarenobodies.他们以为自己了不起,但事实上他们什么也不是。Ishe(a)somebody?(apersonworthyofnotice)—No,heis(a)nobody.Thereweresomebodiesandnobodiesattheparty.晚会上有大人物,也有小人物。(4)anyone和anyone。anyone是不定代词,只能指人,其后不可接of短语;anyone意为“每个”,既可指人,也可指物,后面一般要接of短语。其它如:someone和someone,everyone和everyone都属此类。比较:Anyonecandoit.(任何人,指人)Anyoneofuscandoit.(我们中间的任何一个人,指人) Anyoneofthebooksisworthreading.(每一本书,指物)Someonehasdoneit.(某人,指人)Someoneofushasdoneit.(我们中间的某一个,指人)Someoneofthewindowswasbroken.(某一个窗户,指物)(5)肯定句中,any并不总是作“任何”解。当any表示数量或与表示数量等的名词连用时,它往往具有偏高(appreciative)的含义,相当于alargenumberof或agreatamountof等,或表示偏低(depreciative)的含义,相当于thesmallestorleastpossibleamountordegreeof。例如:Thereareanynumberofreasonsforgettingupearly.(=manyreasons)Theteacherhasgotanyamountofexplanationsforyou.(=alargenumberof)Shewillneedanyhelpshecanget.(=asmuchaspossible)Thereisn..tanyhopeoffindingthelostring.(=theleastpossibledegreeof)(6)andthensome的含义。andthensome通常放在句尾,意为andalotmore(至少,远远不止),应重读。例如:Sheisascapableashimandthensome.她同他一样能干,而且还不仅如此。Thejobwilltakehimtwentydaysandthensome.这项工作至少要用他20天时间。(7)somethingmysterious和themysterioussomething。大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)85二、功能something作不定代词用时,其修饰语要后置,如somethingmysterious。但是,something(还有somebody,nobody,nothing等)有时也可用作名词,即名词化的不定代词,这时,其修饰语可以前置,这个修饰语可以是定冠词,不定冠词或形容词等。例如:Therewasmovingthemysterioussomethingonthewall.墙上有神秘的东西在移动。Asomethingmadehersad.有件事情使她难过。Theyarenamelessnothings.他们都是无名之辈。Whentheycamenear,theysawasomethingwhichhadfivelegs.他们走近时,看见一个有5条腿的东西。Hesaidsweetsomethingstoher.他对她说了一些好听的话。6)eachofhiseyes还是everyoneofhiseyes———each和every的用法要点(1)each可用作代词、形容词或副词,指两个或两个以上中的每一个。无论each作代词还是形容词,其动词和物主代词均用单数。注意下面两种结构:each(every)+单数名词+and+单数名词→单数动词each(every)+单数名词+and+each(every)+单数名词→单数动词Eachofthemthinksdifferentthoughts.(代词,作主语)Theaveragewalkforwaterisfivemileseachway.(形容词,作定语)Theyweregiven20yuaneach.(副词,作状语)Weeachhaveourprivateviewsaboutit.(代词,作同位语)Eachhourandeachminutehasitsvalue.Eachboyandgirlhascomeandwillsignhis(不用their)fullnamebeforeattendingtheceremony. 比较:Eachofsoldiershasbeengivenagun.(误)Eachofthesoldiershasbeengivenagun.(正)Eachsoldierhasbeengivenagun.(正)..eachof后的名词前须加the。(2)each可作代词或形容词,而every只能作形容词;each指两者以上中间的每一个,而every只能指三个或三个以上中间的每一个,不用于指两者。each指若干固定数目中的每一个,而every则多泛指“任何一个”;every有时指固定数目中的每一个时,着重在全体,而each则强调个体,一个一个地加以考虑。比较:eachofthemagazines(正)eachoneofthemagazines(正)everyoneofthemagazines(正)everyofthemagazines(误)eachofherhands(正)everyofherhands(误)Shetalkedwitheverystudentintheclass.(无例外)Shetalkedwitheachstudentintheclass.(逐一地)Sheknowseverymemberofthesociety.(着重总体上能辨别出谁是该协会的人,但与其本人并不一定相识)Sheknowseachmemberofthesociety.(着重个体,她本人认识协会里的每一个人)Everytheoryisopentoobjection.(泛指理论)Eachtheoryisopentoobjection.(某个有限范围内的一个特定理论)新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书86第三讲代词..可见,只能说eachofhiseyes,不可说everyofhiseyes。同样,下面一句中的each不可换为every。例如:Eachsexhasitsownphysicalandpsychologicalcharacter.男女各有其生理上和心理上的特点。(3)each可以指各自的情况,可作主语或宾语。例如:Theorangescosttencentseach.Theorangeseachcosttencents.(指主语)Shesentthechildrenfivebookseach.(指宾语)(4)eachother可用作宾语,并有所有格。例如:Theylookedateachother.Theyshookeachother..shands.Eachadmirestheother..ssuccess.Theyknewwhateachotherwantedtosay.(误,eachother不可作主语) Eachofthemknewwhattheotherwantedtosay.(正)..下面两句含义相同:Thechildrenmusteachhavesometoys.Thechildreneachmusthavesometoys.Note:在下列短语或句子中,只可用every:everyotherday,everyfourthtree,everysixdays,everyfewdays,ineveryway,everynowandthen,enjoyeveryminuteoftheparty,showeveryconcernforsb.,wishsb.everysuccess,oneoutofeveryten。Noteverymancandoit.(every可用于否定,each通常不可)EveryoneofthemwentoutbutJane.(可以说every...but,但不可说each...but)Shehasreadalmosteverybookinthelibrary.(every可同almost等强调副词连用,each则不可)..在下列短语或句子中,只可用each:oneachsideoftheroad(street)witheachpassingdayEachisbetterthantheonebefore.(each同one搭配)Eachwasgivenhisshare.(each可用作名词,every则不可)Theywereaskedtwoquestionseach.(each可用作副词,every则不可)Theyeachhadthreeapples.(each可用作同位语,every则不可)(5)“everyoneof+人称代词宾格”可以作同位语。例如:Comeandjoinus,everyoneofyou.Weshouldrespecttheold,everyoneofus.Thosebooksareworthreading,everyoneofthem.(6)every可以修饰抽象名词或可数名词,表示强调。例如:Hehadeveryconfidenceinyou.Theyhaveeverychanceofwinning.Hehaseveryreasontodoit.Iwishyoueverysuccess!Theyenjoyedeveryminuteoftheparty. 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)87二、功能Youshouldreadeverywordoftheessay.Everydropofwaterisprecious.Note:eachandevery,anyandevery,everyandall等修饰可数名词也都是表示强调,everything也可表示强调。例如:Hehasvisitedeachandeveryparkinthecity.Sheisbusyeverydayandallday.Themanishonest,diligent,responsibleandeverything.(或andallthosethings,andmanyotherthings)Theretheysawnewpaintings,newbooks,newdictionariesandneweverything.(7)every...not和not...every是部分否定结构,其中的every不可换成each;every+基数词+复数名词和every+序数词+单数名词意义相同,every也不可换成each。例如:Everymancannotbeawriter.(正)Noteverymancanbeawriter.(正)Eachmancannotbeawriter.(误)everytenyards(正)everytenthyard(正)eachtenyard(误)7)Onemustknowoneself的含义———one的用法要点(1)one相应的物主代词是one..s或his,不可用her或your。反身代词是oneself或himself。Onemustknowoneself.(正)Onemustknowhimself.(正)人要有自知之明。Onemustknowyourself.(误)(2)one和it。指物时,one用于替代名称相同的另一事物,或刚刚提到的一种人;it用于替代名称相同的同一事物。例如:Thisismynewbike.Iboughtitlastweek.(it指newbike)I..velostmypen.Iamgoingtobuyanewonetomorrow.(另一支新笔)Youhavenopencil?Icanlendyouone.Therearebikesonsaleinthisshopandyoucanbuyone.Ifthereisanygenius,Ihavemetone.Heisnotaqualifiedmanager,butyouareone.Note:下面一句中不可用ones,而要用some。例如:Ifthereareanynoblemen,Ihavemetsome.(正)Ifthereareanynoblemen,Ihavemetones.(误)..考察下面一句:Thevanillavinesendsout AtinyBrootletsbywhichthevineattachesConeselfDtothetree.(D项有问题)(3)one可用the,this,that,any,some,each,every,which和形容词修饰,但一般不可用序数词或某些指示词修饰;通常不说theseones,thoseones,eitherone,neitherone,allones,bothones,sixones。one也不可用名词所有格修饰,如不可说my新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书88第三讲代词brother..sone;但one或ones前有形容词时,则又可以说theseblackones,somebetterones,eitherlargeone,bothlongones,sixwoundedones,mybrother..sblueone。例如:Adiligentstudentisdifferentfromalazyone.Youshouldmakefriendswithhonestpeopleinsteadofcunningones.(或withhonestinsteadofcunningpeople)Isthisafish?Ihaveneverseensuchaone.(或sostrangeaone)Thebuildingisaforty-storyone.HelikesAmericannovels,especiallytwenty-centuryones.ThebookiswrittenbyaChinesewriter,andayoungone.Sheisaclevergirl,andacountryone.Note:①one不可替代不可数名词。例如:Heprefersgreenteatoblack(tea).(不可说blackone)②下面用法中的one有特殊含义:mydearone(=darling)yourlittleones(=children)theEvilOne(=TheDevil)theHolyOne(=God)(4)one可以用多种后置定语短语或从句修饰。例如:Heisoneworthyoftrust.Heisnotonetotelllies.Sheranaboutlikeonemad.(也可用单个形容词修饰)Agoodbookisonewhichpleasesandteaches.Agoodcookisoneskillfulincooking.Oneintroublelongsforhelpandcare.Thesebooksareonesofspecialvalue. (5)one同the连用,表示某个特定的人或东西。例如:Whichbookdoyouwant?Theoneontheleft.Therearesomechildrenoverthere.Theoneflyingakiteisherson.HerhouseisneartotheonebelongingtoMr.Brown.Ofallbooks,Iliketheoneswritteninbloodandtears.Note:①在书面语中,要用that和those代替theone和theones。②morethanone后接单数名词和单数动词;oneortwo后接复数名词和复数动词。例如:ThereareoneortwopointsIhaven..texplainedfully.Morethanonepairofglasseswasbroken.③注意区别真正的先行词。ThisisoneofthebestnovelsthatarewritteninEnglish.(不用is,因为that代替thebestnovels)Thisisoneofthebestnovels,whichiswritteninEnglish.(不用are,因为which代替one)④在下面的句子中,one表示“某一个”,相当于a。例如:HemetoneMissJaneontheway.OneProfessorSmithaskedtoseeyouthismorning.(4)everyone不同于everyone。大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)89二、功能everyone中的every是形容词,修饰one作定语,everyone意为“每个”,后面常跟of短语,表示范围,意为“其中之一”。everyone是代词,意为“人人,每人”,其后不可跟of短语。everybody和everybody,someone和someone,anyone和anyone亦有这种区别。someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,eachone,noone,someone,anyone,everyone和oneof+复数名词的相应代词要用he,him,his,himself,明显指女性才用she(her,herself),一般不用one,one..s,they,their,them。但everyone,everybody和eachone在口语中有时可用they。例如:Nooneknowswhathisfatewillbe.(正)Nooneknowswhatone..sfatewillbe.(误)Everyoneofthestudentspassedtheexam.(正)Everyoneofthestudentspassedtheexam.(误)Inasmalltowneveryoneknowseveryoneelse.(正)Inasmalltown,everyoneknowseveryoneelse.(误)everyoneofthem(正)everyoneofthem(误)Everyonesaysso.(正)Everyonesaysso.(不妥)Oneofthegirlsleftherbookintheroom.Nooneissotallthathehasnotsometimesstretchedhimself.Note:①指人时,everyone和everybody相当于eachperson;指物时,everyone 相当于eachthing。例如:Everyonehashisfaultsandshortcomings.缺点错误人人都有。Whichnoveldoyouwanttoborrow?—Iwanttoborroweveryoneyouhave.你要借哪部小说?—我想借你所有的小说。②如果具有范围“限制”的含义,everyone可以单独使用,指人或指物。例如:Tryyourbest,everyone!我们大家都要好好干!Sheborrowedfivestorybooksfromthelibraryandreadeveryonecarefully.她从图书馆借了5本故事书,每一本都读得仔细。8)other的用法和结构(1)作代词,指两者中的一个,相当于thesecondoftwo,常与one并用于句中,构成one...theother结构。例如:Hehadtwodaughters,oneababy,theotheragirloftwelve.(2)作代词,指两者以上,前加定冠词,theothers意为“所有其余的人”,相当于therest;others相当于otherpeople,意为“他人”。例如:Idon..tcarewhatothersmaythinkofme.我不在乎别人对我怎么想。SomestudentscomefromChina,theothersfromJapan.(3)作代词,前面不加冠词,泛指“旁人,旁物,其他人,其他物,别人的东西,别的东西”,相当于otherpeople,otherthings,常构成some...others(some)结构,指不确定的范围。例如:Sheisalwaysthoughtfulofothers.Tellmesomeothersplease.Someofthemareforthedecisionwhileothersareagainstit...考察下面一句:新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书90第三讲代词AlthoughsomecriticsviewedAErnestHemingwayasBanoverratedwriter,otherCthoughthimDatrulygiftednovelist.(C项有问题)(4)作形容词,后接复数名词。例如:Hehasreadalotaboutthepeopleofothertimes. Herfatheris,amongotherthings,averyselfishperson.(5)作形容词,在everyother,noother,anyother后的名词用单数形式。例如:Hewastalkingtonootherthanthemanager.Haveyouwrittenanyotherpaperonthesubject?Hetoldoneotherguesttocomesomeothertime(theotherday).(6)如果other与数词并用,前面无the时,数词要位于other之前,前面有the时,数词位于other前后均可。例如:Shelentmetwootherbooks.(正)Shelentmeothertwobooks.(误)Giveherthetwootherboxes.(正)Givehertheothertwoboxes.(正)(7)other构成的惯用习语。①none(no)otherthan不是..正是..。Themanhemetwasnoneotherthanhisfather.Herereadthepaperwithnootherpurposethantopassthetime.②otherthan除了..以外(可分开为other...than),只能是,只..不..(作此解时不可分开,句中谓语常用否定式,后接副词、形容词或从句)。SheneverdiscusseditwithanyoneotherthenDick.除了迪克之外,她从不同别人讨论这件事。Therewasnonoiseotherthanthewind.Therewasnoothernoisethanthewind.除了风声,什么也听不到。Allpartsofthehousewerewelldecoratedotherthanthenorthveranda.Allotherpartsofthehousewerewelldecoratedthanthenorthveranda.除了北阳台外,整个房子都装饰得很好。Shecanhardlybeotherthangratefultoyou.她对你只能是感激。Hecandonootherthanlaugh.(=Hecannotbutlaugh)Itissomethingotherthantrue.(=nottrue)Don..tgiveherotherthanshereallyneeds.(Don..tgiveherthingsthatshedoesn..tneed.)Itcouldnotbeotherthanalie.(=Itmustbealie.)Shecannotspeaktohimother(或otherwise)thanangrily.Comeinothermonths(rather)thaninMarch.在别的月份来,别在三月份来。Hedidhishomeworkotherthancarelessly.他只是很草率地做了功课。③amongotherthings除了别的以外还..。Amongotherthings,healsostudiedarchitect.除了别的课程外,他还学了建筑学。Theydiscussed,amongotherthings,thefamilyproblem.除了其他问题,他们还讨论了家庭问题。大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)91二、功能 ④amongothers除了别人外。ProfessorBarry,amongothers,hasdrawnattentiontothisproblem.同其他一些人一样,白瑞先生也对这个问题表示关注。⑤everyother+单数名词,意为“每隔”(参阅第二讲)。Pleasewriteoneveryotherline.请隔行写。Hewenttoseehereveryotheryear.他隔年去看望她一次。⑥some(或somebody等)+单数名词+orother表示“某一个,哪一个”(表示不肯定),somewhereorother意为“某处”,somehoworother意为“以某种方式”。Iwillgotoseehersomedayorother.我某一天一定去看她。Themanlivinginsomeroomorotherupstairswillmeetyousometimeorothertotellyousomethingorother.住在楼上某一房间的那个人某个时间将同你会面,并有某事要告诉你。Iamsurewecantideoverthedifficultiessomehoworother.我相信我们总会设法渡过难关的。Somebodyorothermustgothere.总得有人去那里。Youmayleavebyoneorotherdoors.你可以随便从哪个门离开。Someoneofusorotherwilldoit.我们中总会有人去做那件事。⑦otherwisethan相当于not。Hisanswerisotherwisethancorrect.他的回答不正确。Nobodysaystheboyisotherwisethanclever.没有人说那个男孩不聪明。⑧注意习惯用法:tellonefromtheother区分,ofallothers在所有的当中,onthedayofallothers偏偏在那天。9)another的用法和结构(1)another是由an+other合成的,所以后面只能接单数名词,不可接复数名词,不可以说anotherbooks;other可接复数名词,可以说otherbooks。既然another本身已含有不定冠词an,故其前面不可再用any,不能说anyanother;但other前可用any,可以说anyother。但是,在“another+数词+名词”结构中,another作“再”解,该名词须是复数名词。例如:Wewalkedanothertenmiles.我们又走了十里路。Iwanttostayhereforanotherfourweeks.我想在这里再住四星期。..上例中的anothertenmiles也可说成tenmoremiles或tenmilesmore;anotherfourweeks也可说成fourmoreweeks或fourweeksmore。必须注意的是,more要位于数词和名词之间或位于名词之后,不可放在数词之前,如不可说moretenmiles,morefourbooks。..考察下面两句:TheAirportinChicagohandlesA moreBfreightandmailthanCanyanotherDairportintheUnitedStates.(D项有问题)TheHocanesappearAfriendlyandpeacefulB,butCtheyaredeeplysuspiciousofanotherDtribes.(D项有问题)(2)作形容词,意为“又一个,另一个”,相当于onemore。例如: 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书92第三讲代词Whentheyhaddealtwiththefireanothercrisisarose.It..stwelveo..clock.Allthebellsinthevillagechurchesarepealing.Anotheryearhascome.(=onemoreyear)..考察下面一句:JimhasAdonatedeightydollars,butBhewishesCtodonatemoreeightydollars.D(D项有问题)(3)作形容词,意为“别的,另外的”,相当于someother。例如:Theargumentcanbeputinanotherway.It..slate.We..llgodowntownanothertime.(4)作形容词,意为“类似的”,相当于asimilar。例如:Theboyisveryclever;hemaybecomeanotherEinstein.HeisanotherZhuGe-liangofourtime.(5)作形容词,意为“不同的,另外一..”,相当于adifferent。例如:Heseemsquiteanotherpersonthanwhatheusedtobe.他跟以前相比判若两人。(用than,不可用from)That..sanothermatter.Don..tgetconfused.那是另一回事,不要弄混了。(6)作代词,意为“另一个人或物”,相当于onemorepersonorthing;“另一个那样的人或物”,相当于asecondonealso。例如:HemadeadrinkforHelen,thenpouredanotherforhimself.Hermotherisamusicianandsheisanother.(她也是一个)IfJimisadouble-dealer(两面三刀的人),Jackisanother.(=adouble-dealer,too)Wewillneverseesuchanother.那样的人我们恐怕再也见不到了。Itisjustsuchanother.这真是无独有偶。(7)another构成的惯用词组。①one...another一个..又(另)一个Hefoundoneexcuseafteranothertopostponeit.Thebirdjumpedfromonewalltoanother.②one...oranother这样(种)或那样(种)We..llgetthereonewayoranother.我们将想方设法到那里。 Imusthavemetheronetimeoranother.我肯定在某个时候碰见过她。10)one,other和another如何表示数目两者的另一个是theother,构成one...theother结构;不定数目中的另一个是another,不可说one...another。例如:Heheldapeninonehandandabookintheother.(other后省略了one)Thereissomethingwrongwiththeradio.Pleasebuymeanother...考察下面两句:LetmegiveyoutwooftheconsequencesAofwhichBIwouldguessthatonewillshockyouwhileanotherCmaysurpriseyoumorefavorablyD.(C项有问题)A:Whatdoyouthinkaboutthesecakes?B:I..dliketohave.大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)93二、功能A.someotherB.anotherC.theotherD.other(B项正确。thesecakes为不定数目)Note:theone...theother用来指具有具体名字或名称的两者。例如:Hehastwobrothers,TomandJack.Theoneisaninterpreterandtheotherisateacher.11)one,other和another如何表示对比表示两件事情对比时,用...oneand...another结构,意为“..是一回事,..又是一回事”。其中的another不可改用theother。例如:Todoitisonething;todoitwellisanother.做是一回事,做好又是一回事。Whathesaysisonething,butwhathethinksisanother.他所说的是一回事,所想的又是另一回事。(嘴上一套,心里一套)12)one,other和another如何表示三者、四者(1)表示三者用下面两种结构:one...another...andtheotherone...asecond...andathird(2)表示四者用下面的结构:one...another...athird...andthefourth(theother)Thehousehasthreewindows,onefacingsouth,anotherfacingwest,andthe otherfacingeast.Thehousehasthreewindows,onefacingsouth,asecondfacingwest,andathirdfacingeast.Note:这里要用asecond,不用thesecond。Therearefourbooksonthedesk;oneisonliterature,anotherisonmusic,athirdisonforeigntradeandthefourth(theother)isonarchitect.13)most的用法和结构(1)作形容词。①most+复数名词,意为“大多数的..”,most前不用冠词。例如:Mostchildrenlikewatchingcartoons.Mostcountriesintheworldaredevelopingcountries.②most+单数名词,意为“最多的”,most前不用冠词。例如:Thisistheareathatattractsmostattention.Thosewhohavemostmoneyarenotalwaysthehappiest.③mosttime还是mostmytime。..在“most+复数名词(单数名词)”结构中,most和名词之间不能插入形容词性物主代词或this,that,these,those等起限定作用的修饰词。比较:moststudents(正)mostofmystudents(正)mostofProfessorLi..sstudents(正)mostmyfriends(误)mostProfessorLi..sfriends(误)mosttime(正)mostofmytime(正)mostofProfessorLi..stime(正)mostmytime(误)mostProfessorLi..stime(误)新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书94第三讲代词..但可以说:mostyoungstudents,mostArabiccountries,mostlosttime(失去的时光)。..考察下面一句:MostAWilliamFaulkner..snovelsdealwithBtheuniversalproblemsofevilCasrepresented Dbyfamilydisintegrationanddegeneration.(A项有问题)④mostother还是mostanother。“mostother+复数名词”是正确结构,但“mostanother+单数名词”则是错误的。例如:Likemostotherchildren,sheisfondofcandy...考察下面一句:LikeAmostanotherBartforms,theGreektragedyhadCitsoriginsinreligiousDobservances.(B项有问题)⑤most+名词不同于mostofthe+名词。“most+名词”表示泛指,“mostofthe+名词”表示特指,该名词后常有表示范围的词,这种词有时也可能在上下文中。例如:Moststudentslikesports.(泛指)Mostofthestudentsherelikesports.(特指)Mostgirlsenjoydancing.(泛指)Mostofthegirlsinthisclassenjoydancing.(特指)..考察下面一句:A:WhatdotheyeatthereinHonolulu?B:eatriceratherthanpotatoes.A.MostpeopleB.ThemostpeopleC.ThemostofpeopleD.Mostofthepeople(D项正确)(2)作副词。①作“非常”解,相当于very,但most在这个意义上不能用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中。例如:Thetradingresultsshowamost(=very)encouragingtrend.Thewaitressalwaysactedmostgraciously.Shewillmostprobablygiveuptheplan.Itisnotamostenjoyableparty.(误)Isitamostenjoyableparty?(误)Ifitisamostenjoyableparty,I..dliketogotherenexttime.(误)..上面三句中的most都是误用,须改为very。②most不同于mostly。most可表示“非常”,见上文;mostly意为“大部分(forthemostpart)”。例如:Themenatthepartyweremostlyfairlyyoung.Arattlesnakehuntsmostlyatnight.Whatshesaidismostlycorrect.(3)作名词或代词。 ①most单独使用时,前面不用the;但如果其后有短语或从句修饰,则又须有the。例大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)95二、功能如:Mosthasbeenwasted.Somepeoplediedintheaccidents,butmostweresaved.Thatisthemostthatcouldbesaidagainsther.Trytogetthemostoutoflife.②most+人称代词宾格,most前不用the。例如:Mostofthemhavestrongviewsonpolitics.Ithappenedtwentyyearsago.I..veforgotmostofit.③mostof+the+复数名词,意为“大多数”,mostof+the+单数名词意为“大部分”,这种结构中的most前不用the,谓语动词的数同名词的数一致。例如:HehasvisitedmostofthescenicspotsinNanjing.南京的大多数景点他都游览过。Mostofhistheorieshaveprovedvaluable.事实证明,他的大多数理论都是有价值的。Mostofhistalkdealswithwesterneconomy.他的谈话大部分都是关于西方经济的。比较:mostofthefilms大多数电影mostofthefilm这部电影的大部分④mostofthe+动名词和mostofthe+时间名词也是惯用结构。例如:Ididmostofthereadingwhileshedidmostofthewriting.我基本上是在阅读,她基本上是在写作。Motherdidmostofthecooking.做饭大都由母亲包下。FatherbeingoutmostofthetimemadeMotherbusymostoftheday...考察下面一句:Thepartycontinuedthrough.A.thewholeofthenightB.nearlywholeofthenightC.almostallofnightD.mostofthenight(D项正确)(4)most构成的惯用短语。①at(the)most至多,最多。Itiscausingatmostaminornuisance.Thereisonlyatmostroomforoneperson.②forthemostpart多半,大部分,大多数情况下。TheNewGuineaforestis,forthemostpart,darkandwet.Forthemostparttheysatinsilence.③makethemostof充分利用,尽量利用。Youhaveonlyonemorechance,somakethemostofit.Youshouldfaceuptothesituationandmakethemostofit.14)suchlovelyhills还是solovelyhills———such的用法和结构(1)such作定语。 such用作定语,可以组成多种十分有用的句型结构,现归纳如下:①sucha(an)+形容词+单数可数名词suchalovelyhillsuchaliar②such+形容词+复数可数名词新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书96第三讲代词suchlovelyhillssuchgreatmen③such+形容词+不可数名词suchcoldweathersuchusefulknowledge④sucha+单数可数名词+as从句suchawriterasherecommended(as作宾语)suchawriteraswasrecommendedbyhim(as作主语)Suchatimeaswehadwillbenomore.⑤such+复数可数名词+as从句suchwritersasHelenKellerandJackLondon(后省了are,as作表语)suchwritersasherecommended(as作宾语)suchwritersasarerecommendedbyhim(as作主语,注意be动词的单复数)Avoidsuchpeopleasareselfish.但:Avoidthosepeoplewhoareselfish.Donottrustsuchmenaspraiseyoutoyourface.=Donottrustthosemenwhopraiseyoutoyourface.⑥such+不可数名词+as从句suchknowledgeashis(is)(as作表语)suchknowledgeashementioned(as作宾语)suchknowledgeasismentionedbyhim(as作主语)⑦可数单数名词+suchas+单词或句子awritersuchashe(用him虽不合语法,但合乎英美人士习惯)awritersuchasherecommended+that从句awritersuchaswasrecommendedbyhimHeisnotamansuchasIadmire.(=HeisnotsuchamanasIadmire.)Ican..tfindabooksuchasIwant.=Ican..tfindsuchabookasIwant.Atimesuchasthiscomesonlyonce.⑧复数名词+suchas+单词或句子writerssuchasHelenKellerandJackLondonwriterssuchasherecommended=suchwritersashe...writerssuchasarerecommendedbyhim Wepreferboyssuchashim.(用he也可,但很正式)Thisdresssuitssuchtallladiesasher.⑨不可数名词+suchas+单词或句子knowledgesuchashisknowledgesuchashementionedknowledgesuchasismentionedbyhimNote:①不能说nosuchathing,因为no=nota或notany,已包括不定冠词a。such应放在a(an)之前,但放在some,any,no,every,many,all,few之后。比较:someofsuchpeople(误)somesuchpeople(正) 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)97二、功能allofsuchmen(误)allsuchmen(正)Thereisnonesuchbook.(误)Thereisnosuchbook.(正)I..venevermetanysuchaman.(误)I..venevermetanysuchman.(正)②so+形容词+a(an)+单数可数名词。比较:I..veneverseensolovelyahill(或suchlovelyhills).(正)I..veneverseensolovelyhills.(误)sousefulknowledge(误)socoldaweather(误)(2)such作主语。Suchbeingthecase,theycoulddonothingbutretreat.Suchismycommentonthebook.We..dliketoseesomemodelsifsuchareavailable.Imayhaveoffendedher,butsuchwasnotmyintention.Suchislife.Suchasrespectotherswillberespected.Suchas(=Thosewho)haveplentywillneverwantforfriends.富人决不会缺少朋友。(=Suchpeopleas)(3)such作宾语。Ifyouneedassistants,youcanhavesuch.(=some)Suchsnakesasthesearerarehere,butyoucanfindsuchthere.(4)such作表语或补语。Theproblemisnotsuchascanbeeasilysolved.Suchwastheexplosionthatpeopleheardittwentymilesaway.Ihopetherainisnotsuchastocauseflood.Sheisnotafilmstarbutshethinksherselfsuch.Theoldmanwantsastudy,andhemakeshisbedroomsuch.Sinceyouarehiselderbrother,showyourselfassuch.(such=one=hiselderbrother)你既然是他的兄长,就得像个兄长的样子。..考察下面两句:AreaAisthelinearmeasurementBofasurfaceC,such Dafloororacornfield.(D项有问题)Untilrecently,landinlargeareasofStockholmbelongedeithertothecrownortothecity;therewasthingasprivateownershipofland.A.nosuchaB.nosuchC.notsuchD.notany(B项正确)(5)such用于感叹句中。例如:Heissuchafool!(=Whatafoolheis!)Wehavehadsuchagoodtime!(=Whatagoodtimewehavehad!)Suchaclevergirl!(=Whataclevergirl!)新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书98第三讲代词(6)such用于并列分句的后一分句中,对前一分句进行解释,说明原因,两个分句用逗号隔开。例如:Hebelievedherwords,heissuchafool.(=sofoolish)Eventhelakefrozeup,itwassuchacoldday.(=socoldaday)(7)“such...astodosth.”可以表示程度,意为“那样..以致”。例如:Sheisnotsuchabadwomanastoill-treattheboy.她不那么坏,不会虐待那个男孩。Itwassuchstrongwindastoblowtheroofoff.风这么大,把房顶都掀掉了。(8)such还可以修饰名词等,表示不明指的人或物。例如:Heleftitundoneforsuchandsuchreasons.TheytalkedaboutMr.such-a-one.(或suchaone)Note:①so-and-so也是这种用法。例如:Mr.so-and-so(指人),RoomNo.so-and-so(房号),intheyearso-and-so(时间),actso-and-so(方式)②suchas表示“例如”时,后面不要再用etc.或省略号。例如:Ihavereadsomeofhisnovels,suchasVanityFair.(不说suchasVanityFair,etc.)..表示全部列举时,要用thatis,namely,viz.,i.e.,不用suchas。③assuch意为“作为..,身为..,本身”。例如:Johnishersonandassuchheshouldtakecareofher.(=asherson)Agentlemanwantstobetreatedassuch.(asagentleman)Heisnotagainstthesuggestionassuch.(=itself)④下面三种结构均正确,可换用。Theheightofthepagodawassuchastomakeusdizzy.(晕眩)Suchwastheheightofthepagodathatitmadeusdizzy.Theheightofthepagodawassuchastomakeusdizzy.15)不可以说Ofthethreegirls,theformeris... former和latter用以指两个人或物,不可用于三者,且前面都必须加定冠词the。这两个词可用作主语、宾语或定语。former不加冠词时作形容词用,意为“从前的,先前的,前任的”。theformer和thelatter有时候也可单独使用。例如:Ofthetwogirls,theformergraduatedfromBeijingUniversity,thelatterfromNanjingUniversity.Lackofspaceforbidstheformeralternative.HecanspeakbothEnglishandRussian,buthasabettercommandofthelatter.Hehaslostmuchofhisformerauthority.(往日的权威)Shehasthreebrothers,Henry,JimandJack;thelatterisapainter.(误)Shehasthreebrothers,thelast(thelastmentioned)isapainter.(正)16)Rainorshine,it..sthesametome.———same的用法和结构(1)same的前面通常应有the,thesame可以作主语、表语、宾语或定语。例如:Look!Theyareexactlythesame.(表语)Hedidjustthesame.(宾语)Thefishistwiceasbigbutthesameshape.(定语)Thesamehashappenedtohiswife.(主语)(2)same的惯用结构有:thesame...as(接从句,从句谓语常省略),thesame...with(接大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)99二、功能宾语),thesame...that(接从句,从句谓语一般不省略),inthesamewaythat(接从句,亦可用as),atthesame+地点+where(接从句,亦可用that),atthesametimewhen(接从句,亦可用that)。例如:IfoundshewasstayinginthesamehotelasI(was).He..smadethesamemistakesas(hedid)lasttime.Herethetraditionisdyingoutthesameasitisdyingoutelsewhereelse.It..sthesamewithteenagefashions.Istudyinthesameschoolwithher.(=asshe)Treatothersinthesamewaythat(as)youwantyourselftobetreated.Shestartedonthetripatthesametimethat(when)Idid.Heoncelivedinthesameflatwhere(that)shelived.Note:如果as,that,when,where所引导的从句省略了谓语等,则只能用thesame...as...结构,这时的as表示“同一个”或“同样的”两种意义;这种as仍为关系代词,不是介词,如上文中的前两例。再如:Heattendsthesamecollegethat(as)shedoes.Heattendsthesamecollegeasshe.(不用that)Shestudiesinthesameschoolwhere(that)hestudies.(正)(same可省去不用)Shestudiesinthesameschoolashe.(正,不用that)Shestudiesinthesameschoolashim.(误) (3)比较下面两个结构:thesame...that(或where)...→同一个(指同一个人或物)thesame...as...→同样的(指性质、种类、意义、程度相同)Thisisthesamepicturethatshedrew.这就是她画的那幅画。(同一张)Thisisthesamepictureasshedrew.这幅画同她画的那幅一样。(不是同一张)..下面几句含义相同:HelivesinthesameroomthatJohnlivesin.HelivesinthesameroomwhereJohnlives.HelivesinthesameroomwithJohn.他和约翰住在同一个房间。..但不可说:HelivesinthesameroomasJohn.ShegraduatedfromtheuniversityatthesameageasMary.ShegraduatedfromtheuniversityatthesameagewithMary.她和玛丽大学毕业时年龄一样大。Hepaidthesamepriceascoffee.Hepaidthesamepricethathehadpaidforcoffee.他付的和(先前付的)咖啡同样的价格。Note:①thesame...that结构中的same起强调作用,thesame和that均可省,句意不变;而thesame...as中的same不可省,as若省略则会引起句意变化。例如:ThisisthesamewatchthatIbought.这正是我买的那块表。(=ThisisthewatchthatIbought.=ThisisthesamewatchIbought.)ThisisthesamebookasIlost.这本书和我遗失的那本书是一样的。ThisisthesamebookIlost.这正是我遗失的那本书。ThisisthebookasIlost.(误)②thesame表示“同一个”时,the可用this,that,these,those代替,如thissamebook。same构成的短语有:oneandthesame(=theverysame,完全一样,后接新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书100第三讲代词名词),all(just)thesame(还是,仍然),atthesametime(在同一时间,可是)。比较:Shedidsameasshewastold.她按照被告知的那样做了。(sameas表示justas正像,same为副词)ShedidthesameasI.她同我做的是一样的(事)。(thesame表示“同样的事”,same作形容词)Note:上面16)中的句子意为“:下雨也好,天晴也好,对我来说都没有区别。”细加品味,便可悟出这句话中的禅意哲理,正暗合我国宋朝著名禅师天门慧开那首名诗中的意境“:春有百花秋有月,夏有凉风冬有雪,若无闲事挂心头,便是人间好时节。”17)eachother和oneanother(1)eachother通常用于两个人或物的场合,oneanother通常用于超过两个人或物的场合。但这两个词现在可以交换使用,意思不变,常作宾语,不可作主语。例如: AnnandJimlookedateachother.Thestudentsshoulduniteandhelponeanother.Thesetwoweregreatenemiestooneanother.Thethreegentlemenlookedateachotherwithblankfaces.(2)eachother的所有格形式为eachother..s,oneanother的所有格形式为oneanother..s,用作定语。例如:Theyknoweachother..sweakpoints.Thebanditsusedknivestocutoneanother..sthroats.(3)eachother还可以分开使用,这时,each常作主语或同位语,theother常作宾语。例如:Eachhassomethingtosaytotheother.Theyeachhelpedtheother.Eachwilledtheothertosayfirst.Weeachknowtheotherisgettingalong.我们每人都知道对方的情况。(4)eachother和oneanother有时可用作状语,相当于among或between+反身代词。例如:Thebirdsfoughteachotherforthefood.(=amongthemselves)Theysettledthemattereachother.(=amongthemselves)Note:在某些用法中,oneanother不可用eachother替换。例如:Oneafteranotherstoodupandleft.人们一个接一个地站了起来,离开了。Theywononevictoryafteranother.他们取得了一个又一个胜利。Thehorsesarefollowingoneanother.马一个跟着一个。Onesheepisfollowinganother.羊一个跟着一个。Theysharedthemoneyonewithanother.他们把钱平分了。18)many,much和alot(of)many和much多用于否定句和疑问句,alot(of)用于肯定句。例如:Wedon..thavemuchtimeleft.Doyouhavemanyfriends?Hehasalotofmoney.19)several的用法(1)several意为“threeormore”,不超过四、五个。afew同several近义,但afew表示a大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)101二、功能smallnumber(of),意为“少数”,所表示的数目或数量要比several多些。一周的时间可以说afewdays,但不能说severaldays;可以说afewofthesixhundredworkers,但一般不说severalofthesixhundredworkers。several单独作主语时,谓语动词通常用 单数。例如:Severalfishesinthelakeeveryweek.每周都有几个人在这个湖里钓鱼。(2)several表示“不同的,各自的”时,可修饰单数名词或复数名词。例如:Eachhashisseveralidea.每人都有不同的想法。Theywenttheirseveralways,eachmindinghisownbusiness.他们各走各的路,各管自己的事。Theyallhadtheirseveraldutiestoperform.他们都有不同的职责要履行。20)Weallhave还是Wehaveall在以be,have,助动词,情态动词结尾的句子中,all,both等作主语同位语的不定代词要放在be,have,助动词,情态动词之前,而不可放在其后。例如:Haveyouallacomputer?Weallhave.TheyarebothfromEngland.Howclevertheybothare!TomandJackcanbothspeakChinese.Theybothcan.Note:always,often等副词也具有类似的用法区别,参阅“第六讲”。例如:Doesitoftenrainhere?Yes,itoftendoes.(不可说itdoesoften)Sheisalwaysreadytohelpothers.Shealwaysis.(不可说Sheisalways.)21)none的用法(1)用作代词,指代人或物(复数名词或不可数名词)。例如:Haveyouanyredwine?—No.Wehavenone.HaveyouanyEnglishnovels?—No.Ihavenone.Nonecandoit.(指人)Nonecanbedone.(指物)(2)noneof+名词或代词是常用结构。例如:Noneofthemknowtheanswer.(作主语)Hemetnoneofhisfriends.(作宾语)Isheabore?Heisnoneofthosethings.(作表语)Note:下面句中的noneof+名词表示强调。Noneofyourimpudence.It..snoneofyourbusiness.Heisnoneofmyfriend.(not...atall)Sheisnoneofthehappiest.(=veryunhappy)Herhandwritingisnoneofthebest.(3)nonebut和noneotherthan相当于nobody(或none)except。例如:Nonebutanoblemancandolikethat.(=Nooneexcept)ShehastoldittononeotherthanJohn.(=nobodyexcept)新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书 102第三讲代词(4)用作副词,“none+the+比较级+because或for”表示“并不因为..就..”。例如:Sheisnonethehappierforherwealth.Sheisnonethehappierbecausesheiswealthy.Manisnonethegreaterforhishighposition.Manisnonethegreaterbecauseheisinhighposition.人并不因身居高位就伟大。Note:“all+the+比较级+because或for”则表示“因..而更加..”。比较:Sheisallthehappierforherwealth.=Sheishappierbecauseofherwealth.Theroomisnonethemorecomfortableforitsfinedecorations.这房间并不因其精美的装饰而更舒适。Theroomisallthemorecomfortableforitsfinedecorations.这房间因其精美的装饰而更加舒适。(5)nonetoo和noneso相当于notvery。例如:Thebookisnonetooeasy.(=verydifficult)Theyspentthenightnonetoohappily.(=veryunhappily)Themanisnonesokind.(=notvery)Itisnonesoexpensive.(=notvery)6.疑问代词1)用于指人的疑问代词有:who(主格)、whom(宾格)、whose(所有格),用于指物的疑问代词有:what(主格、宾格),用于指人或物的疑问代词有:which(主格、宾格)2)疑问代词引导的疑问句称为特殊疑问句。有些疑问代词具有形容词特征,可用作定语Whichbookdoyoulikebest?Whattimeisitnow?Whocare(或cares)?Who(或Which)isright,youorhe?Who(或whom)willshesendtheletterto?(作介词宾语时,用who比whom多)Whoseis(或are)better?(作主语)Whoseareyouusing?(作宾语)3)疑问代词what,which,who,whom有其对应的带有-ever的强调形式Whateverdidyousee?你究竟看见了什么?(whatever是what的强调形式)Whicheverbookishers?到底哪本书是她的?(whichever是which的强调形式)Whoevertoldyouthat?到底是谁告诉你的?(whoever是who的强调形式)Whomeverdidyougivetheletterto?你究竟把信给谁了?(whomever是whom的强调形式)Note:这类疑问代词也可用作关系代词,相当于anything(s)that,anyone(s)that或anyperson(s)who;有时还可以引导让步状语从句,相当于nomatter...。例如: Hedidwhateverhecoulddo.(=anythingthat)Whoevercomesiswelcome.(=anypersonwho)Youcantakewhicheveryoulike.(=anyonethat)大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)103二、功能Ishalldoitwhateverhappens.(=nomatterwhat)Whoeversaysso,it..snottrue.(=nomatterwho)Youcangooutoftheforestwhicheverpathyoutake.(=nomatterwhichpath)7.反身代词1)反身代词的一般用法反身代词常用作宾语、状语或同位语,作同位语时表示强调。例如:IteachmyselfEnglish.我自学英语。(不用me,指同一人,作宾语)Thechildburnthimself.那孩子烫了自己。(作宾语)Youyourselfdidit.那是你本人做的。(作同位语)Theimpetuscamefromthecommitteeandnotfromthemselves.(作介词宾语,表示强调)Thephotoisnottheleastlikeherself.这张照片一点也不像她本人。Don..texcuseyourself.不必道歉。(作宾语)Shelookedatherselfinthemirror.她对镜自照。(作介词宾语)Heishospitalityitself.他非常客气。(作同位语)Hewrotetheletterhimself.他亲笔写了那封信。(作状语)Thepresidentwillchairthemeetinghimself.总统将亲自主持这个会议。(作状语)Menlikeourselvesmustworkhard.(作介词宾语)Thematterconcernednoonebuthimself.(作介词宾语)Jackhimselfistoblame.(=Jackistoblamehimself.)(作同位语)Note:①反身代词在句中可有不同的位置,下面三句含义相同:Aliceherselfhaswateredtheflowers.(位于主语后最常见)Alicehasherselfwateredtheflowers.Alicehaswateredtheflowersherself.②反身代词可以强调不同的成分。例如:Jackhimself,butnothisbrother,paintedthedoor.(强调主语Jack)MarylovesJackhimself,nothiswealth.(强调动词宾语Jack)It..snoteasyforJackhimselftodesignthehouse.(强调介词宾语)③如果主语和宾语不是同一人或物,就不能使用反身代词。另外,还要保持反身代词同其所代表的先行词在人称及数方面的一致。..考察下面两个句子:WhenvisitingANewYorkCity,thetouristshouldtakeBaboatridearound ManhattantofamiliarizeCyourselfDwiththecity.(D项有问题)PlantsridthemAofexcesswaterthroughBtranspiration,theevaporationofextraCmoisturefromtheirDleaves.(A项有问题)比较:Aliceboughtheranewbike.艾丽斯给她买了一辆新自行车。(her指另一人)Aliceboughtherselfanewbike.艾丽斯给自己买了一辆新自行车。(herself指Alice本人)④如果介词表示位置,则不可用反身代词作宾语。例如: 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书104第三讲代词Sheclosedthedoorafterher.(不用herself)Helookedabouthim.(不用himself)Theydividedthepropertyamongthem.(不用themselves)Shebroughtherstudentswithher.(不用herself)2)反身代词用在avail,behave等动词后在avail,behave,absent,adapt,busy,help,enjoy,depend,hurt,conduct,blame,pride,provide,make,deport,bethink想起,compose镇静,divorce分裂,demean行为,comport举止,plume自夸,intoxicate陶醉,bear举止,bestir激动,betake致力于,ingratiate讨好,speakto,repeat,enjoy,kill,content,reproach,deceive,praise,express,contradict,free,support,wash,feed,dress,check,control,overwork,hide,trouble,overstretch,introduce,pledge,exert,engage等动词后可用反身代词作宾语。例如:Hereproachedhimselfforhisbehaviourthatevening.他为那天晚上的行为责备自己。Heoftencontradictshimself.他常常自相矛盾。Theboycanwashhimselfanddresshimselfnow.这个男孩现在能够自己洗澡,自己穿衣服了。Shesawherselfinthemirror.她看到镜子中的自己。Hepledgedhimselftodoit.他保证做那件事。Johnneverexertshimself.约翰从来不肯下功夫。Pullyourselftogether.Thefutureisbright.振作起来吧,未来是美好的。Heoverstrechedhimselftobuythatvilla.他用了过多的钱买那幢别墅。Hedistinguishedhimselfasagreatscientist.他是一位杰出的科学家。Soonhecomposedhimself.他不久就平静下来了。Hebehavedhimselffairlywellatcollege.Notasinglestudentabsentedhimselffromthelecture.Makeyourselfathome.Weshouldneverdivorceourselvesfromthemasses.Jimprideshimselfonhisabilitytospeakseverallanguages.Hesworetoavengehimselfontheenemy.CanyouexpressyourselfinEnglish?Pleasehelpyourselftosomemeat.seatoneself=beseatedamuseoneself=beamused Note:某些动词后的反身代词有时可省略。例如:Thesoldierhid(himself)inawell.Kittydressed(herself)quickly.Theriverempties(itself)intothesea.Hequalified(himself)fortheoffice.Behave(yourself)!乖一点!Heusuallyshavesinthemorning.他通常早上刮胡子。Doyoushaveyourselforgotothebarbers?你自己刮胡子还是请理发师的?Heusedtowashhimselfintheevening.他过去常常在晚上洗澡。Hewashestwiceaday.他每天洗两次澡。Sheengagedherselftoattendthemeeting.她答应去参加会议。Sheengagedtopaybackthemoney.她答应还钱。大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)105二、功能比较:applyoneselfto专心致志于applyfor求职,用于availoneselfof利用availsb.nothing徒劳conductoneselflikealady举止大方conductthecampaign指挥作战deportoneselflikeagentleman作风正派deportsb.to...流放3)talkoneselfhoarse中的反身代词在这种结构中,反身代词后的补语表示某一动作所引起的后果。例如:Theboycriedhimselfhoarse.那个小男孩哭得嗓子都哑了。Theyquarrelledthemselvesredintheface.他们吵得面红耳赤。Thebabycriedhimselfblind.那婴儿哭得睁不开眼。Shecriedherselftosleep.她哭着睡着了。Sheworkedherselfill.她工作累病了。Themanranhimselfoutofbreath.那人跑得上气不接下气。Theytalkedthemselveshoarse.他们说得嗓子都哑了。Theytalkedthemselvesasleep.他们谈得睡着了。Note:有些“动词+反身代词”结构可以同被动语态结构互换,前者强调动作,后者强调状态。例如:Helosthimselfinthehills.Hegot(was)lostinthehills.他在山里迷了路。Sheboredherselftodeath.Shewasboredtodeath.她烦得要死。4)findoneselfinadilemma中的反身代词在这种结构中,反身代词后的补语往往表示主语处于某种不自觉的状态。例如:Theyfoundthemselvesinadilemma.(进退维谷)Hecaughthimselfmakingthesamegrammaticalmistake. 5)makeashowofoneself中的反身代词反身代词还用于某些成语中。例如:Hemadeashowofhimself(出丑)beforethepublic.Don..tmakeanuisanceofyourself.(令人讨厌)..其他如:makeapigofoneself狼吞虎咽,hugoneself沾沾自喜,kickoneself严厉自责,keeponeselftooneself不与他人往来。6)besidehim不同于besidehimself某些介词后既可以用宾格人称代词,也可以用反身代词,前者用于本义,后者用于转义或隐喻。例如:HehadAlicebesidehim.(在他旁边)Hewasbesidehimselfwithrage.(发狂,失常)Hesawaplaneaboveus.(在我们头上)Heisabitabovehimself.(自高自大)Shehadnomoneywithher.(身边没有钱)Shewaspleasedwithherself.(洋洋得意)新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书106第三讲代词比较:Hewishedtohavearoomtohimself.(独自)Themachineworksbyitself.(自动地)Hediditallbyhimself.(独自一人)Theenemywillnotperishofhimself.(自行地)7)Aliceisnotquiteherself的含义反身代词还可以用作表语,表示某种身体状况等。例如:Aliceisnotquiteherselftoday.(身体不适)Well,you..reyourselfagain.(康复)Theboywillbehimselfinnotime.(很快康复)NowIfeelmoremyself.(感觉好多了)Beyourself!振作起来!8)表示比较时,用在like,than,so,as后Heismuchtallerthanmyself.Sheisquiteaswelleducatedasourselves.Thephotoisnotquitelikeyourself.Heisaboutthesameageasherself.9)betweenourselves———反身代词构成的惯用语(1)betweenourselves,意为“只是你我两人私下谈谈,不要告诉别人”,相当于betweenyouandme。例如:ItwaswhatIwouldcall,betweenourselves,abribe.Allthisisbetweenourselves,sodon..tletanyoneelseknowaboutit. (2)to+oneself,意为“为单独所用,为单独所有”。例如:Hewishedtohavearoomtohimself.他希望能有一间属于自己的房子。Itisdecidedthattheymaykeepthreecarstothemselves.Tomkeepshimselftohimself.汤姆不与人往来。(3)foroneself,意为“为自己,自己,亲自”。例如:Youhavetodecideforyourself.你得自己决定。Beitrightorwrong,youhavearighttojudgeforyourself.不管是对是错,你有权自己决定。(4)ofoneself,意为“自动地,自愿地”。例如:Theaccidentdidnothappenofitself.这个事故是不会自动发生的。Shewon..tgiveupofherself.她是不会自动放弃的。Itwillgrowofitself.(=naturally)Sheapologizedofherself.(=voluntarily)(5)byoneself,意为“alone,withouthelpfromothers,automatically”,前面可加all表示强调。例如:Hewillbebyhimselftomorrow.他明天独自在家(在办公室)。Shedecoratedthehouseallbyherself.Canthemachineworkallbyitself?比较:Hedidithimself.他独立做那件事。(没有别人帮助)Hediditofhimself.他自愿做那件事。大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)107二、功能(6)inoneself,意为“本身,本性”。例如:Heisakindmaninhimself.他本身是一个善良的人。Thatisagoodsuggestioninitself.那本身是一个好主意。Simplicityisinitselfaformofbeauty.10)反身代词作主语反身代词可以作独立主格结构中的逻辑主语,在口语中,也可借助or,nor,and等连词同其他名词一起作主语,也用于省略结构中作主语,相当于主格。例如:Herselfinpoorhealth,shestillcarriedontheexperiment.她虽然身体不好,但仍继续那项试验。Ourselvesnotrich,weshouldpracticeeconomy.我们并不富裕,应该厉行节约。Myfriendsandmyselfusedtotakeastrollatthefootofthehillatdusk.Yourselfandyourstudentshavebeeninvited.Whodidit?Myself.11)hurthim和hurthimself反身代词在句中作宾语或表语时,指代的必须是该句的主语本身,若不是其本身,则不可用反身代词。比较:Hehurthim.他伤害了他。(两个人) Hehurthimself.他伤害了自己。(一个人)..考察下面两句:VariousAanimalshaveshellsthatkeepthemselvesBfromgrowingbeyondCacertainDsize.(B项themselves不是指主语that本身,而是指variousanimals,故改为them)ThemenandwomenwhoApushedthefrontierwestwardacrossAmericaprobablyneverBthoughtofthemCasDbravepioneers.(C项them指的就是主语themenandwomen本身,故改为themselves)8.代词的一些其他用法1)those常用作后接定语从句中关系代词的先行词Shewasamongthosewhosawtheaccident...考察下面一句:Heinvitedallwhohadevergivenhimhelpinthepast.A.theseB.theyC.themD.those(D项正确)2)抽象名词+itselfitself可以放在一个抽象名词后,用来加强该名词的含义,这种结构相当于all+抽象名词或very+形容词。例如:Sheisbeautyitself.她很美。=Sheisallbeauty.=Sheisverybeautiful.Heiskindnessitself.他很善良。=Heisallkindness.=Heisverykind.新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书108第三讲代 词Heiscourageitself.他非常勇敢。Sheistidinessitself.她非常整洁。..考察下面一句:Mr.Londonisprudence.A.himselfB.inhimselfC.itselfD.him(C项正确。全句相当于Mr.Londonisveryprudent.)3)one,it和that作替代词的用法和差异(1)one(ones)只能代替可数名词,that可以代替可数名词或不可数名词。it=the(this,that,my...)+名词,所指的名词就是前面提到的同一物;that=the+名词,所指的名词与前面提到的为同一类,但非同一物;it和that为特指同法。one=a+名词,所指的名词与前面提到的为同一类,但非同一物,是同类中的任何一个,为泛指。theone表示特指的另一物。..考察下面一句:TheclimateofmynativetownisnotsowarmasofTaiwan.(it,that,one)Shedoesn..tlikethispen,shelikestheoneyoulenttoJim.(不用that)Awallmadeofbricksismuchfirmerthanthatofmud.(误)Awallmadeofbricksismuchfirmerthanoneofmud.(正)..考察下面两句:MarthatriedtofindAagoodbookonastronomy,butBthebookstoreshewenttoCdidnothavenoneD.(D项有问题)Thespeedofcommunicationstoday,asopposedto,hasgreatlyalteredthemannerinwhichbusinessisconducted.A.theoneofyesterdayB.communicationsyesterdayC.thatofyesterdayD.communicationsspeedalongtimeago(C项正确)(2)如果所代替的是指物的单数可数名词,可以用that或theone。例如:Shepreferredtheseatheretothatnearthewindow.(正)Shepreferredtheseatheretotheonenearthewindow.(正)(3)one可以指代人或物,it一般代替一个具体的事物,that只能代替物,不能代替人。例如:Thenewplanisbetterthantheoldones.(物)Ayoungmanandanoldonearewalkingdowntheroad.(人)Theperformancewaswonderful;Ilikeitverymuch.(物) Thebookislessinterestingthanthatyoulentmelastmonth.(物)(4)one可以同定冠词或不定冠词连用,可以有前置定语或后置定语,that不可有前置定语,但必须有后置定语。例如:Sheislookingforahouse;shelikesonewithagarage.Thebookisaneasyone.Thepapershewroteisbetterthanthatheread.(5)在such...as和too...to结构中,可以用aone这样的形式。例如:Theriveristoowideaoneforhimtoswimacross.这条河太宽了,他游不过去。Thefilmissuchaoneasappealsverymuchtothepublic.这是一部很受公众欢迎的电大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)109二、功能影。(6)one可以被a修饰,这时,one意为“大胆的人,古怪的人,爱好者,1号尺码”等。例如:Heisaone.这人真怪。(相当于odd)Youarearightone,tellinghimthetruth.你真傻,把事实告诉了他。(相当于afool)Heisaonecriticizingthegovernmentinpublic.他真大胆,竟公开批评政府。(相当于bold)Sheisaoneforfilms.她是个电影迷。Themantookaoneinshoes.那人买了1号尺码的鞋。Note:one或ones不可直接同名词所有格、形容词性物主代词和数词连用,必须要有其他修饰语。例如:YournewdictionaryseemsthickerthanMary..sone.(误)YournewdictionaryseemsthickerthanMary..soldone.(正)4)noone和none的区别(1)noone相当于nobody。同样,someone,anyone和everyone分别相当于somebody,anybody和everybody。这些代词只能指人,后面不跟介词of构成的短语。noone后可跟of短语,但只能说nooneofsb.,不能说nooneofsth.。(2)none和someone,everyone,anyone可以指人,也可以指物,根据后面介词of的宾语或上下文而定。例如:Noneofthemhave(has)left.他们都没有离开。Nooneofthemhasleft.他们没有一个人离开。Noneofthesebooksare(is)good.(正)这些书都不好。Nooneofthesebooksisgood.(误)Note:nobody虽然相当于noone,但不能说nobodyofsb.。例如:Nobodyofusisfree.(误)Nooneofusisfree.我们没有一人空闲。Nobodyisfree.没人空闲。..考察下面几句:thegirlscameonthetrip. A.NoB.NobodyofC.NoneofD.Noone(C项正确)Yousaidthebookswereonthedeskbutthere.A.therearenooneB.therewerenoneC.therewerenoonesD.wasnone(B项正确)Hewasleftalone,withtolookafterhim.A.someoneB.anyoneC.notoneD.noone(D项正确)5)Allmenarenothonest的含义Everyscientistisnotagenius.并不是每个科学家都是天才。Allofuscan..tunderstandthepoem.我们大家并不都能够理解这首诗。Bothanswersarenotright.两个答案并不都正确。..当主语是both,all,everyone或主语由both,all,every修饰时,谓语的否定为部分否定,意为:“并非..都,并不是每个..都,两个..并不都”。all...not...(三者以上)并非都..,both...not...(两者)不全都..,every...not...(三者以上,侧重全体)不是每个都..,each...not...(三者以上,侧重个体)不是每个都..。全部否定用nothing,nobody,none,not,neither等。上句可译为“并非所有的人都是诚实的”。参阅新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书110第三讲代词第二十四讲。6)人称代词作主语但用宾格形式的几种情况(1)日常口语中,如果人称代词孤立地在不带谓语的句中作主语,习惯上用宾格。例如:A:Whotoldherthenews?B:Me.(2)日常口语中,如果人称代词用作带有强烈情感色彩(惊奇、反诘、轻蔑、厌烦等)的句子的主语,通常用宾格。例如:What!Meacceptapresentfromhim?Ineverevenspeaktohim.Meappologizetohim?Nothingdoing.Doyoulovehim?Melovehim!WhatcouldIdo?Me,ahelplessgirl.Youstolethemoney.Me?(3)和其他名词并列作句中的主语时,人称代词可用宾格,为非正式用法。例如:Johnandmehavegotreadyforthejourney.(4)在herebe或therebe结构中,人称代词可用宾格。例如:Thereusedtobetwootherexpertsandme,doingtheexperiment.(5)在某些表示意义上转折或补充说明的句子中,人称代词可用宾格。例如:Wewereleftontheislandandmewithlittlefoodandnomoney.(6)如果有形容词作人称代词的定语,该人称代词可用宾格,实际上已转化为名词。例如:Poorlittlehimhadtobegfromdoortodoorinthoseyears. Ambitiousmehadnoworrythen.I..dliketobefriendswiththeoptimisticyou.你很乐观,我想同你交个朋友。Thisheryoulookatisinherteens.你看见的她是十几岁的时候。7)asmuchashe和asmuchashimIblameyouasmuchashe.Iblameyouasmuchashim...这两个句子虽一字之差,但表示的意思却完全不同。第一句相当于Iblameyouasmuchashedoes.(我像他一样地责怪你。);第二句相当于IblameyouasmuchasIblamehim.(我责备你像责备他一样。)8)no能否用作代词no可作形容词或副词用,但不可用作代词。例如:Nooftheboyswassick.(误)None(或Noone)oftheboyswassick.(正)Noanymenarepresent.(误)Nomenarepresent.(正)..no=nota或notany,故用no时,其后不再用a或any。9)something和somebody也可以用作名词(1)在下述句子中,something和somebody不是代词,而是名词,表示特殊意义。Heisreallysomething.(了不起的人)Hethinkshe..ssomebody(了不起的人物),butreallyhe..snobody.(什么也不是)Hefeltthepresenceofanunknownsomething.(重要的事情)(2)something有时也可用作副词。例如: 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)111二、功能Heissomethinglikehisfather.(有些像他父亲)Thishappenedsomethingmorethanayearago.10)you,they和we泛指“人们”时的差异(1)you,they和we可用来泛指“人们”。用we时语气非常亲切,通常包括说话人和听说人在内的“人们”。例如:Wemustbeconscientiousinourworkifwevalueourcareers.Wedonotseeourownfaults.人们往往看不见自己的缺点。(2)用you时一般指听话人,也可指包括说话人和听话人在内的任何人,口气也很亲切。例如:Ifyouwanttoseetheruins,youshouldgoonfoot.Youcannoteatandhaveit.鱼与熊掌不可兼得。(3)用they来泛指“人们”时,就把说话人和听话人都排除在外。theysay,theytellme常用来代替peoplesay或itissaid,意为“人家说,据说”。they还常用来避免使用被动语态。例如:Ifyouwanttoseetheoldtemple,theywilltellyouthatyouneedtohaveaguide.Theygrowriceinthispartofthecountry.(=Riceisgrown...)Theysaythatsheisabornmusician.(=Itissaidthatshe...)Note:①he还可指一般人,常用在hewho,hethat结构中。例如:Hewholivesinaglasshouseshouldnotthrowstones.自己有缺点,就不该说别人。Hewhohesitatesislost.犹豫者,必失良机。Hethatworkshardwillsucceed.勤奋的人必将成功。(=anyperson)②one也可表示泛指,凡是重复one和one..s的地方,通常可用he和his取代。例如:Onemustbepatientifhewantstosucceed.③有时we也可代替I。例如:Wearesatisfiedwithyourservices.(国王自称)Wewilldiscloseitintoday..spaper.(报纸编辑)11)membersofthesameschoolwinningtheprize还是membersofthesameschool..swinningtheprize如果动名词前的逻辑主语是名词词组,特别是带有后置修饰语的名词词组,这种名词词组只能用通格,不能用所有格。例如:Heobjectedtomembersofthesameschool..swinningtheprize.(误)Heobjectedtomembersofthesameschoolwinningtheprize.(正)Note:下面几种形式都对:We..reconsideringhisgoingthere.We..reconsideringhimgoingthere.(口语)IwanttoavoidMarythinkingIdon..twanttohelp. IwanttoavoidMary..sthinkingIdon..twanttohelp...但在postpone,defer,deny等动词后,动名词前的逻辑主语通常用所有格。例如:HedeferredMr.Johnson..sgoinghomeuntilnextmonth.12)somethingof,nothingof,anythingof和muchof这几个词组常表示程度,参阅有关章节。例如:Sheissomethingofamusician.她略知音乐。新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书112第三讲代词Isheanythingofascholar?他有点学问吗?Heisverymuchofascholar.他很有学问。Note:abitof,alittleof和agreatdealof也有这种用法。例如:Heisabitofeverything.他什么都懂一点。Ihaveseenlittleofhimlate.我最近很少见到他。Hehasagreatdealofthestatesmaninhim.他很有政治家的才能。13)aladywhoIbelieveisreliable不同于aladywhomIbelieve(tobe)reliable———关系代词疑点(1)一般而论,who引导从句作主语,whom引导从句作宾语。但在具体的上下文中有时很难辨别它所引导的是定语从句还是插入语。因而也就产生了该用who还是该用whom的问题。例如:A:SheisaladywhoIbelieveisreliable.B:SheisaladywhomIbelieve(tobe)reliable...这两个句子都能成立,但是结构不同。句A中的Ibelieve是插入语,可以去掉,句子仍能成立:Sheisaladywhoisreliable.who作定语从句的主语,不可用whom。句B实际上相当于两个独立分句:Sheisalady.Ibelieveher(tobe)honest.组合成一句便将宾格her换为宾格whom,置于定语从句之首,其中的Ibelieve不是插入语,若把它作为插入语去掉,句子便不成立:Sheisaladywhom(tobe)reliable。再如:Thesoldierwhowesupposedwaskilledcameoutalive.(wesupposed作插入语)Thesoldierwhomwesupposed(tobe)killedcameoutalive.(wesupposed为定语从句的主谓成分)..考察下面一句:TomwastheonlyoneAoftheboyswhomBeveryonethoughtC wouldbechosenthewinnerbyDthejudges.(B项有问题)(2)whom和which可以用作定语或状语。whom和which在其所引导的定语从句中一般作主语或宾语,但也可在它的前面加上适当的介词,作定语、表语或状语。在介词+whom(which)结构中,介词的选用必须依据词的搭配关系,要符合惯用法。Theuniversityhasover15,000students,ofwhom80%arefromEastChina.(定语)Theapartmenthasfiverooms,thesmallestofwhichservesasastudy.(定语)Shewasscaredbythefantasticspeedatwhichthecarran.(状语)Thisistheboyforwhomhelaiddownhislife.(状语)Doyouknowthemethodbywhichthecomputerworks?(状语)Twentymenandwomenlosttheirlivesintheplanecrash,amongwhomwasthepresidenthimself.(表语)Note:介词+whom(which)结构中的谓语动词多为不及物动词,若是及物动词,则必须有宾语。..考察下面一句:DespitethedisappearanceAoftheMayanempire,thereareBstillMayansintheregioninwhichCtheyonceinhabitedD.(C项有问题)大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)113二、功能14)we的特殊意义人称代词we可以表示:①政府高级官员或国王、女王等在发表演说或文告中往往用we代替I或me,相当于汉语的“朕”;②一般作者或演讲者用we代替I,以避免突出个人;③在广告或招贴中,we可指代“本公司,本店”等;④在具体语境中,we可指代车辆、剧院、船只、报章、所属物等;⑤对病人或小孩讲话时用we代替you,以示安慰。例如:Wearenotinterestedinthepossibilitiesofdefeat.朕对失败的可能性不感兴趣。(We=I,称为theRoyalWe)Inthefollowingchapter,weshalldiscussinternationalrelations.Thiskindofshoesishandledbyus.这种鞋属我店经营。Now,wemustbeabraveboyandstopcrying. 15)hersofhim的含义JimhasalowopinionofAlice,butitcan..tbeanyworsethan.A.herofhimB.himofherC.hersofhimD.shedoes上句应选C。前句说“吉姆对艾丽斯评价不高”,后句中的it指代Jim..sopinionofAlice,选用hersofhim,句意为:Jim..sopinionofAlicecan..tbeanyworsethanAlice..sopinionofJim.(吉姆对艾丽斯的评价不可能比艾丽斯对吉姆的评价更糟。)即:吉姆对艾丽斯看法不好,而艾丽斯对吉姆看法更糟。16)this和that能否作形式主语或形式宾语this和that是指示代词,也可作连词,引导从句,但这两个词均不能作形式主语或形式宾语。例如:Ibelievethatmydutytoseeyouthroughthecrisis.(误)Ibelieveitmydutytoseeyouthroughthecrisis.(正)..考察下面一句:DuetoAtherefractionoflightrays,thisBisimpossibleforthenakedeyetodetermineCtheexactlocationofastarcloseDtothehorizon.(B项有问题)17)self的用法(1)self可以单独使用,通常用作动词宾语或介词宾语,也可作主语,意为“本人,自己,品质,性质,私欲,个人的正常状态”等。例如:Herwordsarenotdirectedathisownself.她的话不是针对他本人的。(本人)Heputhiswholeselfintothejob.他把全部身心都投入了工作。(自己)Hertrueselfwasrevealed.她的本性暴露了。(品质)Selfdoesnotbringhappiness.私欲不会带来幸福。(私欲)Helookedlikehisoldself.他看上去跟以前一样。(状态)(2)self可以加在名词前,中间有连字符,构成名词。如:self-expression自我表现,selfcontrol自我控制,self-defense自卫,self-rule自治。self可以加在形容词前,中间有连字符,构成形容词。如:self-reliant依靠自己的,self-sufficient自给自足的,self-contradictory自相矛盾的,self-conscious不自然的。self可以加在分词前,中间有连字符,构成形容词。如:self-taught自学的,self-governed自治的,self-supporting自立的,self-made靠个人奋斗成功的,self-denying忘我的。18)somebodyelse..s和whoelse..s(1)else常同复合代词somebody,anybody,something,somewhere,nothing,anything 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书114第三讲代词等一起使用。somebodyelse的所有格为somebodyelse..s。例如:Thedictionaryisnotmine.Itissomebodyelse..s.(2)else还常同疑问词一起使用,位于其后。whoelse的所有格是whoelse..s。例如:WhenelsecanItryagain?(=Atwhatothertime)Howelsecanyoudoit?(=Inwhatotherway)Ifthispenisnotyours,whoelse..scanitbe?..下面两句也是正确说法:Thereisnotmuchelsetodo.没有别的什么要做。Thereislittleelsetoenjoy.没有什么别的可供娱乐。测试练习(三)一、选择填空1.Alansoldmostofhisbelongings.Hehasscarcelyleftinthehouse.A.everythingB.anythingC.nothingD.something2.Thestoutfellowoverthereisthegreatmagician,CharlieChenehimself.A.nootherbutB.nootherthanC.noneotherthanD.noonebut3.Myfatherasked.A.TomandmetohelpB.meandTomtohelpC.IandTomtohelpD.TomandItohelp4.Theirdecisiontoleavethecorporationwasentirely.A.bythemB.theirownC.madethemselvesD.oftheirself-doing5.“Doesthemuseumhaveanyantiquecars?”“Yes,ithastwo.”A.oldGermanonesB.GermanoldonesC.oldGermansD.oldGerman6.Heisofamusician.A.anybodyB.anyoneC.somebodyD.something7.Itisonethingtoenjoylisteningtogoodmusic,butitisquitetoperformskillfullyyourself.A.otherB.anotherC.someD.any8.Shopkeeper“:Doyouliketheseshoes,Madam?”Mrs.Green:“No,showme.”A.anotherB.someothersC.otheroneD.differentones9.ImetherinthestreetandshetoldmeshewasleavingforFrancenextmonth.A.theotherdayB.inthreedaysC.thefollowingdayD.thenextday10.Tomisn..tthetallestboyintheclass,butheistallerthanstudents.A.anyoftheB.someC.anyotherD.someofthe11.Idon..ttakeJohn..spenbecauseIdon..tlike. A.thatpenofhisB.thathispenC.histhatpenD.thatpenofhim12.“Whatauthordoyoulike?”“Shakespeareis.”A.favoriteformeB.Myfavourite 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)115测试练习︵三︶C.formethefavoriteD.thefavoriteofmine13.Tothefinalists,,thelasthighjumpwasthemostexciting.A.BobandIB.BobandmeC.BobwithmeD.IwithBob14.Thispieceoffurnitureisdifferentfrom.A.onesB.yourC.thatoneD.that15.Whenscience,business,andartlearnsomethingofmethodsandgoals,theworldwillhavecomeclosertoculturalharmony.A.oneanother..sB.oneanotherC.eachother..sD.eachother16.WilliamtheConquerorbuilttheTowerofLondontoprotecthimselffromhehadconquered.A.eachotherB.themC.itD.those17.Wehadmademanyjourneys,but.A.notbeingextensiveB.notextendingthemC.noextensionsonthemD.notextensiveones18.Victorcertainlytalksalotandhe..sneverinterestedinwhathastosay.A.anyoneelseB.nooneC.nobodyD.somebodyother19.Becausetherewaslittleheatinthebedroom,Evanswascold.A.muchthroughthenightB.mostofthenightC.manypartsofthenightD.themajoritypartofthenight20.Thosewhowereleftaloneinthecaveknewbetterthantheotherssoundsbatsflyingaboutinthedarkmade.A.thatfrighteningB.whichfrighteningC.whatfrighteningD.howfrightening21.Ourhomeisfinerthan.A.yoursorhimB.your..sorhisC.youorheD.yoursorhis22.“Whathappenedyesterday?”“Idon..tthinkhappened.”A.anythingB.everythingC.nothingD.something23.Specificgravityisdefinedastheratioofthedensityofasubstancetoofwater.A.oneB.thatC.theratioD.these24.SamadmiredhisfriendsFrankandJerry.Heimitated.A.everyactionofthemB.everyoftheiractionsC.theireveryactionD.everyactionoftheirs25.TheLunarNewYearwasalwaysahappytime.A.forusChinesechildrenB.forChinesechildrenasusC.forweChinesechildrenD.forwe,Chinesechildren 26.Manyoftheboy..sparentsvisitthedormonSunday.Thewhodidn..twillvisittheirsonsanytime.A.oneB.onesC.thoseD.that27.Whendrinkingfromawell,onemustn..tforgetwhodugit.A.themB.theseC.thatD.those28.Thesethreegirlshelptoembroiderflowersonthetablecloth.A.oneanotherB.eachother新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书116第三讲代词C.oneandtheotherD.oneandother29.TheGreeksoldiersbecametiredoffightingandbegantoquarrelamong.A.themB.themselvesC.eachotherD.oneanother30.beingawaysooftencausedastrainintherelationship.A.HimB.He..sC.HisD.Forhim31.WhenJoeneedsatallladder,hewillborrow.A.hisneighbourladderB.ladderofhisneighbour..sC.thatofhisneighbour..sD.onefromhisneighbour二、辨认错误1.TheonlyAinsectsthatmakeafoodBthatpeopleenjoyeatingCarebees,whichproducehoneyinitsDhives.2.ComparedtopricesafewAyearsago,pricesBoffoodandclothingtodayhaveincreasedtosuchCadegreethatsomepeoplecan..taffordtobuyitD.3.IfoneisindoubtAaboutthelegalityof Baparticulardrug,youCcancontactDtheFoodandDrugAdministration.4.Mr.HarveyspokeharshlytoAWalterandIBbecausehethoughtweChadtornhisDfavoritebook.5.MostofweAknowthatconductorsdirecttheirBorchestraswithabaton,buthowmanyareawarethattheyCalsodirectwiththeirDfaces,handsandshoulders?6.IntheearlymorningthefirstAthingthatBbothmyCbrotherandmeDdidwastogoouttoseethepony.7.BecauseSamandMichellehaddoneallAoftheworktheirselvesB,theyCwereunwillingtogiveD theresultstoJoan.8.TheUnitedStatesthemselvesAwillplayBaleadingroleifitCcanrenderhelptootherDcountries.9.SoimpressedwerethepeopleAwithhisBcampaignthattheyelectedtheCpresidentforasecondtermD.10.TheprincipalwentfromoneclassroomtootherArequestingBthepupilsineachroomCtohelpkeepDtheschoolgroundsclean.