中学英语语法分类复习-定语从句 3页

十六.定语从句一、定语从句的定义和结构在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词，充当定语的从句。被修饰的词叫先行词，引出从句的词叫关系词（分关系代词和关系副词）。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose),as,but,和关系副词where,when,why。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又指代先行词内容，并在从句中充当一个成分。关系词是根据先行词类别、关系词在从句中所作成分以及其他特殊要求三个方面确定的。关系词基本分类：指人：who,whom,whose,ofwhom,that,as,but指事物：which,whose,ofwhich,that,as,but指人或事物：whose,that,as,but指时间：when指地点：where指原因：why二、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词：that,which,who,whom,whose,(as,but).1)that的先行词可指人或物，以及人与物同指。that在从句中作主、宾或表语：Ilikethebookthatyoulenttome.我喜欢你借给我的那本书。Theboythatisstandingnearthedoorismybrother.站在门边的那个男孩是我弟弟。Heisnolongerthepersonthatheusedtobe.他不再是他过去的那个样子。2)which的先行词是物。which在作从句的主语或宾语：Theyplantedtheflowerswhichdidn"tneedmuchwater.Thedictionarywhichmyfatherboughtformeisveryusefultome.我爸爸给我买的词典非常有用。注意that,which指物时有时可互换（二者的区别见“定语从句注意事项”）。3)who/whom的先行词是人。在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom。TheteacherwhowenttoseemeyesterdayisMr.Wang.ThegirlwhomItalkedwithjustnowwillgotoBeijing.Mr.Readisthepersontowhomyoushouldwrite.4）whose的先行词可以是人也可是物。whose在从句中作定语。whose可用ofwhich,ofwhom换用，不过ofwhich和ofwhom除了表所属外还可以表示部分与整体的关系。Heistheboywhosefatherisadoctor.Doyouknowtheownerofthehousewhosewindows/thewindowsofwhich/ofwhichthewindowsfacesouth?Herearetenplayers,threeofwhomarefromLondon.Allthebooks,fiveofwhicharebroken,havebeenputaway.whose还可以与它修饰的词一起作介词宾语：ThebossinwhosedepartmentMr.Kingworkedcalledatthehospital.三、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词：why,where,when（非正式用法中都可用that代替）。它们也可用介词+which代替，关系副词在从句中都作状语。1)why(=forwhich)的先行词只用thereason。why在从句中作原因状语。Idon"tknowthereasonwhy(forwhich)hedidn"tcome.★当先行词为reason时，关系词若不在从句中作状语，就只能用that或which，而不是why。2)where（=介词+which）的先行词是表地点的词，如：house,room,place等。where在从句中作地点状语。Thisistheschoolwherewestudyeveryyear.★当先行词为地点名词时，关系词若不在从句中作状语，就只能用that或which，而不是where。Thisistheschoolwhichwestudyineveryday.Thisistheschoolthat/whichwevisitedyesterday.3)when（=介词+which）的先行词是表示时间的名词，如time,year,day,week等。when在从句中作时间状语。I"llneverforgetthetimewhen(duringwhich)weworkedonthefarm.★当先行词为时间名词时，关系词若不在从句中作状语，就只能用that或which，而不是when。Istillrememberthedaythat/whichishisbirthday.四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1)限制性定语从句是对先行词作修饰或限制，缺少从句时句子意义不完整或失去意义。主从句关系十分密切，所以书写时不用逗号分开。Heisthemanwhocametoseeyouyesterday.2)非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作些附加说明，主从句关系不十分密切，所以从句和主句之间多用逗号分开，若去掉从句，主句的意思仍然清楚。一般用which引导，不用that。Mybrother,whoisinBeijing,willcometoseeme.（非限制性）Thebookthat/whichyouarereadingismine.（限制性）注意有些定语从句，是限制性还是非限制性要根据上下文含义来判断，不能只凭标点符号。五、关系代词as引导的定语从句1)引导限制性定语从句时用于固定搭配：as/so/such/thesame+先行词+as从句Youcanwaitformeatthesameplaceaswedid.Beijingisnotthesame(city)asitusedtobe.注意thesame···that从句：表示同一人或物thesame···as从句：表示相似的人或物ThisisthesameknifethatIlost.这是我弄丢的那把刀。ThisisthesameknifeasIlost.这把刀与我弄丢的那把刀一样。注意such···as···定语从句：“像···那样”such...that...状语从句：“如此…以致于…”Weneedsuchmaterialasisbeingusedinyourfactory.（定语从句）ThisissuchaneasyquestionasIcananswer.（定语从句）ThisissuchaneasyquestionthatIcananswerit.（状语从句）2)as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别与which引导非限制性定语从句相比：①as的先行词一般不是一个单词，常是整个主句或短语；which的先行词可以是一个单词或整个主句；②as通常含有“正如...那样”的意思，而which没有；③as从句可放在句首/中/尾，而which从句不能放在句首；④as在从句中作主语时谓语中一般必须含be动词，which没有此限制。⑤which从句可表由主句带来的结果，as从句不能。如：Aswehaveseen,theearthisround.Asweknow,TaiWanbelongstoChina.Asisreported,manypeoplewerekilledintheaccident.Theearthisround,asweallknow.正如大家所知,地球是圆的。Theearthisround,whichweallknow.地球是圆的,这是众所周知的。Hewentabroard,whichmadehiswifefeellonely.他出了国,这让他的妻子感到很孤独。（主句和从句有因果关系）★常见由as引出的类似于插入语的定语从句：asanybodycansee,asweallknow,aswehadexpected,asisknowntoall,asiswellknown,ashasbeensaidbefore,asoftenhappens,asisreported/said/believed,asisnatural,asis(often)thecase等。 3)主句是否定句，as引导非限制性定语从句放在句中或句末，as不包含主句的否定含义。Greenlandwasnotacontinent,aspeoplethought.格陵兰并不像人们所想象的那样是一个大陆。Thefactsofsciencearenot,assomethink,dryandlifeless.科学事实并不像有些人所想象的那样枯燥无味和无生命力。六、but引导的定语从句主句必须是否定句，but＝thatnot，与主句构成双重否定表肯定含义，从而具有强调语气。Thereisnomotherintheworldbutlovesherchildren.世上没有不热爱自己孩子的母亲。七、使用定语从句应注意的几个问题1)当先行词是way,表示方式方法时，引导词可用inwhich或that，并且that可省略。Thisisthewayinwhich/(that)IstudyEnglish.2)注意区别先行词,引导词。Isthis+名词theonethat从句Isthisthe名词+that从句Isthisschooltheonethatyouvisited?/whereyoustudy?Isthistheschoolthatyouvisited?/whereyoustudy?3)注意区别定语从句和强调句式。Itis+名词that（which...）(定从)Itis+介词+名词that从句（强调句）Itistheplace（that/which）hewasbornin.(定从)Itistheplacewhere/inwhichhewasborn.(定从)Itisintheplacethathewasborn.（强调句）★强调句去掉Itis/was...that后句子成立,that在句中不充当成分。八、关系代词that与which的用法区别1)一般只用that不用which情况①先行词是不定代词all,any,little,few,some,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone,等。Isthereanything（that）Icandoforyou?Allthattheysaidistrue.②先行词被不定代词next,all,no,little,few,any等词修饰时只能用that。③先行词被具唯一性的only,thevery/right,justthe,last等词修饰时，只能用that。TheonlythingthatIcandoforyouistolendyousomemoney.ThisistheverybookthatI"mlookingfor.④先行词是数词或被序数词修饰时，只能用that。Hewasthefirst(person)thatpassedtheexam.Hebroughttwocatsyesterday.NowIcanseethetwothatareplayinginthegarden.⑤先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时，只能用that。ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.⑥先行词既有人又有物只用that。Thefilmstarandherfilmthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutarereallywell-known.⑦如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词用which，另一个则用that以避免重复。Hebuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.⑧主句是therebe,herebe结构，修饰其主语的定语从句常用that引导。ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoFrank.⑨主句主语是who,which等疑问词，为避免wh-词重复只用that。⑩含多个定语从句时，要尽量避免which和that复用。2）定语从句中只用which而不用that情况①当关系代词前有介词时：Thisisthehouseofwhichthewindowsfacesouth.②引导非限制性定语从句只用which。which可代表先行词或者前句，译成“这一点，这件事”。Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.Hisdog,whichwasveryold,becameill.③先行词是that,those且指物时，关系词用which。What"sthatwhichwasbrightinthecar?④一个句子两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which。LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.九、定语从句中用who而不用that情况1)先行词是明确指人的those,one,ones,anyone,people,all时，关系词用who。Thosewhowanttotakepartinthepartyshouldsignyournamehere.Anyonewhodidn"tcomemustbepunished.2)在therebe结构中,主语是人,先行词只用who,whom。Thereisapersonwhowantstoseeyou.3)有多个定语从句时，为避免重复，who,that交替使用。Theteacherthatwaspraisedatyesterday"smeetingwhoisourEnglishteacherwillgotoBeijingtomorrow.4)间隔性定语从句（先行词后有定语或其他成分)为避免歧义，关系词用who指人。Hewastheonlyoneintheofficewhowasinvitedtotheball.5)当先行词为人称代词时。Hewhodoesn"tmakemistakesmakesnothing.注意关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复形式根据先行词来确定，即先行词为单数，从句谓语动词为单数；先行词为复数，从句谓语动词为复数。Iwhoamastudentmuststudyhard.Heisoneofthestudentswhowarelateforschool.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhowaslateforschool.十、关系代词前带介词的定语从句关系代词which，whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，从句常由“介词+which（或whom,不能用that）”引出，即介词提前。若介词与定语从句中的动词等为固定习语，介词提前后习语含义会发生变化，介词就不能提前。Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecityinwhichtheylive.他们所居住的城市正在发生着巨大的变化。．ThefilmofwhichI"mspeakingistobeshownatthePeople"sCinemanextweek.我正在谈到的这部电影下星期在人民电影院上映。Thisistheteacherfromwhomwe"velearntalot.这就是我们从他那里学到很多东西的那位老师。ThepolicemanwithwhomMr.Henryistalkingintheofficeisafriendofmine.正在办公室与亨利先生谈话的那位警察是我的一位朋友。▲这类从句中的介词也可放在从句的末尾，这时关系代词可以省略也可用that。Theman(whom/that)wesentthepresenttoisadoctoroflaw.我们寄给他礼物的那个人是一位法学博士。▲定语从句也可以由“名词（代词或数词）+介词+which/whom”引出。（此情况下，介词短语有时可前置）。Thehouse,thewindowsofwhichweredamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.窗子遭破坏的那幢房子现在已经修缮好了。Wehavetwospareroomsupstairs,neitherofwhichhasbeenmuchusedinthepasttwoyears.我们楼上有两间空房，过去两年内都没怎么用。Hehasthreesons,twoofwhomworkinDalian.他有三个儿子，其中两个在大连工作。十一、特殊先行词stage,point,situation,occasion,activity等表示抽象概念的“场合、地步、进程、方面、境地”等“模糊地点”，关系词常用where.IhavecometothepointwhereIcan’tstandherarguinganylonger.Genevahasbeenthestagewheremanysuchconferencesareheld.Thosesuccessfuldeafdancersthinkthatdancingisanactivitywheresightmattersmorethanhearing.