高考英语语法非谓语动词精讲与专练 27页

高中英语语法非谓语动词精讲与专练非谓语动词（一）——动词不定式动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v+ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，如：tostudy,toplay，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：tostudyhard,toplaytabletennis。1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主动tobuildtohavebuilttobebuildingtohavebeenbuilding被动tobebuildtohavebeenbuild2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：（1）作主语：Tohelpeachotherisgood.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：Itisgoodtohelpeachother.（2）作表语：Myjobistodrivethemtothepowerstationeveryday.动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be+动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Ourplanistosetupanothermiddleschoolforthepeasants’children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式tosetup…为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式tosetup所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）Wearetosetupanothermiddleschoolforthepeasants’children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的aretosetup整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式tosetup所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式tosetup所表示的动作是由we产生的）。（3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语，如：Shewishestobeamusician.；②作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad,sorry,afraid,pleased,determined,willing,eager,anxious,ready,sure等，如：Iamdeterminedtogiveupsmoking.；③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Canyougiveussomeadviceonwhattodonext?（4）作宾语补足语，如：Tellthechildrennottoplayonthestreet.如果句中的谓语动词为see,hear,watch,notice,have,make,let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：Isawalittlegirlrunacrossthestreet.（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：Idon’tthinkitrighttodoitthatway.（6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Isthisthebestwaytohelphim?和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：Heisthemantodependon.如果被不定式修饰的名词为place,time,way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：Theoldmanislookingforaquietplaceto live.（7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：①目的状语：EverymorninghegetsupveryearlytoreadEnglish.为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加inorderto或soasto（以便或为了），但应注意inorderto位于句首或句中均可，而soasto不能位于句首，如：ShereadsChinaDailyeverydayinorderto(soasto)improveherEnglish.将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：Tomasteraforeignlanguage,onemustworkhardatit.②结果状语：Theylivedtoseetheliberationoftheirhometown.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。③too+形容词或副词+动词不定式，表示“足能…”的结果，如：Youareoldenoughtotakecareofyourselfnow.3、复合结构不定式：由for+名词（或代词宾格）+动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：Itisveryimportantforustogeteverythingreadyfortheharvest.当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good,nice,kind,wise,silly,stupid,foolish,right,wrong,careless,impolite等，如：Itisverykindofyoutohelphimeveryday.4、疑问词+动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：Howtopreventthemfromswimminginthisriverisaproblem.5、动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not+动词不定式构成，如：It’swrongofyounottoattendthemeeting.6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：Wedecidedtoplantmoretreesthisspring.（其后），Theyoftenwatchusplaytabletennis.（同时）；（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：ShehappenedtobewritingaletterintheroomwhenIcamein.7、动词不定式的被动语态用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式，如：Whatistobedonenexthasn’tbeendecidedyet.非谓语动词（二）——动词-ing形式（二）-ing形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：动词语态形式及物动词make不及物动词go主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式makingbeingmadegoing完成式havingmadehavingbeenmadehavinggone2、-ing形式的基本用法。（1）作主语：Seeingisbelieving.百闻不如一见。Talkingiseasierthandoing.–ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的-ing后置。如：Itisn’tmuchgoodwritingtothemagain.It’snousewaitinghere.（2）作表语：Herjobiswashingandcooking.Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.（3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语。Shelikesdrawingverymuch.；②作某些短语动词的宾语。MaryisthinkingofgoingbacktoNewYork.；③do+限定词（my,some,any,the等）+-ing，表示“做…事”之意，如：WeoftendoourcleaningonSaturdayafternoon.WillyoudoanyshoppingonSaturdaythisafternoon?④作介词的宾语：Hersisterisgoodatlearningphysics.； ⑤作形容词worth,busy等的宾语：Thisbookiswellworthreading.–ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语，而将作宾语的-ing后置，如：Wefounditnogoodtalkinglikethat.Doyouthinkitnecessarytryingagain?（4）作定语：Thesleepingchildisonlyfiveyearsold.Doyouknowthemanstandingatthegate?注：-ing形式作定语用时，如果-ing只是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是-ing短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后，-ing作定语时，被-ing所修饰的名词就是该-ing的逻辑主语。另外，-ing作定语用时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的，如果不是同时进行的，就不能用-ing作定语，要使用定语从句，如：ThegirlwhowrotealetterthereyesterdaycanspeakEnglishverywell.（5）作宾语补足语：Wecanseesteamrisingfromthewetclothes.注：当-ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语用时，句中宾语就是这个-ing的逻辑主语，可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see,watch,hear,observe,feel,find,have,keep等。（6）作状语：①时间状语：SeeingTom,Icouldn’thelpthinkingofhisbrother.分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：Whencrossingstreet,youmustbecareful.②原因状语：Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschoolyesterday.③方式或伴随状语：MarystoodattheschoolgatewaitingforBetty.3、主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Havingansweredtheletter,shewentontoreadanEnglishnovel.4、被动语态-ing一般式的基本用法。被动语态-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：Thetruckbeingrepairedthereisours.5、被动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：Havingbeenshownthelab,weweretakentoseethelibrary.6、-ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：Yoursmokinganddrinkingtoomuchwilldoharmtoyourhealth.但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：SheinsistedonPeter’s(orPeter)goingtherefirst.7、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如：Ourjobismakingsteel.Shelikesplayingthepiano,butshedoesn"twanttoplayittoday.8、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。-ing形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：ThegirlwritingalettertherecanspeakEnglishverywell./Ihavethreeletterstowrite.9、-ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。（1）不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：Ihavetoldthemtocomeagaintomorrow.（2）在see,watch,hear,feel等之后，如果用-ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：Ihearhersingingintheroom.我听见她正在屋里唱歌。Ihearhersingintheroom.我听见她在屋里唱过歌。10、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。-ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，如：Notreceivinghisletter,Iwrotetohimagain./Ilookedintothewindowtoseewhatwasgoingoninside. 非谓语动词（三）——过去分词（三）过去分词：1、过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：（1）作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：Thestolencarwasfoundbythepolicelastweek.（2）作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：Theglassisbroken.这个玻璃杯是破的。注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：Theglasswasbrokenbymylittlebrother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded,devoted,discouraged,done,dressed,drunk,experienced,frightened,gone,hurt,interested,killed,known,learned,lost,pleased,satisfied,shut,surprised,tired,undressed,worried,astonished,broken,completed,covered等。（3）作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：WhenIopenedthedoor,Ifoundthegroundcoveredbyfallenleaves.注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：Ihadmybikerepairedyesterday.昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。（4）作状语：过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when,if,while,though,as等连词，如：Seenfromthehill/Whenseenfromthehill,ourtownlooksbeautiful.;Givenmoretime/Ifgivenmoretime,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）独立主格：上述-ing和过去分词的用法中，-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。独立主格在句中一般只作状语用，而-ing和过去分词作用的形式，则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。至于独立主格中是使用-ing或是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定，如：Thebellringing,weallstoppedtalking.注：Theworkhavingbeenfinished,shesatdowntohavearest.①独立结构中的being或havingbeen常可省去，如：Themeeting(being)over,alllefttheroom.②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替，如：Shereadtheletter,tearsrollingdownhercheeks./Shereadtheletterwithtearsrollingdownhercheeks.2、-ing形式与过去分词的区别：（1）语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。aninspiringspeech鼓舞人心的演说；theinspiredaudience受鼓舞的听众。（2）时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：Thechangingworld正在发生的世界；thechangedworld已经起了变化的世界。【一】分词作状语的区别（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。Hewentout，shuttingthedoorbehindhim.他出去后将门随手关上。Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。 2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。Facedwithdifficulties,wemusttrytoovercomethem.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。Caughtinaheavyrain,hewasallwet.Givenmoreencouragement,theboycouldhavebehavedbetter2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。Readingattentively，heforgotthetimeforlunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)Readingcarefully，hefoundsomethinghehadnotknownbefore．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)Readingcarefully，you"lllearnsomethingnew．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)作宾补时，如果动词和宾语之间是主动关系，用现在分词；如果是被动关系或者表示状态，用过去分词welefthimcryingoutsidethegate.wefoundhishandstiedbehindhisback.wefoundtheworldoutsidechanged.状态用过去分词还是现在分词做定语的判断关键：名词与该动作的关系【二】分词作定语的区别1.现在分词做定语：从功能上看，现在分词做定语表示1）主动（及物）；2）进行（不及物）。做定语：相当于一个定语从句(主动)Doyouknowtheboystandingatthedoor?àDoyouknowtheboywhoisstandingatthedoor?Adevelopingcountryneedsaids.àAcountrythat/whichisdevelopingneedsaids.TheylivedinahousefacingthesouthàTheylivedinahousethatfacedthesouth.Themanwearingaredtieisourhead.àThemanwhowearsaredtie(戴红领带)isourhead.Theworkersworkinginthefactoryarewell-paid.àTheworkerswhoareworkinginthefactoryarewell-paid.在这家工厂工作的工人报酬很好2．过去分词做定语从功能上看，过去分词做定语表示1）被动（及物）；2）完成（不及物）。做定语：相当于一个定语从句（被动），有时侯也表示完成的Thebrokenwindowwasrepairedthismorning.Thewindowbrokenyesterdaywas….àThewindowthat/whichwasbrokenyesterdaywas…..昨天被打破的玻璃今早被修好了Thesoldhamburgersarenottomytaste.Thehamburgerssoldinthischainarenotto…..这家连锁店卖的汉堡不适合我的口味Thehamburgersthat/whicharesoldinthischainarenotto….Thearrivedguestswillbeledin.（此过去分词表示完成）Theguestsarrivedjustnowwill….刚到的客人将会被带进来Theguestswhoarrivedjustnowwillbe….ThebookthatwaswrittenbyWangsellswell.àThebookwrittenbyWangsellswell. ThetiethatiswornbyourheadismadeinShanghai.àThetiewornbyourheadismadeinSHTheshoes(thatwere)madeinasmallfactoryareofbadquality.小厂产的鞋子质量差反之，一个定语从句可以转化为分词做定语的结构ThemanIintroducedtoyouyesterdayhadjustreturnedfromJapan.Themanintroducedtoyoubymeyesterdayhadjust…昨天我给你介绍的那人刚从日本回来Heisamanwhoislovedbyall.àHeisamanlovedbyall.他是个大家所热爱的人Theleavesthathavefallenarecollectedbythecleaners.àThefallenleavesarecollected…ThatletterIreceivedlastweekwasfromLi.àTheletterreceivedlastweekwasfromLi.【三】状语从句的省略一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句；由though,although,evenif,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由as,than等引导的比较状语从句；由as,asif,asthough等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时，并非任何成分都可以省略而是遵循下面原则：（1）当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时且从句中含有BE动词的某种形式时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：①连词（as,asif,once）+名词如：Once(hewas)aworker,PangLongnowbecomesafamoussinger.庞龙曾经是个工人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。②连词（though,whether,when）+形容词如：Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryou"llregret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。③连词(whether,asif,while)+介词短语如：Helookedeverywhereasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。④连词(when,while,though)+现在分词如：While(hewas)holdingtalkswithPresidentHuJintao,USPresidentGeorgeW.BushthankedChinaforitsimportantroleintheSix-PartyTalks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。⑤连词(when,if,evenif,unless,once,until,than,as)+过去分词如：Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan(itwas)expected.这次展览比被预料的有趣的多⑥连词(asif,asthough)+不定式如：OlympicgoldmedallisthurdlerLiuXiangopenedhislipsasif(hewere)tospeak.奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好象要说什么。（2）当从句的主语与主句的主语不一致，但从句主语是it，从句中又含有系动词be的某种形式时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。。如：Unless(itis)necessary,you"dbetternotrefertothedictionary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。各种状语从句的省略现象列举如下：一、时间状语从句中的省略When(shewas)veryyoung,shebegantolearntoplaythepiano.她很小时，就开始学习弹钢琴。While(Iwas)atcollege,Ibegantoknowhim,astrangebutablestudent.我在上大学时就开始认识他，一个奇怪但有能力的学生。Whenarriving,sendmeatelegram.(Whenyouarrive,sendmeatelegram.)到达之后，来个电报。Beforeleaving,turnoffallthelights.(Beforeyouleave,turnoffallthelights.)走之前，请关闭所有的灯。Don’tcomeinuntil(youare)askedto.不叫你请你不要进来。Whenever(itis)possible,youshouldcomeandhelp.不管什么时候只要有可能就来帮忙。Youshouldletusknowtheresultassoonas(itis)possible.你应尽快让我们知道结果。注：as在引导时间状语从句时，没有这种省略现象。我们不可说Aswalking,shefoundaniceshining thingontheground.二、地点状语从句中的省略地点状语从句的省略常用下列结构：where(ver)possible,where(ver)necessary,Laythesebookswherepossibleyoucanfindthemeasily.把这些书放在你可能容易找到的地方。Putinarticleswherevernecessaryinthefollowingpassages.在下列文章中需要的地方填入冠词。三、条件状语从句中的省略常用的句型是：ifnecessary,ifpossible,iftrue,ifanyone等。如：Sendthegoodsnowif(theyare)ready.货物如果准备好了，请送过来。Hewillcomeif(heis)asked.如果叫他来，他就来。If(itis)necessary,ringmeathome.如果有可能，朝我家里打电话。Comealongwithmeif(itis)possible.如果有可能和我一起去吧.。If(itis)true,thiswillcasueusalotoftrouble.如果是真的，这会给我们带来很多麻烦。Therearefewpeoplenowadays,if(thereare)any,whorememberhim.很少有人能记起他。Youshouldstaywhereyouare,unless(youare)askedtoleave.你应呆在你现在的地方不动，除非叫你动。四、让步状语从句中的省略Heisagoodman,thoughsometimes(heis)ratherdull.他真是个好人，尽管有时有点无聊。Evenif(Iam)invitedto,Iwon’tgotosuchabadlecture.即使邀我去，我都不想听如此坏的报告。五、比较状语从句中的省略Shecanplaythepianojustaswonderfullyasyou(do).她钢琴弹的我你弹的一样好。Shehasfinishedtheworkearlierthan(ithasbeen)expected.【四】with复合结构with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述,以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。一、with结构的构成它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成,复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语,复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当,第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当,分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下：1.with或without-名词/代词+形容词；2.with或without-名词/代词+副词；3.with或without-名词/代词+介词短语；4.with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式；5.with或without-名词/代词+分词。下面分别举例：1、Shecameintotheroom,withhernoseredbecauseofcold.(with+名词+形容词,作伴随状语)2、Withthemealover,weallwenthome.(with+名词+副词,作时间状语)3、Themasterwaswalkingupanddownwiththerulerunderhisarm。(with+名词+介词短语,作伴随状语。)Theteacherenteredtheclassroomwithabookinhishand.4、Helayinthedarkemptyhouse,withnotaman,womanorchildtosayhewaskindtome.(with+名词+不定式,作伴随状语)Hecouldnotfinishitwithoutmetohelphim.(without+代词+不定式,作条件状语)5、Shefellasleepwiththelightburning.(with+名词+现在分词,作伴随状语)Withoutanythingleftinthecupboard,shewentouttogetsomethingtoeat.(without+代词+过去分词,作为原因状语)二、with结构的用法在句子中with结构多数充当状语,表示行为方式,伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。With结构在句中也可以作定语。例如： 1.Ilikeeatingthemooncakeswitheggs.2.Fromspacetheearthlookslikeahugewater-coveredglobewithafewpatchesoflandstickingoutabovethewater.3.Alittleboywithtwoofhisfrontteethmissingranintothehouse.三、with结构的特点1.with结构由介词with或without+复合结构构成。复合结构中第一部分与第二部分语法上是宾语和宾语补足语关系,而在逻辑上,却具有主谓关系,也就是说,可以用第一部分作主语,第二部分作谓语,构成一个句子。例如：Withhimtakencareof,wefeltquiterelieved.(欣慰)→(Hewastakengoodcareof.)Shefellasleepwiththelightburning.→(Thelightwasburning.)Withherhairgone,therecouldbenouseforthem.→(Herhairwasgone.)2.在with结构中,第一部分为人称代词时,则该用宾格代词。例如：Hecouldnotfinishitwithoutmetohelphim.四、几点说明：1.with结构在句子中的位置：with结构在句中作状语,表示时间、条件、原因时一般放在句子前面,并用逗号与句子分开；表示方式和伴随状况时一般放在句子后面,不用逗号分开。若with结构作定语,则放在所修饰的名词之后,一般不用逗号隔开。2.with结构作状语时,不定式、现在分词、和过去分词的区别：在with结构中,不定式、现在分词作宾补,表示主动,但是不定式表示将要发生的动作,而现在分词表示正在发生或发生了的动作；过去分词表示被动或完成。例如：Withtheboyleadingtheway,wefoundhehouseeasily.(小男孩已领过路)Withtheboytoleadtheway,wewillfindthehouseeasilytomorrow.(小男孩明天将领路)Helayonthebedwiththebedroomdoorshut.(寝室被关着)3.with结构与一般的with短语的区别：with结构具有上述功能和特点,而"介词with+名词或代词(组)"组成的一般的with短语在句子中可以作定语和状语。作状语时,它能表示动作的方式、原因,但不能表示时间、伴随和条件。在一般的with短语中,with后面所跟的不是复合结构,也根本没有逻辑上的主谓关系。4.with结构与独立主格结构的关系：with结构属于独立主格结构,但在结构上,with结构由介词with或without引导,名词前有冠词、形容词、所有格代词或其它词类所修饰,结构较松散；而独立主格结构没有with或without引导,结构严密,名词前可用可不用修饰语。在句法功能上,with结构可以作定语,独立主格结构则不能；独立主格结构通常在句中作状语,但也可以作主语,而with结构则不能。独立主格在口语中不常用,往往由一个从句代替,而with结构较口语化,较常用。例如：Therewererowsofwhitehouseswithtreesinfrontofthem.("with+复合宾语"结构,在句中作定语)Astrongmanworkingawholedaycouldnotjumpthishigh.(名词+现在分词构成的独立主格结构,作主语)Theboysaid,turningtotheman,hiseyesopenedwideandhishandraised.(独立主格结构,表示伴随状况或行为方式,作状语)Thenlastnight,Ifollowedhimhere,andclimbedin,swordinhand.(名词+介词短语构成的独立主格结构,作状语,表示伴随情况)board,shewentouttogetsomethingtoeat.(without+代词+过去分词,作为原因状语)完成句子所涉及的语法及常见句式呈现与演练语法部分：非谓语动词类：1.作主语、宾语1)sb/sthbesaid/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought/anounced/expectedtodo/havedone=Itisacknowledged/said/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought/announced/expectedthate.gEnglishisacknowledgedtobewidelyusedallovertheworld.=ItisacknowledgedthatEnglishiswidelyusedallovertheworld.2)Itisnouse/good/notanyuse/uselessdoing…e.gDoyouconsideritanygoodrepairingthetruckagain? 3)Itisofgreat(little)use/value/importance/help/benefit/interest…todo..4)one’sdoing/one’sbeingdone+谓语=其他e.gHiscominglateagainannoyedhisteacher.5)admit/appreciate/avoid/consider/delay/dislike/enjoy/feellike/finish/imagine/keep/mind/practice/resist/risk/suggest/miss…6)分辨：try/remember/forget/mean/regret/stop/goon+doing与+todo的区别：7)allow/advise/forbid/permit/recommended+doing与+sb+todo的区别8）sthrequire/want/need+doing(=tobedone)9)sbhavedifficulty/trouble/fun/ahardtime/agoodtime/+(in)doing或therebesomedifficulty/trouble/fun/ahardtime/agoodtime+(in)doing10)How/Whatabout+doing…11)Itiskind/clever/careless/wise/polite/foolish+ofsbtodo…12)Itisnecessary/possible/impossible/important/convenient/difficultforsbtodosth….13)sbfind/feel/think/consider/make+it+形容词或名词+(forsb)todo或+that句子e.gThismadeitpossiblethatwecouldspendourholidaysinParis.=ThismadeitpossibleforustospendourholidaysinParis.*注意非谓语动词部分的语态及时态：e.g1)Heapologizedtousforhishavingbrokenthewindow.2)Heisproudofhisteambeingawardedthefirstprize.2.作宾语补足语1）使役动词：makesbdo;makeoneself/sbdone;leavesbtodo/done/doing..havesbdo/done/doing..getsbtodo/done/doing..keepsbdoing/done..2)感官动词：see/notice/watch/observe/find/hearsbdo/doing/done被动结构：beseen/noticed/watched/observed/found/heardtodo/doing/done..其他：catch/send/get…sbdoing;leave/keep/find/makesb/sth+形容词./介词短语等e.g：keep/leavethedooropen;findhimselfinthehospital;makeChinawhatsheistoday…3.作定语1)Thebridgetobebuiltnextyearisinfrontofmyhouse.;ThebridgebeingbuiltnowisinfrontofmyhouseThebridgebuiltlastyearisinfrontofmyhouseThebridgegoingacrosstheriverisinfrontofmyhouse2)①Pleasegivehimaknifetocutwith②Thereisnothingtoworryabout.③Heneedsaroomtolivein.④Thereareonlyfiveroomslefttolivein.4.作状语1)动词不定式表目的、结果等①Icamehereto/inorderto/soastoseehim.②Hehurriedback,onlytofindhishousebrokeninto.③Heisnotoldenoughtogotoschool.④Heistoooldtodothat.2)分词表时间、条件、原因、伴随、方式,结果等。①Nothavingbeenwarnedofdanger,theysteppedintothecave. ②Givenachance,Icansurprisetheworld.③Hedidn’tworkhard,thusfailingtheexam.④Hecamein,followedbyhisstudents.3)独立主格结构：①Weatherpermitting,we’llplaygolfthisafternoon.②Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalk.③Hewaslyingontheground,hiseyeslookingstraightupward.4)with复合结构①Withnothingtakenhome,theboywasafraidtofacehisstepfather.②Withtimegoingon,theyhavebecomegoodfriends.③WithMarytohelp,heissuretosucceed.虚拟语气类：1)表条件用于状语：(倒装形式或含蓄式)①WereIinschoolagain,Iwouldworkharder.②Hadyoubeenhereearlier,youwoulddowellnow.③Shouldtherebeameetingtomorrow,Iwouldcome.④Withoutair,therewouldbenolivingthings.⑤Butforyourhelp,Icouldn’thavedoneit.⑥Wereitnotforyourhelp,Icouldn’tdoit.⑦Haditnotbeenforyourhelp,Icouldn’thavedoneit.⑧IfonlyIknewtheanswer!⑨IfonlyIhadn’tlostit!2)用于宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句：①sb.suggest(advise/recommend/propose/demand/require/desire/order/request/insist)thatsb(should)do/bedone②作advice;suggestion;order;request;demand;proposal等名词的表语从句或主语从句，谓语动词用(should)+do/bedone.e.gWeallagreetohissuggestionthattheplan(should)becarriedoutinnotime.③用于主语从句:a.Itisnecessary/natural/important/strange/surprising/apity/ashame/thatsb(should)dob.Itisdesired/suggested/ordered/advised/recommended/requested/requiredthatsb(should)do.3)用于定语从句：Itis(high)time(that)sbshoulddo/sbdid.e.gItis(high)time(that)weweregoing./shouldbegoing.4)用于状语从句：Hespeaksasif/asthoughhekneweverything.Hespeaksasif/asthoughhehadstudiedEnglishinAmerica.情态动词类：1）oughtto/shouldhavedone;oughtn’t/shouldn’thavedoneneedhavedone;needn’thavedonecouldhavedone;couldn’thavedonemighthavedone;2）wouldliketohavedone3)wouldratherdo/notdo…4)wouldrathersbdid/haddone…5）表推测a.肯定must(could/may/might)do/bedoing/havedoneb.否定can’t/(couldn’t/maynot/mightnot)do/bedoing/havedone c.疑问Can/Could…do/bedoing/havedone…?动词时态、语态类典型句式及结构：1）表愿望、打算一类词，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意愿：hope;expect;mean;intend;think;suppose;wante.gIhadthoughtthathewouldbeintimefortheinterview,butinfacthedidn’tmakeit.Ihadmeanttohelpyou,butIwastoobusyatthatmoment.2)固定的句式：时态：①Thisis/Itisthefirsttime(that)sbhavedone…;This/Itwasthesecondtimethatsbhaddone…②Ithasbeen/is+时间段+since+sbdid..③Itwill/won’tbe/take+时间段+beforesbdosth…Itwas(took)/wasn’t(didn’ttake)+时间段+beforesbdid…④Hewasabouttogooutwhenitbegantorain.⑤Hewasonthepointofcallingherwhensheturnedupatthemeeting.⑥Hewasworkingonthephysicsproblemwhenthelightwentout.⑦Hardly/Scarcelyhadhegothomewhentherainpoureddown.⑧Nosoonerhadheseatedhimselfatthedeskthantheteachercamein.⑨Theyhadn’twalkedforamilewhentheywerewarnedofdangerahead.⑩Theyhadjustfinishedtheirworkwhenhebrokein.语态：主动形式表被动意义①Heistheonlymantoblame./Whoistoblame?②Themachinerunswell./Classbeginsateight.(此类词：read;feel;write;wear;wash;open..)③Yoursentencedoesn’tsoundright./Hiswordsproved(tobe)right.(系动词类)④Histelephonenumberiseasytoremember.(sb/sth+be+形容词+todo)⑤Theroomwants/needs/requirescleaning/tobecleaned.从句类：1）主语从句：①Itispossible/probable/likely/certainthatsbdo…②Itissaid/reported/thought/expected/announced/believed/decidedthatsbdo…=sbissaid/reported/thought/expected/believedtodo…③Itseems/happens/appears+that句子④Itoccurredto/hit/stuck/cametomethathewasawayonbusiness.⑤Itmakesnodifference/doesn’tmatter/mattermuchwhetherhewillcomeornot.Doesitmattermuchwhenhewillcomehere?2)宾语从句：①Hetookitforgrantedthatshewouldaccepthisflowers.Youmaydependonitthattheywillsupportyou.Wehavemadeitclearthathewillnotgivein.WeoweittoyouthatIhavemadesuchgreatprogressinEnglish.WewillseetoitthateveryvictiminthisWenchuanEarthquakeshouldbewelltakencareof.②Idon’tthink/believe/suppose/expect/imagineheisright.（否定前移）③Whatdoyouthink/believe/suppose/expect/imagine/consider/guesshewillsay?④Idoubtif/whetherhewillwinthegame.Idon’tdoubtthathewillwinthegame.Doyoudoubtthathewillwinthegame?3)状语从句：①时间:when,as,while,before,after,since,until, 一…就…:hardly…when;nosooner…than;assoonas;themoment;theminute;theinstant;instantly;immediately;directly;soon/shortly/immediately+after句子(或doing)(介词短语：on/upondoing,sb…atthethought/sound/sightof…一想/看/听到..)②原因:because;since;nowthat;as;③地点：where,wherever④条件：if;unless;so(as)longas只要;onconditionthat;⑤让步：though;although;while;whereas;nomatter+how/when/who…=however/whenever/whoever;whether…or及：Tryashemay,heneverseemsabletodotheworkwell.Childasheis,hedarestowalkaloneinthestreetatnight.⑥结果：sothat(以致);so…that（如此…以致）;.⑦目的：sothat;inorderthat;incase;(以免；以防)⑧方式：asif;asthough;⑨比较：as…as;notas(so)…as;than;themore…,themore;Theharderwework,thegreaterprogresswecanmake.4）定语从句：①Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.②Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasinglepersontowhomshewouldturnforhelp.③Helivesinahousewhosewindow/ofwhichthewindow/thewindowofwhichfacesthesea.④Ashasbeenexpected,theEnglandteamwonthefootballmatch.⑤Hecamelateagain,whichannoyedhisteacher.⑥Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingthewindows,mostofwhichhadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.1)同位语从句分辨：Thefactthatshehasn’tknowntheresultoftheexaminationisclear.Thefact(that/which)shetoldmeyesterdayisofgreatimportance.句式部分：1）倒装：①Incameagirlhehadneverseenbefore.比较：Thedooropenedandinshecame.②Sucharethefacts;noonecandenythem.③Lyingonthefloorwasaboyagedabout17./Seatedonthegroundareagroupofyoungpeople/Gonearethedayswhenwesufferedfromhunger.④Onlywhenthewarwasoverin1918washeabletogethappilybacktowork..⑤Littledoesherealizehowimportantthismeetingis.⑥NotuntilIreadyourletterdidIunderstandthetruestateofaffairs.⑦Somovedwasshethatshecouldnotsayaword.⑧Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldputoffthesportsmeet.⑨Childthough/asheis,heknowsalot.2）强调：①Whowasitthatbrokethewindow?②Idon’tunderstandwhyitisthatsmokingisnotallowedhere.③ItwasnotuntilhetoldmethetruththatIknewwhathadhappened.3）感叹句：①Whatfunitistogohikinginsummer!②Howdifficultthetaskis!③Howhehatedthehisbosswhotreatshisemployeesunfairly!4)祈使句： ①Makeamove,andI’llshoot.=Ifyoumakeamove,I’llshoot.②Goaway,orIwillcallthepolice.=Ifyoudon’tgoaway,Iwillcallthepolice.5)therebe句型①Thereareplentyofinterestingplacestovisit.②Theremustbenotimewasted.③Therewillbemorethanthreehundredscientistsattendingthemeeting.④There+情态动词+be…e.gTheremust/can’t/should/usedtobemanyfiresinthatfactory.⑤There+系动词+tobe…e.gTherehappen/seem/appeartobenobodyintheroom.⑥Therestands(lived,lies,exists)+主语e.gTherestandsabigtreeonthetopofthemountain.Thereliesalakeinthewestofthepark.⑦Theregoes(comes,enters,appears,follows)+主语e.gTherecamemanyvisitorsatourschoollastSunday.Theregoesthebell.⑧Thereis+noneed/time/chance(forsb)todo…e.gThereisnochanceformetotalkwithhim.⑨Thereisnodoubtthat…⑧Thereisnouse/point/sense(in)doing…“做某事没用或没有意义”。⑨Thereisnodoing…“不可能……;无法……;没有办法……”e.gThereisnoknowinghowlonghemightbeaway.Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.6)形容词三级常见句型：原级：①asadjas…/notso(as)adjas…e.gSomestonesinthePyramidweighasmuchas15tons.Thistestisnotso/asdifficultasthatone.①thesame(n)as…e.gChinaisnolongerthesamecountryasitusedtobe.③...timesas+adj.ase.gThenewbridgebeingbuiltwillbethreetimesaslongastheoldone.④...timesthesizeof…e.gYourbagisthreetimesthesizeofmine.⑤as+adj/adv.aspossible=as+adj/adv.sbcan/could尽可能怎样地e.gI’lltellyoutheresultsassoonaspossible.比较级：①be…times+adj(er)than…Yourbagisthreetimeslargerthanmine.②be+adj(er)thananyother+n(单数)JapanhasalargerpopulationthananycountryinAfrica.Chinahasalagerpopulationthananyothercountryintheworld.③be+adj(er)thananyoftheother+n(复数)Tomistallerthananyofthestudentsinhisclass.④be+adj(er)thananybody(anything)elsein(of)…Tomistallerthananybodyelseinhisclass. ①the+adj(er)ofthetwo(n)MrWangisthemoreexperiencedofthetwoengineersinthecompany.②be(get;turn;become)+adj(er)andadj(er)Beijingisbecomingmoreandmorebeautifulandprosperous.③The+adj(er)….,theadi(er)…Thehigheroneaims,thefasterhedevelopshistalentsandthemorehecontributestosociety.最高级：①Canadaisthesecondlargestcountryintheworld.②OfallthenovelsthatI’veeverread,Ienjoythisonethemost.7)it的几个易混句型：①Itis/hasbeen+时间段+since+sbdid…②Itwill(wont’)be(take)+时间段+before+sbdo…③Itwas(wasn’t)/took(didn’ttake)+时间段+before+sbdid…④Itwas+时间点+when+sbdid…（时间状语从句）e.gItwasfiveo’clockwhenIsawhim.⑤Itis/was+时间状语+that+句子（强调句型）e.gItwasatfiveo’clockthatIsawhim.⑥Itwasn’tuntil..that…直到……才……其他：1）Thereissome/much/great/little/nodifficulty/trouble(in)doingsth…2）What/Howaboutdoingsth…?3）be/get/becomeused/accustomedtosth/doingsth..4）除了干……外别无选择；不得不……havenochoice/alternativebuttodo…/candonothingbutdo…/can’t(help)butdo…/Thereisnothingwecandobutdosth…5)禁不住干某事……can’thelp/resistdoing6)chance的句型：①Thechanceisthat…=Chancesarethat….能…;大概是……e.gThechanceisthatonesmokerinfourwilldiefromsmoking.②Thereisachancethat…Therearechancesthat…/Thereisachanceofsbdoingsth....可能…7)beforesbcoulddo/did还没来得及……就……;……以后才……;不等……就……ShehungupthetelephonebeforeIcouldanswerit.Theycametoasmallvillagebeforetheyknew/realizedit.不知不觉就来到了一个小村。 非谓语动词专练（一）——动词不定式1.----Canyourideahorse?----No,Ineverhadthechance____.A.forlearningitB.forlearninghowC.howtolearnitD.tolearnhow2.Paulsaid,"Givemeachair_____."A.tositB.sitC.sitonD.tositon3.Irantoofast______whereIwasgoing.A.tonoticeB.formetonoticeC.tonoticeformeD.andnotice4.----Haveyouenjoyedyourvisithere?----Yes,I"llbeverysorry______.A.forleavingB.ofleavingC.toleaveD.withleaving5.----I"llhelpyouwheneveryouneedme.----Good.I"dlike_____metomorrow.A.youhelpingB.thatyouwillhelpC.youtohelpD.thatyouhelp6.----Ididn"thearyoucomeinlastnight.----That"sgood.Wetried_____noisy.A.notbeB.nottobeC.tobenotD.tonotbe7.Becauseofairpollutionbeinggreatlyreduced,thiscityisstill______.A.agoodplacewhichtobelivedinB.livedasagoodplaceC.agoodplacetoliveinD.livinginasagoodplace8.----Whywastheofficialmeetingcalled?----_____newofficers.A.SelectB.SelectingC.ToselectD.Forselecting9.----Wheredidhego?----Hewenttoanotherstore______.A.tobuypencilsB.forbuyingpencilsC.buypencilsD.buyingpencils10.----Mybabyhasahearttrouble.----Didthedoctorfinditdifficult______?A.intreatingB.treatingC.fortreatingD.totreat11.----Didthejudgeaskyoumanyquestions?----Yes,and______.A.theyweredifficulttobeansweredB.toanswerthemwastobedifficultC.theyweredifficulttoanswerD.theyhaddifficultyinanswering12.Thatbeggarseems_____anythingyesterday.A.nottohaveeatenB.nottoeatC.didn"teatD.tonothaveeaten13.Thelostchilddesirednothingbut_____home.A.goB.togoC.goingD.went14.Thatboxis____.A.tooheavyformetocarryB.tooheavyformetocarryitC.soheavyformetocarryD.veryheavyformetocarry15.Wouldyoube______todomeafavour,please?A.sokindasB.tookindC.askindasD.enoughkind16.TolearntospeakEnglishwell,_____.A.muchpracticeisneededB.oneneedsmuchpracticeC.muchpracticeisneededbyoneD.oneisneededmuchpractice17.Tomkeptquietabouttheaccident______losehisjob.A.sonotastoB.soasnottoC.soastonotD.notsoasto18.LastsummerItookacourseon______.A.howtomakedressesB.howdressesbemadeC.howtobemadedressesD.howdressestobemade19.Thehouseisnotlargeenough____.A.toliveinB.tobelivedinC.toliveD.forliving20.Nobodylikes______.A.tospeakillofB.tobespokenillofC.speakingillofD.spokenillof 21.Iknowhim______agoodfootballplayerwhileincollege.A.tohavebeenB.tobeC.wasD.hadbeen22.Iwassurprised______.A.watchinghimtoeatsoquicklyB.watchhimeatsoquicklyC.watchinghimeatsoquicklyD.towatchhimeatsoquickly23.Mr.Whitewasseen______thePalaceMuseum.A.enterB.toenterC.enteredD.toentering24.IsawMary____thehouse.A.openthedoorandgointoB.toopenthedoorandtogointoC.openthedoorandtogointoD.openthedoorandwentinto25.Pauldoesnothingbut_____alldaylong.A.playB.toplayC.playingD.played26.Nowwecouldnotdoanythingbut______forhimhere.A.waitedB.waitingC.towaitD.wait27.Idon"tknowherandIdon"t______.A.wantB.wanttoC.wantitD.towant28.----Gotothetheatrewithme,willyou?----Ishouldlike______,butIdon"thavetime.A.toB.tooC.todoD.togoto29.Toplayfairisasimportantas______.A.toplaywellB.playwellC.weplaywellD.playingwell30.Itisthegreatesthappinessonearth______.A.lovingandtobelovedB.toloveandbeinglovedC.toloveandtobelovedD.loveandbeloved31._____isbettertolovethan_____.A.That,tobelovedB.That,belovedC.It,belovedD.It,tobeloved32.It"sveryfoolish_____it?A.foryoutosayB.ofyoutosayC.withyousayingD.inyoursaying33.It______metwohourstofindyournewhouse.A.costB.tookC.spentD.used34.Wedidnotexpectouroffer_____soquickly.A.rejectedB.torejectC.toberejectedD.rejecting35.Hetoldher______thereatonce.A.getB.getsC.shouldgetD.toget36.Weallthinkitmostfoolish______thismistake.A.foryoumakingB.ofyoutomakeC.youtomakeD.foryoutomake37.Ireallydon"tknow____.A.toswimB.howtoswimC.toswimhowD.howswim38.----WhatdoyouthinkaboutEnglish?----It"sadifficultlanguage_____.A.speakingB.tobespokenC.tospeakD.spoken非谓语动词专练（二）——动词-ing形式1.Aliensaidthathistripwas_______.A.interestedB.interestC.interestingD.ofinterest2.Wecan"tunderstand______adecisionuntilitistoolate.A.himtopostponetomakeB.hispostponingtomakeC.himtopostponemakingD.hispostponingmaking 3.Icouldn"tunderstand______atthepoorchild.A.youtolaughB.youlaughC.whylaughD.youlaughing4.It"snouse______withhim.Youmightaswell______withastonewall.A.arguing,argueB.toargue,arguingC.arguing,arguingD.toargue,argue5.Itisnogood______today"sworkfortomorrow.A.toleaveB.leavingC.thatyouleaveD.leave6.Theoldman"s______pityonthesnakeledtohisowndeath.A.takeB.takingC.beingtakenD.have7.It"sverykind______you______sayso.A.of,toB.for,toC.to,toD.of,/8.Somepeople"sgreatestpleasureis______.A.fishingB.tofishC.tobefishD.beingfishing9.Remember______thebook,whenyouhavefinishedit.A.puttingbackB.havingputbackC.toputbackD.willputback10.Youdidn"thearuscomebacklastnight.That"sgood.Wetried______noisy.A.tonotbeB.nottobeC.beingnotD.notbeing11.Thoughhefailed,hetried_______itagainandagain.A.todoB.doingC.doD.done.12.You"llregret______thosewords.Youmayhurtherfeelings.A.sayB.tosayC.havingsaidD.tohavesaid13.Youcankeepthebookuntilyou______.A.havefinishedreadingB.finishtoreadC.willfinishreadingD.havefinishedtoread14.Wearelookingforwardto______anotherchance______itagain.A.begiven,totryB.give,totry.C.giving,tryingD.having,totry15.Mostofthestudentsenjoy_____stamps.A.collectB.tocollectC.collectingD.collected16.Excusemefor_____inwithout______.A.coming,askingB.coming,beingaskedC.tocome,askingD.tocome,beingasked17.Peoplecouldn"thelp______thefoolishgirl.A.laughatB.tolaughatC.laughingatD.laughing:18."Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?""Oh.excellent,it"sworth_______asecondtime."A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.beingread19."Iusuallygotherebytrain.""Whynot______byboatforachange?"A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing20.Iwastooexcited______.A.speakB.tospeakC.nottospeakD.speaking21.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered______thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented22.Itisnouse_____tocomenow.Heisbusy.A.askhimB.toaskhimC.thatyouaskhimD.askinghim23.Themurderwasbroughtin,withhishands_______behindhisback.A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied24.MrsSmithwarnedherdaughter____afterdrinking.A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriveC.neverdrivingD.neverdrive. 25.Thecomputercentre,______lastyearisverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened.26.Doyouknowtheboy_______underthebigtree?A.layB.lainC.layingD.lying27.Mostoftheartists______totheparty"werefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited28.Englishisalanguage______inmanycountries.A.spokenB.speakingC.bespokenD.tospeak29."Canyouread?"Marysaidtothenotice.A.angrily,pointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrily,pointedD.andangrilypointing30.Therewasaterriblenoise_______thesuddenburstofTight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed31.____moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven32._____theirstudents,thefamousteachercameintothehall.A.FollowedB.FollowedbyC.BeingfollowedD.Havingbeenfollowed33.Yourflatneeds_____.Wouldyoulikemeitforyou?A.toclean,todoB.cleaning,doingC.cleaning,todoD.tobecleaned,doing34.Doesyournewsecretary____shorthand?A.knowtotakeB.knowhowtotakeC.knowhowtakeD.knowhowtaking35.Tommyhadhisbigbrother_____hisshoesforhim.A.totieB.tieC.tiedD.tying36.Wouldyouplease______writeonthetextbooks?A.don"tB.nottoC.notD.tonot37.I"d______theoperationunlessitisabsolutelynecessary.A.rathernothaveB.rathernottohaveC.notratherhadD.rathernothaving38.YourmotherandIarelookingforward________you.A.ofseeingB.forseeingC.toseeD.toseeing39.Thegirlcouldn"t_____howredhisfacewas.A.helptonoticeB.behelpingtonoticeC.behelpingnoticingD.helpnoticing40.Excuseme,butitistimetohaveyourtemperature______.A.takingB.totakeC.takeD.taken非谓语动词专练（三）——过去分词1.Thereisnoquestionof_____abletofinishithimself.A.TomwasB.Tom"sbeingC.Tom"sbeD.Tomis2.Thenewshoppingcenter_____nowwillbeputintousebytheendofthisyear.A.builtB.bebuiltC.beingbuiltD.tobebuilt3."Haveyouhadsupper?""Notyet.Themeal____."A.arebeingcookedB.isbeingcookedC.iscookedD.arecooked4."I"mglad______youhereinthehotel.""It"smygreatpleasuretohaveyou______us."A.meeting,toB.tohavemet,withC.havingmet,amongD.tomeet,of5.I"mafraidIcan"tmakemyself_____inEnglish.A.understandingB.understandC.tobeunderstoodD.understood6.Althoughinahurry,Wilson______. A.couldn"tstopwalkingB.couldn"thelpthestrangerC.stoppedtohelpthestrangerD.didn"tanswerthestranger7.Janetiseasy_____.A.forgettingalongwithB.bygettingalongwithC.togetalongwithD.gotalongwith8.Don"tforget______thelightwhenyouleave.A.turnoffB.toturnoffC.turningoffD.turnedoff9.Themotherisveryglad;herbabyisbeginning______.A.understandingwhatshemeansB.tounderstandthatshemeantC.tounderstandwhatshemeansD.noticingwhatshemeans,10.Ithinkthisstoryis_____.A.worthbeingreadB.worthreadingC.worthtoreadD.worthofreading11.Thisscientistisaman______praise.A.worthtoB.worthytobeC.worthyofD.worth12.Idon"twant______anymoretrouble,yousee?A.therebeingB.ittobeC.itbeingD.theretobe13.Whenshereturnedhome,shefoundthewindowopenandsomething______.A.stealingB.missedC.stolenD.tosteal14.Strictly_____,itisn"tworththepriceyouareasking.A.tospeakB.speakingC.speakD.spoken15.Time______,they"llcomeheretowatchus______football.A.permitted,playingB.permitted,toplayC.permitting,playD.permitting,toplay16.Themanwasseen_____intothecourtyard.A,stealingB.stolenC.bestealingD.hadstolen17.Bobshouldlove_____tothepartytomorrowevening.A.takingB.tobetakenC.totakeD.beingtaken18.Tomhadnochoicebut_____theclassroomwithhisclassmates.A.tocleanB.cleanC.cleaningD.cleans19.Mr.BrownsaidthathiscarneededA.toberepairedB.beingrepairedC.berepairingD.torepair20.Theoldmandidn"tknowwhethertosellthecaror____.A.beingkeptforlateruseB.keptforlateruseC.tokeepitforlateruseD.tobekeptitforlateruse21.Thenoiseofthedesks_____couldbeheardinthenextclassroom.A.beingopenedandclosedB.openedandclosedC.havingbeenopenedandclosedD.tobeopenedandclosed22.Iremember_____someone____theumbrellaaway.A.tosee,takeB.havingseen,totakeC.tosee,totakeD.havingseen,take23.Shewasnoticed______theshop.A.toenterB.enterC.havingenteredD.entered24.Icouldn"thelp_____whenIheardthejoke.A.beinglaughedB.laughingC.tobelaughingD.tolaugh25._____,sheburstintotears.A.DeeplymovedB.DeeplymovingC.AsshedeeplymovedD.Asshewasdeeplymoving 26.Theproblemrequires______.A.studyingwithgreatcareB.tostudycarefullyC.tobestudiedwithoutcarelessnessD.takinggreatcareofstudyingit27._____carelessly,theboymademistakeshereandthere..A.beingwrittenB.WroteC.WriteD.Writing28.Hewouldrather______hisparentswiththeirhouseworkthan_____outtoplaygames.A.tohelp,togoB.help,goC.help,togoD.tohelp,go29.Theboyhadhisleg_____while____football.A.broken,playingB.break,playC.broken,playedD.broke,wasplaying30.Havingfinishedthework,_____.A.itwasalmostsixo"clockB.apostmancameanddeliveredtheeveningpaperandsomelettersC.supperhadbeenalreadypreparedD.wehadarestandthenhadsupper31.Heisill.Hehaskept_____.A.coughingallalongB.tocoughatnightC.coughsinceyesterdayD.beingcougheddayandnight32.Itisnouse____without_____.A.totalk,doingB.taking,beingdoneC.talking,doingD.beingtalked,beingtodo33."Iusuallygotherebyboat.""Whynot_____bytrainforachange?"A.trygoingB.totrygoingC.tryingtogoD.totryandgo34._____,shefeltquiteshyattheparty.A.AssheastrangerB.BeingastrangerC.AccordingtoastrangerD.Shelikeastranger35.Everymorninghegetsupearlyandpractises______andthen_____toschool.A.toreadEnglish,goB.readingEnglish,goingC.readingEnglish,goesD.ofreadingEnglish,goes36.While_____footballontinplayground,Ifound"mykeys______.A.playing,lost,B.play,losingC.played,beinglostD.havingplayed,lost37.____thesamemistakesagainmadehisparentsveryangry.A.HishavingmadeB.HehasmadeC.HehadmakingD.Himmaking38.Dickmadeit______toallhisfriends.A.toknowB.knownC.knowD.knowing39.Annaspendsonehouraday_____spokenEnglish.A.practiseB.topractiseC.onpractisingD.inpractising40.Noonewassurprisedat_____theexamination.A.hepassingB.hispassC.himpassD.hispassing41.Althoughswimmingishisfavouritesport,yethedoesn"tlike_____today.A.toswimB.swimmingC.swimD.tohaveswim42.Shesatatthedeskandsetabout_____alettertoherfriend.A.towriteB.writingC.writeD.written43.Thissoupiscold;itneeds_____.A.toheatB.tobeheatedC.beinghotD.heated44.Iwent______aballoonbutIdidn"tseeanyone_____balloons.A.tobuy,tosellB.tobuy,sellingC.buying,sellingD.buying,tosell45.Annaisoftenheard______songsinherroom. A.sungB.singingC.singD.tosing46.Themoreyoupractise______English,thebetteryour_____Englishwillbe.A.tospeak,speakingB.speaking,spokenC.spoken,spokenD.spoken,speakingWith结构专练1.Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhiswork_______,hegladlyacceptedit.A.finishedB.finishingC.havingfinishedD.wasfinished2.----Comeon,pleasegivemesomeideasabouttheproject.----Sorry.Withsomuchwork_______mymind,Ialmostbreakdown.A.filledB.fillingC.tofillD.beingfilled3.Icouldn’tdomyhomeworkwithallthatnoise_______.A.goingonB.goesonC.wentonD.togoon4.________twoexamstoworryabout,Ihavetoworkreallyhardthisweekend.A.WithB.BesidesC.AsforD/Becauseof5.Itwasapitythatthegreatwriterdied_______hisworksunfinished.A.forB.withC.fromD.of6.Theyoungwoman_______ababysleepinginherarmswaswanderinginthestreet.A.withB.becauseC.onD.like7.Everyoneshouldgotosleepwiththelightturnedoff.A.asB.withC.forD.on8._______somanyhomeworktodo,Marywon’thavetimetoplaywithherfriendsthismorning.A.WithoutB.WithC.ByD.Because9._______thedooropen,thenoiseofthemachinesisalmostdeafening.A.BecauseB.AsC.WithD.Becauseof10._______hismotherout,hehadtostayathomealone.A.AsB.ForC.BecauseD.With11._______allthingsconsidered,herproposalisofgreaterthanhisA.LikeB.WithC.OnD.Without12._______timepermitting,wewillvisittheSummerPalace.A.ByB.OnC.WithD.As完成句子所涉及的语法及常见句式综合操练1）_____________________(还不得而知)whetheritwilldousgoodorharm.(it;remain)2)Doyouconsider___________________(有益处)cutdowntreesjustforwood.(benefit)3)He____________________(被相信已任命为)ambassadortotheFrance.(believe)4)Wearelookingforwardtothe29thOlympicGames_________________（2008年在北京举办）（hold）5)Attheverybeginning,hewasnotawareofthedifficulty______________(他向这家公司申请这份工作).(apply)6)_________________（什么使之成为可能）thatnobodyinthisvillagediedintheterribleearthquake?(it)7）Iamterriblysorryfor_________________(让你等这么长的时间).(keep)8)Theman____________________（被当场抓住偷一位妇女的钱包）wastakentothepolicestation.(catch)9)Herearetheboys_______________(经常看见在一起踢足球)(see) 10)Pleaselendmeapen_________________（写封信）.(write)11)Heroseandstoodonthebench_________________(为了让别人看见他).(as;himself)12)When_______________（问到他一个星期不抽烟是否能行），henoddedhishead.（go）13)Deeply___________________(被他的一席话打动了)，weacceptedhisdonation.(move)14)____________________(没有承认打破了玻璃)，hefeltguilty.(break)15)There________________(没旅馆),wehadtoleavethetown.(hotel)16)_______________________(有这么多人捐助)，anewWenchuanCountywillstandwhereitwas.(with)17)___________________(要不是救援队)，thelittlegirlwouldn’tbeenrescuedwithoutdelay.(for)18)Iwouldhavemethimthatday,butI_________________(忙于拆房子).(engaged)19)_________________________(万一下雨)tomorrow,wewouldputoffthesportsmeet.(rain)20)________________________(要是你早点来),Iwoulddobetternow.(come)21)Itisdesiredthathe___________________(被武汉大学录取).(admit)22)Heremindedusthatitwashightimethat__________________(我们该和主人道别了)（say）23)Younearlyfailedtosayasinglewordinhispresence,butactuallyyou_________________（本不必要这么紧张）(nervous)24)Noticingthesmileonhisface,Idaresaythathe________________(肯定通过考试了)(pass)25)I_______________(原计划去郊游)，butIwasaskedtohaveanextraclassonSunday.(plan)26)She______________(正要去喊人来帮忙突然)shespottedherhusbandcomingrunningtowardsher.(point)27)______________________（他刚刚坐下）thebosscamein.(nosooner;seat)28)It______________________(过了九年他们才)gotmarried.(take)29)Weallagreethatheistheonlyperson___________________(该受责备)forthefault.(to)30)Iwonder____________________(为什么这鞋子耐穿).（wear）31)Ifoundtheexperimenthard______________（做）.(carry)32)Idon’tknow___________________(会有什么区别)ifwesetouttomakeastudyplantomorrowratherthanrightnow.(it)33)____________________(很重要)whetherhewillcometoourhelpornot?（matter）34)__________________(我突然想起)hewentwithoutbreakfast.(occur)35)They_____________________(想当然的认为)heiswelloff.(grant)36)I__________________(认为他不会)payavisittoourschoolneatweek.(think)37)____________________(你认为什么)mattersmuchinthefaceofsuchadisaster?(think) 38)Theyrushedout___________________________(他们一听到)thealarm.(minute)39)Anewschoolwillbebuilt___________________(农民过去种蔬菜的地方)（where）40)________________________(无任我们多么拼命跑)，theycouldn’tescapebeingcaptured.(crazy)41)Iwillgiveagiftto_____________________(无任谁进来)toseetheexhibits.(come)42)Pleaseputitdown___________________(趁你还没忘记).(forget)43)Iwon’tgototheparty__________________(除非她也被邀请).(invite)44)Idon’tliketoliveintheroom__________________(门需要修).(fix)45)Infrontofthebuildingstoodagreatmanypeople,__________________(大多数人是下岗工人)(most).46)Theregatheredacrowdofpeople,________________（他们的注意力都集中在）thedancingboy.(focus)47)Heistheveryman___________________（我们求助于他）wheneverweareintrouble.(turn)48)Wordcame_______________________(他们成功地又救出一名受灾者).(manage)49)___________________(地上躺着)wasaboywhoseeyeswerewideopen.(lie)50)So____________________(他工作努力)hewillprobablyfinishthetaskintime.（work）51)Undernocircumstances__________________（我能同意）suchaprinciple.(agree)52)Hesuddenlyfoundhimselfstandingatthefootofahill,________________（在山顶上有）atemple.(stand)53).__________________(虽然他被看作是英雄),healwaysthoughthehadjustdonehisduty.(as)54)Canyoutellme__________________(他们到底去哪里了)？（it）55)_______________________（直到他们告诉我此事）Igottoknowwhathadhappentohim.(inform)56)______________________(多么有趣)togoskatinginwinter.(fun)57)Iamafraidtherearen’t________________（足够的票剩下看）thefootballmatch.(leave)58)Thenewcarfactoryislocated______________________（以前曾有个小河的地方）(used)59)WhenIwenttotheclassroom,______________________（碰巧没人）.(happen)60)Theworkis________________________（不和以前一样艰巨）(once)61）ThepopulationofJingzhoucityis____________________(比Chicago多五倍)（than）62)Thenewly-builtfreewayis____________________（是旧的宽度的两倍）.(width)63)Heistaller_______________________（比其他同学）inhisclass.(other)64)_________________________(我们行动越迅速)，themorepeoplecouldbesaved.(action)65)____________________(很有可能)theywillbeattheiropponents.（chance）66)Theywerethrownontothetruck____________________（他们还没来得及弄明白发生了什么）.(realize)67)He_________________（建议我们进行进一步调查）thecase.(suggest) 68）Weallknow____________________(需要勇气和毅力)facethesechallenges.(it)69.Thereasonis_________________（他不相信我）(belief)70)Notonly_______________（他们带来了）snacksanddrinks,buttheyalsopreparedatentincase.(bring)71)_________________(所有能做的)hasbeendone.(all)72)Everypossiblemeans__________________(已经被反复试过了)sofar.(try)73)Whenandwherehewillgo__________________(对我们来说关系不大).(matter)74)Iwillneverforgetthedays____________________（我们曾一起生活）inthevillage.（live）75)Doyoustillrememberthedays__________________(我们曾一起度过)inthevillage.(spend)76)I‘veneverbeensopoor___________________（不能）toaffordameal.(as)77）_________________（被发现躺在地上）,themanwasrushedintohospitalwithoutdelay.(find)参考答案：非谓语动词（一）——动词不定式1~5DDACC6~10BCCAD11~15CABAA16~20BBAAB21~25ADBAA26~30DBAAC31~35DBBCD36~38BBC 非谓语动词（二）——动词-ing形式1~5CDDAB6~10BAACB11~15BCADC16~20BCCDB21~25CDDAD26~30DAAAB31~35ABCBB36~40CADDD非谓语动词（三）——过去分词1~5BCBBD6~10CCBCB11~15CDCBC16~20ABAAC21~25ADABA26~30ADBAD31~35ACABC36~40AABDD41~46ABBBDBWith结构专练1-5ABAAB6-12ABBCDBC完成句子所涉及的语法及常见句式答案1.Itremainsunknown2.it(tobe)ofbenefitto3.isbelievedtohavebeenappointed(as)4.beingheldinBeijingin20085.hehad(in)applyingtothecompanyforthisjob6.Whatmadeitpossible7.havingkeptyouwaitingforsolong8.(whowas)caughtstealingalady’spurse9.(whoare)oftenseentoplayfootballtogether10.towritealetterwith/withwhichtowritealetter11.soastomakehimselfseen12askedwhetherhecouldgowithoutacigarette/smokingforaweek13.movedbywhathehadsaid/hiswords14.Nothavingadmittedbreakingtheglass15.beingnohotel(s)16.Withsomanypeopledonating17.Haditnotbeenfortherescueteam/Ifithadn’tbeenfortherescueteam/Butfortherescueteam18.wasengagedinpulling/tearingdownthehouse19.Shoulditrain20.Hadyoucomeearlier/Ifyouhadcomeearlier21.(should)beadmittedinto/toWuhanUniversity22.weshouldsaygood-byetothehost/wesaidgood-byetothehost23.needn’thavebeensonervous24.musthavepassedtheexam25.hadplannedtogoouting26.wasonthepointofasking(someone)forhelpwhen27.Nosoonerhadhebeenseated/seatedhimselfthan28.tooknineyearsbeforethey29.toblame/who/thatistoblame30.whytheshoeswearlong31.tocarryout32.whatdifferentitwillmake/whetheritwillmakeanydifference33.Doesitmattermuch34.Itoccurredtomethat35.takeitforgrantedthat36.don’tthinkhewill37.Whatdoyouthink38.theminutetheyheard39.wherethefarmersusedtogrowvegetables40.Nomatterhowtheyranlikecrazy41.whoevercomesin42.beforeyouforgetit43.unlesssheisalsoinvited44.whosedoor/ofwhichthedoor/thedoorofwhichneeds/requires/wantsfixing/tobefixed45.mostofwhomwerelaid-offworkers46.Whoseattentionwasfocusedon47.towhomweturn48.thattheyhadmanagedtosaveanothervictim49.lyingontheground50.harddoesheworkthat/hardisheworkingthat51.can/will/doIagreeto52.onthetopofwhichstood53.Heroashewasconsidered/regardedas54.whereitisthattheyhavegone55.Itwasnotuntiltheyinformedmeofthisthingthat56.Whatfunitis57.ticketslefttowatch58.where/intheplacewherethereusedtobeasmallriver59.therehappenedtobenobody60.notastoughasitoncewas61.fivestimeslargerthanthatofChicago62.twicethewidthoftheoldone63.thananyotherstudent64.Thequickeractionwetook65.Chancesarethat/Thechanceisthat/Thereisachancethat 66.beforetheycouldrealizewhatwerehappening/hadhappened67.suggestedthatweshouldlookfurtherinto/suggestedourlookingfurtherinto68.ittakes/willtakecourageandperseveranceto69.thathehasnobeliefinme70.didtheybring71.Allthatcanbedone72.hasbeentriedoverandoveragain73.doesn’tmattermuchtous74whenweoncelivedtogether75.(that/which)weoncespent76.asnot77.Foundlyingontheground