- 2.01 MB
- 2022-06-17 15:06:11 发布
- 1、本文档共5页,可阅读全部内容。
- 2、本文档内容版权归属内容提供方,所产生的收益全部归内容提供方所有。如果您对本文有版权争议,可选择认领,认领后既往收益都归您。
- 3、本文档由用户上传,本站不保证质量和数量令人满意,可能有诸多瑕疵,付费之前,请仔细先通过免费阅读内容等途径辨别内容交易风险。如存在严重挂羊头卖狗肉之情形,可联系本站下载客服投诉处理。
- 文档侵权举报电话:19940600175。
英语语法大全初中英语语法学习提纲看到p50谓语时态一、词类、句子成分和构词法:1、词类:英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who,she,you,it.3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good,right,white,orange.4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am,is,are,have,see.6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a,an,the.8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in,on,from,above,behind.9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before.10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh,well,hi,hello.2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I’mMissGreen.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jackcleanstheroomeveryday.(杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:MynameisPingping.(我的名字叫萍萍)4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:Hecanspelltheword.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:Hewrotemealetter.(他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:Hewrotealettertome.(他给我写了一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:Shanghaiisabigcity.(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:Heworkshard.(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:Theyusuallykeeptheirclassroomclean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/Heoftenhelpsmedomylessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/TheteacherwantedmetolearnFrenchallbymyself.(老师要我自学法语)☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:WhereisyourclassmateTom?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)3、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法:如:spaceship,headache,basketball,playground等等。2、派生法:第236页
(1)派生名词:①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+(t)ion④形容词+ness⑤其他,如:inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge(2)派生形容词:①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous⑥Chinese;Japanese⑦English⑧French⑨German⑩国名+(i)an如:snowy,sunny,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,follwing,daily(每日的),nervous,delicious(3)派生副词:①形容词+ly②其它,如:slowly,angrily,full→fully,good→well,possible→possibly等等。3、转换法:(1)形容词→动词,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干),clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。(2)动词→名词,如:look,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talk等等。(3)名词→动词,如:hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。(4)形容词→副词,如:early→early,fast→fast等等。(5)副词→连词,如:when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。(6)介词→副词,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。二、名词:1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如:Beijing,Tom,thePeople’sRepublicofChina(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:theGreatWall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:theGreens(格林一家人)。2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil,family,man,foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如:box,child,orange;▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water,news,oil,population,information.2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map→maps,boy→boys,horse→horses,table→tables.②s,o,x,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes,box→boxes,hero→heroes,dish→dishes,bench→benches.[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos,piano→pianos.③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families,city→cities,party→parties.④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves,wolf→wolves,life→lives,knife→knives.2、不规则变化:man→men,woman→women,sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth,fish→fish,child→children,ox→oxen,goose→geese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:abagofrice→twobagsofrice,apieceofpaper→threepiecesofpaper,abottleofmilk→fivebottlesofmilk.3、名词所有格:1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Childern’sDay(儿童节),mysister’sbook(我姐姐的书)(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’Day(教师节)第236页
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s.如:today’snewspaper(今天的报纸),tenminutes’break(十分钟的课间休息),China’spopulation(中国的人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如:afinedaughteroftheParty(党的好女儿).2、[注解]:①‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:myaunt’s(我阿姨家),thedoctor’s(诊所)②两人共有某物时,可以采用AandB’s的形式,如:LucyandLily’sbedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)③“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:afriendofmyfather’s(我父亲的一位朋友),afriendofmine(我的一位朋友)4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:Thecomputerwasagreatinvention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)Thewaterintheglassisverycold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如family,class,team,group,row,police,school等)做句子主语时,①如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:ClassThreeisaverygoodclass.(三班是好班)②如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:ClassThreehaveamapofChina.(三班有张中国地图)3、Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:Thereisasheepintheyard.(院子里有只绵羊)/Therearesomesheepintheyard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths,news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:Thenewsisveryexciting.(这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:ThetrousersareverycheapandIwanttotakethem.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、alotof后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:Alotofstudentsareplayingbaseballnow.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)Alotoftimewaswastedonthatwork.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:Theteacherandhissonarepickingapplesnow.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果)/Fishandchipsisveryfamousfood.(鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、therebe句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:Thereisatableandfourchairsintheroom.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:BothyouandIarerequiredtobeheretomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:Awomanwitha7-year-oldchildwasstandingatthesideoftheroad.(一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、either…or…或者neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Eitheryouorheisright.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的)/NeitheryounorIamgoingthere.(你和我都不打算去那里)12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Twomonthsisnotashorttime.(两个月不是个短时间)Twothousandkilometersisquitealongdistance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有halfof…/(threequarters)of…/all(of)the….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:OverthreequartersoftheinformationontheInternetisinEnglish.第236页
(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的)/Athirdofthestudentswereplayingnearthelake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍)/Allofthewaterintheserivershasbeenpolluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)但是,population一词又有特殊情况:What’sthepopulationofChina?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数)/ThreequartersofthepopulationinthiscityareArabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)5、部分名词用法辨析:1、sport、game、match、race的区别:sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:Peopleallaroundtheworldenjoysports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动)/The2008OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句)/Ourschoolfootballteamwontheleaguematch(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军)/Theywerestrongandwontheboatrace.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:TheShanghaiTelevisionFestivalwillbeheldnextmonth.(上海电视节将在下个月举行)/Sundayisaholidayandmostpeopledonotwork.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作)/Whatareyougoingtododuringthesummervacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:HemadeuphismindtomakethejourneytoDunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/Hehasgoneonawalkingtour.(他步行观光去了)/HetookseveraltripstoShanghailastyeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次)/DidyougotoSantiago(圣地亚哥)duringyourtravels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?)/Travellingthroughthickforestsisdangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)4、sound、noise、voice的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:Thenoiseofthestreetkeptmeawakeinthenight.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠)/Allofasuddentherewasthesoundofshotsandacry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫)/Thesingerhaslostherringingvoiceasaresultofabadcold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)5、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:Therearemanykindsoffishesinthepool.(池子里有很多种类的鱼)/Ipreferfishtomeat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)三、代词:1、代词的分类:英语中代词分为:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。2、人称代词:人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性主格I(我)you(你)he(他)she(她)it(它)we(我们)you(你们)they(他们,她们,它们)宾格me(我)you(你)him(他)her(她)it(她)us(我们)you(你们)them(他们,她们,它们)第236页
1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如:IoftengoshoppingonSundays.(星期天我常去购物)/AretheyfromBrazil?(他们是巴西人吗?)/Wherehavetheygone?(他们上哪儿去了?)/That’sit.(就那么回事)/It’she!(是他!)2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如:WhoteachesyouEnglishthisyear?(今年谁教你们的英语?)/Helpme!(救救我!)/Weoftenwriteletterstoher.(我们常给他写信)3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如:--Whoisit?(是谁?)–It’sI/me.(是我。)4、三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you→he→I”的顺序表达。如:BothheandIareworkingatthatcomputercompany.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班)–Whowillgothere?(谁要去那儿?)–Youandme.(你和我)5、人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如:--What’stheweatherliketoday?(今天天气怎样?)—It’sfine.(天气晴好)/--What’sthetime?(几点啦?)–It’s12:00.(12点)/It’salongwaytogo.(那可要走好长的路)/Ittookhimthreedaystocleanhishouse.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间)/Itisveryclearthatthepublicwanttoknowwhenthesemencangointospace.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空)/Wefounditverydifficulttolearnaforeignlanguagewell.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)3、物主代词:说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性形容词性my(我的)your(你的)his(他的)her(她的)its(它的)our(我们的)your(你们的)their(他们的,她们的,它们的)名词性mine(我的)Yours(你的)his(他的)hers(她的)its(她的)ours(我们的)yours(你们的)theirs(他们的,她们的,它们的)1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如:Isthatyourumbrella?(那是你的伞吗?)/IoftengotoseemyauntonSundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨)/Theyaretheirbooks.(是他们的书)2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如:Thisisyourcup,butwhereismine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿?)/Yourclassroomisverybig,butoursisrathersmall.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)3、“of+名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如:Afriendofminecametoseemeyesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了)(指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)[试比较]Myfriendcametoseemeyesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)4、反身代词:表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。反身代词是一种表示反射或强调的代词。它的基本含义是:通过反身代词指代主语,使施动者把动作在形式上反射到施动者自己。因此,反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系,在人称、性、数上保持一致。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves第236页
(我自己)(你自己)(他自己)(她自己)(它自己)(我们自己)(你们自己)(他们/她们/它们自己)1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如:Don’tplaywiththeknife,youmighthurtyourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如:Thestoryitselfisgood.Onlyhedidn’ttellitwell.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)4、指示代词:指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。单数复数含义this(这个)these(这些)指较近的人和物that(那个)those(那些)指较远的人和物such(这样的人/物)指上文提过的人和物same(同样的人/物)指和上文提过的相同的人和物it(这人/这物)指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。如:What’sthis?(这是什么?)/Thatmodelplaneismadeofplastic.(那只模型飞机是塑料做的)(被动句)/Remembernevertodosuchthings.(记得永远不要做这样的事情)/Dothesameastheteachertellsyou.(按老师说的做)/---Whoisit?(是谁?)---It’sme!(是我!)6、关系代词:用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词,参见后面的定语从句。1、关系代词who、which、that、whom等,将定语从句和主句连接起来。英语中的关系代词一方面在从句中担任一定的成分,另一方面又起连接作用。如:ThestudentwhoisdrawingapictureisinGradeOne.(正在画画的学生是一年级的)2、关系代词who/whom指人,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:Doyouknowthemanwhoiswearingaredhat?(你认识那个戴着红帽子的男人吗?)3、关系代词which指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:Haveyoufoundthebookwhichyoulostseveraldaysago?(你找到几天前丢失的那本书了吗?)4、关系代词that既可指人也可指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:Canyouseetheman/dogthatisrunningalongtheriverbank?(你看得见顺着河跑的男人/狗了吗?)7、连接代词:用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称连接代词。英语中连接代词主要有:what(什么),who(谁),whom(谁),which(哪个),whose(谁的)。详见相应从句。8、不定代词:代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。单数含义someanynonone//each(every)oneeither,neithersotheother,another复合不定代词不可数含义muchlittle,alittleall/////复数含义manyfew,afewonesbothothers,theothers※注:复合不定代词有12个:something(某事),someone(某人),somebody(某人),anything(任何事),anyone(任何人),anybody(任何人),nothing(没事),nobody(没有人),noone(没有人),everything(一切),everyone(每个人),everybody(每个人).(1)some和any的用法:some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如:Ihavesomeworktodotoday.(今天我有些事情要做)/Theywillgotheresomeday.(他们有朝一日会去那儿)some用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。如:Wouldyoulikesomecoffeewithsugar?(你要加糖的咖啡吗?)第236页
any一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。如:Theydidn’thaveanyfriendshere.(他们在这里没有朋友)/Haveyougotanyquestionstoask?(你有问题要问吗?)any用于肯定句时,意思是“任何的”。Comeherewithanyfriend.(随便带什么朋友来吧。)(2)no和none的用法:no是形容词,只能作定语表示,意思是“没有”,修饰可数名词(单数或复数)或不可数名词。如:Thereisnotimeleft.Pleasehurryup.(没有时间了,请快点)/Theyhadnoreadingbookstolend.(他们没有阅读用书可以出借)none只能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是“没有一个人(或事物)”,表示复数或单数。如:Noneofthemis/areintheclassroom.(他们当中没有一个在教室里)/Ihavemanybooks,butnoneisinteresting.(我有很多的书,但没有一本是有趣的)(3)all和both的用法:all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词;也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如:IknowallofthefourBritishstudentsintheirschool.(他们学校里四个英国学生我全认识)/--Wouldyoulikethisoneorthatone?–Both.(你要这个还是那个?两个都要。)all和both既可以修饰名词(all/both+(the)+名词),也可以独立使用,采用“all/both+ofthe+名词(复数)”的形式,其中的of可以省略。如:All(of)(the)boysarenaughty.(是男孩都调皮)(4)every和each用法:every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念;each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或者“各个”,表示单个概念;each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of短语,与动词同时出现时要放在“be动词、助动词、情态动词”之后或者行为动词之前every和each都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词(如he/him/his)也可以用复数的代词(如they/them/their)替代。如:Everyoneofthestudentsinhisclassstudiesveryhard.(他班上每个学生学习都很用功)/Theyareverybusy.Eachofthemhassomethingtodo.(他们很忙,人人都有事干)(5)either和neither的用法:either意思是“两个中间的任何一个”;neither是either的否定形式,意思是“两个都不”。neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数。如:Idon’tcaremuchforwhattodrink.Eitherofthetwowilldo.(我不介意喝些什么,两个之中随便哪个都行)/--Willyougotherebybusorbycar?–Neither.Iwillgotherebytrain.(你坐公车去还是坐轿车去?一个都不坐,我坐火车去。)(6)other、theother和another的用法:other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有复数形式。在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语。another意思是“另外”、“又一个”,表示增加,在句中可作宾语和定语。如:Somegirlsaresingingunderthebigappletreeandothersaresittingonthegrasstalking.(有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话)/Youhavehadseveralcakes.Doyoureallywantanotherone?(你已经吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块?)/Iwantanotherfourbooks.(我还要四本书)another(另外的,再一,又一)与theother(另外的一个)主要从数量上区分,只有两个时用theother,在原先基础上增加用another。如:Thisisoneofyoursocks.Whereistheotherone?(这是你的一只袜子,还有一只呢?)/Ihaveeaten4cakes,butIstillwantanother.(我已经吃了4块蛋糕,但是我还要以块。)others与theothers的主要区别:others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分);theothers指第236页
“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如:Afewstudentsareplayingsoccerwhileothersarewatchingthem.(有几个学生在踢足球,其他一些人在观看)/Twoofthetenboysarestandingandtheothersaresittingroundthem.(十个男孩中有两个站着,其他人都围着他们坐着。)(7)many和much的用法:many意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用;much意思是“很多”,与不可数名词连用。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等。如:Idon’thavemanyfriendshere.(在这里我没有很多的朋友。)/Manydiedinthebusaccident.(许多人在公交车祸中丧失)/Wecanlearnmuchwiththehelpofhim.(在他的帮助之下我们能学到很多)many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用alotof或者lotsof;many/much用于肯定句时可以在前面加上so、very或too.如:Therearealotofpeopleontheplayground.(操场上有许多的人)/Theyhaven’tgotmuchworktodo.(他们没有多少事情可做)/Therearetoomanypeopleintheroom.(房间里人太多了。)(8)few、little、afew、alittle的用法:few、little意思是“很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,afew、alittle意思是“有几个”、“有些”,有肯定的意思;few、afew与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物,little、alittle与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如:Heisverypoorandhehaslittlemoney.(他很穷,几乎没有什么钱。)/Don’tworry.Thereisstillalittletimeleft.(别着急,还有一点儿时间呢。)/Inthatpolarregiontherelivefewpeople.(在那个极地地区几乎不住人)/Youcangetafewsweetsfromhim.(你可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果)(9)复合不定代词somebody,something,anything,nothing,everything,everybody等是由some,any,no,every,加上body,thing构成的,叫做复合不定代词,在句子中当单数使用。somebody,something,someone一般用于肯定句中;anything,anybody,anyone一般用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。修饰复合不定代词的定语,应放在它们的后面。如:Hey,Lily.Thereissomeoneoutsidethedoor.(嗨,丽丽,门外有人。)/Di(每个人)dyoumeetanyonewhenyoucametoschoollastSunday?(上个星期天你来学校时见到什么人了吗?)/Hehasnothingmuchtodotoday.(他今天没有多少事情做)(10)one与ones用来代替上文的一个或多个人或事物,前面可以加冠词、形容词、指示代词、which等。如:Whichjacketwouldyoulike,thisoneorthatone?(你要哪件夹克,这件还是那件?/Idon’tlikethegreenones.(我不喜欢绿色的那些)(11)so可以代替一件事情,作句子的宾语或表语。如:Idon’tthinkso.(我认为不是这样的。)/Helostabook.SodidI.(他丢失了一本书,我也是。)(12)alotof、lotsof、anumberof(/largenumbersof)、agreatdealof、plentyof的区别:五个“名词+介词”短语都表示“大量,许多”,alotof(或lotsof)既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式,可以相应地换为much和many;plentyof“足够、大量”,既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式。anumberof/largenumbersof只可以修饰可数名词复数形式(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用复数形式)可以换为some、many、alotof、plentyof。agreatdealof只可以修饰不可数名词(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用单数形式)可以换为much。如:Alotofpeoplethinkthattimeismoney.(许多的人认为时间就是金钱。)/Idon’thavetodoitinahurrybecauseIhaveplentyoftime.(我用不着赶忙,因为我有充足的时间。)/Ihaveanumberofletterstowritetoday.(今天我有好多信要写)/Ispendagreatdealoftime/moneyonshopping.(在购物方面我花费了大量的时间/金钱。)(13)none、noone、nobody的区别:noone和nobody都表示“没有人”,仅指人,后面不跟of短语,作主语时谓语用单数形式;none表示“没有一个人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短语,作主语时谓语可用单数也可用复数。如:Nooneknowshowhemanagedtogettheticket.(没有人知道他是怎样搞到那张票的)/Nobodyhandedinhis/theircomposition(s)yesterday.(昨天没有一个人交作文。)/Noneofmyfriendscame第236页
toseemethatday.(那天没有一个朋友来看我。)9、相互代词:表示相互关系的词叫相互代词。eachother,oneanother是相互代词,译成“互相”,可以通用。eachother表示两者之间,而oneanther表示许多人之间。它们有所有格形式eachother’s,oneanother’s。如:Wemusthelpeachotherwhenweareintrouble.(我们身处困境时要互相帮助。)/Theysattherewithouttalkingtooneanother/eachother.(他们坐在那儿,互相都不说话。)10、疑问代词:用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑问句中,一般放在句首。口语中也常用who代替whom作宾语,但在介词后则只能用whom。如:Who(m)didyouinvitetoyourbirthdayparty?(你都邀请了谁参加你的生日聚会的?)/Whatdoesshewanttobewhenshegrowsup?(她长大了想干什么?)2、who和whom只能独立使用,其中who可以作句子的主语、表语或动词的宾语,whom只能作谓语动词的宾语;而what、which、whose等既可以独立使用作主语、表语和宾语,也可以与名词构成疑问短语。如:Whoisthatman?(那男的是谁?)/Whatcolouraretheirhats?(他们的帽子是什么颜色?)/WhichcarwasmadeinGermany?(哪辆车是德国造的?)(被动句)注意这个提问:Themaninthecarismyfather.(车里的男人是我父亲)→Whichmanisyourfather?(哪个男人是你的父亲?)3、which除了可以询问指代的情况之外,还可以针对说明人物的时间、地点、岁数、颜色、大小、状况等进行提问。如:Peoplethereliveaverysadlife.(那里的人生活凄惨)→Whichpeopleliveasadlife?(哪些人生活凄惨?)/--Whichhotelhaveyoubookedforyourholiday?(为了度假你预订了哪家旅馆?)—ThebiggestoneinHaikou.(海口最大的那家旅馆)4、疑问代词不分单复数,视它所替代的人或事物决定单复数,但是通常用单数;如果修饰名词,则以名词的单复数为准。如:Whois(are)inthatplayhouse?(谁在游戏房里?)/Whatisthat?(那是什么?)/Whatarethose?(那些是什么?)/Whatcoloursdotheyhave?(它们有哪些颜色?)初一代词练习:1.—Judy,isthis_______mobilephoneorHelen’s?—It’s________.A.your,mineB.your,myC.you,mineD.you,my四、数词:1、分类:数词有基数词和序数词两种。英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。2、基数词:表示数目的词叫基数词。1、英语中常用的基数词有:123456789101112onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve13141516171819thirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen2030405060708090100twentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninetyone(a)hundred2335101twenty-threethirty-fiveonehundredandone1000→one(a)thousand,10000→tenthousand,→onehundredthousand,→onemillion,→tenmillion,→onehundredmillion,第236页
108→onehundredandeight,146→onehundredandforty-six,500→fivehundred,1001→onethousandandone,1813→onethousandeighthundredandthirteen.2、[注]:(1)百位与十位之间要加and;十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间通常也要加and。(2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看,每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第一个逗号之前要用thousand,倒数第二个逗号之前要用million,倒数第三的逗号之前要用billion表示。(3)hundred、thousand、million作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上one,two,…等其它数词。用作名词时复数表示“成…上…”,后面必须要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等词。如:fivehundred(五百),hundredsof(成百上千的),tenthousand(一万),thousandsof(成千上万的),millionsof(成百万的)3、序数词:表示顺序的数词叫序数词。1、英语的序数词基本变法:(1)一般在基数词后加th,(2)-ve结尾的改为-fth,(3)-ty结尾的改为-tieth,(4)熟记特殊词。2、序数词如下:1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12th※first※second※thirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelfth13th14th15th16th17th18th19ththirteenthfourteenthfifteenthsixteenthseventeentheighteenthnineteenth20th30th40th50th60th70th80th90th100thtwentieththirtiethfortiethfiftiethsixtiethseventietheightiethninetiethoneundredth21st22nd23rd35th101sttwenty-firsttwenty-secondtwenty-thirdthirty-fifthonehundredandfirst1000th→onethousandth,th→onemillionth.,第703→thesevenhundredandthird,第5480→thefivethousandfourhundredandeightieth.3、注:(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。如:thirty-sixth,(2)使用序数词时一般加定冠词the.如:I’minthethirdgrade.(3)序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。如:1/5→onefifth;2/3→twothirds;4/7→foursevenths;1/2→ahalf;1/4→aquarter;3/4→threequarters;50%→fiftyhundredths(fiftypercent).4、数词的用法:1、表示年份:2002:twentythousandandtwo;1976:nineteenseventy-six.2、表示日期:12月1日:Dec.1st或thefirstofDecember;2002年11月8日:Nov.8th,2002.3、表示时刻:5:15→fivefifteen或aquarterpastfive;8:30→eightthirty或halfpasteight;10:45→tenforty-five或aquartertoeleven.4、表示编号:Room105→Roomone0five;BusNo.13→BusNumberThirteen;P.5→PageFive;Tel.No.→TelephoneNumberseven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine5、小数的读法:5.7→fivepointseven,0.16→zeropointonesix.6、“半”的表达:1/2→half,半小时→halfanhour,1.5小时→oneandahalfhours或onehourandahalf.7、序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。如:Thethirdlessonisratherdifficult.(第三课相当难)/Shallwereadthetextathirdtime?(我们把课文读第三遍,好吗?)第236页
五、冠词1、冠词分类及读法:英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠词the读法:单独念时读[Ti:],在句子中常发[Ti](元音之前)或者[T[](辅音之前);不定冠词a/an的读法:单独念时读[ei]/[An];在句子中常发[[]/[[n]。2、不定冠词a/an的用法:不定冠词a/an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面;an用在元音开头的词的前面。不定冠词的基本用法:(1)表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:Thereisadoglyingontheground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)(2)表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如:Aelephantismuchstrongerthanaman.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。)(2)表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:HeisateacherofEnglish.(他是英语教师。)(4)表示“一”这个数量。如:Thereisatableandfourchairsinthatdining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)(5)几个用不定冠词的习语:abit(一点),alittle(一点),afew(几个),alot(许多),akindof(一种),apairof(一副、一双),anumberof(大量的),apieceof(一张、一片),halfanhour(半小时),haveagoodtime(玩得开心),haveacold(感冒),makeanoise(发出嘈杂声),have/takea(rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。3、定冠词the的用法:定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。定冠词的基本用法:(1)表示特指的人或事物。如:ThemanwithaflowerinhishandisJack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)(2)指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Lookattheblackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)(3)复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:Thereisamanunderthetree.ThemaniscalledRobert.(树下有个人,那个人叫罗伯特。)(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:Theearthturnsaroundthesun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)(5)用在表示方位的名词前面。如:TherewillbestrongwindtothesouthoftheYangtzeRiver.(长江以南地区将会刮大风。)(6)在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:Whoisthefirstonetogo?(谁第一个去?)/Ofallthestars,thesunisthenearesttotheearth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)(7)常用在乐器名称的前面。如:Hebegantoplaytheviolinattheageof5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)(8)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:IhaveneverbeentotheHimalayaMountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)(9)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:HeisfromtheUnitedStatesofAmerica.(他来自美利坚合众国)(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:TheGreensaregoingtoMountEmeinextmonth.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山)(11)same之前一般用the。如:LucyandLilylookthesame.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)(12)几个用定冠词的习语:atthesametime(与此同时),makethebed(铺床),intheend(最后),allthetime(一直),bytheway(顺便说一下),ontheway(在路上)等等。4、一些不用冠词的情况:(1)专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如:Chinaisaverylargecountry.(中国是个大国)/Manneedsairandwater.(人类需要空气和水)第236页
(2)名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如:Mypenismuchmoreexpensivethanyours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)(1)周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如:HewasbornonMonday,February18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一)/Theyusuallyplanttreesonthehillsinspring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)(4)(第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如:Menareclevererthanmonkeys.(人比猴子聪明)(5)三餐饭前不用。如:Wehavebreakfastathomeandlunchatschool.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)(6)节、假日前一般不用。如:OnChildren’sDaytheboysoftengetpresentsfromtheirparents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)(7)球类名词前不用。如:ThechildrenplayfootballonSaturdayafternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球)(8)城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如:TheyarenowatPeople’sCinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院)(9)一些习惯用语中不用。如:⑴at/to/from/outof/after/forschool;⑵in/to/for/afterclass;⑶in/to/outof/intobed;⑷after/at/from/outof/towork;⑸at/tosea;⑹in/from/down/totown;⑺at/fromhome;⑻at/for/tobreakfast/lunch/supper;⑼atnight/noon/midnight;⑽onfoot;⑾gotoschool/bed;⑿ontopof;⒀infrontof;⒁onshow/display/duty/watch;⒂in/outofhospital;⒃atall;⒄on/intime;⒅atfirst/last/once;⒆inChinese/English,etc.;⒇takecareof六、形容词、副词:1、形容词:用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。1、形容词的句法作用:作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。2、形容词在句子中的位置:⑴作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如:abigyellowwoodenwheel(一个黄色的大木轮)⑵作表语时放在连系动词之后。如:Thepricesoundsreasonable.(这个价格听起来算是合理)⑶作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如:Wemusttryourbesttokeepourenvironmentclean.(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁)⑷后置的情况:①修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如:Somethingserioushashappenedtohim.(他发生了严重的事故)②与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。如:He’s1.8metrestall.(他身高1.8米。)Themoonisabout380,000kilometresawayfromtheearth.(月球离地38万公里)3、有关形容词的用法辨析:⑴whole与all:记住两个词序:①thewhole+名词;②all(of)the+名词。如:Hewasbusythewholemorning.(整个早晨他都很忙)/Hecanrememberallthewordshelearns.(他能记住学过的所有单词)⑵tall与high,short与low:指人的个子时用tall与short;指其他事物时一般用high与low。如:He’sverytall/short.(他个子高/矮)/Talltreesarestandingonbothsidesofthatavenue.(大道的两侧有高大的树木)/Afewpeopleliveonhighmountains.(少量的人住在高山上)⑶real与true:real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”;而true则指事情或消息的可靠性,译为“真实的”。如:Thisisarealdiamond(钻石)andit’sveryexpensive.(这是货真价实的钻石,非常贵)/--Isthattrue?—Yes.Ihearditwithmyownears.(那真实吗?是的,我亲耳所听)第236页
⑷interested与interesting的区别:interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语,而interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语。如:Themanisveryinterestingandallthechildrenlikehim.(这个人很有趣,孩子们都喜欢他)/Thisbookisinterestingandyoucanreallyenjoyyourself.(这本书很有趣,你会真正获得享受)/Iaminterestedinscience.(我对自然科学感兴趣)⑸such用法:such+a(n)+名词(单数)(+that从句)。如:Ihaveneverseensuchafoolish(愚蠢的)boy.(我从来没有见过这么蠢的男孩)/Hehadsuchaterribleaccidentthathecouldneverforgetit.(他遭遇了这么可怕的事故,他永远也不会忘记)⑹good与well:表示“好”时,作定语或表语用good,作状语用well;表示“(身体)好”时用well.如:Doingsportsisgoodforus.(进行运动对我们有益)/Studywellandmakeprogresseveryday.(好好学习,天天向上)/--Howareyou?—Iamverywell.(你好吗?我很好。)⑺nice与fine:的区别:nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等;fine一般指身体或天气好。如:Let’sgoandshare(分享)thenicecake.(我们去分享那块美味的蛋糕吧)/Sheisanicegirl.(他是个漂亮的姑娘)/Whatafineday!(多好的天气!)/He’sfinerecently(最近).(近来他身体不错)⑻toomuch与muchtoo:toomuch表示“太多的”,修饰事物数量;muchtoo表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词。如:IamfullbecauseIhavehadtoomuchrice.(我饱了,因为我吃了太多的米饭)/Thatcoatismuchtoodear.(那件大衣太贵了)⑼quick、fast与soon:quick与fast基本同义,quick往往指反应速度快,fast往往指运动速度快,而soon则表示时间上很快即将发生。如:Afteraquickbreakfast,hehurriedtoschoolleavinghisbagathome.(匆匆地吃过早饭,他朝学校赶去,却把书包忘记在家)/Atrainismuchfasterthanabus.(火车比公共汽车快得多)/HisfatherwillbebacktoChinaverysoon.(他父亲很快就要返回中国)⑽lonely与alone:lonely是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是:“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语;alone的意思是:“独自的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)。如:Helivesalonebuthedoesn’tfeellonely.(他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独)/Heisalonelyperson.Youcannoteasilygetonwellwithhim.(他是个孤独的人,你要和他相处好实在不易)⑾other与else的区别:两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不同,other放在名词前;else修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、much,后置,另外,orelse表示“否则”,是连词。如:Theotherstudentsareontheplayground.(其他学生在操场上)/Whoelsecanworkoutthismathsproblem?(还有谁能解出着道数学题?)/Thisisnobodyelse’smoney.It’smine.(这不是别的什么人的钱,是我的。)/Doyouhaveanythingelsetosayforyourself?(你还有什么要为自己说的吗?⑿special与especial的区别:表示事件不同寻常、过分或特殊时,两个词可互换,但special较为常用。另外,special还可以表示特别的目的。如:Shepays(e)specialattentiontoclothes.(她非常注重着装)/Thesearespecialchairsforsmallchildren.(这些是专门给小孩子的椅子)⒀gone、lost、missing的区别:gone表示“丢了,没了”,含一去不复返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表语或宾补,不可以作定语;lost表示“丢失”,含难以找回的意思,可作定语、表语或宾补;missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、表语或宾补。如:Myfever(高烧)isgone,butIstillhaveacough.(发烧消退了,但我仍然咳嗽)/Theparentsfoundthelostchildatlast.(家长终于找到了迷路的孩子)/Mydictionaryismissing.Who’stakenitaway?(我的字典不见了,谁拿走了?)/Formoredetailedinformation(详情)ofthemissinggirls,pleasevisitourwebsite(网址).(如果想知道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问我们的网站)⒁living、alive、live、lively的区别:四个词都来源于动词live“生活、居住”。living读[‘liviN]有三个意思:①“活着的、现存的”,作表语或定语,②“一模一样的、逼真的”,③相当于lively,意思是“强烈的、活泼的”;live读[laiv],指东西“活的”,可以替换为living;第236页
alive读[[‘laiv]作表语,指人“活着的”,如果作定语,则放在名词的后面;lively读[‘laivli]有三个意思:①有生气的、活泼的、快活的,②(色彩)鲜艳的,③生动的、真实的。例如:Alivinglanguageshouldbelearnedorally(口头上).(活的语言应该从口头上学)(被动句)/Wehavealivinghopethatyouwillsucceed.(我们强烈地希望你能成功)/Isshestillalive?(她还活着吗?)/Theyarethehappiestchildrenalive.(他们是活着的最开心的孩子)/Thisisalivefish.(这是条活鱼)/Alivewire(电线)isdangerous.(有电的电线是危险的)/Sheisaslivelyasakitten(小猫).(她像小猫一样可爱)/Hegavealivelydescriptionofthefootballmatch.(他生动地描述了那场足球赛)⒂sick与ill区别:sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能做表语。如:Hehasbeenill/sickforalongtimeandheisveryweaknow.(他病了很久,现在非常虚弱)/Vetshelptreatsickpetsandmostofthepets’ownerslikethem.(兽医帮助诊治患病的宠物,很受宠物主人们的喜爱)⒃thepoor(穷人们)/therich(富人们)等用法:“the+形容词”这一结构可以表示一类人物,复数含义。如:Wemusttryourbesttohelpthepoor.(我们应该尽力帮助穷人们)/Therichneverknowhowthepoorareliving.(有钱人哪知穷人怎么过日子)2、副词:用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词。1、副词的分类:(见下表)时间副词频度副词地点/方位副词程度副词方式副词疑问/连接副词其他副词today,tomorrow,once,here,there,very,too,well,how,too,also,yesterday,now,twice,home,below,enough,hard,where,nor,so,then,early,late,always,anywhere,rather,quite,alone,when,as,on,off,once,soon,just,usually,above,outside,how,so,fast,why,either,tonight,long,often,in,inside,out,much,just,together,whetheryes,no,already,yet,before,sometimes,back,up,down,nearly,onlysuddenly,however,etc.not,neitherago,later,eversincenever,away,off,far,almost,hardly,-ly结尾关系副词maybe,after,whenever(seldom),near,nearby,aslongas等,的副词where,perhaps,first,someday,ever,wherevereven,all, why,howcertainly,sometime,last, everywhere,alittle,abit when, 2、副词在句子中的位置以及作用:⑴作状语:①时间副词:一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在动词的前面。如:WewillvisittheGreatWalltomorrow.(我们明天要去参观长城)/TheyhavealreadybeentotheUKtwice.(他们去过英王国两次)/Soonthelostboyfoundhiswaybackhome.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路)②频度副词:一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但sometimes、often等还可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、threetimes等一般放在句尾。如:SometimesIgetupearly.(我有时起得早)/Theworkersusuallyhavelunchatthefactory.(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭)/Takethismedicinetwiceaday.(这种药一天吃两次)③方式副词:一般放在行为动之后,suddenly第236页
可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。如:Oldpeoplecanhardlywalkasquicklyasyoungpeople.(老年人几乎不可能走得和年轻人一样快)/Suddenlyhesawalightinthedarkcave(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看见了一丝亮光)④地点副词:一般放在句尾,但here、there还可放在句首。如:Thereyoucanseethousandsofbikesrunninginalldirections(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上万的自行车朝各个方向流动)/Thefrightenedwolfranaway.(受到惊吓的狼逃开了)/Hewalkedoutquietlyandturnedbacksoon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回)⑤程度副词:修饰动词时,放在动词之前;修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副词之前。但注意,enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面;only位置比较灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。如:Inearlyforgotallaboutitifhedidnottellmeagain.(如果他不再次告诉我,我几乎把那事全忘了)/ItwassostrangethatIcouldhardlybelievemyears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵)/Shegottothestationearlyenoughtocatchthefirstbus.(她早早地赶到车站赶上了首班车)⑥疑问副词:用于对句子的状语进行提问,位置总是在句首。如:Whenandwherewereyouborn?(你何时何地出生?)/WhydidlittleEdisonsitonsomeeggs?(小爱迪生为什么要坐在鸡蛋上?)/Howdoyoudo?(你好!)⑦连接副词:用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在从句中作状语。HowIamgoingtokillthecatisstillaquestion.(我打算怎样杀死那只猫还是个问题)/Thatiswhyeveryoneisafraidofthetiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因)/Hewonderedhowhecoulddoitthenextday.(他不知道第二天怎样做那事)⑧关系副词:用来引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。如:ThisistheplacewhereMrZhangoncelived.(这就是张先生曾经住过的地方)/PleasetellmethewayhowyouhavelearnedEnglishsowell.(请告诉我你的英语是怎样学得这么好的方法)⑨其它副词:too“也”,用在句尾;also放在动词前;either“也不”,放在句尾;nor“也不”,放在句首;so“如此,这样”,放在形容词、副词前;on/off“开/关”放在动词之后;not放在be之后、助动词之后、不定式或动名词之前;maybe/perhaps放在句首;certainly放在句首或动词之前。如:HewenttothePalaceMuseumandIwentthere,too.(他去了故宫博物院,我也去了)/Maybeyourticketisinyourinsidepocket.(也许你的票就在你的里边衣袋里)/--Tomdoesn’thaveacomputer.–NordoI.(汤姆没有计算机,我也没有。)(2)作表语:地点副词一般可以作表语,放在be等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位置。如:I’mverysorryheisn’tinatthemoment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)/Ihavebeenawayfrommyhometownfornearly20years.(我离开家乡有将近20年了)/Jimisoverthere.(吉姆就在那边)(3)作定语:时间副词(如now、then)以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名词的后面。如:Peoplenowoftenhavetheirfestivaldinnersatrestaurants.(现在的人们经常在餐馆里吃节日晚宴)/Womentherewerelivingaterriblelifeinthe1920s.(在二十世纪20年代那儿的女人过着可怕的日子)(4)作宾语补足语:地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语。如:Putyourdirtysocksaway,Jim!Theyaregivingoutbadsmell!(吉姆,把你的脏袜子拿开!它们在散发着臭气。)/Fatherkepthiminanddoinghislessons.(父亲把他关在家里做作业)[注意]“动词+副词”的宾语如果是代词,则该副词应该放在代词之后。如:Hewrotedowntheword.(他写下了那个词。)→Hewroteitdown.(他把它写了下来。)3、有关副词的重要注释:⑴as…as…常构成一些词组:assoonas…(一旦…就…),aswellas…(同样),as+形容词/副词+aspossible(尽可能……地)。如:PleaseringmeupassoonasyougettoBeijing.(请你一到北京就给我写信。)/MissGaohurriedtotheschoolgateasquicklyaspossible.(高小姐尽快地赶到了校门口。)[注释]“aslong/muchas+名词”可以表示“长达/多达…”的含义。如:Thehouse第236页
costsasmuchasfivehundredthousandyuan.(那幢房子花费高达50万元。)/Theystayedinthecave(山洞)aslongastwoweeks.(他们呆在山洞里长达两周。)⑵later、after、ago、before的用法:①“一段时间+later/ago”分别表示“(多久)以后/以前”,主要用于过去时态。②“after/before+某个时刻”分别表示“在某时刻之后/之前”,此时两个词是介词。③ago与before:ago只能用于过去时,before用于完成时。如:Hehadanaccidentaweekago.(一周前出了一个事故)/Someyearslater,theboybecameaveryfamoussinger.(数年后这个男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/Haveyoubeentherebefore?(你从前到过那儿吗?)/Afterafewyearshegaveupsmoking.(过了几年他戒了烟。)⑶above、below、over、under的用法:在上下方用above和below,在高低处用over和under.如:Thestarsarehighaboveinthesky.(星星高挂在空中)/Aplaneflewoverquickly.(一架飞机从头顶飞过。)当above、below、over、under是介词性质时,意义相似。⑷too、also、either、nor的用法:too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开;also(“也”)用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前;either(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开;nor(“也不”)用于倒装句句首;如:AreyouAmerican,too?(你也是美国人吗?)/HeisnothappyandIamnothappy,either.(他不愉快,我也不。)/Hedidn’twatchthefootballgame.NordidI.(他没有看足球赛,我也没有。)/Youcanalsofindthemarketisverygood.(你还可以发觉那个市场很好。)⑸enough、too、so、very、quite、verymuch的用法:enough(“足够,十分”)放在形容词或副词之后;too(“太”)、very(“非常”)、quite(“相当”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容词或副词之前,verymuch(“非常”)放在动词之后。如:It’stoo/so/very/quiteexpensive.(它太贵/那么贵/非常贵/相当贵。)/Idon’tlikesweetsverymuch.(我不很喜欢糖果)[注意]very与much的区别:very修饰形容词、副词的原级和现在分词形容词,much修饰形容词和副词的比较级;much还可以修饰疑问句和否定句中的动词,very不可以。如:Heisverystupid.(他很笨)/Thefilmwasverymovingandeveryoneswept.(电影非常动人,大家都哭了)/Youmustworkmuchharderoryouwillfailtoenterthegoodschool.(你得学习更努力,不然你考不进那所好学校)/Idon’tlikehimmuch.(我不太喜欢他)⑹sometimes、sometime、sometimes、sometime的用法:sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、sometimes(数次)表示次数、sometime(一些时间)表示一段时间。如:Sometimestheygohikinginthemountains.(他们有时徒步旅行到山里去)/Iwillstayheresometime.(我会在这儿呆些时候的。)/Iwillmeetyourfathersometime.(我什么时候要见见你的父亲。)⑺how、what用于感叹句的用法:对句子中的形容词或副词感叹时用how,对人或事物(可能含有形容词作修饰语)进行感叹用what.如:Whatafineday(itis)today!(今天天气真好!)/Howdifficult(theproblemis)!((问题)真难呀!)⑻already、yet的用法:在完成时中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句。如:Haveyoudoneitalready?(你已经做好了?)/Ihavenothadmybreakfastyet.(我还没有吃早饭呢。)⑼hard与hardly的用法:hard作为副词意思是:“努力地,猛烈地”,hardly是否定词,意思是:“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用。如:TheystudyEnglishveryhard.(他们英语学得很刻苦)/Youcanhardlyseeapersonspitinapublicplace.(在公共场所你几乎看不到一个人随地吐痰)⑽like...verymuch、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法:三个短语分别表示“非常喜欢”、“更喜欢”、“最喜欢”。如:Ilikebaseballverymuch.(我非常喜欢棒球)/Doyoulikebutterbetterthancheese?(/Theylikehamburgersbest.⑾“quite/what+a+形容词+名词”的用法:记住:①quite/such/what...+a+形容词+名词;②too/so/how+形容词+a+名词;③rather+a+形容词+名词=a+rather+形容词+名词。如:Ihaveneverseensuchastrangeguy(家伙).(我从未见过这样奇怪的家伙)/Itis第236页
quiteanicedayforawalk.(这真是散步的好日子)⑿how的几个短语:howoften“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语进行提问;howsoon“多久以后”,用于将来时态;howlong“多久”,用于过去时、完成时或其他时态;howmanytimes“多少次”,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问;howmuch“多么,多少”,对程度进行提问,也可以对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。如:Howlonghaveyoubeenlikethis?(你这样已经多久了?)/Howoftendoeshewashhisface?(他每隔多久洗一次脸?)⒀much、more与most的用法:这三个词除了是形容词作名词的修饰语之外,还是程度副词,much表示“很”,修饰原级形/副,more表示“更”用来构成多音节形/副的比较级,most表示“最”用来构成多音节形/副的最高级。此外,much也可以修饰比较级形/副。如:Thisparkismuchmorebeautifulthanthatone.(这个公园比那个漂亮多了)/ItisthemostinstructivefilmIhaveeverseen.(这是我看过的最有教育意义的电影)⒁nomore、nolonger、not...anymore、no...anylonger的用法:表示时间,可以用nolonger、not...nymore、no...anylonger,而且nolonger只能放在谓语动词之前;表示程度,可以用nomore、not...anymore.如:Henolongerlivedthere.(他不再住在那里)/Tomwantednomorecakes.(他不想再要蛋糕)/Hedidn’tsmokeanymore/longer.(他不再抽烟)⒂被动语态中,方式副词一般放在be与谓语动词之间。如:Therunnerwasbadlyhurt.(赛跑运动员受了重伤)/Englishiswidelyspokenintheworldtoday.(如今世界上英语说得很广泛)⒃too...to...与so...that...的问题:副词too/so后面跟形容词或副词,to后面跟动词,that后面跟从句。Too...to...(“太.……以致不……”)是否定的结构,用于简单句;so...that...(“如此…以致…”)是肯定结构,用于复合句。如:Thechildistooyoungtojointhearmy.(这孩子年龄太小还不能参军)/Heissostrongthathecanlifttheheavybox.(他这么强壮,搬得动那个重箱子。)⒄既是形容词也是副词的单词有:early,late,long,last,next,first,near,enough,much,all,hard,alone,fast,slow,high,low,straight等等。如:Itwasalongholiday.(那是个长假)/Hestayedthereverylong.(他在那儿呆了好久)/Thinkhardthenyouwillfindaway.(好好想你就会找到办法)/Heisaveryhard(难对付的)person.(他是个难玩的家伙)⒅farther与further的用法区别:表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义,意思为“更远、较远”,但是further还表示“更多、进一步、额外”等意思,此时不能换为farther.如:Theydecidedtogofarther/furtherthenextday.(他们决定第二天走得再远些)/Thisproblemwillbefurtherdiscussed.(这个问题还要进一步讨论)/Everyoneofthemhadtheirfurtherstudiesaftertheyleftcollege.(他们每个人大学毕业后继续进修)⒆rather与quite的用法区别:同very一样,两个词都表示形容词或副词的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比预料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含义,含有令人惊讶的意思。见下图对“nice”程度的描绘:notnice(fairly)nicequiteniceratherniceverynice如:It’squiteanicefilm.(这是部好片子)。(可能意味着不是一部最好的电影)/It’sratheranicefilm.(这是部很不错的电影。)(意味着比大多数电影都好)[注意]注意quite与rather后面的次序词序。⒇maybe、possibly、perhaps的区别:maybe“可能、也许”,比另外两个词更不正式、更随便、可能性不大;possibly“可能地、或者、也许”,可能性较大,在否定句和疑问句中表示“无论如何”;perhaps“可能”,较为常用而且正式,可能性也不大。如:Youcouldputitoverthere,maybe.(也许你可以把它放在那边)/Icouldn’tpossiblyhavefinishedsuchalongbookinsuchashorttime.第236页
(我不可能在这么短的时间内完成这么长的一本书)/Ithoughtperhapsitwastheletteryouhavebeenexpecting.(我以为那也许就是你期盼的信件)(21)most、mostly的区别:most作为形容词和名词时意思是“大多数的、大部分的”,作为副词时意思为“最,十分、很”;mostly仅为副词,意思为“主要地、多半地、大部分地”。如:IwasathomemostofthetimewhenIwasfree.(我有空时大部分时间都在家)Mostchildrenarenaughty.(大部分的孩子都淘气)/Thisisthemostexcitingpartofthefilm.(这是电影中最令人兴奋的部分)/SheismostlyoutonSundays.(星期天她一般不在家)(22)(be)worth、(be)worthyof的区别:worth一般被看作是介词,后面接名词或者动名词,用主动表示被动含义,还可以用副词well修饰;worthyof表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟动名词的被动形式。如:Whatisworthdoingatallisworthdoingwell(凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做)./Thehouseisworth¥300,000.(房子价值30万元)/Thisbookiswellworthreadingseveraltimes.(这本书值得好好读几遍)/Itisathingworthyofbeingseen.(这是一个值得看的东西)(23)almost、nearly的区别:两个词意思相近,都表示“几乎、将近”,大多数情况下可以互换,与否定词连用时用almost不用nearly.almostno相当于hardlyany(几乎没有)。如:Hehaddonealmostnothingtoday.(他今天几乎没有干什么)/Wearealmost/nearlythere.(我们几乎就到那里了)/Almostnobody/Hardlyanybodyunderstoodhiswords.(几乎没有人懂他的话)(24)abit与alittle的区别:这两个名词短语经常当作副词使用,修饰形容词或副词的原级或比较级,可以互换,语气比rather弱。如:Thisdigitalcameraisabit(alittle)expensive.(这台数码相机有点贵)/Itisalittle(abit)colderthanyesterday.(今天比昨天冷了点)另外,alittle可以直接加不可数名词,abit则采用“abit+of+名词(不可数或可数名词复数)”的形式。如:Ihavegotabitofacold.(我有点感冒)/Goandgetalittlewaterforme,please.(请你去给我搞点水来)[注意]notabit(=notatall)意为“根本不”,而notalittle则意为“非常,不是一点”。3、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级1、分类:形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。2、规则变化:(1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上er,est构成比较级和最高级。a)直接加er,est:b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加er,est:c)以辅音字母+y结尾的,先把y改为i再加上er,est:(2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加more/most.3、不规则变化:原级比较级最高级good好的better更好的best最好的well好;(身体)好的,bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地;(身体)更不舒服的worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地;(身体)最不舒服的ill(身体)不舒服的many许多的(可数)more更多的;更most最多的;最much许多的(不可数);非常little少的less更少的least最少的far远的;远地farther更远的;更远地farthest最远的;最远地further进一步的(地)furthest最深刻的(地)4、形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法:(1)讲述某人/物自身的情况时,用原级。基本句型是:第236页
主语(sb./sth)+谓语动词+(very/too/so/quite/rather…)+形容词/副词原级+….如:Heisveryoldnow.(他现在很老了)/Theyranquitefast.(它们跑得相当快)/Theweatherlooksratherbad.(天气看上去相当糟)/Iamsohappy!(我是如此的快乐)☆表示两者之间没有差别时,使用句型:主语(第一个人物)+谓语动词+as+形容词/副词原级+as+第二个人物+….如:Heisasexcitedashisyoungersister.(他和他妹妹一样兴奋)/Lilyrodeherbikeasslowlyasanoldlady.(莉莉骑车像老太太一样慢)/Theypickedasmanyapplesasthefarmers(did).(他们摘的苹果和农民一样多)☆表示第一个人比不上第二个人时,使用句型:主语(第一个人物)+谓语动词(否定式)+as/so+形容词/副词原级+as+第二个人物+….如:Heisnotso/asexcitedashisyoungersister.(他没他妹妹那么兴奋)/Lilydidnotrideherbikeso/asslowlyasanoldlady.(莉莉骑车不像老太太那样慢)/Theydidn’tpickso/asmanyapplesasthefarmers(did).(他们摘的苹果不如农民多)(2)讲述两者有差异,第一个人物超过第二个人物时,用比较级。基本句型:主语(‘A’)+谓语动词+(much/alittle/even/still)+形容词/副词比较级+than+第二个人物(‘B’)+….如:Amoderntrainismuchfasterthanacar.(现代的火车比轿车快多了)/Thisbookdidn’tcostmemorethanthatone.(这本书花费我的钱不比那本多)讲述两者有差异,第一个人物不及第二个人物时,用比较级。句型是:主语(‘A’)+谓语动词+less+(多音节形/副)比较级+than+第二个人物(‘B’)+….如:IthinkEnglishislessdifficultthanmaths.(我认为英语不比数学难)/Doyouthinkitlessimportanttolearnaforeignlanguage?(你认为学外语不那么重要吗?)(3)讲述某人/物是一群之中最突出的一个时,用最高级。句型是:主语(sb./sth)+谓语动词+(the)+形容词/副词最高级+in/of….如:TheChangjiangRiveristhelongestinChina.(长江是中国最长的河流)/Hejumped(the)highestofthethree(boys).(三个男生中他跳得最高)4、关于比较等级的重要注释:1、以上六个句型中,如果动词是及物或不及物动词,则后面用副词;如果后面是连系动词,则后面用形容词。如:Thiscaristhefastestofthefour.(形容词)(这辆汽车是四辆之中最快的)/Thiscarruns(the)fastestofthefour.(副词)(这辆汽车是四辆之中跑得最快的)2、“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。如:Theweatherisgettingwarmerandwarmer.(天越来越温暖了)3、“the+比较级…,the+比较级…”表示“越…就越…”。如:Themoretreesweplant,thebetteritwillbe.(我们栽的树越多,情况就会越好)/Theharderyoutry,thegreateryourprogressis.(你越是努力,进步就越大)4、一般的形容词或副词的比较级前面可以加much/alittle/even/still,而表示数量的more之前还可以加some/any/no/one/two/many/several/alot等词。如:Itismuchcoldertodaythanyesterday.(今天比昨天冷多了)/Wouldyoulikesomemorecoffee?(你还要些咖啡吗?)/Hedidnoteatanymore.(他没有再吃)5、morethan/lessthan分别可以理解为“多于/少于”,相当于副词,morethan=over;lessthan=under.如:IlivedinNewYorkformorethanfourmonths.(我在纽约生活了四个多月)6、“oneofthe+最高级+名词(复数)”整个短语为单数含义,谓语要用单数形式。如:Oneoftheoldesthouseshasbeenburntinafire.(最古老的一幢房子在一场大火中被烧毁了)7、“Which/Who+动词+形/副,□,□or□?”句型中,如果有两个选项,形/副用比较级,如果有三个选项,形/副用最高级。如:Whohasmorebooks,LinTaoorHanMei?(林涛和韩梅谁的书最多?)/Whichistheheaviest,apig,ahorseoranelephant?(猪、马、象哪个最重?)8、上下文中含有both/either/neither/two/twins第236页
等表示两个事物的词时,用比较级,而且往往还要加the;含有all/none/noone/every等表示三个或三个以上事物时,用最高级。如:--Doyoulikethesmallerone?—Neither.(小一点的那个你喜欢吗?一个都不喜欢)/--Whichdoyoulikebest?–Allofthem!(你最喜欢哪个?全部。)七、介词:1、介词的主要用法:介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如:outof(从…中出来),becauseof(因为),awayfrom(距离…),ontopof(在…顶上),eversince(自从…),nextto(在…隔壁),accordingto(根据…),infrontof(在…前方)等。2、介词的分类表:(见下表)地点(位置、范围)介词:above在…前,about在…附近,across在…对面,after在…后面,against倚着...,along在…近旁,among在…中间,around在…周围,round在….周围,at在…处,before在...前,behind在...后,below低于...,beside在...旁边,between在...之间,by在...旁,down在...下面,from来自...,in在...里面,inside在...里面,near靠近...,of在...之中,on在...上面,outof在...之外,outside在....外面,over在....上方,under在...下方,up在...上面,ontopof在...顶部,infrontof在...前,closeto靠近...,inthemiddleof在...的中间,attheendof在...的末端,等等。方向(目标趋向)介词:across横越...,against对抗...,along沿着...,around绕着...,round环绕...,at朝着...,behind向…后面,etween…and…从…到...,by路过/通过...,down向…下,for向...,from从/离...,in进入...,into进入...,inside到...里面,near接近...,off脱离/除...,on向...上,outof向...外,outside向....外,over跨过...,past经过/超过...,through穿过...,to向/朝...,towards朝着...,onto到...上面,onto到...上面,up向...上,awayfrom远离...时间介词:about大约...,after在…以后,at在…(时刻),before在…以前,by到…为止,during在…期间,for有…(之久),from从…(时)起,in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后,on在(某日),past过了…(时),since自从…(至今),through贯穿…(期间),till直到…时,until直到…时,to到(下一时刻),eversince从那时起至今,atthebeginningof在...开始时,attheendof在...末,inthemiddleof在...当中,atthetimeof在...时方式介词:as作为/当作...,by用/由/乘坐/被...,in用…(语言),like与…一样,on骑(车)/徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机),over通过(收音机),through通过...,with用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼),without没有…涉及介词:about关于...,except除了…,besides除了…还...for对于/就…而言,in在…(方面),of…的,有关...,on关于/有关...,to对…而言,towards针对...,with就…而言其它介词:【目的介词】for为了...,from防止…,to为了…【原因介词】for因为...,with由于…,becauseof因为...【比较介词】as与…一样,like象…一样,than比...,to与…相比,unlike与…不同【伴随/状态介词】against和…一起(比赛),at在(上班/休息/上学/家,etc.),in穿着…(衣服/颜色),into变成...,on在(值日),with与…一起,有/带着/长着...,without没有/无/不与…一起3、介词短语的句法作用:介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如:Themancame.(状)(那个人走下楼来)/Thewomanisfromthecountryside.(定)(头上戴花的妇女来自乡下)/Theteacherisnowwiththepupils.(表)(老师现在和学生在一起)4、介词短语在句子中的位置:介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾;介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后;介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。如:HewantedtofindagoodjobinShanghaithenextyear.(状语)(他想来年在上海找份好工作)/Theysearchedtheroomforthethief.第236页
(他们在房间里搜索小偷)/Thelettersareforyou.(表语)(信是给你的)/Haveyouseenacatwithablackheadandfourwhitelegs?(定语)(你看见一只黑头白腿的猫了吗?)5、重要注释:⑴this/that/these/those/last/next/a/every/each等词构成的时间短语,前面不用任何介词。如:EveryyeartravellersfromabroadcometovisitPingyao.(每年都有国外的游客来游览平窑镇)/Hehadabadcoldthatweek.(那个星期他患重感冒)⑵for有时用来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语,常翻译成“对于…而言”。如:It’stoohardformetofinishtheworkinonlyonehour.(让我在区区一个小时内完成这项工作太难了)/Thehouseisbigenoughfor10mentolivein.(房子够大的可以容10个人住)⑶of有时用来表示后面的人物正好是前面的表语的逻辑主语。如:It’sverynice/kindofyoutodoso.(你这么做真是太好了)⑷介词有时会与它的宾语分离,而且宾语前置。①当宾语是疑问词时。Whoareyoutalkingabout?(你们在谈论谁?)②宾语在从句中当连接词时。Hehasayoungerbrotherwhohemusttakegoodcareof.(他有一个需要他照顾的小弟。)/Doyouknowwhoourteacheristalkingwithoverthere?(你知道我们的老师在那边和什么人谈话吗?)③动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面有介词。Ifinallyfoundachairtositon.(我最终找到了一张椅子坐。)(5)记住一些固定词组:arriveat/in(到达…),onfoot(步行),not…atall(根本不),tothenorthof(在…以北),intheeastof(在…的东部),inthenight(在夜间),atnight(在晚上),beafraidof(害怕…),befullof(充满/装满….),befilledwith(充满/装满….),begood/badfor(对…有益/有害),bemadeof(由…做成),bemadefrom(由…制造),playwith(玩耍……),lookoutof(朝…外面看),attheendof(在…末梢/结束时),bytheendof(不迟于…/到…末为止),withthehelpof或withone’shelp(在…的帮助下),lookafter(照料…),lookfor(寻找…),onabike(=bybike)骑车,helpsb.with(帮某人做…),geton(well)with(与某人相处[融洽]),等等。6、某些介词的用法辨析:⑴时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别:表示时间时,in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后),on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等,at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间;表示地点时,in表示在某个范围之内,on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如:HewasbornonthemorningofMay10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/Iusuallygetupat7:00inthemorning.(我通常在早上的七点钟起床)/Hisglassesarerightonhisnose.(他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上)/Heisatthecinemaatthemoment.(此刻他正在电影院)⑵after与in表示时间的用法区别:“after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在…时刻之后”常用于一般时态;“in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如:Hesaidthathewouldbehereafter6:00.(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿)/MyfatheriscomingbackfromEnglandinaboutamonth.(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来)⑶since与for表示时间的用法区别:“since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从…起一直到现在”,“for+(一段斶间)”表示“总共有…之久”,都常用于完成时态;如:UncleLihasworkedinthisfactorysince1970.(李叔叔自从1970年起就在这家工厂工作了)/UncleLihasworkedinthisfactoryforover30years.(李叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了30多年)⑷by、in与with表示方式的用法区别:都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以……方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如:Weseewithoureyesandwalkwithourfeet.(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/Pleasewritethatarticle(文章)inEnglish.(请你用英语写那篇文章)/Let’sgotothezoobytaxi.(我们打的去动物园吧。)/ItwaswrittenbyLaoShe.(那是老舍写的)⑸about与on的用法区别:都可以表示“有关…”,但是about的意义比较广,而on主要表示“有关…(专题/课程)”。如:TomisgoingtogiveatalkonthehistoryofAmerica.第236页
(汤姆要作一个美国历史的报告)/Theyareveryexcitedtalkingaboutthecomingfieldtrip.(他们兴致勃勃地谈论着即将来到的野外旅游)⑹through与across、over的用法区别:through指“穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)”;across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过…”时只能用over.如:Justthenarat(鼠)ranacrosstheroad.(就在那时一只老鼠跑过路面)/Thereisabridgeacross/overtheriver.(河上有座桥)/Theyclimbedoverthemountainandarrivedthereaheadoftime.(他们翻过大山提前到达了那里)/Thevisitorswentthroughabiggateintoanotherpark.(参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园)(7)as与like的区别:两个词都表示“像……”,但是as译为“作为……”,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,而like译为“像……一样”,表示外表,不是事实。如:Letmespeaktoyouasafather.(我以父亲的身份和你讲话。)(说话者是听者的父亲)/Letmespeaktoyoulikeafather.(让我像一位父亲一样和你讲话)(说话者不是听者的父亲)(8)attheendof、bytheendof、totheend、intheend的用法区别:attheendof…既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为“在…末;在…尽头”,常与过去时连用;bytheendof…只能表示时间,译为“在…前;到…为止”,常用于过去完成时;intheend与atlast基本等义,表示“终于、最后”,通常用于过去时;totheend译为“到…的终点为止”,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。如:Bytheendoflasttermwehadlearned16unitsofBookIII.(到上学期期末我们已经学习了第三册16个单元)/Attheendoftheroadyoucanfindabigwhitehousewithbrownwindows.(在路的尽头你能找到一幢有棕色窗户的白房子)/TheyleftforBeijingattheendoflastweek.(上周末他们动身去了北京)/Intheendhesucceededinthefinalexams.(他最终在期末考试中考及格了)/Weshouldgoonwiththeworktotheend.(我们应该把工作干到底)/Followthisroadtotheendandyouwillseeapostoffice.(沿这条路走到底就能看见一家邮电局)(9)foramoment、forthemoment、inamoment、atthemoment的区别:foramoment“一会儿、片刻”(=forawhile),常与持续性动词连用;forthemoment“暂时、目前”,常用于现在时;inamoment“一会儿、立即、马上”(=soon;inafewminutes),一般用于将来时;atthemoment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于现在进行时。如:Pleasewaitforamoment.(请稍等)/Let’sleavethingsastheyareforthemoment.(暂时就维持现状吧!)/I’llcomebackinamoment.(我过会儿回来)/Iamverybusyatthemoment.(眼下我很忙)(10)but的问题:用介词but引出另一个动词时,要注意:如果前面有do,后面就用原形动词,前面没有do时,后面的动词要加to。如:Icoulddonothingbutwait.(我什么也做不了只能等)/Theyhadnochoice(选择)buttofight.(他们没有选择只有战斗)(11)infrontof与inthefrontof:infrontof“在…的前面”,与inthefrontof“在…的前部”。如:Acarwasparkinginfrontofthehall.(大厅跟前停着一辆汽车)/Inthefrontofthehallstoodabigdesk.(大厅前部立着一个大讲台)(12)except与besides的区别:except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides“除了”则表示包含,即“不仅……又……”。如:EveryonewenttothePalaceMuseumexceptTom.(除了Tom,大家都去了故宫博物院)(Tom没有去故宫)/BesidesChinesehealsostudiedmanyothersubjects.(除了汉语之外,他还学其他许多功课)(“汉语”也是他学的功课之一)八、动词1、动词的分类:类别意义例句实义动词含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。Shehassomebananas.她吃些香蕉。Theyeatalotofpotatoes.他们常吃土豆。I’mreadinganEnglishbooknow.我现在正看一本英文书。第236页
连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。Hisfatherisateacher.他父亲是教师。Twinsusuallylookthesame.双胞胎通常看起来一样。Theteacherbecameveryangry.老师变得很生气。助动词本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。Hedoesn’tspeakEnglish.他不说英语。Weareplayingbasketball.我们在打篮球。Doyouhaveabrother?你有兄弟吗?情态动词本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。Youcankeepthebooksfortwoweeks.这些书你可以借两个星期。MayIsmokehere?我可以在这儿抽烟吗?Wemustgonow.我们现在得走了。★重要注解:(1)关于实义动词:①英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类:后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词;本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。②有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如:go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。有些动词通常用作及物动词。如:say,raise,lay,find,buy等。③大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如:study,sing等。④有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如:know,wash等。⑤有些动词常和介词、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如:listen,reply,wait,look.(2)关于连系动词:①连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。②常见的连系动词有:be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie等。③有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化:look(看→看起来)、feel(感觉、摸→感到)、smell(闻、嗅→闻起来)、taste(尝→尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动→变得)、grow(生长→变得)、get(得到、到达→变得)、go(去→变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。[注释]become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法区别:become表示“变成”,比较正式,通常不用将来时表示动作已经完成。get也表示动作已经完成,但是更加口语化,通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。go表示“变得”,常见于某些短语中,后面常有形容词bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成为、当”,多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“变得”,常指逐渐的变化,表示身高、岁数的增长。turn表示“变得”,指变为与原先不同的情况,通常指颜色等变化。如:IwascaughtintherainandIbecameill.(我淋雨感冒了)/Hehasgotrich.(他变富了)/Hewillbeascientistinthefuture.(将来他将成为科学家)/Mylittlebrotherhasgrownmuchtallerinthepastyear.(在过去的一年里我的弟弟长得高多了)/Thesandwichhasgonebad.(那块三明治已经变坏)/Herfaceturnedredafterhermothercriticized(批评)her.(妈妈批评了他以后他的脸变红了)(3)关于助动词:①常见的助动词有:用于进行时和被动语态的be(am,is,are,was,were,been,being);用于完成时的have(has,had,having);用于将来时的shall(should);will(would)和用于一般时的do(does,did).②助动词第236页
必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如:shall,will,should,would.(4)关于情态动词:①常见的情态动词有:can(could),may(might),must,shall(should),will(would),dare(dared),need等,另外,haveto、hadbetter也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。②can表示体力、脑力方面的能力或客观的可能性。口语中,在询问或说明一件事可不可以做时,常用“can”代替“may”。情态动词“can”的过去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot”通常缩写成“can’t”,“could”的否定式是“couldnot”,通常缩写成“couldn’t”。如:CanIhelpyou?(要帮忙吗?)/Hecanswim.(他会游泳)/Thatcan’tbeMrLi.(那不可能是李先生)③may表示允许、请求或可能性,用may提问时,肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,youmay.;否定回答一般用can’t或mustn’t.如:MayIaskyouaquestion?—Certainly.(可以问你一个问题吗?当然可以)/Youmaygonow.(现在你可以走了)/Itmaybeinyourpocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里)④must表示“必须”、“一定”的意思。表示“必须”时否定形式是mustn’t;表示“一定”时,否定形式是“can’t”如:Wemustbeverycarefulwhenwecrosstheroad.(我们过马路时一定要非常小心)/ItmustbeJack.(那准是杰克)/Ihaven’tseenKatetoday.Shecan’tbehere.(我今天没有看到过凯特,她不可能在这里)[注意]用must(必须)进行提问时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t;用must(一定)进行提问时,肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用can’t.如:Mustwecleantheroombeforeweleave?–Yes,youmust.或No,youneedn’t.(我们走之前必须要打扫房间吗?是的,必须打扫。/不,不需要。)/Mustshebeintheromm?–Yes,shemust.或No,shecan’t.(她一定在房间里吗?是的,一定。/不,不可能在。)⑤“haveto”表示“不得不”、“必须”。We’llhavetoleavenowforitisverylateatnight.haveto的疑问形式是:助动词+…+haveto,否定形式是:助动词+not+haveto或者用needn’t.如:Doyouhavetostayuntil8o’clock?(你得呆到8点钟吗?)/Youdon’thavetodoso.(=Youneedn’tdoso.)(你不用这么做)⑥shall在问句中,可表示征求对方意见,与第一人称连用;在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允许”等。如:Shallwegotothezoothisweekend?(我们这个周末去动物园好吗?)/Heshallbringhisownbooknexttime.(他下次必须带自己的书来)⑦should可表示“劝告”、“建议”、“惊奇”等意思。Weshouldspeaktooldpeoplepolitely.(我们应该礼貌地对老人讲话)⑧will表示“意愿”、“决心”等意思,一般与第二人称连用。如:Willyoupleaseclosethedoorforme?(请你替我把门关上好吗?)/Iwillteachyoualesson.(我要教训你一顿)⑨would表示过去的“意愿”、“决心”等。Hewouldsitnearthefireeverytimehereturnedhome.(每次他回到家中总要坐在火炉边)would也可以表示现在的情况,表达说话人向对方提出的要求,语气比“will”婉转、客气。在日常会话中,“我想要…”通常用“Iwouldliketo”或“Ishould(I’d)liketo”来表示。如:Wouldyouliketohavearestatthemoment?(你现在想要休息一下吗?)would还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如:Everyyearparentswouldtelltheirchildrenabouttheboywhowouldsavehispeople.(每一年父母们总是向孩子们讲述这个将会拯救他的人民的男孩的事)⑩need表示“需要”,用于疑问句或否定句。“need”作实义动词时,在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如:Heneedn’tdoitinsuchahurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事)/Heneedssomehelp.(他需要一些帮助)/Hedoesn’tneedtobringhisfootballsocksthen.(那么他就无须带上足球袜了)⑾dare是“敢”的意思,用法几乎与“need”完全相同,即在疑问句和否定句中,可以作情态动词,后面用不带“to”第236页
的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带“to”。HowdareyousayIamafool?(你竟敢说我是个傻瓜?)/Hedidn’tdaretotouchtheredbutton.(他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮)⑿‘dbetter(do)(“最好是”)一般也当作情态动词使用,否定式是:’dbetternot(do).如:You’dbettersithereandsaynothing.(你最好坐在这儿不讲话)/You’dbetternotspeakbecauseheissleeping.(你最好不要讲话因为他正在睡觉)2、动词词形变化一览表:(1)规则动词变化表:规则变化原形动词结尾情况现在时单三人称现在分词过去式和过去分词一般情况+s+ing+eds,x,ch,sh,o结尾+es+ing+ed辅音字母+y结尾y→i,+es+ingy→i,+ed重读闭音节一元一辅结尾+s双写辅音字母,+ing双写辅音字母,+ed不发音的e结尾+s去掉e,+ing+die结尾+sie→y,+ing+d不规则变化have→has;be→is(无)(见不规则动词变化表)注意:①在加ing或ed时动词如果以“r”结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“r”应双写。②s/es的读音规则:在清辅音后读[s];在浊辅音后和元音后读[z];在[s]、[F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后读[iz].③ed的读音规则:在清辅音后读[t];在浊辅音后和元音后读[d];在[t]、[d]后读[id].(2)不规则动词变化表:(原形→过去式→过去分词)be(am,is)wasbeenloselostlostbe(are)werebeenmakemademadebeatbeatbeatenmaymight becomebecamebecomemeanmeantmeantbeginbeganbegunmeetmetmetblowblewblownmistakemistookmistakenbreakbrokebrokenmustmust bringbroughtbroughtpaypaidpaidbuildbuiltbuiltputputputbuyboughtboughtreadreadReadcancould rideroderiddencatchcaughtcaughtringrangrungchoosechosechosenriseroserisencomecamecomerunranruncostcostcostsaysaidsaidcutcutcutseesawseendigdugdugsellsoldsolddodiddonesendsentsent第236页
drawdrewdrawnsetsetsetdrinkdrankdrunkshallshould drivedrovedrivenshineshoneshoneeatateeatenshowshowedshownfallfellfallenshutshutshutfeelfeltfeltsingsangsungfindfoundfoundsinksank/sunksunk/sunkenflyflewflownsitsetsetforgetforgotforgot/forgottensleepsleptsleptfreezefrozefrozensmellsmeltsmeltgetgotgotspeakspokespokengivegavegivenspendspentspentgowentgonespillspiltspiltgrowgrewgrownspoilspoiltspoilthanghung/hangedhung/hangedstandstoodstoodhave(has)hadhadsweepsweptswepthearheardheardswimswamswumhidehidhiddentaketooktakenhithithitteachtaughttaughtholdheldheldtelltoldtoldhurthurthurtthinkthoughtthoughtkeepkeptkeptthrowthrewthrownknowknewknownunderstandunderstoodunderstoodlaylaidlaidwakewoke/wakedwoken/wakedlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedwearworewornleaveleftleftwillwould lendlentlentwinwonwonletletletwritewrotewittenlielaylain 3、be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化:一般现在时一般将来时现在完成时Iam….Youare.…He/She/Itis….We/You/Theyare….(I等各人称)willbe….IamHe/She/Itisgoingtobe…We/You/TheyareIhavebeen….Youhavebeen….She/he/Ithasbeen….We/You/Theyhavebeen….一般过去时过去将来时过去完成时第236页
Iwas….Youwere.…He/She/Itwas….We/You/Theywere….(I等各人称)wouldbe….IwasHe/She/Itwasgoingtobe…We/You/TheywereIhadbeen….Youhadbeen….She/he/Ithadbeen….We/You/Theyhadbeen….注意:句型变化时,否定句在am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t(am后面not不可以缩写);疑问句将am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would提前到句首。4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表:现在时态一般现在时现在进行时一般将来时现在完成时谓语动词构成动词用原形(单三加s/es)(问句和否定句借用助词do/does)amis+动词-ingarewill+动词原形amis+goingto+动词原形arehave+过去分词has过去时态一般过去时过去进行时过去将来时过去完成时谓语动词构成动词用过去式(问句和否定句借用助词did)was+动词-ingwerewould+动词原形was+goingto+动词原形werehad+过去分词5、八种时态的具体用法:(1)一般现在时表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。① 一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语:often,usually,sometimes,always,every(day等),once/twice,a(week等),on(Sunday等),never,inthe(morning等)。如:TheygotothePalaceMuseumonceayear.(他们每年去一次故宫)/Theyoftendiscussbusinessintheevening.(他们经常在晚上商谈生意)② 表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如:Theearthturnsroundthesun.(地球绕着太阳转)/Lighttravelsfasterthansound.(光传播比声音快)③表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。如:ThetrainforHaikouleavesat8:00inthemorning.(开往汉口的列车上午8点开车)④在时间状语从句中(以when,after,before,while,until,assoonas等引导)和条件状语从句中(以if,unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。如:PleaseringmeupassoonasyouarriveinGermany.(你一到德国就给我打电话)/Ifitrainstomorrow,wewillhavetostayathome.(如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家)⑤一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come,go为主。如:Herecomesthebus.(车来了)/Theregoesthebell.(铃响了)。⑥一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Nowthemidfieldplayercatchestheballandhekeepsit.第236页
⑦人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有:like,love,hate,dislike,want,wish,hope,think(认为),understand,remember,forget,mean,need,hear,feel,see.如:Ithinkitisgoingtosnow.(我想天要下雪了)/Ireallyhopeyoucanenjoyyourstayhere.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿)(1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。① 表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:at(eight)(yesterdaymorning),(tenminutes)ago,when引导的时间状语从句。如:Igotupat6:00thismorning.(我是早上六点钟起床的)/LittleTombrokethewindowathalfpastninethismorning.(小汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了)/Whenhewentintotheroom,hesawastrangertalkingwithhisfather.(他走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和他父亲谈话)② 表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:yesterday,last(year等),in(1998等)。如:Hecametoourcityintheyear2000.(他2000年来到我们市)③ 表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有:last…,in…,from…to…,for(10years),often,usually,sometimes,always,never等。如:MrJacksonusuallywenttoeveningschoolswhenhewasyoung./Everydayhewenttotherichmanandborrowedbooksfromhim.④ 讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如:IhappenedtomeetRoseinthestreet.(我正好在街上遇到露西)(2)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。①一般将来时的时间状语有:tomorrow,this(afternoon),next(year),oneday,now,soon,someday,sometime,inthefuture,when引导的从句等。② 用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称,“will”用于所有人称。如:Iwillgraduatefromthisschoolsoon.(我很快就要从这所中学毕业了)/YouwillstayaloneafterIleave.(我走了之后你就要一个人过了)③ “am/is/aregoingto+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判断即将要发生的事情,而“am/is/areto+动词原形”表示安排或计划中的动作。如:Amantoldthemthatthewomanwastogivebirthtothespecialbaby.(有一个人告诉他们那个妇女就会生下那个特别的男孩)/It’sgoingtorainsoon.(天快要下雨了)④ 表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用will表达。如:Iwillgotothelabtogetsomechemicals(化学药剂).SopleasewaituntilIreturn.(我要到化学实验室去取些药品,请等我回头)⑤ 现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态)⑥ shall和will在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如:ShallwegotothezoonextSaturday?(我们下周六去动物园好吗?)/Willyoupleaseopenthedoorforme?(替我把门打开好吗?)⑦“beto+动词原形”表示按照计划将要发生的事情。如:Anangelcametotellherthatshewastohavethisspecialboy. (4)现在进行时现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。①现在进行时由“助动词be(amisare)+现在分词”构成。②现在进行时的时间状语有:now,this…,these…等,但经常不用。如:Whatare第236页
youdoingupinthetree?(你在树上干什么?)/Iamwritingalongnovelthesedays.(我最近在写一本长篇小说)③表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有:come,go,stay,leave,spend,do等。如:I’mcomingnow.(我就来)/Whatareyoudoingtomorrow?(你明天干什么?)/Heisleavingsoon.(他就要走了)④表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如:Heisalwaysborrowingmoneyfrommeandforgettingallaboutitsometimelater.(他老是向我借钱,过一些时候就忘得一干二净)初一:1.—Whereisyourmum?—She_______atthekitchen.(5)过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。①过去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。②过去进行时的时间状语有:then,atthattime,thistimeyesterday,at(eight)yesterday(morning),(ayear)ago,以及由when引出的时间状语从句。如:Hewascookingsupperthistimeyesterday.(昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭)/ThelittlegirlwasplayingwithhertoywhenIsawher.(我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具)③用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如:Shewasithappenwhenshewaswalkingpast.(她路过时看到事情的发生)/Theysangalotofsongswhiletheywerewalkinginthedarkforest.(他们在黑暗的森林里走时唱了很多歌)④也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如:Hewasalwaysborrowingmoneyfrommewhenhelivedhere.(他住在这里时老向我借钱)(6)现在完成时现在完成时表示一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。①在完成时由“助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词”构成。②表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有:already,yet,just,once,twice,ever,never,threetimes,before等。如:Ihaveneverseensuchfinepicturesbefore.(我以前从来没有看过这么好的画)/HehasjustgonetoEngland.(他刚去英国)③表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时,时间状语有:for(twoyears),since1990,since(twoweeksago)和since引导的状语从句。如:Ihavebeenawayfrommyhometownforthirtyyears.(我离开家乡有30年了)/UncleWanghasworkedinthefactorysinceitopened.(自从这家工厂开张,王叔叔一直在那儿工作)④口语中havegot往往表示have(有)的意思。如:Theyhavegotthousandsofbooksintheirlibrary.(他们图书馆有上万本书)⑤havebeento与havegoneto的区别:havegoneto(“已经去了”)表示人不在这里,havebeento(“去过”)表示人在这里。如:--WhereisMrLi?–HehasgonetotheUK.(李先生在哪里?他去了英国。)/--DoyouknowsomethingaboutBeijing?–Yes,IhavebeentoBeijingthreetimes.(你知道北京的情况吗?是的,我去过那里三次。)⑥在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。具体变化见下表:第236页
瞬间性动词的完成时→延续性动词或状态动词的完成时have(already)goneto…havebeenin/at…for(twoyears)has cometo…hasbeenheresince(1990)(had) left…(had)beenawayfrom… arrived… beenin… died beendead begun beenon ended beenover bought... had… borrowed… kept… joined… beenin… 或者使用下面这个句型:Itis/hasbeen+(多久)+since+主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+……+过去时间状语[注意]在其它的时态中也存在类似问题,记住,关键是:瞬间动词不能和表达一段时间的状语连用。如:HowlongmayIkeepthebook?(这本书我能借多久?)(句子中keep取代了borrow)(7)过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之,过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。①过去完成时由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成。②过去完成时时间状语有:by(yesterday),bythen,bytheendof(last…)或者由when,before等引出状语从句。有时句子中会有already,just,once,ever,never等词语,也会有for…或since…构成的时间状语。如:Theyhadalreadyfinishedcleaningtheclassroomwhentheirteachercame.(当老师来的时候他们已经打扫完了教室)/Thewomanhadleftbeforeherealizedshewasacheat.(在他发觉那个妇女是个骗子时她已经走掉了)③过去完成时常用于宾语从句中、after引导的从句中,或者从句是before引导的主句中。如:AfterIhadputonmyshoesandhat,Iwalkedintothedarkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走进了黑暗之中)/Hesaidthathehadneverseenakangaroobefore.(他说他以前从来没有见过袋鼠)(8)过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态。①过去将来时由“助动词should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形”构成。在美国英语中,过去将来时的助动词一律用“would+动词原形”。②过去将来时常由于宾语从句中,时间状语有:later,soon,thenext(day).③在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时,而应该使用一般过去时。如:HepromisedthathewouldpaymealotifIhelpedhimwiththeproject.(他答应付给我许多钱如果我帮助他搞那个项目)/Everytimewhenhewasfree,hewouldsitdownandreadsomebooks.(每次只要他有空他就会坐下来看看书)④表示纯粹的将来时用would或should,表示打算或主观认为的事情用was/weregoingto(+动词原形)。如:Shetoldmeshewouldbe18thenextmonth.(她告诉我她下个月就18岁了)/Shetoldmethatshewasgoingtohaveawalkwithherpetdog.(她告诉我她打算带她的宠物狗去散步)⑤过去将来时还可以表示一个过去经常性的动作。如:Whenitrainedintheday,hewouldbringanumbrellawithhim.(白天下雨时他会随身带一把雨伞)(9)现在完成进行时:现在完成进行时指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并由可能继续下去的动作,它具有现在完成时和现在进行时双重特征,结构是:“have/has+been+第236页
动词的现在分词”。如:Ihavebeenswimminginthecoldwaterforabouttwohours.(我已经在冰冷的水里游了将近两个小时)/Howlonghaveyoubeenwaitinghere?(你在这里一直等了多久?)6、被动语态:(1)被动语态定义:被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别,而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。(2)英语中被动语态由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表:现在时态一般现在时现在进行时一般将来时现在完成时谓语动词构成amis+p.p.areamis+being+p.p.arewill+be+p.p.amis+goingto+be+p.p.arehave(has)+been+p.p.过去时态一般过去时过去进行时过去将来时过去完成时谓语动词构成was+p.p.werewas+being+p.p.werewould+be+p.p.was+goingto+be+p.p.werehad+been+p.p.[注]p.p.表示过去分词。(1)被动语态的用法:①不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略by短语。如:Amanwaskilledintheaccident.(一个人死于事故)/Thiswindowwasbrokenyesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的)②不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。如:Riceisalsogrowninthisplace.(这个地方也种水稻)/Arailroadwillbebuilthereinthreeyears.(三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路)③强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语。如:ItwaswrittenbyLuXun.(它(书)是鲁迅写的)/Apetdogisneverkilledbyitsowner.(宠物狗是不会被主人宰杀的)(2)主动语态如何改写为被动语态:主动句:主语(人/物)+谓语(及物动词)+宾语(人/物)+其他+状语(动作的执行者)(各种时态形式)(动作的承受者)被动句:主语(人/物)+谓语(及物动词)+by+人/物+其他+状语(动作的承受者)(be+过去分词)(动作的执行者)(3)注意点:第236页
①“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如:Histeachergavehimadictionary.→Hewasgivenadictionarybyhisteacher.(老师给他一本字典→他得到老师一本字典)也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如:Histeachergavehimadictionary.→Adictionarywasgiventohimbyhisteacher.(老师给他一本字典→一本字典由老师送给了他)/Hisfathermadehimakite.→Akitewasmadeforhimbyhisfather.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝→一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他)②“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加to.如:Thebossmadethepoormanwork12hoursaday.→Thepoormanwasmadetowork12hoursaday.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作12小时→这个可怜人被迫一天工作12小时)③“动词+…+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如:Thegirltakesgoodcareofherlittlebrother.→Thegirl’slittlebrotheristakengoodcareofbyher.(女孩照顾小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)④“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如:Heispleased/worried/tired/…….(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……)Hewashit/knockeddown/told/shot/…….(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中……)7、动词的非谓语形式:动词不做谓语时的固定形式。(1)动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式;其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。(2)动词不定式:①形式:动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式只要在“to”前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是:“wh-疑问词+to+动词原形”。*它的被动形式:“tobe+过去分词”。*它的完成形式:“tohave+过去分词”。②动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不定式也保留动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。③动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用forsb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。如:Tohelpanimalsishelpingpeople.(帮助动物就是帮助人)/Itisverydifficult(forus)tolearnChinesewell.((对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)/Ittookmehalfanhourtoworkoutthisproblem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间)④动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。[A]及物动词+不定式一般形式:谓语动词(vt.)+不定式(作宾语)[说明]want(想)/try(试图)/decide(决定)/wouldlike(想要)/hope(希望)/love(喜爱)/learn(学会)/afford(提供)/agree(同意)/fail(失败、未能)/mean(意味着)/prefer(宁愿)/wish(希望)+to(do)(无)help(帮助)to可以省略begin(开始)/start(开始)/hate(憎恨)也可跟动名词,意义变化不大第236页
forget(忘记)/remember(记得)/like(总爱)也可跟动名词,意义变化较大如:Iwouldliketohavearestatthemoment.(我现在想休息一下)/Theybegantosearchtheroomforthethief.(他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷)/Helikedtohaveaswiminthepoolnearhishouse.(他喜爱在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/WhendidyoulearntospeakEnglish?(你什么时候开始学英语的?)/Don’tforgettoclosethedoorwhenyouleave.(你离开时别忘了关门[比较]Heforgottoturnoffthelight.(他忘了关灯.)(没关)/Heforgotturningoffthelight.(他忘记关过灯.)(关了)/Pleaseremembertoringmeup.(记得给我打电话.)(还没打电话)/Iremembercallingyouyesterdaybutyouforgot.(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了.)(打过电话)[B]及物动词+疑问词+不定式:谓语动词(vt.)+wh-疑问词+不定式(作宾语)[说明]tell(告诉)/show(显示)/know(知道)/ask(问)/findout(发现)/understand(明白)/wonder(疑惑)/learn(学会)/forget(忘记)/remember(记得)/teachsb.(教某人)/discuss(商讨)whatwhere+how+to(do)whowhich……不定式疑问形式还可以作句子的主语、表语等。如:Hedoesnotknowwhichonetotake.(他不知道该选哪个)/Tellmehowtogettothestation.(告诉我怎么样去火车站)/Sheaskedmewhattodofortoday’shomework.(她问我今天家庭作业做什么)/Canyouteachmehowtosearchtheinternet?(你能教我怎样上网吗?)[C]不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替作形式宾语,而不定式则后置。如:Ifounditnotveryeasytolearntorideabike.(我发现学骑车不很容易)⑤动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。[A]记住下面的一些结构:被修饰部分+不定式(作后置定语)汉语意思akeytolockthedoor锁门的钥匙aboxtoholdthesethings装这些东西的箱子giveherabooktoread给她一本书读Isthereany(+名词/代词)to(do)?有…要(做的)吗?It’stimetogo.是走的时间了。/该走了。Doyouhaveanyworktodo?你有工作要做吗?I’dlikesomethingtoeat.我要点儿吃的。Ihavenothingtosay.我没有话要说。Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?你要点儿喝的吗?[B]在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。如:Theycouldnotfindaplacetolivein.(他们找不到住的地方)/Pleasegivemeachairtositon.(请给我一张椅子坐坐)/Hehasgotawritingbrushtowritewith.((他找到了写字的毛笔)⑥动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况:[A]放在不及物动词(come,go,stop,finish,wait等词)的后面。如:Hecametoseeheryesterday.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的)/Istoppedtohavearest.(我停下来休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的)[B]放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之后)。如:Wecleanedtheroomtolethimplayinit.第236页
(我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩)/Iopenedthewindowtoseemoreclearly.(我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿)[C]有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。如:Toarrivethereontime,Igotuponehourearlierthanusual.(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时)(表示早起的目的)[注意]stoptodo与stopdoing的不同。如:Theystoppedtohavealook.(他们停下来看看)(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语)/Theystoppedlookingoutofthewindowandbegantolistentotheteahcher.(他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容)⑦动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。如:Myjobistokeepthegoal.(我的工作就是守住球门)⑧动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。谓语动词(vt.)+宾语(人/物)+不定式(作宾语补足语)ask(请)/tell(关照)/teach(教)/want(想要)/wouldlike(想要)/get(让)/help(帮)/invite(邀请)/like(喜欢)/warn(警告)/+sb./sth.+to(do)make(使得)/let(让)/hear(听)/see(看)/feel(感觉)/watch(观看)/have(使得)/help(帮助)+sb./sth.+(do)如:Mumaskedmetohelpherwiththecooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭)/Iwouldlikeyoutoseemyparents.(我想要你见见我的父母)/Thebossoftenmadetheworkerswork14hoursaday.(老板常让工人们一天工作14小时)/Nowletmehearyouplaytheviolin.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴)[注意]help之后做宾补的不定式符号to可以省略;hear/see/feel/watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较:IheardhercryingwhenIwalkedpast.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况)Isatnearherandheardhersingthenewsong.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程)(3)动名词①动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰;它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。②动名词可以作主语。一般可用it作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。如:LearningEnglishallbyyourselfisnotsoeasy.(自学好英语不那么容易)(=ItisnotsoeasylearningEnglishallbyyourself.)③动名词可以作宾语。[A]want/need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如:Yourcarneedsreparingbadly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修)Myhairneedscutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理)[B]remember/forge/stop/finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。如:Iforgottowritealettertohim.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写)/Iforgotwritingalettertohim.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了)/Theystoppedtolookback.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看)/Theystoppedlookingback.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了)[C]enjoy/mind/keep/hate/go等词一般用动名词作宾语。如:Doyoumindmyclosingthedoor?(把门关上你介意吗?)/Shehatestravellingbyair.(她讨厌坐飞机旅行)/Theywentswimmingeveryafternoon.(他们每天下午去游泳)/Ienjoywalkingaroundthetown.(我喜欢在镇上转悠)[D]like/love/start/begin/learn后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。如:第236页
WebegantostudyEnglishwhenwewereatprimaryschool.(我们在小学时就开始学英语了)/WebeganstudyingEnglishwhenwewereatprimaryschool.(我们在小学时就开始学英语了)④动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。如:Myjobisputtingthesepartstogether.(我的事情是把这些部件拼起来)/Iamputtingthesepartstogether.(我正在把这些部件拼起来)⑤动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。如:Eatingtoomuchisnotgoodforyourhealth.(动名词短语,作主语)/Seeingisbelieving.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语)/Heranafteramovingbusandgotontoit.(现在分词,作定语)/Hisfathersawhimsittingonsomeeggs.(现在分词,作宾补)(4)分词:包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点)①主要区别:现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思;过去分词有被动或动作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。②分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。[A]作定语:分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。如:Ihavegotarunningnose.(我流鼻涕)/Thewomanrunningafterthethiefshoutedveryloudly,“Stopthethief!”(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊:捉小偷!)/YesterdayImetamancalledMr.Black.(昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人)/Heonlygavemeabrokenglass,soIwasveryangrywithhim.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气)[B]现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语)谓语动词(vt.)宾语宾语补足语keep(保持)/see(看到)/hear(听到)/watch(注意到)/feel(感觉到)sb./sth.(do)ing如:Mumkeptmeworkingalltheweek.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作)/WhenIenteredtheroom,IsawJackeatingabigpear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/InthedarkIfeltsomethingverycoldmovingonmyfoot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动)[C]现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。如:Shecameintotheclassroom,holdingapileofpapersinherhand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸)/Iamverybusythesedaysgettingreadyforthecomingoraltest.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试)[D]过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。常用过去分词作表语的结构有:beworried(焦虑)/bepleased(高兴)/betired(疲劳)/getdressed(打扮好)/getlost(迷路)/getcaught(遭遇)/beomefrustrated(沮丧)/becomeinteretedin(对…感兴趣)等等。例略。[E]过去分词可以作宾语补足语。如:Ihadmyhaircutthismorning.(今天早上我让人给我理了发)(注意:havesth.done表示动作由别人来做,而havedonesth.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆)8、动词用法辨析:(1)“Whynot+动词原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是简略句,完全形式是:Whydon’tyou+动词原形+…?如:Whynotgoandhavealook?(干嘛不去看看?)/Whynottryitonceagain?(为什么不再试试?)(2)seem(好象)的用法:记住几个结构:①sb./sth.+seem+(tobe+)形容词+…;②sb./sth.+seem+like+…;③sb/sth+seem+to(do);④Itseemsthat+从句。如:Heseemed(to第236页
be)veryhappywhenhewascalledbytheheadmaster.(被校长叫到名字时他好象很开心)/ItseemsthatnobodyelsecoulddosuchafoolishthingexceptJim.(除了吉姆好象没有什么人会做出如此愚蠢的事情来)(3)beafraid(害怕)的用法:记住几个结构:①beafraidofsth;beafraidof(doing);②beafraidto(do);③beafraidthat+从句。如:Sheisalittleafraidofsnakes.(她有点怕蛇)/Don’tbesoafraidtostayathomealoneatnight.(别害怕晚上一个人在家)/I’mafraidthatsomebodywilltakehisplacebecauseofhisseriousmistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因为他犯了那么大的错误)(4)besorry(抱歉)的用法:记住几个结构:①besorryfor(sth);②besorryfor(doingsth);③besorryto(do);④besorrythat+从句。如:Iamverysorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.(不好意思让你久等了)Iamsorrytotroubleyou.(对不起,麻烦你了)/Iamsorry(that)heisn’thereatthemoment.(恐怕他现在不在)(5)besure(确信)的用法:记住几个结构:①besureof(sth);②besureto(do);③besurethat+从句。如:Shetoldmemanytimesthatshewassuretocome.(她给我讲过多次她一定会来的)/Areyousureofyouranswer?Maybeit’swrong.(你对你的答案有把握吗?也许是错的。)/IamsurethatDadwillhelpmewiththejob.(我确信爸爸会帮着我做这件事情的)(6)make与do的用法:一般情况下表示进行活动或者做工作用do,表示创造建构某事物用make.如:Idon’tknowwhattodo.(我不知道该干什么)/I’mnotgoingtodoanywork.(我不准备做什么)/MyfatherandIoncemadeaboat.(我和我爸曾经做过一只船)此外还要记住一些固定说法:dogood/harm/business/one’sbest/afavour……makeadecision/aneffort/amistake/anoise/aphonecall/money/war/thebed/sure,...(7)puton、wear、have…on、bein、tryon、dress的用法:puton强调“穿、戴”这个动作过程,wear则表示“穿着、戴着”这一状态,have+衣物+on主要表示状态,bein(+颜色/衣物)也是表示一个状况,dress(+人)表示“给…人穿衣”。如:Pleaseputonyournewshoes.(请穿上你的新鞋)/Thetwinsarewearingthesameclothes.(双胞胎穿着相同的衣服)/Todayshehasanovercoaton.(今天她穿着一件大衣)/Doyouknowthewomanwhoisinblack?(你认识那个身穿黑衣的女人吗?)/DadisdressingTomnow.(爹正在给汤姆穿衣)[注意]dress与wear或puton的区别:wear或puton常用衣物作宾语,而dress常用人作宾语。表示给自己穿衣时常用“getdressed”或“dressoneself”表达。bedressedin与wear基本同义。dressup意为“穿上盛装、乔装打扮”。如:Couldyoudressthebabyforme?(你能替我给宝宝穿衣吗?)/Heiseightbutcan’tdresshimself.(他八岁了,还不会穿衣服)/Shewasdressedinaredcoat.(她穿着一件红上衣)/DoIhavetodressuptogotoJim’sparty?(我得穿上好衣服去参加吉姆的聚会吗?)(8)like、love与enjoy的用法:三个词都含有“喜欢”的意思,但是,like和enjoy后面跟动名词,love后面一般跟动词不定式lovetodosth.。like后面有时跟动词不定式,表示一种习惯或嗜好(往往与具体的时间或地点有关)。enjoy后面还可以加名词、反身代词,表示“享受…乐趣;玩得开心”。如:Doyoulikeshopping?(你喜欢购物吗?)/Helikestohaveaswimwhenhegetshomeeveryafternoon(习惯,与具体的时间有关).(每天下午放学后他总爱游个泳)/Theylovetosingforeignsongs.(他们喜爱唱外国歌曲)/Didyouenjoyyourselfattheparty?(在聚会上你玩得开心吗?)/HeenjoyslivinginChina.(他喜欢在中国生活)(9)study、learn的用法:study主要表示“学习、研究”,指过程;而learn主要表示“学会”,指结果。表示“学”时可以互换。如:Howmanysubjectsdoyoustudy?(你学多少门课程?)/Haveyoulearnedityet?(这个你学过了吗?)/Howlonghaveyoustudied/learnedEnglish?(你学英语多久了?)learn还可以表示“听说”,如:Helearnedthemusicianhimselfwasintown.(他听说音乐家本人就在城里)第236页
(10)think、want、wouldlike的用法:三个词都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、考虑”,want指“想要、愿望、企图”,wouldlike指“想要”,think后面一般跟介词短语或从句,want和wouldlike后面跟名词或动词不定式。如:DoyouthinkthatChinawillbecomeadevelopedcountryin40years?(你认为中国会在40年后成为发达国家吗?)/IamthinkingofthemoneyIoncelenttoLiMin.((我正在想着以前借给黎敏的钱)/Whatdoyoureallywanttosay?(你到底想干什么?)/Whichofthesecakeswouldyoulike(tohave)?(这些饼子中你想吃哪些?)(11)lookfor、search…for、find、findout的用法:前面两个词语表示动作过程,后面两个表示结果,lookfor指“寻找”不见的或丢失的东西,但还没有找到;search…for…指“为找…而搜寻…”;find指“找到”了东西;findout主要指“查明一个事实真相”。如:Hey,Monkey,whatareyoulookingforinthecupboard?(嘿,猴儿!你在厨子里面找什么呢?)/Haveyoufoundthelostkeytoyourcar?(你找着丢失的车钥匙了吗?)/Thesoldiersweresearchingtheroomforthespywhentheyheardaloudnoise.(士兵们正在房间里面搜寻间谍突然间他们听到了衣声巨响)/Let’strytofindoutwhobrokethewindow.(让我们查查谁把窗子打破了)[注解]find的几个结构:findsb.sth“为某人找到…”,findsth./sb.+adj./n.“发觉某人是…”,findit+adj.+todo…(或+宾语从句)“发现(做……)如何”。如:Hismotherfoundherdaughteraveryclevergirl.(他的母亲发现她的女儿是个聪明的女孩)(名词作补语补足语)/Youcaneasilyfinditnotgoodforyourhealthtoeatcoldfood.(你很容易就会发现吃冷食对你的身体是不利的)(12)listento、hear的用法:两个词与听觉有关,listento指“听”这一过程,hear指“听到”这一结果。如:Areyoulisteningtome,Jim?Yes,Ihaveheardyourwords.(吉姆,你在听我说吗?是的,你的话我全听见了)(13)look、see、watch、read的用法:四个词均与眼睛有关,look指放眼去“看”(不管是否看得到),指“看”的过程;see指“看见”这一结果,有时see还引申为“明白”,表示“看”时后面加“电影”等词,seethefilm/film;watch指专注的看,含有“注视、监视”之义,后面常跟“电视、比赛”等词;read限制为看书面材料,译为“看、阅读”,后面跟“书、报纸、杂志”等词。如:Whatareyoulookingat?(你在看什么?)/Pleaselookattheblackboard.(请看黑板)/Letmegotoseethefilm,mum,willyou?(妈妈,让我去看电影吧,好吗?)/Hewon’tfeelwelluntilhefinisheswatchingthefootballmatch.(要看完了足球赛他才会感觉好些)/Readinggivesusknowledge.(阅读给我们知识)(14)hear、hearof、hearfrom、learn的用法:hear“听说”,后面可以跟名词、代词、从句表示听见的内容,hearof“听说”,后面跟人,指对某人有耳闻但没有见过面;hearfrom“收到……的来信”,后面加人;learn“听说、得知”,后面跟从句,含义与hear相似。如:IhearMrGreeniscomingtoseeustonight.(我听说格林先生今晚要来看望我们)/HaveyoueverheardofthemanwhooncewenttotheHimalayaMountains?(你是否听说过那个去过喜马拉雅山的人?)/Howoftendoyouhearfromyourfather?(隔多久你收到你父亲的信?)/Helearnedthemusicianhimselfwasintown.(他听说音乐家本人就在城里)(15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法:四个词与“说”有关。speak“讲话、发言、演说”,是不及物动词,涉及人时要加介词to,speak作及物动词时后面跟语言名称;talk“谈话、闲谈”,是不及物动词,涉及人时用介词with、to等,涉及事情时后面跟介词about等;say是及物动词,后面跟名词、代词、从句等,表示说的内容;tell是及物动词,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟从句或者介词短语等。如:DoyouspeakEnglish?(你讲英语吗?)/Whospokeatthemeeting?(谁在会上发了言?)/OurteacheristalkingtoLinTao’sparent.(我们的老师正在跟林涛的家长讲话)/CanyousayitinEnglish?(你能用英语说出它吗?)/Pleasetellmesomethingaboutthestrangeflyingobject.(请跟我讲讲那个奇怪的飞行物的事情吧)(16)beableto(do)、can的用法:can是情态动词,有许多含义,表示“可能、可以、会”等意思,只有①现在式can和过去式could两种形式;beableto表示能力上“会”,有第236页
多种时态形式,to后面跟动词原形,有时可以与can/could互换。如:CanyouspeakEnglish?(你会说英语吗?)/Hecouldn’t(wasn’tableto)swimwhenhewas12.(他十二岁时不会游泳)表示成功的做了某事时,只能用beableto.如:HewasabletofleeEuropebeforethewarbrokeout.(17)therebe、have的用法:两个词都可以译为“有”,但是,have表示的是“拥有”,主语必须是人或者物;therebe表示“存在”的概念,主语在therebe之后。如:Howmanybrothersandsistersdoyouhave?Ihaveonlyonebrother.(你有多少兄弟?我只有一个兄弟。)/Howmanychairsanddesksarethereintheirclassroom?Thereisnone.(他们教室里有多少张桌椅?一张也没有。)[注解]therebesb./sthdoing与therebesb./sthtodo有所不同:用doing表示一个正在发生的事情,而用todo则表示尚未做的即将要做的动作。如:Look!Thereisadoglyingonthestairway./Takeyourtime.Thereisnothingforyoutodotonight.(18)borrow、lend、keep的用法:表示“借”的三个词,borrow“借进”、lend“借出”都是一次性动作,不可以和表示一段的时间状语连用;keep“保存”用来表示借一段时间。如:IhavelostthebookIborrowedfrommyteacher.WhatcanIdo?(我丢掉了从老师那里借来的书)/Howlonghaveyoukeptmydictionary,eh?Formorethantwomonths!(呃,我的字典你借了多久了?两个多月了!)(19)bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法:bring指从远处“拿来”,是从别处把东西带到这里来,如:Canyoubringmethatglass?你能给我拿那个杯子吗?;take指从面前“拿走”,把人或物拿到别处,不是说话的地方,如:Pleasetakethelettertothepostoffice.;carry指一般的搬运,不涉及方向;send主要指“送、派遣、寄”;lift指把东西由低向高“提起、拎起”。例略。(20)hope、wish的用法:两个词都表示“希望”,但是,hope表达有把握或信心实现的事情,后面直接跟动词不定式或者宾语从句,不可以跟动名词或作宾语补足语的不定式;wish表达实现的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名词、宾语从句(用过去时)或者作宾语补足语的不定式。如:Weallhopetoseehimverysoon.(我们全都希望尽快见到他)/Ihopeitwillbefinetomorrowsothatwecangoout.(我希望明天天好,这样我们就能出去了。)/HowIwishitwasnotrainingatthemoment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨!)(事实上天正在下雨,虚拟语气)(21)take、spend、pay、cost的用法:①看主语②看结构spend的宾语通常是金钱或时间,句型:sb.+(spend)+时间/金钱+onsth/(in)doingsth.;take的主语通常是事情,句型:sth./It+(take)+sb.+时间+todo…。(如果是动作则常用it作形式主语将动词不定式后移);cost的宾语通常是时间、金钱、力气,句型:sth.+(cost)+sb.+时间/金钱/力气.;pay的宾语通常是金钱,句型:sb.+(pay)+金钱+for+事物.如:Shespentthewholenightreadingthenovel.(她花了一个晚上看那本小说)/Thisjobwilltakemetwodays.=Itwilltakemetwodaystodothejob.(做这件事情要花我两天的时间)/Howmuchdoesahouselikethiscost?(像这样的房子要花多少钱?)/Ipaidhimtwentydollarsforthebook..(我花了20元从他那儿买了书)(22)begin、start的用法:begin在大多数情况下可以替代start,(反义词是end),后面接不定式或动名词时区别不大,但是start还可以表示“开始、出发、启动”,反义词是stop;某事停止后再重新开始一般用start.如:Whendidyoubegin/starttolearnEnglish?(你什么时候开始学英语的?)/Theystartedgettinginthecropsaftertherainstopped.(雨停后他们开始收割庄稼)/Thistimehecouldnotstarthiscar.(这次他没法启动他的汽车)(23)arrivein/at、reach、getto的用法:arrive是不及物动词,到达具体地点(单位,学校,家,车站)时后面加介词at,Thenewteacherarrivedatourschool.Wearrivedatthe第236页
stationjustnow,到达一个大的地方(国家、地区、城市)时后面加介词in,如:WearrivedinParisyesterday,arrive后面可以直接跟地点副词here/there/home等;get表示“到达”时是不及物动词,涉及地点(无论大小)时后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地点副词here等;reach是及物动词,后面直接跟地点名词。如:HearrivedinSanFranciscolastSunday.(上个星期天他抵达旧金山)/Howdidyougetthereinthenight?(你是怎样在夜间到达那里的?)/Wehurriedallthewayandreachedthestationjustfiveminutesbeforethetrainleft.(我们一路狂奔在火车启动前5分钟到达车站)(24)bemadeof、bemadefrom、bemadeinto、bemadein、bemadeby、bemadefor的区别:bemadeof指从制成品中可以看得出原材料,而bemadefrom则指从制成品中看不出原材料,口语中都可以换成bemadeoutof。bemadeinto表示“被制成……”,bemadein表达被制造的地点,bemadeby表达制造的人,bemadefor表达被制造的目的。如:Thiskindofpaperismadefrombamboo.(这种纸是由竹子生产的)/Thedeskismadeofwoodandmetal.(桌子是铁和木头打的)/Alotofpaperhasbeenmadeintopaperbirds.(许多纸被折叠成了小鸟)/Computersaremadeinthesecities.(计算机是在这几个城市制造的)/ThiskitewasmadebyUncleWang.(这个风筝是王叔叔做的)/Abigbagwasmadeformetoholdmywastethings.(一只大包做好了让我装废物)(25)beusedfor、beusedto、usedto、getusedto的区别:beusedfor+名词/代词或动名词,beusedto+动词原形,表示两个短语意思相近,表示“用于…”。usedto+动词原形,表示“过去常常”,否定式可以是“didn’tuseto”也可以是“usedn’tto”;get/beusedto+动名词,表示“习惯于….”。如:Aknifecanbeusedforcuttingthings.(刀可以用来割东西)/Aknifecanbeusedtocutthings.(刀可以用来割东西)/Heusedtoborrownovelsfromthelibrarywhenhewasatschool.(他上学时常常在图书馆借书)/Heisusedtogettingupearlyinthemorning.(他习惯早起)(注意:beusedto表示“被用作”和“习惯于”的区别)(26)beat,win与lose:beat(打败),后面跟“人”,而win(赢得),后面跟“比赛、竞赛”等。如:Whowonatlast?(最后谁赢了?)/ClassThreebeatus5-0.(三班以5∶0打败了我们)/Iamsuretowinthematch.(我一定能赢得比赛)而lose则表示“输了”,常用句型:losesth.tosb.如:UnluckilywelostthematchtoClassThree.(不幸的是我们比赛输给了三班)(27)grow、plant、keep的区别:plant着重讲“栽、种植”这个动作,grow则指种植以后的“栽培”、“管理”,而keep则主要指“喂养”、“赡养”一个人或者动物。如:Hegrewvegetablesinhisgarden.(他在园子里种菜)/Iplantedtentreeslastyear,butfourofthemdied.(去年我栽了10棵树,但是死了4棵)/Oldwomenenjoykeepingcatsordogstokillthetime.(老年的妇女喜欢养猫养狗打发时间)(28)fall、drop的区别:fall指东西由高处向下坠落,不及物动词;也可以作连系动词,意思是“变得,进入某种状态”。drop表示物体由高处往低处落下,不及物动词;或让物体落向低处,及物动词。如:Themanfelloffthetractorandhurthimself.(那个人从拖拉机上摔下来跌伤了)/Soonaftertheytouchedthepillowstheyfell(系动词)fastasleep.(他们头挨枕头不久就睡着了)/Hefeltasifhehadtodropmaths.(他觉得似乎要放弃数学)/Hedroppedaletterintothemail-box.(他向邮箱里丢了一封信)(29)join、joinin、takepartin的区别:join多指参加组织、团体、党派等,后面跟人时表示和某人一起参加某项活动;joinin指参加某项游戏或活动;takepartin多指参加群众性的活动、运动、会议等。如:Hejoinedthearmyin2001.(他2001年参军)/Theyjoinedmeincongratulatingyou.(他们和我一起向你祝贺)/Dojoinusinthegame.(千万参加我们的比赛)/Hetookanactivepartinthestudents’movementinthe1940s.(在二十世纪40年代他积极参加学生运动)(30)beat、hit、strike的用法区别:beat指“连续不断地打击;(心脏的)跳动”;hit指“一次性地撞击、命中”;strike与hit基本同义,还可以理解为“划(火柴)、给……深刻的印象”。如:Themanlooksdead,buthisheartisstillbeatingweakly.(那个人看上去死了可心脏还在微弱地跳动)/Hehittheballsohardthatitflewovertheirheadsandfellintothelake.(他踢球的劲太大球飞过他们的头顶落入水中)/Hewentintotheroom第236页
andstruckamatch(火柴).(他走进房间划着了一根火柴)(31)carryon、carryout的区别:carryon表示“进行、继续”;carryout表示“执行、贯彻”。如:Iwillcarryonthework.(我会继续工作)/Ihavesomedifficultiesincarryingouthisorders.(对于执行他的命令我有问题)(32)beamazed与besurprised的区别:beamazed“感到惊讶”,指人对某个不可能(可能是自认为的)发生却实际发生了的事情感到极其的讶异;besurprised“感到吃惊”指人对突发的事件感到惊讶。如:Whenhediveddeepintothesea,hewasamazedatthecoloursofallthebeautifulcoralreefs.(他深潜到海中时被所有美丽的珊瑚礁惊呆了)(原先可能想不到世上会有这么美的珊瑚)/Hewasverysurprisedwhenheheardaloudnoisefrominsidetheroom.(听到房间里传出一个很大的声音他非常地吃惊)(突然传出来的声响)(33)warn的用法:“warnsb.of/aboutsth”意思是“针对…而警告某人”;“warnsb(not)todosth”意思是“告戒某人(不)要做某事”;“warnsb.+that从句”意思是“警告某人说……”。如:Theywarnedthepassengersofthieves.(他警告路人小心窃贼)/Iwarnyouthatyouwillfailinthecomingexamsifyouarestillsolazy.(我警告你:如果你还这么懒在即将来到的考试中你会不及格的。)/Hewaswarnednottogooutinthelatenight.(他受到警告不要在深夜出去)(34)thinkof与thinkabout等短语的区别:thinkof表示“考虑、思念、认为、想起、建议”等;“thinkabout”表示“看待、认为”,表示对某事的看法;“thinkmuch/highly/alotof”表示“高度评价…”;“thinkover”表示“仔细考虑”;“thinkout”表示“想出”。如:Theheadmasterthoughthighlyofthisboy.(校长高度地评价了这个男孩)/We’rethinkingofgoingtoFranceforourholiday.(我们在考虑去法国度假的事情)/Thinkitoverandyouwillhaveaway.(仔细考虑就有办法)/Icannotthinkofhisname.Iforgotit.(我想不起他的名字我忘了)/-Whatdoyouthinkabouthiscomposition?-Verygood!(他的作文你觉得怎么样?很好。)(35)agreewith/agreeto/agreeon等词语用法:“agreeto+动词”表示“同意做某事”,“agreewith+sb./观点”表示“赞同…的观点”/agreeabout表示“对…话题有相同看法”/“agreeto+建议”表示“同意”某人的建议,agreetoyouradvice,“agreeon+决定”表示“赞成某人的决定”,agreeonyourdecision。例略。(36)deserve(应该,应得)的用法:deserve后面可以加不定式,也可以加名词或动名词。如:Theyhadtriedtheirbestandtheydeservedtowin.(他们尽力了该赢。)/Thelittleboyalwaysmadetroublesaroundanddeservedbeating.(小男孩总是处处惹麻烦活该被打)/Thegirldidagooddeedanddeservedpraise.(女孩做了好事应该受到表扬)九、连接词1、连词的含义:连接词与词、短语与短语、或引导从句的词叫连接词。2、连词的分类:连词分为并列连接词和从属连接词两种。1、并列连接词连接并列的词、短语、从句或句子。常见的并列连接词有:and(和),but(但是),or(或者,否则),nor(也不),so(所以),however(然而,无论如何),for(因为),still(可是),aswellas(也),both..and...(...和...),notonly...butalso...(不但…而且…),either…or…(或…或…),neither…nor…(既不…也不…)等。2、从属连接词用于引导从句,常见的从属连接词有:when(当…时候),while(正当…时候),after(在…之后),before(在…之前),since(自从),until(直到),although/though(虽然),if(假如),as(如…一样;由于),as…as…(和…一样),asfaras(就…而言),aslongas(只要),assoonas(一…就…),evenif(即使),because(因为),unless(除非),than(比…),whether(是否…),inorderthat…(为了),so…that…(如此…以致),sothat…(以便),nowthat…(现在既然),bythetime…(到…时候),everytime…(每当),asif…(仿佛),nomatterwhen(或whenever)(无论何时),nomatterwhere(或wherever)(无论在哪里)等。第236页
[辨析](1)because、as、since、for的用法:because(因为)表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句一般放在主句后面;另外,回答why的问句只能用because.as(因为)表示一般的因果关系,语气比because弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。since(既然)表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实。for(因为)是并列连词,语气较弱,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。如:Heisnotatschooltodaybecauseheisseriouslyill.(他今天没有上学因为他病得厉害)/Asallofyouhavegothere,now,let’sgotothezoo.(既然大伙儿都到了我们就去动物园吧)/IwillaskLinTaotogowithmesinceyouareverybusy.(既然你很忙我就叫林涛和我一起去吧)/Wemustbeoffnowforthematchstartsat7:00.(我们得走了因为比赛在七点开始)(2)if、whether的区别:表示“是否”时,if和whether同义,引导宾语从句,另外,whether还可以引导主语从句、表语从句(以及同位语从句)等名词性从句或者让步状语从句;而if还可以表示“如果”,引导条件状语从句,(主句与从句遵循主将从现的原则)。如:Idon’tknowif/whetherhewillarriveontime.(我不知道他是不是会按时到达)/Iwillringyouupifhearrivesontime.(如果他按时到达我会给你打电话的)[注意]下列情况只能用whether不能用if:①引导主语从句,②引导表语从句,③引导从句作介词宾语,④引导不定式短语,⑤引导让步状语从句,⑥在动词discuss之后,⑦在wonder/notsure之后,⑧在if与whether含义易混时。如:WhetheritisafinedaynextSundayisstillaquestion.(下个星期天是不是个好天还是个问题)(引导主语从句)/Pleaseaskhimwhethertogotherewitharaincoatornot.(请问一下带不带雨衣去那儿)(作动词的宾语)/Hainanistheplacetobe,whetherit’ssummerorwinter.(海南是个该去的地方无论冬夏)(引导让步状语从句)/Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryouneedmyhelp.(请告诉我你是否需要我的帮助)(引导宾语从句)(如果换成if则还可能表示“如果你需要我的帮助请告知”)(3)while、when、as的用法区别:while常表示一个较长的动作,它引导的从句动作与主句的动作是只能是同时发生的、是平行的;when可以表示较短的动作也可以表示较长的动作,主句和从句的动作可以同时发生也可以先后发生;as与上两词同义,可替换while和when,表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,常译为“一边……一边……”。如:PleasedonottroublemewhileIamwritingmyhomework.(我写作业时请不要打扰我)/I’llgohomewhenIhavefinishedmyjob.(我干完了活儿就回去)(不是同时发生)/Theywererunningquicklyacrosstheroadwhentheyheardthesoundofatruckcoming.(他们正快速地穿过马路忽然听到了卡车开来的声音)/Aswewalkedinthedarkstreet,wesangsongsandtalkedloudly.(当我们在黑洞洞的街上走路时我们高声地唱歌说话)(4)till/until与not…till/until的区别:前者表示一个延续性的动作,后者表示一个才开始的动作。如:Iwillstayhereandwatchthebabyuntilyoureturn.(我会呆在这里看着娃娃直到你回来)(stay这个动作一直进行到你return)/Theywon’tgoonworkinguntiltheygetwhattheythinkisreasonable.(他们要到获得了他们认为合理的东西时才会继续干下去的)另外till与until基本可以互换,但是在句首时只能用until,不能用till.如:Untilthelastminuteofthematchwekeptplaying.(我们坚持到比赛的最后一分钟)/Notuntilhehadfinishedhisworkdidhegohome.(直到做完工作他才回家)(倒装句)(5)though与although的区别:两个词都表示“虽然”,均不可以与but同时使用,但在句中可加still或yet连用。although“尽管、虽然”仅作连词,比较正式,一般可以换为though;though“虽然、尽管、即使”,①还可以与even连用(=evenif),表示“即使、纵然”,②作副词时意思是“然而、不过”,不能放在句首。③although不能放在句末,though则可以,用“,”隔开。如:Hepassedtheexamsalthoughillnesspreventedhimfromgoingtoclasses.(尽管疾病使他无法上课但是他还是通过了考试)/shewon’tleavetheTVset,eventhoughherhusbandiswaitingforherforthesupper.(她不愿离开电视机虽然丈夫在等她吃饭)/Itwasaquietparty.Ihadagoodtime,though.第236页
(这是个不热闹的聚会尽管如此我还是玩得很开心)(6)preferto…ratherthan…与prefer…to…的区别:preferto…ratherthan…后面都是用动词原形,prefer…to…都是用动名词或名词。如:IpreferEnglishtoJapanese.(与日语相比我更喜欢英语)/IprefertolearnEnglishratherthanlearnJapanese.(与日语相比我更喜欢学英语)初一连词联系:1.Ihadtogotoworkbytaxi_______Igotuplatethismorning.A.soB.butC.andD.because用and,but,so填空:1.Janedidn’tworkhardlastterm,_______shefailedmanysubjects.2.Ilikeplayingbadminton,_______mysisterdoesn’t.3.Davidgotupearlythismorning,_______hegottoschoolontime.4.Lucyboughtabookonanimals,_______shelikeditverymuch.十、简单句1、简单句的特点:简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。2、简单句的种类:简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。3、陈述句:用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。▲陈述句的肯定式:Heisamiddleschoolstudent.(他是个中学生)/Ihaveahammerinmyhand.(我手上有把锤子)/Sheteachesusgeography.(她教我们地理)/Thenewplaywasgoodenoughandeverybodyenjoyedit.(新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢)▲陈述句的否定式:1)谓语动词如果是be、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如:Mybrotherisnotateacher.(我的弟弟不是教师)/Hedoesnothaveacousin.(他没有堂兄弟)/Iwillnotgotheretomorrow.(明天我不去那儿)/Mymotherisnotcookingamealinthekitchen.(我母亲现在不在厨房里做饭)/Youmustnotmakesuchmistakesagain.(你不该再犯类似错误了)/Wehaven’tdiscussedthequestionyet(我们还没有讨论那个问题呢).2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加donot(don’t).如:Idon’tknowanythingaboutit.(此事我一无所知)/LiMingdoesnotfeedpigsinthecountryside.(李明不在农村养猪)/Wedidn’texpecttomeetherrighthere.(我们没指望着在这里见到她)/Wedidn’thaveameetingyesterdayafternoon.(昨天下午我们没有开会)3)如果“have”作“有”讲,也可以在它后面加not构成否定式,其形式与havegot的否定式相同。如:Ihaven’t(got)anybrothersorsisters.(我没有兄弟姐妹)have的否定形式:①当表示“有”的意思时,可以采用以下三种形式:have+not;donot+have;have+no+n.如:Ihavenotenoughfoodtoeat.=Idonothaveenoughfoodtoeat.=Ihavenoenoughfoodtoeat.②当have为助动词时,用“have+not”结构。如:IhavenotbeentoShanghai。③当have既不表示“有”,也不作助动词用时,用“donot+have”结构。Ididn’thavebreakfastthismorning.具体到反义疑问句中,则遵循以下原则:a.当have表示“有”含义时,反意疑部问部分可以用have形式,也可以用do形式。例如: He has a book in his hand,hasn"t he? He has a book in his hand,doesn"t he?b.当陈述部分的动词是have“有”的否定形式时,反意疑问部分是用have形式还是用do形式,取决于陈述部分的动词形式。例如:第236页
You haven"t a car,have you? You don"t have any money with you,do you?c.当have不表示“有”含义而表示其他含义时,反意疑问句则必须用do的形式。例如: We had a good time in the vacation,didn"t we? He has his breakfast at seven everyday, doesn"t he? You have to get up early tomorrow,don"t you?[注意]①句子中如果有all、both、verymuch/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定,如果要完全否定,则通常使用none、neither、not…atall等;Allofthemwentthere.→Noneofthemwentthere.(他们全都去了那里→他们全都没去那里)②句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等词时,则视为否定句。如:Fewpeoplelivetherebecauselifethereisveryhard.(几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了)③陈述句(主语+谓语+其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问,表示惊讶或明知故问。如:That’syourboss?(那就是你的老板?!)④陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序,即:主语+谓语+其他。但是有时会倒装,详见“倒装句”。⑤所有的从句一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用“主语+谓语+其他”的顺序。如:Theoldmantoldmethathewouldliveherefortenmoreyearsbeforehereturnshome.(老人告诉我说他还要在这儿住几年然后回家)/Couldyoutellmewhoyousawatthepartylastnight?(能告诉我在聚会上你都看见了谁吗?)4、疑问句:▲一般疑问句:提问所述情况是否符合事实,要求用是还是不是,对还是错(用“yes”或“no”)来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。1)一般疑问句构成:句中谓语动词是be、情态动词时,则将它们(提前)放到主语前面。(即把主语和be,情态动词调换位置),即“be/情态动词+主语+----”如:Isheanengineer?(他是工程师吗?)/Haveyougottoday’snewspaper?(你有今天的报纸吗?)(特殊情况)/Shallwegotoseeafilmthisevening?(我们今晚去看电影好吗?)/Canyouexplainit?(你能解释它吗?)/Isthereanyfishforsupper?(晚饭有鱼吗?)/Wouldyouliketogooutforawalk?(你想出去散步吗?)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,则在主语前面加助动词do/does/did,原来的谓语动词改为原形,即“do+主语+动词原形”。如:Doyougetupatsixeverymorning?(你天天早晨六点起身吗?)/Doesshestudyhard?(她学习努力吗?)/Didyougothereyesterday?(昨天你去那儿了吗?)2)一般疑问句的回答:一般疑问句通常用简略形式来回答。如:Willyoujoinusinplayingbasketball?(你加入我们打篮球好吗?)—Yes,wewill.(是的我们会。)/—No,wewon’t.(不我们不会。)Haveyougottoday’snewspaper?(你有今天的报纸吗?)—Yes,Ihave.(是的有。)/—No,Ihaven’t.(不没有。)回答时所用的时态应和问句里的时态一致。[注意]回答must或者may开头的疑问句要小心,参见情态动词有关内容。3)一般疑问句的否定结构:be/助动词/情态动词+not+主语+----或:be/助动词/情态动词+主语+not+----如:Willhenotcome?=Willnothecome?(他难道不来吗?)/Isn’tyoursisteraPartymember?=IsyoursisternotaPartymember?(你的姐姐不是党员吗?)/Don’tyouliketheplay?=Doyounotliketheplay?否定疑问句并不单纯的表示提问,它常带有强烈的感情色彩,而且完全式比简略式所表达的语气更强烈:①常带有惊异,责难或赞叹的语气,如:Haven’tyoureadthenewspaper?第236页
你没看过这份报纸?②有时暗示提问者期待着肯定的回答,如:Shouldn’twestartnow?我们是不是该动身了?Wasn’titaninterestingfilm?那部电影不是很有趣吗?③有时表示邀请或建议,如:Wouldn’tyougowithme?你不和我一起去吗?Won’tyouhaveacupofcoffee?你不喝杯咖啡吗?注意:这种否定结构的疑问句的回答与汉语的习惯不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定结构”;如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定结构”。(情况与反意问句类似。)如:Can’theanswerthequestion?(他不能回答这个问题吗?)—Yes,hecan.(不,他能回答这个问题。)—No,hecan’t.(是的,他不能回答这个问题。)(不管怎么问,如果事实上是“是的”,则用yes,如果事实上“不是,不能做某件事的”,则说“no”。▲特殊疑问句:询问其语句中所缺失的部分,或者说,是要求得到暂时不知道的信息:什么,哪里,怎么样,多少,等等。特殊疑问句是提问实质内容的(要求得到有实质内容回答的,而不简单的回答是否)。特殊疑问词,就是用来代替句子中缺失的东西——你要询问的东西的。What + isit? Who + isyourteacher?从这里也看到了,不管从语法角度,还是实际理解角度,如果单是后面的一般疑问句,它是不完整的。1)特殊疑问句结构是:疑问词+一般疑问句+-----?疑问代词+一般疑问句+?除who以外的疑问代词短语疑问副词如:Whatdoyouwant?(你要什么?)/Who(m)areyoulookingfor?(你在找谁?)/Whosemagazineisthis?(这是谁的杂志?)/Whichclassareyouin?(你在哪班?)/Whendidyougetupthismorning?(你今早什么时候起身的?)/Wherehaveyoubeen?(你到哪儿去了?)/Whydidhegotobedsoearly?(他为什么这么早睡觉?)/Howdidyougothere?(你是怎么去的那儿?)非重点,可以省略:但是,“who”引出的询问主语或主语部分相关词的特殊疑问句的结构与陈述句词序相同:如:Whoisdancingoverthere?(谁在那边跳舞?),Whodancesbestinyourclass?班级里谁跳舞最好?有时“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出与陈述句词序相同的特殊疑问句。如:Whatisonthewall?(什么东西在墙上?/墙上有什么?)/Whichisyours?(哪个是你的?)/Whosebookisinyourbag?(谁的书在你的书包里?)(谓语动词是be时)[注意]从陈述句改为特殊问句时,先将剔除掉划线部分的句子改为一般问句,再将(划线)提问部分更改为疑问词置于句首,特别要注意助动词的使用!如果只对主语或主语的修饰词提问,那么只需要将疑问部分改为疑问词即可。2)常用疑问代词和疑问副词:疑问代词:who,whom,whose,which,what,疑问副词:when,where,why,how,how构成的短语:howmany(多少个)(独立用;或跟可数名词),howmuch(多少)(独立用;或跟不可数名词),howold(多大年纪),howfar(多远),howoften(多常),howlong(多久,多长),howsoon(多久以后),howmanytimes(多少次),等等。3)特殊疑问句有时也用否定式。如:Whydon’tyouaskJiminstead?(常缩略为Whynot…?)(你为什么不转请Jim呢?)4)特殊疑问句疑问部分有时可以有两个以上的疑问词。如:Whenandwherewereyouborn?(你是何时何地出生的?)5)疑问词如果是介词的宾语,则该介词可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如:Whatdoyou第236页
wantacomputerfor?=Forwhatdoyouwantacomputer?(你干嘛要一台电脑呢?)▲反意疑问句:反意疑问句表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用“yes”或“no”来进行回答。1)构成:陈述句+附加问句。由两部分组成:前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是疑问句,它是由be,have,助动词或情态动词+主语构成。如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句须用否定结构;反之,陈述句如果是否定结构,反意疑问句须用肯定结构。反意疑问句的两部分,必须保持人称和时态的一致;反意疑问句的回答有时会和汉语不同。陈述句部分附加问句部分注意点肯定陈述句否定的简短一般问句当陈述句部分含有“是”动词、(“有”动词)、情态动词和助动词时,简短问句中沿用该词;否则就使用do/does//did.否定陈述句肯定的简短一般问句如:Heisold,isn’the?(他老了不是吗?)/Themanwentaway,didn’the?(那个男人走开了不是吗?)/Heisn’told,ishe?(他不老是吗?)/Heneverwentthere,didhe?(他从没有去过那里是吗?)2)反意问句的回答:无论哪种形式的反意问句,回答时要遵循:“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式”如:Themanwentaway,didn’the?(那人走开了,不是吗?)——Yes,hedid.(是的,他走了。)/No,hedidn’t.(不,他没有走。)Themanneverwentthere,didhe?(这人从来不去那里,是吗?)——Yes,hedid.(不是呀,他去的。)/No,hedidn’t.(是呀,他不去。)特殊句型:1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上willyou或won’tyou构成反义疑问句,用willyou多表示“请求”,用won’tyou多表示提醒对方注意。例如:let引导的祈使句有两种情况:①let’s---,后的反义疑问句用shallwe或shan’twe。如:Let’sgohome,shan’twe?回家吧,好吗?②letus/me---后的反义疑问句用willyou或won’tyou。如:letmehaveatry,won’tyou?其他祈使句都用willyou或won’tyou回答。2.反意疑问句的陈述部分含有由un-,im-,in-,dis-,等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时,陈述部分要视为肯定含义,问句部分用否定形式。①Yourfatherisunhappy,isn’the?(不能用ishe?)②Themanisdishonest,isn’the?(不能用ishe?)③ItisimpossibletolearnEnglishwithoutrememberingmorewords,isn’tit?(不能用isit?)3.反意疑问句的陈述部分带有little,few,never,hardly,seldom,not,no,nobody,nothing,none,neither等否定意义的词时,问句部分用肯定式。如:①Shenevertellsalie,doesshe?(不用doesn’tshe?)②Hewasseldomlate,washe?(不用wasn’the?)4.反意疑问句的陈述部分为Iam……时,问句部分虽然也可用“amnotI”,但习惯上用aren’tI?表示。如:Iamaveryhonestman,aren’tI?5.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I(We)第一人称think(believe,suppose,consider)+that从句时,问句部分的动词及主语与that从句内的动词和主语保持一致。如:①Ithinkthathehasdonehisbest,hasn’the?②WethinkthatEnglishisveryuseful,isn’tit?(不用don’twe?)6.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I(We)don’tthink(believe,suppose,consider)+that从句时,从句为否定意义,问句部分的动词和主语仍与that从句保持一致且用肯定式。如:①Idon’tthinkthatyoucandoit,canyou?(不用doI?)②Wedon’tbelievethatthenewsistrue,isit?(不用dowe?)第236页
7.反意疑问句的陈述部分为非第一人称主语+think(believe,suppose,consider)+that从句时,问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如:①TheyallthinkthatEnglishisveryimportant,don’tthey?(不用isn’tit?)②Hedidn’tthinkthatthenewswastrue,didhe?(不用wasn’t/wasit?)8.反意疑问句的陈述部分为主语+said(told,reported,asked……)+that从句时,问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如:①Theysaidthatyouhadfinishedyourwork,didn’tthey?(不用hadn’tyou)②Katetoldyouthatshewouldgothere,didn’tshe?(不用wouldn’tshe?)9.陈述部分的主语为不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything时,问句部分的主语用it。如:①Somethingiswrongwiththecomputer,isn’tit?②Nothinghashappenedtothem,hasit?10.陈述部分的主语为不定代词somebody(someone),anybody(anyone),nobody(noone),everybody(everyone),no,none,neither时,问句部分的主语用he或they(通常用they),这时问句动词的数应和he或they一致。如:①Someonehastakentheseat,hasn’the?②Everyonehasdonehisbestinthegame,haven’tthey?11.陈述部分为Letme……时,问句部分习惯上用shallI?或willyou?形式。如:Letmehaveatry,shallI?(willyou?)12.陈述部分为Letus……时,问句部分习惯上用willyou?形式。如:Letusstoptorest,willyou?13.陈述部分为Let’s……时,问句部分习惯上用shallwe?形式。如:Let’sgohometogether,shallwe?14.陈述部分用上述情况以外的祈使句时,问句部分一般用willyou?形式表示请求,用won’tyou?形式表示委婉请求或邀请(即两种情况都可出现,不必遵循前否后肯或前肯后否的原则)。如:①Dositdown,won’tyou?/willyou?②Youfeedthebirdtoday,willyou?③Pleaseopenthewindow,willyou?(won’tyou?)15.陈述部分为否定祈使句时,问句部分一般用willyou?形式。如:Don’tmakeanynoise,willyou?16.陈述部分为There(Here)+be+主语时,问句部分用be+there(here)?形式。如:①Therearetwocakesontheplate,aren’tthere?HereisastoryaboutMarkTwain,isn’there?17.陈述部分用hadbetter+原形动词表示建议时,问句部分用hadn’t+主语?形式。①You’dbettertellhimaboutthematter,hadn’tyou?②Wehadbetterdoitbyourselves,hadn’twe?18.陈述部分用usedto+主语时,问句部分用didn’t+主语?或usedn’t+主语?形式。①Heusedtoliveinthecountry,didn’the?/usedn’the?②Theyusedtobegoodfriends,didn’tthey?/usedn’tthey?19.陈述部分用must(may,might)+have+V-ed表示推测时,若句中带有明显的过去时间的状语,问句部分动词用过去时形式。如:①Hemighthaveforgottenhispenintheclassroomyesterday,didn’the?(不用mightn’the?/hasn’the?)②Youmusthavegotuplatethismorning,didn’tyou?(不用mustn’tyou?/haven’tyou?)20.陈述部分用must(may,might)+have+V-ed表示推测时,若句中没有带明显的过去时间的状语,问句部分动词用现在完成时形式。如:①Everyonemusthaveknownthedeathofthewaitress,haven’tthey?(不用mustn’tthey?)②Youmusthaveworkedthereayearago,didn’tyou?(不用mustn’tyou?/haven’tyou?)21.第236页
陈述部分的主语为从句时,问句部分的主语一般用it代替,如:①Whathesaidistrue,isn"tit?(不用didn’the?)②Wherewewillbuildthedamhasnotbeendecidedyet,hasit?(不用won’twe?)22.陈述部分的主语为动名词或不定式时,问句的主语用it代替。如:①Todoonegooddeediseasyforaperson,isn"tit?②Skatingisyourfavoritesport,isn"tit?23.陈述部分的主语是不定代词one,反义疑问句的主语可以用one,也可以用you。如:Oneshouldbereadytohelpothers,shuldn’tone?反意疑问句专题练习1.Ithinktheywillgototowntomorrow,________?A.doI B.don’tI C.willthey D.won’tthey2.Idon’tbelievehecancatchupwithme,_________?A.canhe B.can’the C.doI D.don’tI3.I’msurethatIwillbewellagain,__________?A.amI B.aren’tI C.willI D.won’tI4.Iamafraidthathewillnotcome,_______?A.amIB.aren’tIC.willheD.won’the5.Theydon’tbelieveyouarewrong,_________?A.areyou B.aren’tyou C.dothey D.don’tthey6.HethoughtyouwereBeijing,_________?A.didn’the B.didhe C.weren’tyou D.wereyou7.Wetoldyouthathewouldcometonight,_______?A.didn’twe B.didwe C.wouldhe D.wouldn’the8.Thereportersaidthenewswasnottrue,_________?A.wasn’tit B.didn’the C.didhe D.wasit9.Theysuggestedthatheshouldgotoworkatonce,________?A.didthey B.didn’tthey C.shouldhe D.shouldn’the10.Yourbrotherhaslunchathome,_________-?A.hasn’the B.doesn’the C.hashe D.doeshe11.Johnhastogetupearly,________?A.hasheB.hasn’theC.doesheD.doesn’the12.Shehasgottogeteverythingready,_________?A.hasn’tshe B.hasshe C.doesn’tshe D.doesshe13.ShehasneverbeentoChina,_________?A.hassheB.hasn’tsheC.doesn’tsheD.doesshe14.Shehadbettertellyouthenewsrightnow,_______?A.hadshe B.hadn’tshe C.didshe D.didn’tshe15.Theywouldrathernothavedonethatlastweek,________?A.wouldthey B.wouldn’tthey C.havethey D.haven’tthey16.I’dratherstayhereforarest,________?A.didIB.wouldI C.didn’tID.wouldn’tI17.Yououghttodoitagain,_________?A.oughtyouB.oughtn’tyouC.do第236页
you D.don’tyou18.Youmustdothatagain,_________?A.mustn’tyou B.needn’tyouC.doyouD.don’tyou19.Hemustwaithere,__________?A.mustn’theB.doesn’theC.shouldn’theD.doeshe20.Hemustbeagoodworker,________?A.mustn’the B.needn’theC.isn’theD.doesn’the21.HemusthavebeentoChinatwice,_________?A.hasn’the B.didn’the C.wasn’the D.mustn’the22.Hemusthavebeenilllastweek,__________?A.hasn’the B.didn’the C.wasn’the D.mustn’the23.Hemusthaveknownyouduringthewar,__________?A.hasn’the B.didn’the C.wasn’the D.mustn’the24.Hemusthaveknowntheresultalready,_________?A.hasn’the B.didn’the C.wasn’the D.mustn’the25.Thereusedtobeatemplehere,________?A.didn’tthere B.didthere C.usedthere D.wasthere26.Theyusedtobegoodfriends,________?A.usedn’tthey B.didn’tthey C.usedthey D.bothAandB27.Motherusedn’ttodressthebaby,______?A.didn’tshe B.didshe C.usedshe D.usedn’tshe28.Thestudentsusedtogotoseehim,_______?A.usedn’tthey B.didn’tthey C.usedthey D.bothAandB29.Alice,youhavealittlemorechicken,________?A.haven’tyou B.don’tyou C.willyou D.doyou30.Hi!Alice,youhaveboughtalittlechicken,_________?A.haven’tyou B.won’tyou C.willyou D.haveyou31.Youtwohadbreakfastjustnow,__________?A.hadn’tyou B.didn’tyou C.hadyou D.didyou32.Youtwohadfinishedthebreakfast,_________?A.hadn’tyou B.didn’tyou C.didyou D.hadyou33.NeitheryounorIwasinvitedtotheparty,________?A.werewe B.weren’twe C.wasI D.wereyou34.Eitherheorsheistocleanthewindow,__________?A.arethey B.aren’tthey C.isn’the D.isn’tshe35.ItisJiaoYuluwhoturnedLankaointoarichdistrict,_______?A.isit B.isn’tit C.didhe D.didn’the36.Itwasyouwhonevermadesuchmistakes,________?A.wasn’tit B.weren’tyou C.didyou D.didn’tyou37.Thelittlechilddarednotclimbthetree,________?A.daredhe B.didhe C.washe D.doeshe38.Whathesaidisnotwrong,__________?A.didn’the B.didheC.isitD.isn’t第236页
it39.Thathisparentswereillmadehimalittleworried,_________?A.weren’tthey B.werethey C.didn’tit D.wasn’tit40.Hedislikeswhatyouhavesaid,__________?A.doesheB.doesn’theC.haveyouD.haven’tyou41.(2003Shanghaispring)Ifyouwanthelp—moneyoranything,letmeknow,____you?A.don’t B.will C.shall D.do42.(2002Shanghai)Mrs.Blackdoesn’tbelievehersonisabletodesignadigitalcameral,____?A.ishe B.isn’the C.doesn’tshe D.doesshe43.(2002Shanghaispring)Briantoldyouthattherewasn’tanyoneintheroomatthattime,___?A.wasthere B.wasn’tthere C.didn’the D.didhe44.(2001Shanghai)Idon’tsupposeanyonewillvolunteer,_____?A.doI B.don’tI C.willthey D.won’tthey45.(2000Shanghai)Thenewsthattheyfialedtheirdrivingtestdiscouragedhim,___?A.didthey B.didn’tthey C.didit D.didn’tit46.(NMET99)—Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,____? --ButIfedityesterday.A.doyou B.willyou C.didn’tyou D.don’tyou▲选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句叫选择疑问句。1)构成:(1)一般疑问句+or+第二选项?(2)特殊疑问句+第一选项(+第二选项)+or+第三选项?2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes/no回答。如:Isyourfriendaboyoragirl?–Agirl.(----你的朋友是男孩还是女孩?----是女孩。)/Whichdoyouprefer,coffeeortea?–Tea,please.(---你要哪一样咖啡还是茶?----请来茶吧。)/Whichdoyoulikebest,singing,dancingorskating?--Dancing,ofcourse.(----唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜欢哪样?----当然是跳舞啦!)5、祈使句:祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。▲祈使句的肯定式:动词(原形)+其他如:Pleasegivemeahand.(请帮忙)/Shutup!(住嘴!)▲祈使句的否定式:Don’t+动词原形+其他如:Pleasedon’ttalkinlowvoices.(请不要低声讲话。)/Don’tlookback!(不要掉头看。)[注意]以“let’s”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“let’s”后面。如:Let’snottroublehim.(我们不要打扰他。)肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来加强语气。如:Pleasedohelpme!(请千万帮帮我。)6、感叹句:感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“!”▲对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是:What+(a/an)+(形容词)+名词+陈述句结构(主谓语),用来强调句子中的名词,如:Whatagood,kindgirl(sheis)!(她是多么善良的好女孩!)/Whatbadweather(itis)!(天气真糟糕!)▲仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是:How+形容词/副词+第236页
陈述句结构(主谓语),用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。Howcarefullytheoldmanwalks!(这老人走路真小心!)/Howdeliciousthefoodis!(这食品真好吃!)/Howbeautiful!(真美呀!)▲有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感叹句,此时未必使用感叹句型。Heissittingonatiger’sback!(他坐在老虎的背上!)/Aniceshot!(漂亮一击!)/Goodgoal!(好球!)十一、句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语1、主语:(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的,主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么,表示句子说的是“什么人”,或”什么事“,如“我写字”中的“我”,做出写字这个动作。“写”则是谓语,“字”是宾语,是接受谓语“写”这个动作的对象,因此是宾语。如:Thepainterpaintedaverynicepicture.(画家画了一幅漂亮的画。)/TheyfoughtagainstSARSbravely.(他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。)/Toseeistobelieve.(耳听为虚眼见为实)./Helpinganimalsistohelppeople.(帮助动物就是帮助人类。)(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如:ItisverycomfortabletohaveaClassAseatduringthelongjourney.(在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。)/Eatingtoomuchisbadforyourhealth.(=Itisbadforyourhealtheatingtoomuch.)(吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(比较好看,避免头重脚轻)(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略:(Itis)nothing.((那)没有什么。)/(It)doesn’tmatter.((那)没有关系。)/(I)thankyou.((我)谢谢你。)(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词:Themanlooksworried,doesn’the?(这个人看上去很着急不是吗?)/Tigersaredangerousanimals,aren’tthey?(老虎是危险的动物不是吗?)(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keepthekeyboardsclean,children.(孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。)(省略了主语)/Yougothereandfetchmeaglassofwater.(你去给我弄一杯水来。)(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及therebe句型主语在动词之后。如:Computersaremadeinthisfactory.(计算机生产于这家工厂。)/Wherearethey?(他们在哪儿?)/Doestheboylikestayinghome?(这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?)(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致,而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。NeitherJimnorRosehaspassedtheexam.(Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。)/TheChinesepeopleareahardworkingandbravepeople.(中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。2、谓语:是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”,“是什么”或“怎么样”,在主语后接宾语,又称受词,是一个动作的接受者。(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如:Hetravelledinspaceforthefirsttime.(他首次在太空旅行。)/WhoteachesyouEnglishthisyear?(今年谁教你们的英语?)/Thepizzahasgonebad.(那块烤馅饼已经变坏。)/(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:[情态动词]+[时态助动词](现在完成时)+[语态助动词](如被动语态)+[主要动词](不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表) 记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如:IamsorryIammakingsomuchnoisebutIhaveto.(对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。)/Hecan’thavefinishedreadingthe800-page-longnovel.(第236页
他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。)/Somethingmustbedonetostopthefowlflufromspreadingout.(该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1+原形动词”、“be+原形动词”。记住使用下列正确形式:①情态动词+原形动词。如:You’dbettergooverthelesson.(你最好复习这一课。)②shall/will/would+原形动词。如:Theyshouldhavebeenthereonce.(他们应该去过那儿。)③be+现在分词或者过去分词。如:Whatareyoudoingthisevening?(今晚你打算做什么?)---表示一般将来时/Manytreeshavebeencutdownsince1970s.(自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。)④have+过去分词。如:Manytreeshavebeencutdownsince1970s.(意思同上)⑤一般时问句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形动词。如:Hedoesnotenjoyhimselfverymuch.(他日子过的不好。)/Didanyofyouseedinosaureggs?(你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗?)⑥行为动词1+行为动词2(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如:Hemadeuphismindtobeavet.(他拿定主意要做个兽医。)/Feelinggoodaboutyourselfisessentialtofeelinggoodaboutlife.(自尊自爱是享受生活的根本。)/Theywakeuptheotherfamilymembers,calling,“MerryChristmas!”(他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着:圣诞快乐!)/ThekingsofancientEgypthadstrongtombsbuiltforthemselves.(古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。)(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。(5)谓语动词单复数形式:单数形式的动词有:is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”;复数形式的动词有:are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。谓语部分第一个动词的形式单数形式复数形式一般现在时be(是)动词;现在某些时态和语态的助动词beam(单一);are(单二);is(单三);are一般过去时be(是)动词;过去某些时态和语态的助动词bewas(单一);were(单二);was;(单三)were一般现在时have(有)动词;现在完成时态的助动词havehave(单一);have(单二);has(单三);have一般现在时行为动词和助动词dodo(单一、单二);does(单三)do实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词(否定和疑问句除外)原形动词(单一、单二);动词+s/es(单三)原形动词其他各时态语态的谓语动词单复数形式相同记住:主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。(参见“4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:”)Airandwaterisnecessarytousall.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如:TheOlympicGamesisheldeveryotheryear,isn’tit?----Yes,itis.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗?----是的。)3、宾语:又称受词,是指一个动作(动词)的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类,其中直接宾语(经常指被做的人)指动作的直接对象,间接宾语说明动作的非直接,但受动作影响的对象。一般而言,及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语,而该宾语通常为直接宾语,有些及物动词要求两个宾语,则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语,另一个为间接宾语。(1)由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如:TheangelalsocametoJosephandtoldhimthesamething.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语)/Hetoldmethatthecompanycouldnotaffordtopayhimsomuchmoney.(第236页
他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语)/Theyenjoywatchingfootballgamessomuchthattheyoftenforgettheirlessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语)/Ithinktobeachildren’sdoctorisveryrewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。)(从句作宾语)(2)只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listentotheradio.(listen不是及物动词,故加to。)/Canyouhearanythingexciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗?)(3)宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如:Whatdidhesee?(他看见了什么?)/Whatdoeshewritealetterwith?(他用什么写的信?)/Withwhatdoeshewritealetter?(他用什么写的信?)(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如:Pleaseputtheshoesaway.(请把鞋子收起来。)/Pleaseputawaytheshoes.(请把鞋子收起来。)/Pleaseputthemaway.(请把它们收起来。)(5)动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构:①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如:Heoftengivesmesomehelp.(他常常帮我。)②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make,buy,borrow时,介词用for.如:Pleasemakemeakite.(请给我做个风筝。)或Pleasemakeakiteforme.(6)在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如:Ifoundthejobratherdifficult.(我发觉这个工作相当难做。)/Ifounditratherdifficulttodothejob.(7)宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”。4、表语:(1)说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。如:Hebecameadoctorafterhelefthighschool.(高中毕业他当上了医生。)/Therubberwheelsareoverthere.(橡胶轮子在那边。)/Hedoesnotfeellikeeatinganythingtodaybecausehehascaughtabadcold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。)/Whoisit?(谁呀?)(2)表语只能放在连系动词(如:be,look,become,turnget,grow,feel,seem)之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。(3)代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如:It’sI.(It’sme.)是我。(4)只能作表语的形容词有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。Hewasterriblysorryforhiscarelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。)/Pleasemakenonoisehere;thebabyisasleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。)/Iamonlyinterestedinsittinginaboatanddoingnothingatall!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。)/Iamnotaloneinthinkingso.(并非只有我才这样想的。)(5)表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。5、定语:(1)修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如:Putitinthetopdrawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。)/FranceandSwitzerlandare第236页
Europeancountries.(法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。)/Hismotherandfatherarebothcollegeteachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。)/ThisisthedaythatIcanneverforgetinmylife.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)(2)单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序:冠词/物代年龄/形状/大小/温度色彩来源质地/材料目的/用途被修饰的名词(中心词)athemyhis…old,young,…red,yellow,blue,…Chinese,English,American,…wooden,woolen,glass,silk,paper…meeting,tennis,sports,reading,swimming,…box,shoes,room,pig…long,short,round,square…big,large,small,little…hot,cold,warm,cool…(3)时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地点副词(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。如:Icouldnotfindmywayout,soIstayedthereallalong.(我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿。)(4)介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面:Themonkeyinthecagewascaughtyesterday.(笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。)(5)形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如:Herememberedeverythingunusual.(他记得所有不寻常的事情。)(6)定语还可以用从句充当,详见定语从句。(7)注意:由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。6、状语:(1)说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。如:Iwasnotbornyesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/Formanyofthesefamiliesacollegeeducationwassomethingnew.(对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。)/Hewokeuptofindhishouseonfire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。)/Youcannotleaveuntilyourworkisfinished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)(2)副词作状语位置较为灵活,详见《六·2》“副词在句子中的位置以及作用”;介词短语作状语,位置基本固定,详见《七·4》“介词短语在句子中的位置”;不定式作状语,一般表示目的、结果,详见《八·7》“动词的非谓语形式”;从句作状语,详见《主从复合句》的“状语从句”。(3)多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如:Hewentoufoftheroomataquarterto23:00lastnightandthendisappearedintothedark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。)/(4)状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见“状语从句”。(5)注意:由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。第236页
7、宾语补足语:(1)补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如:CallhimJim,please.(请叫他Jim。)/Itriedmybesttomakehimhappy.(我竭尽所能让他开心。)/Askhertocometodinnertomorrow.(请他明天来。)/Heletthesmalleranimalsbringfoodtohim.(他让小动物们给他带食物来。)(2)部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如:Lethimin,Itellyou!(我跟你说,让他进来!)/Pleaseputitaway.(请把它收起来。)(3)不定式或分词作宾语补足语的情况,详见《八·7》“动词的非谓语形式”相关内容。十二、简单句五种基本句型:句子包含主要句子成分(主语、谓语)和次要句子成分(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),按照动词的性质将英语简单句划分为以下五种基本句型:1、基本句型的词序:2、划分符号(没有统一规定,仅供参考):主语:定语:()谓语:状语:[]宾语:宾补:〈〉表语:主谓句型:S-Vi。主系表句型:S-Vlink-P主谓宾句型:S-Vt.-O主谓双宾句型:S-Vt-O间宾-O直宾主谓宾补句型:S-Vt-O-C3、例句:Jimisworking[veryhard][now].(他现在正非常努力地工作。)Sheisyoung.(她年轻。)Itlookslikerain.(天看上去要下雨。)Theboy[always]kickedthedog[withhisfeet].(这男孩老是用脚踢那只狗。)Hehas[never]boughtmeatoy[sincelastyear].(从去年起他没给我买过一个玩具。)Hefeltsomething(cold).(他感到有个冰冷的东西顺着腿上爬。)4、英语词类与句子成分关系图:句子成分词类或短语主语*谓语宾语*表语*定语*状语*宾语补足语名词√√√×√√√√√√×√代词√√√×√√√√√√√××形容词×××√√√√√√×√√数词√×√√√√√×√动词时态语态形式×√√√×××××动词不定式√√×√√√√√√√√√动名词√√×√√√√√××动词现在分词×××√√√√√√√动词过去分词×××√√√√√√副词×××√√√√√√介词短语×××√√√√√√[注释]1、“√”表示某种词类可以充当某个成分,“√√”表示某种词类经常充当某个成分,“√√√”表示某种词类最经常充当某个成分。“×”表示某种词类不能充当某个成分。2、“*”表示该成分可以由从句充当,如主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等。第236页
十三、并列复合句1、基本概念:并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起;但有时不用连接词,只在两个简单句之间用一逗号或分号。2、常见的并列句:(1)用来连接两个并列概念的连接词有and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…等,and所连接的前后分句往往表示先后关系、递进关系。前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。(2)表示在两者之间选择一个,常用的连接词有or,otherwise,orelse,either…or…等,前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。(3)表明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折,常用的连接词有but,yet,still,however等,前后分句时态一致。(4)说明原因,用连接词for,前后分句时态一致。(5)表示结果,用连接词so,前后分句时态一致。十四、主从复合句1、概念:主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。如:Whilethegrandparentslovethechildren,theyarestrictwiththem.(爷爷奶奶们很爱孩子,同时对他们也严格要求。)/Itseemedasifthemeetingwouldneverend.(看起来会议没完没了。)/Hurryup,or(else)you"llbelate.(快点,要不然就来不及了。)/HoweverIcookeggs,thechildstillrefusestoeatthem.(不管我用什么方法煮鸡蛋,小孩还是不肯吃。)2、分类:从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。(参见以下各条)3、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法:(1)表语从句:在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。例如:Thatiswhyhedidnotcometoschoolyesterday./Itisbecauseyouaresoclever.(2)宾语从句:在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。①基本形式:(主句+)连词+从句主语+从句谓语+...②关于宾语从句连词的选择:若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用that,在口语中that可以省略;若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if或whether;若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等)例如:Theybelievethatthecomputerwillfinallytaketheplaceofhumanbeings.(他们相信计算机终将代替人类。)(从句本来就是陈述句)/IwonderwhetherIshouldsaysomethingforhimtotheheadmaster.(我不知道是不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。)(从句来源于一般问句ShallIsaysomethingforhimtotheheadmaster?)/Heaskedmewherehecouldgetsuchmedicine.(他问我在哪儿能搞到那样的药。)(从句来源于特殊问句Wherecanhegetsuchmedicine?)③宾语从句的时态问题:如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时;如主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如:IthinkIwilldobetterinEnglishthisterm.(我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。)/Theteacheraskedtheboyiftheearthisround.(老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。)④下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待:besorry/afraid/sure/glad+that从句,如:I’msorryI’mlate.第236页
(对不起,我迟到了。)/I’mafraidheisn’tinatthemoment.(恐怕他此刻不在家。)(3)状语从句:在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。时间状语从句通常由when,as,while,after,before,since,assoonas,since,till(until),while,whenever等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如:Whenyoufinishthework,youmaygoouttoplaywithSam.(你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。)/Iwon’tleaveuntilMumcomesback.(妈妈回来了我才会走。)地点状语从句通常由where,wherever等引导。如:Gobackwhereyoucamefrom!(哪里来还滚到哪里去!)/Iwillneverforgettocatchthethiefwhostolemynecklacewhereverhemaybe.(我永远也不会忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,无论他会在哪里。)原因状语从句通常由because,since,as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如:Hewentabroadbecausehisfatherhadfoundagooduniversityforhim.(他出国了,因为他父亲给他找了一所好大学。)目的状语从句通常由sothat...,so...hat...,inorderthat...等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can/could/may/might等情态动词。如:Hegotupearliersothathecouldcatchthefirsttrain.(他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)结果状语从句通常由sothat...,so...that...等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如:Helostsomanybikesthathedecidednevertobuyanewone.(他丢了那么多辆自行车,他决定再也不买新车了。)比较状语从句通常由as,than,as(so)...as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。如:JaneismuchtallerthanI/me.(Jane比我高多了。)/Idon’thaveasmanybooksasyou(do).(我书没有你多)让步状语从句通常由though(although),as,evenif(eventhough),however,whatever等引导。如:Evenifyoupaythedebt(债务)forme,Iwillnotthankyoubecauseithasnothingtodowithme.(即使你替我还了债我也不会感谢你,因为它与我毫无关系。)/HewearsaT-shirtthoughitisverycold.(他穿了一件T恤衫,尽管天很冷。)条件状语从句通常由if,unless,aslongas等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。Youwillcertainlyfailinthecomingfinalexamsunlessyouworkmuchharder.(即将来到的期末考试你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。)/Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,weshallgohiking.(如果明天不下雨我们就要去徒步旅行。)[注意]1、because与so;(al)though与but;if与so不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。2、时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。(4)定语从句:在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。①定语从句的位置:放在名词或代词的后面。如:Themanwhohasanumbrellainhishandismyuncle.(手上抓了一把雨伞的人是我的叔叔。)②语法术语的改变:被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词;引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who称为关系代词,where、when、how称为关系副词。③关系代词或关系副词的作用:关系代词who、whom和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物,有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。Thisisthethief(that/who/whom)wehavebeenlookingforthesedays.(这个就是我们近日一直在找的小偷。)/Pleasefindaroomwhichisbigenoughforallofustolivein.第236页
(请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如:Thisistheroomwheretheyhadaquarrelaweekago.(这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。)/IcanneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstsawyou.(我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)④限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如:Shespentthewholeeveningtalkingaboutherlatestbook,whichnoneofushadheardof.(她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没有听说过那本书。)[注解]1、关系代词只能用that的情况:当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all,anything等),或先行词部分含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用that.如:AllthatLilytoldmeseemsuntrue.(Lily告诉我的话似乎不真实。)/Canyougivemeanythingthathasnosugarinside?(能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西?)/Thisisthefirsttwo-storybusthatrunsinourcity.(这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。)2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。如:Doyouknowthewomanwhoisweepinginthecorner?(你认识那个在角落里哭泣的女人吗?)/Donottellmeanywordsthathavenothingtodowithme.(跟我无关的话,请一个字也不要说。)3、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。如:Tom’sfatherwasthefirstparentwhomourteachertalkedto.(Tom的父亲是我们老师第一个谈话的人。)4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who.如:ThisistheroominwhichMissLioncelived.(=ThisistheroomMissLioncelivedin.)(这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)(5)主语从句:在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由that,whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。如:Whenweshouldstartisstillaquestion.(我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。)十五、直接引语和间接引语(初中不作特别要求)1、直接引语和间接引语:在陈述句中,直接引用说话人原来的语句,称为直接引语。在书写时,直接引语用引号。用自己的词语来转述表达原来说话人说的内容,称为间接引语。2、直接引语改变为间接引语:1、直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时应注意以下各点:①不用引号,而用连接词that,但有时可省略。②人称作相应变化;③主句里的动词如果是过去时,间接引语中的时态一般应作相应改变:一般现在时变一般过去时;一般将来时变过去将来时;现在进行时变过去进行时;现在完成时变成过去完成时;一般过去时变成过去完成时;但一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间连用,则时态不变。如:Hesays,"IamnotfromtheUSA.”→HesaysthatheisnotfromtheUSA.MrSmithsaidtohisgirlfriend,“Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime.”→MrSmithsaidtohisgirlfriendthathehadnotseenherforalongtime.2、直接引语如果是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,需用从属连接词whether或if引导,词序要改变。如:LinTaosaidtoMissGreen,"IsitmadeinChina?”→LinTaoaskedMissGreenifitwasmadeinChina.3、直接引语如果是特殊疑问句第236页
,变为间接引语时,需用疑问词引导,词序是:连词+主语+谓语。如:Lucysaidtome,“HowcanIhelp?”→Lucyaskedmehowshecouldhelp.4、直接引语如是祈使句,变间接引语时,须将祈使句变为动词不定式,并在动词不定式前用tell,ask,order.如:Hesaidtothelittleboy,“Comehere,youngman!”→Heaskedthelittleboytogothere.5、直接引语变为间接引语时,指示代词以及表示时间和地点的词或词组应作相应变化:在直接引语中在间接引语中thatthosethenbeforethatdaythatweek(month,etc.)thenextweek(month,etc.)thedaybeforethenext(following)daytherethisthesenowagotodaythisweek(month,etc.)nextweek(month,etc.)yesterdaytomorrowhere十六、倒装句:谓语的一部分或者全部放在主语之前的句子称为倒装句。1、THEREBE句型以及以here、there开头的句子。如:Therearealotofchildrenintheshowroom.(在展览室里有许多的小孩。)/Herecomesthebus.(公交车来了。)/Theregoesthebell.(铃响了。)/ThedooropenedandincameMrLee.(门开了,李先生走了进来。)2、用“So/Nor/Neither+助动词+主语”倒装结构表示第二个人物的情况与上文的人物情况相同。如:Tomwenttothebeachlastweek,and,sodidI.(Tom上个星期去了海滩,我也是。)/LiMei’sboughtnothingfromtheshop.NeitherhasJim.(李梅没有在店里买什么,Jim也没有买。)3、在疑问句中,通常使用在主语之前安放助动词的倒装方法,对主语提问除外。如:Howdidhefindthelostbook?(他是怎么样找到丢失的书的?)/Wherearetheygoingtospendthesummervacation?(他们打算到哪儿过暑假?)4、感叹句中通常将被感叹的部分前移,而将句子的主谓语整体后置。如:Whatabeautifulflower(itis)!(那是多漂亮的花!)5、有引号引用某人的原话时,引号外面的主谓一般采用倒装形式放在句尾,但是,若主语是代词则不倒装。如:“Whatonearthareyoudoingupthere?”saidthefather.(父亲说:“你在上边到底干什么?”)/“Whatonearthareyoudoingupthere?”hesaid.(他说:“你在上边到底干什么?”)十七、附加注释die、dead、death的用法:die是动词,可以独立做谓语,有各种时态变化,也可以变成非谓语形式作句子的其他成分;dead是形容词,作句子的定语、表语或宾语补足语;death是名词,作句子的主语、宾语等。如:I’mgoingtodie!(我要死了!)/Themanhasbeendeadforaboutthreemonths.(那个人死了三个月左右。)/Heisworriedtodeath.(他急得要死。)中考英语语法精讲精练(附答案版)——第236页
英语总复习备战系列之二1.名词 名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示: 名词专有名词不可数名词 普通名词物质名词 抽象名词 集体名词可数名词个体名词 1.1名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s清辅音后读/s/map-maps浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bags/car-cars以s,sh,ch,x等结尾加-es读/iz/bus-buses/watch-watches以ce,se,ze,等结尾加-s读/iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i再加es读/z/baby---babies 1.2其它名词复数的规则变化1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。例如: twoMarys theHenrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时: a.加s,如:photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b.加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c.上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros/zeroes。 第236页
3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时: a.加s,如:belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs; b.去f,fe加ves,如:half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;c.上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves。 1.3名词复数的不规则变化1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teethmouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意:由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women,如anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是theBowmans。2)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,li,jin,yuan,twoli,threemu,fourjin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers。3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如:people police cattle等本身就是复数,不能说apeople,apolice,acattle,但可以说aperson,apoliceman,aheadofcattle,theEnglish,theBritish,theFrench,theChinese,theJapanese,theSwiss等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如TheChineseareindustriesandbrave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。b.news为不可数名词。c.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations应视为单数。 TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:"TheArabianNights"isaveryinterestingstory-book.《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses(眼镜) trousers, clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双); suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers等。6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。 1.4不可数名词量的表示1)物质名词a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。第236页
比较:Cakeisakindoffood. 蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)Thesecakesaresweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如:Thisfactoryproducessteel. (不可数)Weneedvarioussteels. (可数)c.当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如:Ourcountryisfamousfortea.我国因茶叶而闻名。Twoteas,please.请来两杯茶。2)抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如:fourfreedoms四大自由thefourmodernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如aglassofwater一杯水/apieceofadvice 一则建议。 5.定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。1)1) 用复数作定语。例如:sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室 talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系2)man,woman,gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如: menworkers womenteachers gentlemenofficials3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如: goodstrain(货车)armsproduce 武器生产 customspapers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷 4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如:two-dozeneggs 两打鸡蛋 aten-milewalk十英里路two-hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan. 一个五年计划 1.6不同国籍人的单复数国籍总称(谓语用复数)单数复数中国人theChineseaChinese twoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustralians anAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians第236页
德国人theGermansaGermanstwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes 1.7名词的格 英语中有些名词可以加""s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:ateacher"sbook。名词所有格的规则如下:1)单数名词词尾加""s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加""s",如theboy"sbag男孩的书包,men"sroom男厕所。2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加""",如:theworkers"struggle 工人的斗争。3)凡不能加""s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of+名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:thetitleofthesong歌的名字。4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:thebarber"s理发店。5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有"s,则表示"分别有";只有一个"s,则表示"共有"。例如:John"sandMary"srooms(两间) JohnandMary"sroom(一间)6)复合名词或短语,"s加在最后一个词的词尾。例如:amonthortwo"sabsence 1.8练习1.1.Hewaseagertomakesomeextramoney,sinceduringtheseyearshecouldhardlyliveonhis_______.a.a. littlewageb.fewwagec.waged.wages2.2.Mostofthehousesinthevillagewereburntto______duringthewar.a.a. anashb.theashc.ashd.ashes3.3.Thestudentsatcollegesoruniversitiesaremaking______forthecomingNewYear.a.a. manypreparationsb.muchpreparationc.preparationsd.preparation4.4.Paintingin_____isoneoftheirspare-timeactivities.a.a. oilb.anoilc.oilsd.theoil5.5.Intheviewoftheforeignexperts,therewasn’t____oilhere.a.a. muchb.lotsofc.agreatdealofd.many6.6.Thelargehousesarebeingpainted,but______.a.ofgreatexpenseb.atagreatexpensec.inalotofexpensesd.byhighexpense7.7.Theroomwassmallandcontainedfartoo______.a.a.muchnewfurniturec.muchnewfurnituresb.b.manynewfurnitured.manynewfurnitures第236页
8.8.Jimwaslatefortwoclassesthismorning.Hesaidthatheforgotbothofthe______.a.roomsnumberb.roomnumberc.room’snumbersd.roomnumbers9.Computerscando______workinashorttime,butamancannotdo______byhimself.agreatmany…manyc.much…agreatdealb.agreatdealof…muchd.many…agreatmany10.10.Shedidn’tknow_____hehadbeengiven.a.a. howmanyinformationc.howmanyinformationsb.b. thenumberofinformationd.howmuchinformation11.11.Heinvitedallofhis______tojoinhisweddingparty.a.a. comrade-in-armsc.comrades-in-armb.b. comrades-in-armsd.comrade-in-arm12.12.Allthe______inthehospitalgotariselastmonth.a.a. womendoctorsc.womandoctorsb.b. womendoctord.womandoctor13.13.Aftertenyears,alltheseyoungstersbecame_____.a.a. growns-upsc.growns-upb.b. grown-upd.grown-ups14.14.Thepoliceinvestigatedthose_____abouttheaccident.a.a. stander-byc.standers-byb.b. stander-bysd.standers-bys15.15.TheNazikeptthose______intheirconcentrationcamp.a.a.prisoner-of-warsc.prisoners-of-warb.b.prisoners-of-warsd.prisoner-of-war16.16.Themanagerwasgreatlyappreciatethat_____madebyLindalately.a.a. newreelb.newsreelc.new-reelsd.newsreels17.17.Mary’sdressissimilarinappearancetoher______.a.eldersisterb.eldersister’sc.eldersistersd.eldersistersdress18.18.Allthepeopleattheconferenceare______.a.mathematicteachersc.mathematicsteacherb.b.mathematicsteachersd.mathematic’steachers19.ProfessorMackaytoldusthat______ofleadareitssoftnessanditsresistance.a.a. somepropertyc.propertiesb.b. somepropertiesd.property20.20.Physics_____withmatterandmotion.a.a. dealb.dealsc.dealingd.are21.21.Hehaswrittenseveralbooks,buthislastworks_____wellknownamonghisfriends.a.a. haveb.havebeenc.isd.are22.22.Afterhecheckedupmy______heart,thedoctoradvisedhimtorestforafewdays.第236页
a.a. father-in-law’sc.father’s-in-lawb.b. father-in-lawd.father’s-in-law’s23.23.Hetoldme_____wouldcometohisbirthdayparty.a.a. manyJackfriendsc.manyJack’sfriendb.b. Jack’smanyfriendsd.manyfriendsofJack’s24.24.Ihadmyhaircutatthe_____aroundthecorner.a.a.barberb.barbersc.barber’sd.barbers’25.25.Yesterdayeveningwehadalovelyeveningat______.a.a. PeterandHelen’sc.PeterandHelenb.b. PeterandHelensd.Peter’sandHelen’s26.26.______receivesonlyasmallportionofthetotalamountofthesun’senergy.a.a. Theearth’ssurfacec.Thesurfaceofearthb.b. Thesurfaceearthd.Theearthsurface27.27.Numerousmaterialsareavailableto______.a.a. todayofdesignersc.today’sofdesignersb.b. today’sdesignersd.todaydesigners28.28.WhydidyouspeaktoPeterthatway?Don’tyouknowheisanoldfriendof______?a.a. mybrotherb.mybrothersc.mybrother’sd.mybrother’sfriend29.29.______isawell-informedman.Hecantellyouanythingyouwanttoknow.a.a. ThisJohn’soldfriendc.That’sJahn’soldfriendb.b. ThisoldfriendofJohnd.ThisoldfriendofJohn’s30.30.______istoomuchforalittleboytocarry.a.a.Abike’sweightc.Theweightofabikeb.b.Theweightsofabiked.Bile’sweight31.31.Generallythereare______televisionprogramsforchildrenonSaturday.a.a. littleb.muchc.alargenumberofd.alargeamountof32.32.Whentheygottothelecture-room,therewere______left.a.a. onlyfewseatsb.averyfewseatsc.onlyafewseatsd.soafewseats33.33.______travelsfasterwhenthezipcodeisindicatedontheenvelope.a.a. Alittlemailb.Apieceofmailc.Amaild.Asmallmail34.34.TheDepartmentpurchased______toimprovetheworkingconditionsthere.a.a. anewequipmentc.newequipmentsb.b. anewpieceofequipmentd.newpiecesofequipments35.35.Theboytriedhardbuttherehasbeen______inhiswork.a.a. littleimprovementc.manyimprovements第236页
a.b. alittleimprovementd.fewimprovements36.36.Today’smodernTVcamerasrequire______lightascomparedwiththeearliermodels.a.a. onlyafewb.onlyfewc.onlyalittled.onlylittle37.37.Nocountrycanaffordtoneglect______.a.a. aneducationb.educationsc.educationd.theeducation38.38.Pleasewritetheanswerstothequestionsattheendof______.a.a. eighthchapterb.chaptereightc.eightchapterd.chaptertheeight39.39.______isonlysurpassedbythatofmonkeys’andapes’.a.a. Theintelligentdogc.Theintelligenceofdogsb.b. Thedogswhoseintelligenced.Thedogsbeingintelligent40.40.All______musttakethegraduateManagementAdmissionTest.a.a. businessstudentb.business’sstudentsc.businessstudentsd.business’sstudent41.41.______anywhereintheUnitedStatescostslessthanadollarwhenyoudialityourself.a.a. Threeminutescallc.Athree-minutescallb.b. Three-minutecalld.Athree-minutecall42.42.The______aboutnuclearenergyrevolvesaroundthewasteproblem.a.a. public’schiefconcernc.chiefpublicconcernb.b. publicchiefconcernd.chiefconcernofpublic’s43.43.______thefirstandlargestethnicgrouptoworkontheconstructionofthetranscontinentalrailroad.a.Chinesewereb.TheChinesewasc.Chinesewasd.TheChinesewere44.44.______cangetabetterviewofthegamethantheparticipants.a.a. Looker-onb.Lookers-onc.Looker-onsc.Lookers-ons45.45.Agroupofspectatorswasdispersedbythepolicewho______atthesceneoftheaccidentswithinminutes.a.a. wereb.havebeenc.wasd.hasbeen46.46.Ourlivestock______notasnumerousastheyusedtobe.a.a. isb.arec.bed.been47.47.Oneofthemostsurprisingthingsisthat______maycomefrompetroleum.a.a. muchoftomorrowfoodc.manyoftomorrow’sfoodb.b. muchofthefoodoftomorrowd.muchoftomorrow’sfood48.48.Scottisanorphanbuthereceived______.a.a. verygoodeducationc.averygoodeducationb.b. verygoodeducationsd.manygoodeducations49.49.Afterseveralday’shardworking,wehavemade______onthe第236页
design.a.a. muchimprovementc.manyimprovementb.b. severalimprovementsd.someimprovement50.50.Theboywasveryhappythathismotherboughthimanewpairofshoesata______yesterday.a.a. shoesshopb.shoeshopc.shoes’sshopd.shoe’s51.51.Eggs,thoughnourishing,have______offatcontent.a.a. largenumberb.alargenumberc.ahighamountd.thehighamount52.52.Hehasdonesome______onthatsubjectfromvariousanglesoverthepasttenyears.a.a. researchb.aresearchc.researchesd.theresearches53.53.Recently,hehaslostallhis______.a.a. wageandsavingatcardc.wagesandsavingatcardb.b. wagesandsavingsatcardd.wagesandsavingsatcards54.54.Thecountry’swealthcomeschieflyfromitsmany______.a.a. herdofcattleb.heardofcattlesc.herdsofcattled.herdsofcattles55.55.InBritainthe______areallpaintedred.a.a. letterboxesb.lettersboxc.lettersboxesd.letters’sbox56.56.Tenyearshadpassed.Ifoundshehad______.a.a. alittlewhitehairc.afewwhitehairb.b. somewhitehaird.muchwhitehair57.57.Allhis______farfromsatisfactiona.a. conductisb.conductarec.conductsisd.conductswillbe58.58.Althoughthetownhadbeenattackedbythestormseveraltimes,______wasdone.a.a. afewdamagesb.fewdamagesc.littledamaged.alittledamage59.59.Hewas______whattodo.a.a. athiswitendb.athiswitsendc.athiswit’sendd.athiswits’send60.60.Wouldyouliketohaveacupofteaand______withme?atwotoastsb.twopiecesoftoastc.twopieceoftoastsd.towpiecesoftoasts61.61.Accurate______coveringthefactarenotobtainable.a.a. datumb.datumsc.datad.datas62.62.OnMondaymorningsometeachersexchangedafew______.a.a. how-are-yousc.how-are-you’sb.b. ofhow-are-you’sd.ofhowareyou第236页
63.63.Albertsaidhemetthegirl______a.a. athisuncle’sSmithroomc.athisuncleSmith’sroomb.b. atSmith’shisuncle’sroomd.attheroomofhisuncle’sSmith’s64.64.ItisfourmonthssinceIlastsawKeats______.a.a. atMrtSmith’s,thebooksellerc.atmyaunt’s,abooksellerb.b. atmyaunt’s,MrsPalmer’sd.atMrsPalmer’s,thebookseller’s65.65.Thisroomis______.a.a. theeditor’s-in-chief’sofficec.theeditor-in-chief’sofficeb.b. theeditor-in-chiefofficed.theeditor’s-in-chiefoffice66.66.Myoldclassmate,ComradeSun,worksat______.a.a. ateachercollegec.ateacher’scollegeb.b. ateachers’scolleged.acollegeofateacher’s67.67.Thepolicemenputthecriminal______.a.a. inaironb.intoaironc.inironsd.intoapairofiron68.68.Ourteachergaveme______.a.a. anadviceb.theadvicec.manyadviced.muchadvice69.69.Mymothercuttheclothwith______scissors.a.a. ab.twoc.acoupleofd.apairof70.Myhouseiswithin______fromtherailwaystation.a.astone’sthrowb.athrowofastonec.stone’sthrowd.thestone’sthrow 附:介词练习1.1. Sheissuchanirritatingwoman,Idon’tknowhowyoucan______her.a.putupb.standuptoc.standwithd.putupwith2.2. Togetmytraveler’scheckIhadto______aspecialchecktothebankforthetotalamount.a.makeforb.makeoutc.makeoffd.makeup3.3. Littleboysareeasily______.a.takeninb.takenawayc.takenoutd.takenover4.4. Thecompanyisgoingtohand______thefreesamplestomorrow.a.upb.outc.ond.down5.5. Itwaspurely______chancethatthemistakewasdiscovered.a.inb.forc.byd.from6.6. Themagicianpickedseveralpersons______fromtheaudienceandaskedthemtohelphimwiththeperformance.第236页
a.byaccidentb.onoccasionc.onaveraged.atrandom1.7. Ileftfortheofficeearlierthanusualthismorning______trafficjam.a.incaseofb.inlinewithc.forthesakeofd.attheriskof2.8. Someareas,_______theirsevereweatherconditions,arehardlypopulated.a.butforb.inspiteofc.duetod.withregardto3.9. Visitorsareaskedtocomply______theregulations.a.atb.inc.withd.on4.10. He______somuchworkthathecouldn’treallydoitefficiently.a.putonb.tookonc.broughtond.turnedon5.11. Inordertosavetime,I______myshoppingtoonceaweek.a.cutoffb.cutoutc.cutupd.cutdown6.12. Theideahas______thatsciencecannotbewrong.a.piledupb.pickedupc.grownupd.putup7.13. hedideverythinghecouldtopreventiffrom______intofighting.a.breakingoffb.breakingupc.breakingoutd.breakingof8.14. Theconstructionofthenewbuildingwillcost______1,000,000dollars,andit’snoteasytogetsomuchmoney.a.atlastb.atmostc.atleastd.atlarge9.15. Thethiefranawayasfastashecould______thepoliceman.a.insightb.withinthesightofc.withinsightd.atthesightof10.16. Fortoolong,Europeancanmakershavefoughtto______oldwaysandoldprivileges.a.hangontob.haveaccesstoc.refertod.seeto11.17. Whoever______afullnight’ssleepwillbemorethanrewardedinheightenedproductivity,creativityandfocus.a.investsatb.investsinc.investsbyd.investswith12.18. Prior______hisdeparture,hewrotealettertohismother.a.ofb.fromc.tod.in13.19. Thecompanyisveryfamous______thehighqualityofitsproducts.a.inb.forc.byd.with14.20. Oncehewasgivenachancetoimprovehispositioninthefirm,heseizedit______bothhandsandisnowonhiswaytothetop.a.onb.atc.ind.with15.21. Thesemisfortunesalmostdeprivedhim______hisfuturecareer.a.withb.ofc.fromd.beyond16.22. Idon’t______theexpense;Iwantthepartytobearealsuccess.第236页
a.careforb.careaboutc.beincareofd.takecareof1.23. Wemustgettheroofmendedbeforethewetweathersets______.a.aboutb.onc.upd.in2.24. Thecarpulled______besidemeandthedriveraskedmetowaytotheGreatWall.a.downb.offc.upd.out3.25. Afterthewar,manywarshipswerelaid______astheywerenotneededanylonger.a.upb.asidec.downd.over4.26. Whentherebelliondied______thingsquicklyreturnedtonormal.a.outb.awayc.downd.through5.27. I’llpickyou______atyourcollegegateandtakeyoustraighttothestation.a.onb.offc.outd.up6.28. Willyoupleasesee______ourluggagewhenIamaway?a.tob.inc.withd.for7.29. ______theyreachedthesmallvillagebeforedusk.a.Towardstheendb.Bytheendc.Intheendd.Attheend8.30. Maryhasleftthebookonthetable______purposesothatyoucanreadit.a.withb.onc.ind.outof9.31. Thatnoiseisgettinglouderbecausetheengineersare______theenginetoseeiftheplaneisreadytofly.a.doingwithb.runningupc.turningind.tryingfor10.32. Thegovernmentislooking______newmethodsofraisingmoneywithoutincreasingtaxes.a.downonb.uponc.outford.around11.33. Manissuperiortotheanimals______hesueslanguagetoconveyhisthoughts.a.andthatb.inthatc.sothatd.inorderthat12.34. Notlongago,apersonwhoIknoweverywellwas______anaccident.a.relatedtob.includedinc.involvedind.subjectto13.35. I______tohimfortheerror.a.excusedb.pardonedc.forgaved.apologized14.36. Thoughwehavenointerests______common,wearegoodfriends.a.onb.inc.ford.at15.37. Thepursehasreturnedtotheoriginalowner______.a.inalongtimeb.inalongrunc.innotimed.atnotime16.38. Wecan’thopetocatchupwiththatcar______us.a.inadvanceofb.inthefrontofc.atthefrontierofd.aheadof17.39. Someanimalswillmodifytheirbehaviorto______their第236页
environment.a.adapttob.adopttoc.suittod.conformto1.40. Don"t______goingabroadthissummer,wemaynothaveenoughmoney.a.countonb.comeonc.attendupond.frownupon2.41. Don’tsuspectyourdaughter______dishonesty.a.ofb.forc.withd.to3.42. Attheheadofthevalleyweturnedrightand______thesummit.a.setupb.tookupc.madeford.wentfor4.43. Hertypeofwomencan______lifemuchmoreeasily.a.copewithb.takeadvantageofc.takecareofd.lookafter5.44. Themanageraccusedoneofthehotelservants______stealingthemoney.a.forb.withc.ofd.about6.45. Itisdifficultto_____theimplicationbetweenthelines.a.gettob.getintoc.getoverd.getat7.46. Whilelivingthere,she______thelocalaccent.a.pickedonb.pickedatc.pickedupd.pickedout8.47. Weadoptedthenewmethod_____raisingourefficiency.a.intheeventofb.onaccountofc.withaviewofd.withregardto9.48. ______thelightofwhatyouhavetoldme,Iwillsaythatitishewhocamehereyesterday.a.Byb.Inc.Ofd.Under10.49. TheywillplaceChinainthefrontranksofcountriesoftheworld______theoutputofmajorindustrialproducts.a.insupportofb.inconnectionwithc.intermsofd.bymeansof11.50. Whentheyhadfinishedplaying,thechildrenweremadeto______allthetoystheyhadtakenout.a.putoffb.putawayc.putupd.putout12.51. Hefailedtosupplythefactsrelevant______thecaseinquestion.a.forb.withc.ofd.to13.52. InBritain,andontheContinenttoo,theJapaneseareviewed_______athreattodomesticindustries.a.likeb.asc.withd.for14.53. WhenJackwaseighteenhe______goingaroundwithastrangesetofpeopleandstayingoutverylate.a.tookupb.tookforc.tooktod.tookon15.54. WhileinLondon,wepaidavisittothehospitalfounded______thenurseFlorenceNightingale.a.inlinewithb.infavorofc.inplaced.inhonorof16.55. Apoormanhasto______manythingwhicharichmanregardsas第236页
almostnecessariesinlife.a.gothroughb.gowithoutc.gooverd.goabout1.56. Digitalcomputersarepractical______theirhighspeedofoperation.a.insteadofb.becauseofc.regardlessofd.inspiteof2.57. _____themanyhoursofstudythathedevotedtothesubject,hestillfoundthesubjectmatterdifficult.a.Afterb.Duetoc.Despited.Asfor3.58. Theearlypartoftheconcert______comparativelysatisfactorily.a.wentafterb.wentdownc.wentoffd.wentup4.59. Maryis_______herfacereadyfortheparty.a.clearingupb.holdingupc.keepingupd.makingup5.60. _______aprolongedspelloffineweather,theywereabletocompletethefilmwithinthemonth.a.Astob.Thankstoc.Inrelationtod.Withrespectto6.61. Onedaypeoplewillbeabletogotothemoon_____holiday.a.onb.duringc.ford.in7.62. Howdiditcome_____thatyoumadealotofmistakesinyourhomework?a.aboutb.afterc.withd.to8.63. Whatevertheruleis,youmaybesurehewillkeep_____it.a.onb.inc.offd.to9.64. Inonefirmaloneoverthreehundredpeoplewerelaid_____duringthelastmonth.a.inb.outc.ond.off10.65. Thesafetyofshops______seadependsmuchonthewarningsgivenbylighthouses.a.inb.acrossc.ond.at11.66. Themassofanobjectismultipliedbythespeedoflightsquared,_____otherwords,thespeedoflightismultipliedbyitself.a.byb.forc.ind.with12.67. Thenewsystemencouragescompaniestocompetewitheachother______equalterms.a.onb.inc.withd.for13.68. Youshouldstick_____thepointindebate.a.tob.atc.ind.for14.69. Tomhasbeensadrecently,forhisplantogotocollege_____atthelastmoment.a.felloutb.fellbehindc.fellind.fellthrough15.70. Davidlikescountrylifeandhasdecidedto______farming.a.goinforb.gointoc.gothroughd.goafter16.71. Thepolicehaven’tcaughtthemurderaliveyet,buttheyareconvincedthatthereallyimportantfactsofthecasewillsoon________第236页
.a.comeintoforceb.comeintocontactc.comeintolightd.comedowntoearth1.72. Theteacherexpectsustodoalltheexercises,tostudythespellinglistandtogetourpaper______time.a.inb.onc.atd.by2.73. Havingbeentoldbadweatherwasontheway,theclimbersdecidedto______theirattemptonMountTaiuntilthefollowingweek.a.giveupb.denytoc.putoffd.refuseto3.74. Billdidnothearthetelephonebecausehewascompletely______hisreading.a.absorbedforb.absorbedbyc.absorbedond.absorbedin4.75. Unwantedticketscanbegiven______atthetheatreofficewindowuptohalfanhourbeforetheperformance.a.inb.outc.offd.over5.76. Sciencewas______regardedasapartofphilosophy.a.attimeb.atalltimec.atatimed.atonetime6.77. Thenewlydesignedmachinesarehigh______quality.a.onb.inc.ford.with7.78. Somequiteartistic,yetinexpensivefabricsarenowbeing_____fromBritishmills.a.turnedoverb.turnedoutc.turnedupd.turnedoff8.79. Themotherscoldedtheboy______notcleaninguphisroom.a.tob.withc.atd.for9.80. ______mycarisbeingmadereadyforalongjourney.a.Inthemomentb.Forthemomentc.Atthemomentd.Bythemoment10.81. I’mbad______rememberingfaces.a.atb.inc.withd.on11.82. Oildrillinginthatareahasnowstoppedbecausethecompanyhas______money.a.comeoutofb.comeoffc.runoutofd.rundown12.83. Thedoctorwasalways______thepoorandthesick,oftengivingthemfreemedicalservices.a.remindedofb.absorbedinc.tendedbyd.concernedabout13.84. Thecompanywillsendarepresentativeto______theirbusinessinthatregion.a.attendtob.attemptatc.associatewithd.approveof14.85. Milkis______memoriesofhomeandmothersopeopleawayfromhomedrinkmoremilk.a.boundtob.kepttoc.referredtod.tiedto15.86. Despitethetrafficlightsahead,thecarcontinued______fullspeed.a.withb.inond.at第236页
1.87. Somethingstrangeseemstobe_____mesinceIhavebeentakingthisdrug.a.runningintob.comingacrossc.happeningtod.fallingon2.88. Theshopkeeperwas______insidehisownshop,andalltheday’smoneywasstolen.a.heldoverb.heldupc.heldoutd.heldoff3.89. Earth-likeplanetsareextremelycommonintheUniverse,______thelatestcomputersimulationoftheformationoftheSolarSystem.a.accordingtob.inadditiontoc.inregardtod.thanksto4.90. InBrazil,spendingonscienceandtechnology______just0.6percentofgrossnationalproduct.a.makesforb.makesupforc.accountsford.standsfor5.91. ______,whereverhelives,amanbelongstosomesociety.a.Forshortb.Inshortc.Ofshortd.Onshort6.92. Amanwhocould______suchtreatmentwasamanofremarkablephysicalcourageandmoralstrength.a.bearuponb.insistonc.standuptod.persistin7.93. Ishisactionconsistent______hisprinciples?a.withb.inc.ofd.by8.94. Heisbyfarthebestplayer______theteam.a.forb.onc.ind.to9.95. Aforeignfirmhasboughtmorethanhalfofthesharesinhiscompanyand______.a.gotoveritb.overtakenitc.takenitoverd.overcomeit10.96. Afteraheatedbargainingtheyagreed______thepriceforthecar.a.tob.withc.ond.in11.97. _______allthedifficultiesanddiscomforts,theywentonworkingatthedesign.a.Becauseofb.Inproportionwithc.Asaresultofd.Inspiteof12.98. allquestionsleft______byhistorymustbesettledonebyone.a.aloneb.offc.outd.over13.99. Itisjustthreeo’clockp.m.Theplanejust_____fiveminutesago.a.tookoffb.tookupc.tookoutd.tookin14.100. Thegovernmentwarnedthepeoplelivingintheforesttobe______fire.a.withregardtob.onguardc.onguardagainstd.inregardto15.101. Duringsleepbloodpressureisnormally______itslowest.第236页
a.inb.forc.atd.by1.102. Theparentsandthechildrenwillhavetoleavethecountry______good.a.withc.overc.ond.for2.103. Neithertheirparentsnortheirfriendshaveapproved______theirmarriageyet.a.forb.ofc.tod.with3.104. Classroomtesting,ifwelldone,mostcertainly______astimulustostudyandreallearning.a.actsforb.actsonc.actsasd.actsto4.105. Intheexperimentwekeptawatchfuleye______thedevelopmentsandrecordedeverydetail.a.inb.atc.ford.on106.TheFrenchpianistwhohadbeenpraisedveryhighly______tobeagreatdisappointment.a.turnedupb.turnedinc.turnedoutd.turneddown107.107.Intheadvancedcoursestudentsmusttakeperformancetests______monthlyintervals.a.inb.overc.atd.between108.108.Weregrettoinformyouthatthematerialsyouorderedare______.a.outofworkb.outofreachc.outofpracticed.outofstock109.109.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties______teaching,suchasadministrativeorresearchwork.a.besidesb.exceptc.butd.with110.110.heattempted______tosetupacompanyofhisown.a.withvainb.onvainc.invaind.ofvain111.111.Onhearingthenewsthatherfatherdied,she______tears.a.burstoutb.burstinc.burstintod.burstforth112.112.Shewasannoyedathiscomment,thinkingthathevisitor_____her.a.lookeddownb.lookedhighlyofc.lookedlowatd.lookeddownupon113.113.______comparisontomyboyhood,myundergraduateyearsinOklahomawereparadise.a.Inb.Withc.Byd.For114.114.TheUnitedStatesisamajorconsumerofcoffee,yetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowany______itsown.a.onb.forc.ofd.to115.115.Theaccountshavealwaysbeenhandled______thebankspolicies.a.inaccordancewithc.inconnectionwithc.incontrastwithd.inlinewith第236页
107.116.Hisinabilitytolearnforeignlanguageswasanobstacle______hiscareer.a.ofb.toc.ford.as108.117.Thepurposeoftheofficialinquiryisto______thetruefactsleadingtothelossoftheshipatsea.a.comeatb.comeforc.comeintod.comeover109.118.BusinesspickedupinthestoresduringDecember,but______againafterChristmas.a.droppedoffb.droppedoutc.droppedoverd.droppedon110.119.ManywordsassociatedwithlifeintheWestareSpanish______origin.a.onb.inc.atd.from111.120.Thecustomofvisitingfriends,relativesandneighborsonNewYear’sDayisonetheOldWorldtraditionsthathas______anewformintheUnitedStates.a.takenupb.takenonc.takenoverd.takenoff112.121.Someworkersfearthelossofsocialidentitythatcan______nothavingajob.a.resultinb.resultfromc.bringupd.bringon113.122.Mostoftheleadingfoodshopshavepromisedto______pricesuntilafterthenewyear.a.keepoffb.keepdownc.keepoutd.keepback114.123.______classicalmusic,whichfollowsformalEuropeantraditions,jazzisaspontaneousandfreeform.a.Incomparisonwithb.Inconnectionwithc.Incontrasttod.Inregardto124.Alice______whenacrowdfromatrainrushedthroughthegate.a.lookedafterb.lookedinc.lookedoverd.lookedup125.125.Thenewsofimportanteventsisbroadcastoften_______overtelevision.a.ontheaverageb.onthecontraryc.onthespotd.onthewhole 2.冠词和数词2.1不定冠词的用法 冠词本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词,另一种是不定冠词,还有一种是零冠词。 不定冠词a(an)与数词one同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。 1)表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为acertain。例如: AMr.Lingiswaitingforyou.有位姓凌的先生在等你。 2)代表一类人或物。例如:第236页
Aknifeisatoolforcuttingwith.刀是切割的工具。 Mr.Smithisanengineer.史密斯先生是工程师。 3)组成词组或成语,如alittle/afew/alot/atypeof/apile/agreatmany/manya/asarule/inahurry/inaminute/inaword/inashortwhile/afterawhile/haveacold/haveatry/keepaneyeon/allofasudden等。2.2定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但意义较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 1)特指双方都明白的人或物。例如: Takethemedicine. 把药吃了。 2)上文提到过的人或事。例如: Heboughtahouse. I"vebeentothehouse.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 3)指世上独一物二的事物,如thesun,thesky,themoon,theearth等。 4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如thedollar美元;thefox狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:therich富人;theliving生者。 5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面。例如: Wheredoyoulive? Iliveonthesecondfloor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。 That"stheverythingI"vebeenlookingfor. 那正是我要找的东西。 6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体。例如: Theyaretheteachersofthisschool.(指全体教师) Theyareteachersofthisschool. (指部分教师) 7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如: Shecaughtmebythearm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。 8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如: thePeople"sRepublicofChina 中华人民共和国 theUnitedStates 美国 9)用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如: Sheplaysthepiano. 她会弹钢琴。 10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人。例如: theGreens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) 11)用在惯用语中。例如: intheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening), thedayaftertomorrow thedaybeforeyesterday, thenextmorning, inthesky(water,field,country) inthedark, intherain, inthedistance, inthemiddle(of), intheend,onthewhole, bytheway, gotothetheatre 2.3零冠词的用法第236页
1)国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary。 2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词。例如: Theyareteachers.他们是教师。 3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词。例如: Failureisthemotherofsuccess. 失败乃成功之母。 4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词。例如: Mancannotlivewithoutwater. 离开水人就无法生存。 5)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词。例如: WegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词。例如: TheguardstooktheAmericantoGeneralLee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。 7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词,如havebreakfast,playchess。 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词。例如: Ican"twritewithoutpenorpencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。 9)当by与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词,如bybus,bytrain。 10)有些个体名词不用冠词,如school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义。例如: gotohospital 去医院看病 gotothehospital 去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的) 11)不用冠词的序数词; a.序数词前有物主代词时。 b.序数词作副词。例如:Hecamefirstintherace.他跑步得了第一。 c.在固定词组中,如at(the)first,firstofall,fromfirsttolast等。2.4冠词与形容词+名词结构1)两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同的人或物。例如: Heraisesablackandawhitecat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 Theblackandthewhitecatsarehers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。 2)如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一人或一物。例如:Heraisesablackandwhitecat.他养了一只花猫。 2.5冠词位置1)不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意: a.位于such,what,many,half等形容词之后。例如: Ihaveneverseensuchananimal.我从来没见过这样的动物。第236页
Manyamanisfitforthejob.许多人适合这岗位。 b.当名词前的形容词被副词as,so,too,how,however,enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。例如: ItisaspleasantadayasIhaveeverspent.我从未这么高兴过。 Soshortatime如此短的时间 Toolongadistance距离太远了 c.quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当rather,quite前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可,如:ratheracoldday/arathercoldday。 d.在as,though引导的让步状语从句中,当表语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后。例如: Braveamanthoughheis,hetremblesatthesightofsnakes.他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。2)定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all,both,double,half,twice,threetimes等词之后,名词之前。例如: Allthestudentsintheclasswentout. 班里的所有学生都出去了。2.6数词 表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。 一、基数词 1)基数词一般可写成如345或threehundredandforty-five。 2)基数词一般是单数形式,但遇下列情况,常用复数: a.与of短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如scoresofpeople指许多人; b.在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里。例如:Theyarrivedintwosandthrees. 他们三三两两的到了。 c.表示"几十岁"。 d.表示"年代",用in+the+数词复数。 e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如Threefivesis(are)fifteen。 二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式如first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st等。 三、数词的用法 1)倍数表示法 a.主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+as+adj.+as。例如 Ihavethreetimesasmanyasyou. 我有你三倍那么多。 b.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+thesize(amount,length…)of…。例如: Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon. 地球是月球的49倍。 c.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+than…。例如: Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。第236页
d.还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍。例如: Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.今年粮食产量增加了4倍。 2)分数表示法的构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数。例如: 1/3one-third;3/37threeandthree-sevenths. 2.7冠词练习1.WhenLindawasachild,hermotheralwaysletherhave______bed.a.a. thebreakfastinb.thebreakfastinthec.breakfastind.breakfastinthe2.2.Hehaspromisedtogiveup______hundredsoftimes.a.a. atobaccob.tobaccoc.thetobaccod.tobaccos3.3.______usuallygotochurcheverySunday.a.a. TheBrownb.ABrownc.Brownsd.TheBrowns4.4.Thetrainisrunningfiftymiles______.a.a. anhourb.onehourc.thehourd.ahour5.5.Hecanplayalmosteverykindofmusicinstrumentbutheisgood______.a.a. atthefluteb.atflutec.atafluted.atthatflute6.6.Theinvestigatorsfoundthatmoreshouldbedonefor______inIndia.a.a. thosepoorb.apoorc.poord.thepoor7.7.Youlookinhighspirit.Youmusthave______duringyourholiday.a.a. wonderfultimeb.awonderfultimec.thewonderfultimed.somewonderfultime8.8.Thecityassignedapolicemantotheschoolcrossingbecause______traffictherewassoheavy.a.a. ab.anc.thed.one9.9.Anewteacherwassenttothevillageinplaceof______onewhohadretired.a.a. ab.thec.and.its10.10.Virtueandvicearebeforeyou;______leadsyoutohappiness,______tomisery.a.theformer…latterb.aformer…alatterc.c. theformer…thelatterd.former…latter11.11.Thechildreninthekinder-gardensoontook______totheirteachers.a.a. quitefancyb.aquitefancyc.quiteafancyd.thequitefancy12.12.______tendtobemoanthelackofcharacterintheyounggeneration.a.a. Theoldb.Oldc.Elderlyd.Older13.13.Amansufferingfromachockshouldbegiven______.a.a. hotsweetteab.ahotsweetteac.thehotsweettead.onehotsweettea第236页
14.14.Heansweredmyquestionswith______nottobeexpectedofanordinaryschoolboy.a.a. hisaccuracyb.aaccuracyc.theaccuracyd.anaccuracy15.15.Ifyougobytrainyoucanhavequite______comfortablejourney.a.a. theb.onec.ad.that16.16.We’regoingto______with______today,aren’twe?a.a. thetea…theSmithsb.tea…thoseSmithsc.atea…aSmithd.tea…theSmiths17.17.Iwantanassistantwith______knowledgeofFrenchand______experienceofofficeroutine.a.a. the…theb.a…thec.a…and.the…an18.18.Ann’shabitofridingamotorcycleupanddowntheroadearlyinthemorningannoyedtheneighborsand______theytookhertothecourt.a.a. intheendb.attheendc.inanendd.inend19.19.Itisreportedthattoday______presidentwillhavelunchwith______PresidentOmon.a.a. the…theb.a…ac.the…/d./…/20.20.TiananMenSquareand______GreatWallaretowoftheplaceseveryoneshouldseein______People’sRepublicofChina.a.a. the…theb./…/c.the…/d./…the21.21.Ithaslongbeenknownthatthereisanelectricfield______.a.a. insidetheearthb.insideearthc.insideanearthd.onearth22.22.______muchharderwork,thevolunteerswereabletoplacetheragingforestfire______.a.Bythemeansof…underthecontrolb.Bymeansof…undercontrolc.c.Bymeansof…underacontrold.Byameansof…undercontrol23.23.Nosoonerhadthemandepartedthanthetreebegandroppingcoffeebeans______.a.a. bythethousandb.byathousandc.bythousandsd.bythousand24.24.Heexpressed______oftheirhavingeverbeenmarried.a.a. thedoubtb.adoubtc.doubtd.andoubt25.25.Hesawthroughthelittleboy’stricks______.a.a. atglanceb.attheglancec.atsomeglanced.ataglance26.26.Theirvictoryis______,forthey’velosttoomanymen.a.a. outofquestionb.outofthequestionc.outquestiond.ofquestion27.27.Manyagirlwantstobecome______.a.a. somesecretaryb.asecretaryc.secretaryd.secretaries28.28.Hegrabbedme______andpulledmeontothebus.第236页
a.a. aarmb.anarmc.thearmd.bythearm29.29.I’llcomein______minute;infactI’llcome______momentI’mthrough.a.a./…theb.a…thec.the…ad./…/30.30.Thisisoneof______interestingbooksonyoursubject.a.a. themostb.themostofthec.mostd.mostofthe31.31.Heenjoyslife______the“QueenAnne”.a.a. onaboardb.onboardc.intheboardd.board32.32.Helosthisfoband______hiswifelefthim.a.a. onthattopb.ontopofthatc.onatopofthatd.onthetop33.33.Mostoftherepresentativesthinkthat______themeetingwasverysuccessful.a.a. onwholeofb.onawholec.onthewholed.onthewholethat34.34.UndernocircumstanceswilltherebewagecontrolwhileIam______ofthegovernment.a.a. theheadb.aheadc.headd.thathead35.35.Likehissister,Davidneeded______fromsomegenerouspersoninordertogethome.a.a. arideb.someridec.rided.theride36.36.Thebrain’slefthemispherecontrolslogicandlanguage,while______controlsintuitivetalentsandmusicalability.a.a. therightb.arightc.thatrightd.rightone37.37.______issettinguparesearchteamtoseehowchildrenreacttovideogames.a.a. TheJapan’sHealthMinistryb.Japan’shealthMinistryb.b. AJapan’shealthMinistryd.JapanhealthMinistry38.38.UnlikeAmericans,whoseemtoprefercoffee,______agreatdealoftea.a.a. Englishdrinkb.TheEnglishdrinkc.Englishmandrinkd.theEnglishdrinks39.39.Hundredsofpeopleare______now,sothereareabout50peopletryingforthesameposition.a.a.outoftheworkb.outworkc.outofworkd.outofawork40.40.Hismothertaught______,buthisfatherwasonlyablue-collarworker.a.a. pianob.anpianoc.thepianod.apiano41.41.ContrarytowhatIhadexpected,helostfor______.a.a. secondtimeb.asecondtimec.secondtimesd.thesecondtime42.42.Fashionschangeandpeoplechangetoo,buttheoldfeelingremains______.a.a. thesameb.samec.thatsamed.assame第236页
43.43.Wearegoingtodinetomorrowwith______tocelebrateChristmasDay.a.a. theCunningb.Cunningsc.TheCunningsd.Cunning’s44.44.Thisis______whichiscollectedbeforethefirstraininSpring.a.a. oneteab.ateac.thetead.thattea45.45.______isknownbyitsnote,______isknownbyhistalk.a.a. Abird/amanb.Onebird/onemanc.Thebird/themand.Bird/man46.46.Nevertravelwith______wholeavesyouincaseofdanger.a.a. thefriendb.thatfriendc.afriendd.friend47.47.DoyouthinkitpossiblefortheNorthPoletohave______afewthousandyearsfromnow?a.a. Shanghaib.aShanghaic.theShanghaid.oneShanghai48.48.Idon’tthink______isabettercarthanourmakes.a.a. aFordb.Ford’sc.theFordd.Ford49.49.Ididn’tknowwhyhelookedangrywhenIpattedhim______.a.a. ontheheadb.onheadc.onaheadd.onhishead50.50.heneverfailstogiveyou______whenyouareintrouble.a.a. hishelpinghandsb.thehelpinghandc.helpinghandsd.ahelpinghand51.51.Thehistoricaleventsofthatperiodarearranged______.a.a. inalphabeticalorderb.inanalphabeticalorderb.b. inthealphabeticalordersd.inaalphabeticalorders52.52.Theliketotakeavacation______.a.a. onetimetheyearb.onetimeinayearc.onceayeard.onceinayear53.53.“WhatisTodger?”“Heis______.”a.a. apoetandnovelistb.apoetandanovelistb.b. poetandnovelistd.thepoetandnovelist54.“Howdidyoupaytheworkers?”“Asarule,theyarepaid______.”a.a. byanyourb.bythehourc.byahourd.byhours55.55.TheDMZextendsabouttwohundredkilometers______.a.fromeasttowestb.fromtheeasttowestc.fromtheeasttothewestd.fromeasterntowestern56.56.What______areyouplanningtobuy?a.a. makeofcarb.makeofthecarc.makeofacard.makeofcars57.57.______,youcan’tfoolher.a.a. ThechildthoughRowenaisb.ThoughchildRowenaisb.b. AschildRowenaisd.ChildasRowenais58.58.What’s______istogetinformationaboutthesituationfirst.a.a. thewisestb.awisestc.thewiserd.wisest59.59.Thedifferencesbetween______aregraduallybeingeliminated.第236页
a.a. thetownandthecountryb.townandcountryb.b. atownandacountryd.atownandthecountry60.60.ScientistshopetosendanexpeditiontoMarsduring______.a.the1990sb.the1990c.1990sd.1990’s 2.8数词练习1.1.______martyrshaveheroicallylaiddowntheirlivesforthepeople.a.Thousanduponthousandofb.Thousandandthousandsofc.Thousandsuponthousandsofd.Thousandandthousandof2.2.Theyreceived______oflettersabouttheirTVprograms.a.dozenb.dozenanddozencscored.dozens3.3.Whoisthatman,______inthefrontrow?a.oneb.theonec.firstd.thefirst4.4.Wehaveproduced______thisyearaswedidin1993.a.asmuchcottontwiceb.astwicemuchcottonc.muchastwicecottond.twiceasmuchcotton5.5.Theearthisabout______asthemoon.a.asfiftytimebigb.fiftytimesasbigc.asbigfiftytimed.fiftyastimesbig6.6.ThepopulationofmanyAlaskancitieshas______inthepastthreeyears.a.morethandoubledb.moredoubledthanc.muchthandoubledd.muchdoubledthan7.7.Themoonisabout_____indiameterasdiameterastheearth.a.one-threeaslargeb.onethreeaslargec.one-thirdaslarged.onethirdaslarge8.8.Fivehundredyuanamonth_____enoughtoliveon.a.isb.arec.isbeingd.hasbeen9.9.______ofthebuildingswereruined.a.Threefourthb.Threefourc.Three-fourthsd.Three-four10.10.Consult_____forquestionsaboutearthquakes.a.thesixindexb.indexsixc.sixthindexd.indexnumberingsix11.11.Shewenttothecountryside______.a.a. inthemorningatnine/onJunefirst,1968b.onJunefirst,1968/inthemorningatnineb.b. atnineinthemorning/onJunefirst,1968d.onJunefirst,1968/atnineinthemorning12.12.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearth______coveredwithwater.a.areb.isc.wered.be13.13.Thismonththeproductionofstainlesssteelinoursteelworkshasincreased______2,000tons.a.a. withb.inc.ond.by第236页
14.14.Withtheminiaturizationofthestructuralcomponentstheweightoftheseelectricdeviceshasdecreased________30percent.a.asb.withc.ind.by15.15.TheOlympicGamesareheld______.a.a. everyfouryearsb.everyfouryearc.everyfourthyearsd.everyfour-years16.16.Asheisnotingoodhealth,hegoestohisfactoryonly______justtolearnsomethingabouttheprogressofexperiment.a.a. onceaweekb.oneweekc.onetimeaweekd.oneaweek17.17.Threestudents______inthisuniversitycomefromtheSouth.a.oftenb.outofintenc.outoftend.intens18.18.Stringsofthesamethicknessmadeofnylonare______.a.a. fivetimesstrongerthanthoseb.fivetimestrongerthanthoseb.b. fivetimesstrongthanthosed.fivetimesstrongerasthose19.thewheelsoftheoldwagonarenearly______thoseofamoderncar.a.a. twicethesizeofb.twicesizeofc.twicesizesofd.twicethesizeof20.20.Onedayonthemoonis______.a.a. twoEarthweeklongb.twoEarthweekslongb.b. twoEarthweekslongerd.twoEarthweekslength 附:限定词练习1.1.Myhandwashurt.Couldyoudo______typingforme?a.a. someb.manyc.suchd.any2.2.Therewere______studentsinthereadingroom.a.a. neitherb.notc.nod.none3.3.Ifitisof______usetoyou,pleasetakeit.a.a. someb.manyc.nod.any4.4.I’veinvitedfivepeopletoteathisafternoon.Outofthem,onlyJohnandMarycancome,______can’t.a.a. otherb.theotherc.othersd.theothers5.5.MostEnglishpeoplegotoSpainforthesea,thesunandallthe______thingsassociatedwitharelaxingholiday.a.a. anyb.anotherc.somed.other6.6.______wereironedbymymotheryesterday.a.a. Theallsheetsb.allofsheetsc.Allthesheetsd.Sheetsofall7.7.Asusual,______manwasgivenhisindividualassignment.a.a. everyb.eachc.alld.both8.8.Theysaw______girlsthedaybeforeyesterday.a.a. boththeothertwob.thetwootherbothc.thebothother第236页
twod.thebothtwoother9.9.Oneusesthefreezer,thecomputerandthebusinessschooltomanufacture______dishesinneveraticklongerthan100seconds.a.a. suchothersb.othersuchc.suchotherd.othersucha10.10.______boxerwasstrong,but______hadagoodbuildandwaslightonhisfeet.a.a.Either/everyb.Neither/eachc.Both/bothd.Allthe/all11.11.______wasastonishedtofindhimselfrootingandshoutinginamostundignifiedmanner.a.Manyelderlymanb.Amanyelderlymenc.Manyanelderlymand.Manyelderlymen12.12.Iknownow,ofcourse,thereis______aslove.a.a. nosuchathingb.notsuchthingc.notathingd.nosuchthing13.13.Astherewere______life-boatsforeverybody,40liveswerelost.a.a. aslittleb.solittlec.toofewd.veryfew14.14.Hewasbrave;_____soldiersfoughtsobravelyinthatbattle.a.a. noothersb.noanotherc.nootherd.notother15.15.Idon’tthinkwehavemetbefore.I’mafraidyou’reconfusingmewith______.a.a. someotherb.someotherpersonc.otherpersond.oneother16.16.WeekendslastfromFridayeveningtoSundaynight.______daysareweek-days.a.a. Theotherb.Anotherc.Otherd.Everyother17.17.Wehad______goodtimethatwehatedtoleavetheparty.a.a. suchab.suchc.sod.pretty18.18.Parisis______thatwecanhardlyvisitallthebeautifulparksintwoorthreedays.a.suchlargeacityb.soalargecityc.suchalargecityd.asuchlargecity19.19.DeputiestotheNationalPeople’sCongressareelected_______.a.everyfouryearb.eachfouryearsc.everyoffouryearsd.everyfouryears20.20.Thereishardly______differencebetweenthetwolibraries.a.nob.anyc.muchd.some21.21.Foryoungpeople,Carpenteris______singer.a.mosttheirpopularb.mostpopularoftheirsc.c.theirmostpopulard.mostpopularoftheir22.22.______areabouttheAmericanIndependentWar.a.a. Bothbookb.Bothbooksc.Allthetwobookd.alloftwobooks23.23.WhenIamintrouble,myfriendswillgivemetheirhandswithout______hesitation.第236页
a.a. someb.ac.anyd.the24.24.You’rewelcometomyhouse______timeyou’dlike.a.a. theb.anyc.nod.some25.25.Hewasverymuchdisappointedbecause______wenttohisweddingparty.a.a. nohisfriendsb.allnohisfriendsc.nonehisfriendsd.noneofhisfriends26.26.Youshouldn’tstopyourcarheresincethereisasign‘______’.a.a. NotParkingb.NoParkc.NoParkingd.NotaPark27.27.Icannotinvited______ofyou,sinceI’vegotonlyoneextraticket.a.a. eitherb.bothc.somed.one28.28.______theidiomsarenoteasytorememberanduse.a.a. Everyb.Somec.Alld.Each29.29.Thereisalineoftreesin______sideoftheriver.a.a. everyb.eachc.perd.none30.30.______ourcountriesaredevelopingcountries.a.a. Eachb.Eitherc.Everyd.Both31.31.Thescientistwroteanumberofbooks,but______bookswerenovels.a.a. lasttwohisb.hislasttwoc.twohislastd.lasttwoofhis32.32.Haveyougot______copiestogoaround?a.a. muchc.alargeamountofc.enoughd.great33.33.Youcanneverusemycar.____timeshouldyoutouchit.a.a. Atnob.Atanyc.anyd.No34.34.Mybrotherisgoingonthepicnicwith______friends.a.a. histwolittleotherb.otherhistwolittlec.hisotherlittletwod.histwootherlittle35.35.Thoseexamplesarenotenough,youshouldgive______examplestomakeyourargumentconvincing.a.a. someb.anyc.somemored.anymore36.36.______feelsentitledtomoreinlifethanjusthousework.a.a. Manywomenb.Alotofwomanc.Manyawomand.Afewwoman37.37.Youwillhavetopractice______timesbeforeyoucandoit.a.a.manymoreb.moremanyc.moreoftend.moreseveral38.38.Itis______workofartthateveryonewantstohavealookatit.a.a. asounusualb.suchanunusualc.sounusuald.suchunusual39.39.Thiscakeisdelicious,butIcan’teat______.a.a. someb.noc.anyd.much40.40.HerearesomebooksbyAmericanwriters.Youcanread______youlike.a.anyb.whichc.whatoned.whicheverone 第236页
3.代词 代词是代替名词的词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。 一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:数单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemshehertheythemitittheythem 例如:Heismyfriend. 他是我的朋友。 It"sme. 是我。 二、物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,其人物和数的变化见下表。数单数复数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhis/her/itsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshis/hers/itsoursyourstheirs 例如:Ilikehiscar.我喜欢他的小汽车。 Ourschoolishere,andtheirsisthere.我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。 三、指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。例如: Thatisagoodidea. 那是个好主意。 四、表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为"反身代词"。例如: Shewastalkingtoherself. 她自言自语。 五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有eachother和oneanother两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么大的区别。例如: Theyloveeachother. 他们彼此相爱。 六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody,something,noone。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。例如:---Doyouhaveacar? --你有一辆小汽车吗?第236页
---Yes,Ihaveone. --是的,我有一辆。---Idon"tknowanyofthem. 他们,我一个也不认识。 七、疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)例如: Tellmewhoheis. 告诉我他是谁。 八、关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(先行词)。例如: Heisthemanwhomyouhavebeenlookingfor. 他就是你要找的那个人。3.1人称代词的用法1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语。例如: Johnwaitedawhilebuteventuallyhewenthome.约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。 JohnhopedthepassengerwouldbeMaryandindeeditwasshe.约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中。例如: Whenhearrived,Johnwentstraighttothebank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。 2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语。例如: Isawherwiththem,atleast,Ithoughtitwasher.我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语) a.--Whobrokethevase? --谁打碎了花瓶? b.--Me. --我。(me做主语补语=It"sme.)说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。3.2人称代词之主、宾格的替换1)宾格代替主格 a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not后,多用宾语。 ----IlikeEnglish. --我喜欢英语。 ----Metoo. --我也喜欢。 ----Havemorewine? --再来点酒喝吗? ----Notme. --我可不要了。 b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。 HeistallerthanI/me. HeistallerthanIam.2)主格代替宾格第236页
a.在介词but,except后,有时可用主格代替宾格。 b.在电话用语中常用主格。 ----IwishtospeaktoMary.--我想和玛丽通话。 ----Thisisshe. --我就是玛丽。 注意:在动词be或tobe后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。 Ithoughtitwasshe. 我以为是她。 (主格----主格) Ithoughtittobeher. (宾格----宾格) Iwastakentobeshe. 我被当成了她。 (主格----主格) Theytookmetobeher. 他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)3.3代词的指代问题1)不定代词anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone,someone,everyone,noone,及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he,his,him代替。例如: Nobodycame,didhe? 谁也没来,是吗? 2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he,she,带有亲切的感情色彩。例如: Givethecatsomefood.Sheishungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。 3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。3.4并列人称代词的排列顺序1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称->第三人称->第一人称,即you->he/she;it->I。例如: You,heandIshouldreturnontime. 2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称->第二人称->第三人称,即we ->you->they。 注意:在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。 a.在承认错误,承担责任时, ItwasIandJohnthatmadeherangry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。b.在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,如:Iandyoutrytofinishit.我和你去弄好它。 c.并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。 d.当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。3.5物主代词1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用。例如:Johnhadcuthisfinger;apparentlytherewasabrokenglassonhisdesk.约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。物主代词有形容词性(my,your等)和名词性(mine,yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--"s属格结构。例如: Jack"scap 意为ThecapisJack"s。第236页
Hiscap 意为Thecapishis。 2)名词性物主代词的句法功能 a.作主语。例如: MayIuseyourpen?Yoursworksbetter.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?你的比我的好用。 b.作宾语。例如: Ilovemymotherlandasmuchasyouloveyours.我深爱我的祖国就像你深爱你的祖国一样。 c.作介词宾语。例如:YourshouldinterpretwhatIsaidinmysenseoftheword,notinyours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的去解释。 d.作主语补语。例如: ThelifeIhaveisyours.It"syours.It"syours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。3.6双重所有格 物主代词不可与a,an,this,that,these,those,some,any,several,no,each,every,such,another,which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。公式为:a,an,this,that+名词+of+名词性物主代词。例如:afriendofmine,eachbrotherofhis. 7.反身代词1)1) 列表数单数复数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词Iyouhe/she/itweyouthey反身代词myselfyourselfyourself/herself/himselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves 另外:one的反身代词为oneself 2)做宾语 a.有些动词需有反身代词,如absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behave等。例如: Weenjoyedourselvesverymuchlastnight. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。 Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish. 请你随便吃点鱼。 b.用于及物动词+宾语+介词,如takepridein,beannoyedwith,helponeselftosth等。例如:Icouldnotdress(myself)upatthat第236页
time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,如:getup,sit-down,standup,wakeup等。例如: Pleasesitdown. 请坐。 3)用作表语,如结构beoneself。例如:Iamnotmyselftoday. 我今天不舒服。4)用作同位语 Thethingitselfisnotimportant. 事情本身并不重要。 5)在不强调的情况下,but,except,for等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:Noonebutmyself(me)ishurt.注意: a.反身代词本身不能单独作主语。 (错)Myselfdrovethecar. (对)Imyselfdrovethecar. 我自己开车。 b.但在and,or,nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself作主语。例如:Charlesandmyselfsawit.查尔斯和我看见了这件事。 代词目录3.8相互代词1)相互代词只有eachother和oneanother两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的。例如: Itiseasytoseethatthepeopleofdifferentcultureshavealwayscopiedeachother.显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。2)相互代词的句法功能: a.作动词宾语; Peopleshouldloveoneanother.人们应当彼此相爱。 b.可作介词宾语; Doesbark,cockscrow,frogscroaktoeachother. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用eachother,存在于两个以上人和物之间用oneanother。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多。例如: Heputallthebooksbesideeachother/oneanother.他把所有书并列摆放起来。 Usuallythesesmallgroupswereindependentofeachother.这些小团体通常是相互独立的。 c.相互代词可加-"s构成所有格。例如: Thestudentsborrowedeachother"snotes.学生们互借笔记。 代词目录3.9指示代词1)指示代词分单数(this/that)和复数(these/第236页
those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词。例如: 单数复数限定词ThisgirlisMary.Thosemenaremyteachers.代词ThisisMary.Thosearemyteachers. 2)指示代词的句法功能; a.作主语。例如: Thisisthewaytodoit. 这事儿就该这样做。 b.作宾语。例如: Ilikethisbetterthanthat. 我喜欢这个甚至那个。 c.作主语补语。例如: Mypointisthis. 我的观点就是如此。 d.作介词宾语。例如: Idon"tsaynotothat. 我并未拒绝那个。 Thereisnofearofthat. 那并不可怕。 说明1:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人。例如: (对)Thatismyteacher. 那是我的老师。(that作主语,指人) (对)Heisgoingtomarrythisgirl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词) (错)Heisgoingtomarrythis. (this作宾语时不能指人) (对)Iboughtthis. 我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语) 说明2:That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较: (对)Headmiredthatwhichlookedbeautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。 (对)Headmiredthosewholookedbeautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人) (错)Headmiredthatwhodancedwell. (that作宾语时不能指人) (对)Headmiredthosewhodancedwell. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人) (对)Headmiredthosewhichlookedbeautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物) 代词目录3.10疑问代词1)疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个: 指人:who,whom,whose 指物:what 既可指人又可指物:which 2)疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what,which,whose还可作限定词。试比较: 疑问代词:Whosearethesebooksonthedesk? 桌上的书是谁的?第236页
WhatwasthedirectionalflowofU.S.territorialexpansion?美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的? 限定词:Whosebooksaretheseonthedesk?桌上的书是谁的?WhateventsledtomostoftheeastoftheMississippiRiverbecomingpartoftheUnitedStates? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国? 说明1:无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which和what所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内。例如: Whichgirlsdoyoulikebest?你喜欢哪几个姑娘? Whatgirlsdoyoulikebest?你喜欢什么样的姑娘? 说明2:Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom,例如: Who(m)didyoumeetonthestreet?你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语) Who(m)areyoutakingthebookto?你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首) Towhomdidyouspeakonthecampus?你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代。) 说明3:疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句末。例如: Forwhatdomostpeopleliveandwork?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)Whatareyoulookingfor?你在找什么?(现代英语) 说明4:疑问代词还可引导名词性从句。例如: Ican"tmakeoutwhatheisdrivingat.我不知道他用意何在。 Canyoutellmewhoseistheblueshirtonthebed? 你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?MuchofwhatyousayIagreewith,butIcannotgoallthewaywithyou.你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。 代词目录11.关系代词1)关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。例如:ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。该句中whom既代表先行词thegirl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。1)2) 关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that可指人也可指物,见表: 指人指物指人或指物主格whowhichthat第236页
宾格whomthatthat属格whoseofwhich/whoseofwhich/whose 例如:Thisisthepencilwhosepointisbroken.这就是那枝折了尖的铅笔。(whose指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语) Hecamebackforthebookwhichhehadforgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)说明:非限定性定语从句中,不能用that作关系代词。 3)关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子。例如: Hesaidhesawmethere,whichwasalie.他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。 说明:关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。另外,关系代词that在从句中作表语时也可省略,例如: I"veforgottenmuchoftheLatinIonceknew. 我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。 He"schanged.He"snotthemanhewas.他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。 代词目录3.12every,no,all,both,neither,nor1)不定代词有all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no以及some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,noone,none,everybody,everyone.等。 2)不定代词的功能与用法 a.除every和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。例如: Ihavenoideaaboutit.我不知该咋办。 b.all都,指三者以上。all的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。例如: Allgoeswell. 一切进展得很好。 all通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说allthebook,而说thewholebook。 但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如allday,allnight,alltheyear;但习惯上不说allhour,allcentury。 all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如allChina,allthecity,allmylife,alltheway 3)both 都,指两者。 a.both与复数动词连用,但both…and…可与单数名词连用。 b.both,all都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前,be动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。例如:WhocanspeakJapanese? 谁能讲日本话? Weboth(all)can.我们都不会。 4)neither 两者都不第236页
a. neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 b.作定语与单数名词连用,但neither…nor用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。c. 可用于下列句型,避免重复。例如:Shecan"tsing,neither(can)he.她不会唱歌,他也不会。 5)neither与nor的比较 a. 如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用nor。例如: Ifyoudon"tdoit,neithershouldI. 如果你不干,我也不干。 b.如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。例如: Hecan"tsing,nordance,norskate.他不会唱歌,不会跳舞,也不会滑冰。 代词目录3.13none,few,some,any,one,ones一、none无 1)none作主语,多与of构成短语noneof。在答语中,none可单独使用。例如: Arethereanypicturesonthewall? 墙上有画吗?None.没。 2)none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。例如: Itisnoneofyourbusiness.闲事莫管。二、few一些,少数 few作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。三、some一些 1)可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。 2)当做"某一"解时,也可与单数名词连用。(=acertain) Youwillbesorryforthissomeday.总有一天,你会为此后悔的。 Acertain(some)personhasseenyoubreaktherule.有些人不同意你的看法。 注意: (1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。 (2)some用于其他句式中: a.肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。 Wouldyoulike句式中,表委婉请求或建议。例如: Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?喝咖啡吗? b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时。例如: Ifyouneedsomehelp,letmeknow.需要帮助,跟我说。 c.some位于主语部分。例如: Somestudentshaven"tbeentherebefore.有些学生没去过那儿。 d.当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。例如: Ihaven"theardfromsomeofmyoldfriendstheseyears.这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。第236页
四、any一些 1)any多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。 当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。 Herearethreenovels.Youmayreadany. 这有三本小说,你可任读一本。五、one,复数形式为ones ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some,any,而不用ones。例如:Haveyouboughtanyrulers? 买尺了吗?Yes,I"veboughtsome.买了,买了几把。 代词目录3.14one,that和it one表示泛指,that和it表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it与所指名词为同一个。例如: Ican"tfindmyhat.IthinkImustbuyone.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。 ThehatyouboughtisbiggerthanthatIbought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。 Ican"tfindmyhat.Idon"tknowwhereIputit.(同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。 代词目录3.15one/another/theotherone…theother 只有两个 some…theothers 有三个以上 one…another,another… some…others,others… others=otherpeople/things theothers=therest 剩余的全部 1)泛指另一个用another。 2)一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用theother。 3)一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one(another),第三个可用theother,athird。 4)一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用theothers。 5)泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。代词目录3.16“the”的妙用Heisoneofthestudentswhohelpme. Heistheoneofthestudentswhohelpsme.他是帮我的学生之一。 第一句定语从句与thestudents一致。 第二句定语从句与theone一致。第236页
代词目录3.17anyone/anyone;noone/none;every/each1.anyone和anyone anyone仅指人,anyone既可指人,也可指物。2.noone和none a)none后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而noone只单独使用,只指人。 b)none作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而noone作主语谓语动词只能是单数。例如: Noneofyoucouldliftit.你们中没有人可举起它。 ----Didanyonecallmeupjustnow? --刚才有人打电话给我吗? ----Noone. --没有。3.every和each1)every强调全体的概念,each强调个体概念。例如: Everystudentinourschoolworkshard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。 Eachstudentmayhaveonebook.. 每个学生都可有一本书。2)every指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物(含两个)。3)every只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。例如: Everyboyhastotakeone.每个男孩必须取一个。 Eachboyhastotakeone. Eachoftheboyshastotakeone.4)every不可以作状语,each可作状语。5)every有反复重复的意思,如everytwoweeks等;each没有。6)every与not连用,表示部分否定;each和not连用表示全部否定。例如: Everymanisnothonest.并非每个人都诚实。 Eachmanisnothonest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。代词目录3.18both,either,neither,all,any,none 这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be动词之后,行为动词之前或第一个助动词之后。 1)both(两者都),either(两者中任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。例如: Neitherofthetwoboysisclever. 两个男孩都不聪明。 2)both,either both与复数连用,either与单数连用。例如: Boththeboysareclever. 两个男孩都很聪明。 Eitherofthetwoboysisclever. Thereareflowersonbothsidesofthestreet.路边长满了野花。 Thereareflowersoneithersideofthestreet. 3)all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。例如: Alltheflowersaregone. 所有的花都谢了。第236页
Idon"tlikeanyoftheflowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。 Ilikenoneoftheflowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。 注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。例如: Allofthestudentsarethere.所有的学生都在那。 All(of)themilkisthere. 所有的牛奶都在那。 代词目录3.19many,much Many,much都意为"许多",many+可数名词,much+不可数名词。例如: Howmanypeoplearethereatthemeeting?多少人出席了会议。 Howmuchtimehasweleft?还剩多少时间? Manyoftheworkerswereatthemeeting.许多工人在开会。 Muchofthetimewasspentonlearning.学习上化了许多时间。 代词目录3.20few,little,afew,alittle(a)few+可数名词,(a)little+不可数名词 afew/alittle为肯定含义,还有一点 few/little 为否定含义,没有多少了。例如: Hehasafewfriends. 他有几个朋友。 Hehasfewfriends. 他几乎没有朋友。 Westillhavealittletime.我们还有点时间。 Thereislittletimeleft.几乎没剩下什么时间了。固定搭配:onlyafew(=few) notafew(=many) quiteafew(=many)manya(=many)。例如: Manybooksweresold.Manyabookwassold.卖出了许多书。典型例题: Althoughhe"swealthy,hespends___onclothes. A.little B.few C.alittle D.afew 答案:A.spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或alittle.本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。 代词目录代词练习答案3.21代词练习1.1.Thereareseveralprettygirlsstandingunderthetree,but______areknowntome.a.a. neitherb.nonec.nooned.all2.2.Inoneyearratseat40to50times______weight.a.a. itsb.andc.theird.theirs3.3.You’dbettercontinuetousethesamespellingofyournameas______第236页
youusedinyourapplication.a.a. oneb.theonec.anyd.someone4.4.Thelittlebabywasleftalone,with______tolookafterit.a.a. someoneb.anyonec.notoned.noone5.5.Johncanplaychessbetterthan______else.a.a. theoneb.noonec.anyoned.another6.6.Theweightofsomethingisanotherwayofdescribingtheamountofforceexertedon______bygravity.a.a. itb.themc.thatd.one7.7.Itisonethingtoenjoylisteningtogoodmusic,butitisquite______toperformskillfullyyourself.a.a. otherb.anotherc.somed.any8.8.Childrenshouldbetaughthowtogetalongwith______.a.a. anotherb.otherc.othersd.anyother9.9.Thepoormanlivedonwildberriesandrootsbecausetheyhad______toeat.a.a. nothingelseb.anythingelsec.somethingotherd.nothingother10.10.Igotothecinema______day,Tuesdays,Thursdays,andSaturdays.a.a. eachotherb.everyotherc.thisandtheotherd.allother11.11.Oneofthepropertiesoflightis______travelinginwaveformasitgoesfromoneplacetoanother.a.a. itb.it’sc.itsd.their12.12.______intheworldhasbeenaskedtodohisdutyforthehumansociety.a.a. Eachofthetrampsb.Everyofthetrampsc.Theeachtrampd.Theeverytramp13.13.Insomerestaurants,foodandserviceareworsethan______usedtobe.a.a. theyb.itc.themd.that14.14.Lettheportertakeallthebaggageoutandput______inthelobby.a.a. itb.theyc.themd.its15.15.Everyonewhocomestothepartyisgivenawoodenapplewith_____ownnamescutinitasasouvenir.a.a. hisb.herc.theird.our16.Everybodyintheclassmustgivein______exercisebookwithinthegiventime.a.a. theirb.ourc.hisd.her17.17.Duringthejourney,theboysandgirlsentertained______withsongsandgames.a.a. themselvesb.theirselvesc.himselfd.itself18.You’dbetterbuy______somefruitswhenyougoonatrip.a.a. youselfb.myselfc.yourselfd.you第236页
19.19.Theboysinthistownliketobully______.a.a. oneanotherb.oneandotherc.eachotherd.oneandtheother20.20.OnecommonfamilynameisBlack,______isAnderson.a.anotherb.theotherc.othersd.noneother21.21.Ihavetwonovels:oneofthetwois“GonewiththeWind’,and______is“theTaleofTwoCities’.a.anotherb.otherc.noneotherd.theother22.22.Allgirlswearbeautifulclothes.Somearedressedinred;______ingreen.a.otherb.anotherc.othersd.noneother23.23.Shecan’tseemtohelpherself.And______canhelpher,either.a.noneelseb.nooneelsec.notanyd.somebodyelse24.24.Childrencanusuallydress______bytheageoffive.a.a. himb.themc.hiselfd.themselves25.25.Thegoldwatchhadbelongedtomeforyears,butthepolicerefusedtobelieveitwas______.a.meb.myc.mined.I’s26.26.MotherwouldnotletMaryand______attendthehockeygame.a.Ib.myc.med.we27.27.Inanewsconferencethisafternoon,theuniversityannouncedthat______intendstomakeseveralimportantchangesinnextyear’sbudget.a.heb.itc.shed.they28.28.______butafoolcanmakesuchamistake.a.Everyoneb.Nootherc.Notalld.None29.29.ThepoembyBrowningissoobservedthatIcannotgrasp______meaning.a.itsb.it’sc.theird.that30.30.Themayorfeltthatthepolice,inspiteofthereports,haddone______best.a.itsb.theirc.hisd.our31.31.Ihaven’tread______ofthelastfourchapters,soIknowlittleaboutthem.a.anythingb.anyc.somed.something32.32.Aprettyfacemaywinfriendsbutittakescharacterandpersonalitytohold______.a.a. itb.themc.thatd.one33.33.Inthediscussion,onespeakerheldthat,sinceweliveinamoney-orientedsociety,theaverageindividualcareslittleaboutsolving______.a.a. anyoneelse’sproblemsb.anyone’selseproblemsb.b. anyoneelseproblemsd.problemsofanyoneelse34.34.Idon’tknowwhethersmallorangesaresweeterthanbig______.第236页
a.thoseb.onesc.oned.that34.35.‘Howmuchwaterisleftinthebottle?’‘______’a.Nothingb.Nonec.Notsomed.Notone35.36.Ittooktwoofthemtodotheworkthat______ofuscoulddo.a.someoneb.anyonec.anyoned.everyone36.37.Hehasfivechildren,and______ofthemisgoodatpainting.a.everyoneb.everybodyd.everyoned.every37.38.Ihavethreebrothers,______areinBeijing.a.nooneofthemb.neitherofthemc.someofthemd.noneofthem38.39.Someofmystudentsstudyalot,______justdon’tcare.a.anothersb.theotherc.someotherd.others39.40.Asamatteroffact,SaudiArabia’soilreservesaresecondonlyto______.a.Kuweitb.thatofKuweitc.Kuweits’sd.thoseofKuweit40.41.Thisbookof_______usedtobeoneofthebestsellersintheshop.a.hisb.himc.thatmand.this41.42.Weshouldalwayskeep______well-informedofthechanginginformation.a.usb.oursc.ourselvesd.we42.43.Theclimatehereisoftensaidtobesimilarto______.a.Japanb.oneofJapanc.thatofJapand.inJapan43.44.Huntedbyconstantfearofarrest,thethief______tothepoliceatlast.a.a. gaveitupb.gaveuphimselfc.gavehimupd.gavehimselfup45.45.______oftheboysintheclasswhohavepassedthetestistoreceivecertificates.a.Everyb.Everyonec.Anyd.Anyone46.46.Doyoubelievethatshehasblamedusfortheaccident,especially______?a.youandmeb.youandIc.Iandyoud.meandyou47.47.Ofthosewhograduatedwith______,Ellenistheonlyonewhohasfoundagoodjob.a.Bettyandheb.heandBettyc.Bettyandhimd.HimandBetty48.48.Heissurprisedby______havingtopayfortheaccident.a.youb.yoursc.yourd.your’s49.49.Thisisalefthandgloveandthatis______.a.otherb.theotheronec.otheroned.another50.50.Addthoseexamplesto______youhavealreadynoted.a.oneb.theonec.oned.theones51.51.Haveyougotaticket?Yes,I’vegot______.a.itb.theonec.oned.theones52.52.There’sthedoorbell;Ihope______Tom.第236页
a.itsb.it’sc.isd.he’s45.53.It’scheapertobuyoldfurniturethantohavenew______made.a.oneb.onesc.furnitured.furnitures46.54.Thoseofuswhoareoverfiftyyearsoldshouldget______bloodpressurecheckedregularly.a.theirb.their’sc.ourd.ours47.55.Everymanandwomaneighteenyearsofageorolderiseligibletovoteforthecandidateof______.a.hischoiceb.theirchoicec.thechoiceofhimd.thechoiceoftheirs48.56.Ibitemynails.Imustbreak______.a.thehabitofmeb.thehabitwithmyselfc.myselfofthehabitd.ofthehabitmyself49.57.______ofthemsharedmyopinions,sowehave______incommontodiscuss.a.Nobody/alittleb.Few/littlec.Afew/littled.None/many50.58.Whenscience,businessandartlearnsomethingof______methodsandgoals,theworldwillhavecomeclosertoculturalharmony.a.oneandtheother’sb.eachandtheother’sc.oneanother’sd.theone’sandtheother’s59.Theboyis______ofamusician.a.a. anyoneb.anythingc.someoned.something60.60.For______interestedinnature,thecluboffershikesandovernightcampingeachweekduringthesummer.a.themb.whomc.themselvesd.those61.61.Theuseofradaraswellasthetwo-wayradio______forthepolicetointerceptmostspeeders.a.makeitpossibleb.makesitpossiblec.makespossibled.makeitapossibility62.62.Thefamilyneveragreeabout______sharesoftheproperty.a.herb.itsc.theird.his63.63.Theflockofgeesewasflyingthroughtheskyinperfectformationfollowing______leader.a.itsb.theirc.hisd.her64.64.WhenJonathanwenttoSpainwithhissister,heboughtaleathercoatforherandanotherfor______.a.himb.himselfc.hed.his65.65.Thoseofuswhowearglassesshouldhave______eyesexaminedatregularintervals.a.theirb.ourc.hisd.her66.66.FrankadmiredhisfriendsTomandDavid.Heimitated______.a.theirseveryactionb.everyactionoftheirsc.everyoftheiractiond.everyactionoftheirone67.67.Mydeskis______.第236页
a.a. betweenhisb.betweenhisonec.besidehisoned.besidehis68.68.“MayIspeaktoIris?”“Thisis______speaking.”a.sheb.hers’sc.hersd.her69.69.Maryisthelandlady______.a.a. fromwhowerenttheflatb.fromwhomwerenttheflatb.b. whomwerenttheflatd.whowerenttheflat70.70.Givethemessageto______isatthetable.a.whomeverb.whoseverc.whateverd.whoever71.71.Itwasthroughexperimentation______peoplefoundouthebehaviorofelectricity.a.a. thatb.whichc./d.the72.72.______NatTurnerwholedarevoltagainstslaveryinVirginiain1831.a.Wherewasb.Itwasc.Hewasd.itwashim73.73.Itwasn’t______telephonedme.a.hewhomb.himwhomc.hewhod.hiswho74.74.Itwas______heboughtthemagazine.a.a. fromasecond-handstorewhereb.asecond-handstoreinwhichb.b. inasecond-handstorethatd.inasecond-handstorewhere75.75.Itwas______lateintheeveningthatthestudentsreturnedtothedormitories.a.tillb.beforec.whend.notuntil76.76.Itwas______thathedidnotgotoMountLaowithus.a.a. becausehewasillb.ashewasillb.b. sincehewasilld.thoughhewasill77.77.Itwas______thathejoinedtheeveningparty.a.findingComradeLib.foundComradeLic.tofindComradeLid.findComradeLi78.78.Wasit______sheagreedtohelp?a.a. veryreluctantlysothatb.veryreluctantlythatb.b. soreluctantlythatd.veryreluctantlywhen79.79.______shegavethepostcardsto?a.Whomitwasthatb.Whoitwasthatc.Whowasitthatd.Itwaswhothat80.80.______thecamelcangoforthreedayswithoutfoodordrink?a.Thatitiswhyb.Thatisitwhyc.Whyitisthatd.Whyisitthat 形容词和副词目录第236页
4.形容词和副词4.1形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot。2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid害怕的。 (错) Heisanillman. (对) Themanisill. (错) Sheisanafraidgirl. (对) Thegirlisafraid. 这类词还有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake等。3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。例如:somethingnice. 形容词和副词目录4.2以-ly结尾的形容词1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。 改错:(错)Shesanglovely. (错)Hespoketomeveryfriendly. (对)Hersingingwaslovely. (对)Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.2)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。例如: TheTimesisaweeklypaper.《时代周刊》为周刊。 TheTimesispublishedweekly.《时代周刊》每周发行一期。 形容词和副词目录4.3用形容词表示类别和整体1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接,如thedead,theliving,therich,thepoor,theblind,thehungry等。例如: Thepoorarelosinghope.穷人行将失去希望。2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如theBritish,theEnglish,theFrench,theChinese等。例如: TheEnglishhavewonderfulsenseofhumor.英国人颇有幽默感。形容词和副词目录4.4多个形容词修饰名词的顺序第236页
多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--出处--材料性质--类别--名词。例如: asmallroundtable/atallgraybuilding/adirtyoldbrownshirt/afamousGermanmedicalschool/anexpensiveJapanesesportscar典型例题:1)Tonyisgoingcampingwith___boys. A. littletwoother B.twolittleother C. twootherlittle D. littleothertwo 答案:C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--性质--名词"的顺序可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。2)Onedaytheycrossedthe____bridgebehindthepalace. A.oldChinesestone B.Chineseoldstone C.oldstoneChinese D.Chinesestoneold 答案A.几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。3)----HowwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao? ----Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends,andspentthe___daysattheseaside. A.fewlastsunny B.lastfewsunny C.lastsunnyfew D.fewsunnylast答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照:限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词,如those+three+beautiful+large+square+old+brown+wood+table。 形容词和副词目录4.5副词及其基本用法 副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。一、副词的位置1)在动词之前。2)在be动词、助动词之后。 3)多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意: a.大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。例如: Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。 b.方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。例如: HespeaksEnglishwell.他英语说得好。二、副词的排列顺序:1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。例如: Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.请写得慢一些,仔细一些第236页
3)多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意:副词very可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。 改错:(错) IverylikeEnglish. (对) IlikeEnglishverymuch.注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如: Idon"tknowhimwellenough.他我不熟悉。 Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。 Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat. 形容词和副词目录4.6兼有两种形式的副词1)close与closely close意思是"近";closely意思是"仔细地"。例如: Heissittingclosetome.他就坐在我边上。 Watchhimclosely.盯着他。2)late与lately late意思是"晚";lately意思是"最近"。例如: Youhavecometoolate.你来得太晚了。 Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?近来好吗?3)deep与deeply deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"。例如: Hepushedthestickdeepintothemud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。 Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.老爸也被电影深深打动了。4)high与highly high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。例如: Theplanewasflyinghigh.这架飞机飞得很高。 Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.你的看法很有道理。5)wide与widely wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"。例如: Heopenedthedoorwide.他把门开得大大的。 Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。6)free与freely free的意思是"免费";freely的意思是"无限制地"。例如: Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.无论什么时候,我这饭铺免费对你开放。 Youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike.你可以畅所欲言,想说什么就说什么。 形容词和副词目录4.7形容词与副词的比较级第236页
大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。1)规则变化 单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词未尾加-er,-esttalltallertallest以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-stnicenicernicest以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-estbigbiggerbiggest"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est busybusierbusiest少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-estclever/narrowcleverer/narrowercleverest/narrowest其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级important/easilymoreimportant/moreeasilymostimportant/mosteasily 2)不规则变化原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestwell(健康的)worseworstbadill(有病的)oldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest 形容词和副词目录4.8.as+形容词或副词原级+as1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so…as。例如: Hecannotrunso/asfastasyou.他没你跑得快。2)当as…as中间有名词时采用以下格式:as+形容词+a+单数名词/as+many/much+名词。例如: Thisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.这个例子和另外一个一样好。 Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan.你能搬多少纸,我也能。3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。例如:第236页
Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.这房间的面积是那间的两倍。 Yourroomisthesamesizeasmine. 你的房间和我的一样大。4)倍数+as+adj.+as <=>倍数+the…+of。例如: Thisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。 Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone. Yourroomistwiceaslargeasmine.你的房间是我的两倍大。 Yourroomistwicethesizeofmine.形容词和副词目录4.9比较级形容词或副词+than。例如: YouaretallerthanI.你比我高。 Theylightsinyourroomarebrighterthanthoseinmine.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。注意:1)要避免重复使用比较级。 (错)Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother. (对)Heismorecleverthanhisbrother. (对)Heiscleverthanhisbrother.2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。 (错)ChinaislargerthananycountryinAsia. (对)ChinaislargerthananyothercountriesinAsia.3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。 ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing. Itiseasiertomakeaplanthantocarryitout.4)要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。 比较:Whichislarger,CanadaorAustralia? Whichisthelargercountry,CanadaorAustralia? Sheistallerthanhertwosisters. Sheisthetallerofthetwosisters. 形容词和副词目录4.10可修饰比较级的词1)abit,alittle,rather,much,far,byfar,many,alot,lots,agreatdeal,any,still,even等。2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。3)以上词(除byfar)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。典型例题:1)----Areyoufeeling____? ----Yes,I"mfinenow. A.anywell B.anybetter C.quitegood D.quitebetter 答案:B.any可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better.2)Theexperimentwas____easierthanwehadexpected. A. more B. muchmore C. much D. moremuch第236页
答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。3)Iftherewerenoexaminations,weshouldhave___atschool. A.thehappiesttime B.amorehappiertime C.muchhappiesttime D. amuchhappiertime答案:D。 形容词和副词目录4.11many,old和far1)如果后接名词时,muchmore+不可数名词,manymore+可数名词复数。 2)old有两种比较级和最高级形式:older/oldest和elder/eldest。elder,eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。例如: Myelderbrotherisanengineer.我哥哥是个工程师。 Maryistheeldestofthethreesisters.玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。3)far有两种比较级,farther,further。一般father表示距离,further表示进一步。例如: Ihavenothingfurthertosay.我没什么要说了。形容词和副词目录4.12the+最高级+比较范围1)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the,副词最高级前可不用。例如:TheSaharaisthebiggestdesertintheworld.撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示"非常"。例如: Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.这是个很重要的问题。 注意:使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 (错) Tomisthetallestofhisthreebrothers. (对) Tomisthetallestofthethreebrothers.2)下列词可修饰最高级,byfar,far,much,mostly,almost。例如: Thishatisnearly/almostthebiggest.这帽子差不多是最大的了。注意: a.very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。 Thisistheverybest. Thisismuchthebest. b.序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如: Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent.非洲是第二大洲。3)最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如: Mikeisthemostintelligentinhisclass.马克是班上最聪明的。 Mikeismoreintelligentthananyotherstudentsinhisclass.4)"否定词语+比较级","否定词语+so…as"结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如: Nothingissoeasyasthis.没比这更简单的了。 =Nothingiseasierthanthis.第236页
=Thisistheeasiestthing.形容词和副词目录4.13和more有关的词组,1)themore…themore… 越……就越……。例如: Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyou"llmake.越努力,进步越大。2)moreBthanA=lessAthanB与其说A不如说B。例如: Heismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.他工作时,与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。3)nomore…than…与……一样……,不比……多。例如: TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。 noless…than… 与……一样……。例如: Heisnolessdiligentthanyou.他和你一样勤勉。4)morethan 不只是,非常。例如: Sheismorethankindtousall.她对我们非常热心。典型例题1)TheweatherinChinaisdifferentfrom____. A.inAmerica B.oneinAmerica C.America D.thatinAmerica答案:D.本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选D。2)Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced,thefactoryproduced___tractorsin1988astheyearbefore.A.astwicemany B.asmanytwice C.twiceasmany D.twicemanyas 答案C.此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。表示倍数用"倍数+as+形容词原形+as+比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。 形容词和副词目录形容词、副词练习答案4.14形容词和副词练习1.1. Themodernmachineproved______inheartsurgery.a.highvaluableb.highlyvaluablec.valuablehighd.valuablehighly2.2. Mr.Johnsonandhis______daughterdonotalwaysunderstandeachother.a.olderb.theoldestc.eldestd.theeldest3.3. They______thoughtthatthetruthwouldbefinallydiscovered.a.littleb.notc.smalld.bit4.4. Theyhardlybelievethattheapartmentwhichcoststhem$4,000is______.第236页
a.sosmallb.suchlittlec.solittled.suchsmall1.5. Ifaclaimiskept______,itismorelikelytoberecognized.a.liveb.livedc.alived.living2.6. Onhiswaytoschoolhemet______,sohesenthimtohospital.a.veryillmanb.muchsickmanc.seriousillmand.verysickman3.7. Shewasoperatedamonthagobutnowshewas______.a.verygoodb.verywellc.healthyd.goodconditioned4.8. WhatIwoulddoistogo______.a.reallyquietlysomewhereb.somewherequietlyreallyc.reallyquietsomewhered.somewherereallyquiet5.9. Thechairmanasked______towritetheirquestionsonapieceofpaperandsendthemtothefront.a.thepresentmembersb.thememberspresentlyc.thememberspresentd.thepresentlymembers6.10. Thepricewasveryreasonable;Iwouldgladlyhavepaid______heasked.a.threetimesmuchasb.threetimesasmanyasc.asthreetimesmuchasd.threetimesasmuchas7.11. Thetrousersare______,butTomdoesnotcareabit.a.tooalittlesmallb.alittletoosmallc.atoolittlesmalld.asmalltoolittle8.12. Sheworeadresstothepartythatwasfarmoreattractivethan______.a.othergirlsb.thatofothergirlsc.theothergirlsd.thoseofothergirls9.13. hecanplaytennisbetterthan______intheclass.a.anyboysb.anyotherboyc.anyboyd.anyother10.14. Kasiaistakingher______touroftheshopsinsearchofbargains.a.dailyb.dayc.daytimed.night11.15. ______thechildexpresseshisinterestinanactivity,thestrongeritwillbecome.a.Themorefrequentb.Thefrequenterc.Themorefrequentlyd.thefrequentlier12.16. We’dbetterwait_______,PeterandTomwillcomeverysoon.a.alittlelongerb.morelongerc.longd.aslonger13.17. althoughthemedicinetastes______,itseemstohelpmycondition.a.badb.badlyc.toomuchbadd.toobadly14.18. Whenshegotherfirstmonthsalary,Dianaboughtherself______dress.a.acotton,blue…expensiveb.anexpensive…blue,cotton第236页
c.ablue,expensive…cottond.acotton,expensive…blue1.19. Thedoctorshavetried______tosavethelifeofthewoundedsoldier.a.everythingpossiblehumanlyb.humanlyeverythingpossiblec.everythinghumanlypossibled.humanlypossibleeverything2.20. IwasworriedverymuchbecauseI’llmissmyflightifthebusarrives______.a.latelyb.latec.latterd.morelater3.21. Thenoiseoutsidewas______hisspeechwashardlyaudible.a.tooirritatingthatb.soirritatingsoc.soirritatingthatd.soirritatingenoughthat4.22. Thehardertheshrubistogrow,______.a.themorehigherpriceitb.thehigherpriceitisc.thehigherthepriceisd.thehigheristheprice5.23. ThephotographsofMarstakenbysatelliteare______takenfromtheearth.a.clearestthanthoseb.clearerthanthatc.muchclearthanthosed.muchclearerthanthose6.24. ______anywhereintheUnitedStatescostslessthanadollarwhenyoudialityourself.a.Three-minutecallb.Athree-minutescallc.Athree-minutecalld.Athree-minutes-call7.25. Wearrived______ProfessorBakerhadalreadycalledtheroll.a.solatelythatb.aslatethatc.solaterthatd.solatethat8.26. Itis______thatIwouldliketogotothebeach.a.soniceweatherb.suchniceweatherc.soniceaweatherd.suchaniceweather9.27. Herlittlecarisn’t______toseatmorethantwopeoplecomfortably.a.bigenoughb.enoughbigc.sobigenoughd.bigasenough10.28. Hisscoreontheexamwas______toqualifyhimforagraduateprogram.a.toogoodb.wellenoughc.ashighasd.goodenough11.29. Theplaneisscheduledtoarrive______becauseofbadweather.a.latelyb.latec.laterd.latest12.30. Thereare______thatIcan’tfinishthem.a.solongassignmentsb.suchlongassignmentsc.longassignmentsd.soverylongassignments13.31. Batsfindtheirwaybysqueaking______andguidingthemselvesbyechoes.a.veryfastb.veryfastlyc.muchfasterd.mostfastly14.32. Yourapplicationwillbeconsidered______yourfileiscompleted.第236页
a.asquicklyasb.assoonasc.asfastasd.asearlyas1.33. Thisdressisprettier,butitcosts______thatone.a.twicemorethanb.twiceasmuchasc.asmuchtwiceasd.twicesomuchas2.34. Anewshoppingcenteronthenorthsidewillhave______.a.fivehundredmorethanshopsb.asmorethanfivehundredshopsc.fivehundredshopsmorethand.morethanfivehundredshops3.35. Themoreyoustudyduringthesemester,______youhavetostudytheweekbeforeexams.a.thelessb.thelesserc.lessd.thelittle4.36. Toansweraccuratelyismoreimportantthan______.a.aquickfinishb.tofinishquicklyc.finishingquicklyd.youfinishquickly5.37. Whenabodyenterstheearth’satmosphere,ittravels______.a.inarapidmannerb.fastlyc.withgreatspeedd.veryrapidly6.38. Thesalaryofataxidriverismuchhigher_______.a.incomparisonwiththesalaryofateacherb.thanateacherc.thanthatofateacherd.tocompareasateacher7.39. Frostoccursinvalleysandonlowgrounds______onadjacenthills.a.morefrequentlyasb.asfrequentlythanc.morefrequentlythand.frequentlythan8.40. Shecanspeak_______infrontofMack,butshecan’teat______inhisrestaurant.a.free,freeb.free,freelyc.freely,freed.freely,freely9.41. Youwillhavetopractice______timesbeforeyoucandoit.a.maymoreb.moreseveralc.moreoftend.moremany10.42. IhavebeengoingtoShanghai______thanIusedto.a.lesserb.lessc.fewerd.lessoften11.43. TuitionatAmericanuniversityruns______onethousanddollarsasemester.a.sohighasb.ashightoc.ashighasd.ashigherthan12.44. Ienjoytheconcertlastnight;theyplayed______beautifulmusic.a.suchb.suchac.sod.soa13.45. Severalday______,Isawthemanagainonthestreet.a.lateb.laterc.latterd.last14.46. Whenelectricitywasfirstinvented,peoplerefusedtobelievesuchathing______.a.impossibleb.possiblyc.possibled.impossibly第236页
1.47. Thereasonwhysomanypeoplesitbeforethetelevisiontonightisthattherewillbea______show.a.livingb.livec.alived.lived2.48. Whenthethreeboysmetoneanother,theyfoundtheylookedverymuch______.Thentheyknewtheyweretriplet.a.likeb.alikec.likelyd.liked3.49. Thedoctorassuredthepatientthattherewas______withher,butshecouldnothelpworrying.a.seriouslywrongnothingb.nothingseriouswrongc.nothingseriouslywrongd.seriousnothingwrong4.50. IfyouliveinWuhanonedayandinShenyangthenext,you______thechangeintemperature.a.arecertainlytofeelb.certainlyfeelc.aretofeelcertainlyd.arecertaintofeel5.51. Asasafetyprecaution,alldriverscarryonlyenoughmoneytomakechangefor______.a.abilloften-dollarb.aten-dollarsbillc.aten-dollarbilld.atens-dollarbill6.52. WhenIspentholidaysEurope,Ibought_____vases.a.twolovelybigoldGermanb.twolovelyoldbigGermanc.twoGermanbigoldlovelyd.lovelybigtwooldGerman7.53. Everyonewillagreethatfoodinthesouthisasgoodas______inthecountry.a.otherregionb.anyotherregionc.thatofanyregiond.thatofanyotherregion8.54. Starsaresofarawaythattheyare______spotsoflightwhenseenfromtheearth.a.nothingmoreasb.anythingmorethanc.morethand.nothingmorethan9.55. Whatdeeplyimpressedhiswasthatmagnificent______.a.eight-century-oldb.eight-centuriesc.old-eight-centuriesd.eight-century’s-old10.56. _______focusonculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternsocieties.a.Thebelowtextanddialoguesb.Belowthetextanddialoguesc.Thetextanddialoguesbelowd.Textanddialoguesthebelow11.57. Peoplewillbeabletoflyfromoneplanettoanotherin______.a.littlenastyarrow-shapedtubesb.nastylittlearrow-shapedtubesc.arrow-shapedlittlenastytubesd.arrow-shapedlittlenastytubes12.58. Beginninginthelate19thcentury,the_______riseintheproductivityofEnglandwasjust______lessthanGermanyandtheU.S.a.year…slightlyb.yearly…slightc.yearly…slightlyd.第236页
year…slightly1.59. InSpain,officialsestimatethat______75percentofthecurrentviolentcrimeisdrugrelated.a.muchasb.asmuchasc.asmanyasd.asgreat2.60. Youshouldspend______inthestudyofthevarioussensesandusesofthecommonwords.a.muchtimeasyoucanb.astimemuchasyoucanc.timeasmanyasyoucand.asmuchtimeasyoucan3.61. ProfessorChenaskedustowrite______essayonindividualdifferencesinsecondlanguagelearning.a.anomorethantwo-thousand-wordb.alesstwo-thousand-wordsc.alessthantwo-thousands-wordsd.anomoretwothanthousandword4.62. Hervoiceis______.a.loudb.aloudc.loudlyd.loudness5.63. Thatsomanyadvanceshavebeenmadein______isthemostvalidargumentforretainingtheresearchunit.a.suchshorttimeb.soashorttimec.suchashorttimed.suchshortatime6.64. ______curriculumincludesallexperienceswhichthestudentsmayhavewithintheenvironmentoftheschool.a.Broadspeakingb.Speakingbroadlyc.Broadlyspeakingd.Broadly7.65. Sincetaxifareinthecitymayrun______twentydollars,Isuggestthatyoutakeabus.a.ashighasb.asexpensiveasc.sohighthatd.soexpensiveas8.66. Ifnegotiationsforthenewtradeagreementstake______,criticalfoodshortageswilldevelopinseveralcountries.a.toomuchlongerb.muchtoolongc.thelongestd.thelonger9.67. Ifhehadfollowedthedirectionscarefullyintakingthemedicine,hewouldhavefeltbetter______.a.muchquickerb.morequickc.muchquicklyd.morequickly10.68. SincehespenthischildhoodinFrance,JackisabletoconverseinFrench______.a.rathergoodb.quitebetterc.fairlymored.ratherwell11.69. OfthetwocarsthattheSmithshave,thePlymouthis,withoutanyquestion,______.a.thecheapesttorunb.thecheapertorunc.cheaperd.morecheaper12.70. With______threeinchesofrainfallinginasix-monthperiod,thefarmersfounditnecessarytoirrigatethelanda.lessthanb.littlethanc.fewerthand.lessfewthan第236页
71.Onasmallmarbletableinthecenterofherboudoirstands______vase.a.a.alittleexquisiteantiquebrownChineseporcelainb.b.anexquisitelittleantiquebrownChineseporcelainc.c.anantiquelittleexquisitebrownChineseporcelaind.d.aChineseantiquelittleexpensivebrownporcelain72.72. “WhenisTomgoingtoleave?”“Heisgoingtoleave______thisweek.”a.sometimesb.sometimec.sometimed.somewhat73.73. ThelibrarianinsiststhatDanatake______booksfromlibrarybeforeshereturnsthedictionarysheborrowedlastmonth.a.nob.manyc.notmanyd.nomore74.74. Thefacilitiesoftheolderhospitalare______thenewhospital.a.asgoodorbetterthanb.asgoodasorbetterasc.asgoodasorbetterthand.asgoodasorbetterthanthoseof75.75. ______ironhasrelativelyfeweconomicaluses.a.Chemicalpureb.Chemicallypurec.Purechemicald.Purelychemical76.76. Iwalked8milestoday.IneverguessedthatIcouldwalk______far.a.muchb.thatc.suchd.as77.77. They_____toourproposal.a.havenotstillrespondedb.havenotrespondedstillc.havestillnotrespondedd.stillhavenotresponded78.78. Truehibernationtakesplaceonlyamong______animals.a.whosebloodiswarmb.bloodwormc.warm-bloodedd.theyhavewarmblood79.79. Heworks______.a.loneb.lonelyc.aloned.lonesome80.80. A_____roadgoes______fromourcollegetothecenter.a.straight…straightb.straightly…straightlyc.straight…straightlyd.straightly…straight 动词目录5.动词1)表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。2)根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词。例如: Wearehavingameeting. 我们正在开会。(have是实义动词。) HehasgonetoNewYork. 他已去纽约。(have是助动词。)3)动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词、不及物动词,英语缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。第236页
说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如: Shecandanceandsing.她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。) ShecansingmanyEnglishsongs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。) 4)动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词、非限定动词例如: Shesingsverywell.她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。) ShewantstolearnEnglishwell.她想学好英语。(tolearn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。) 说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式、动名词、分词。5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如: TheEnglishlanguagecontainsmanyphrasalverbsandverbalphrases.英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。) Studentsshouldlearntolookupnewwordsindictionaries.学生们学会查字典。(lookup是短语动词。) Theyoungoughttotakecareoftheold.年轻人应照料老人。(takecareof是动词短语。)6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。动词目录5.1系动词 系动词亦称联系动词(LinkVerb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语。例如: Hefellillyesterday. 他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。) Hefellofftheladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词。例如:Heisateacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand。例如:Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。Thismatterrestsamystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3)表像系动词用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem,appear,look。例如:Helookstired. 他看起来很累。第236页
Heseems(tobe)verysad. 他看起来很伤心。4)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste。例如: Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft. 这种布手感很软。 Thisflowersmellsverysweet.这朵花闻起来很香。 5)变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run。例如: Hebecamemadafterthat. 自那之后,他疯了。 Shegrewrichwithinashorttime. 她没多长时间就富了。6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,turnout,表达"证实","变成"之意。例如: Therumorprovedfalse. 这谣言证实有假。 Thesearchproveddifficult. 搜查证实很难。 Hisplanturnedoutasuccess. 他的计划终于成功了。(turnout表终止性结果) 动词目录5.2助动词1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用。例如: Hedoesn"tlikeEnglish. 他不喜欢英语。(doesn"t是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来: a.表示时态。例如: Heissinging. 他在唱歌。 Hehasgotmarried. 他已结婚。 b.表示语态。例如: HewassenttoEngland. 他被派往英国。 c.构成疑问句。例如: Doyoulikecollegelife? 你喜欢大学生活吗? DidyoustudyEnglishbeforeyoucamehere? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗? d.与否定副词not合用,构成否定句。例如: Idon"tlikehim. 我不喜欢他。 e.加强语气。例如: Docometothepartytomorrowevening.明天晚上一定来参加晚会。 Hedidknowthat. 他的确知道那件事。3)最常用的助动词有:be,have,do,shall,will,should,would等。动词目录5.3助动词be的用法1)be+现在分词,构成进行时态。例如:Theyarehavingameeting. 他们正在开会。第236页
Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.英语现在越来越重要。2) be+过去分词,构成被动语态。例如:ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。Englishistaughtthroughouttheworld. 世界各地都教英语。3)be+动词不定式,可表示下列内容: a.表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如: HeistogotoNewYorknextweek.. 他下周要去纽约。 Wearetoteachthefreshmen. 我们要教新生。 说明:这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。 b.表示命令。例如: Youaretoexplainthis. 对此你要做出解释。 Heistocometotheofficethisafternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。 c. 征求意见。例如: HowamItoanswerhim? 我该怎样答复他? Whoistogothere? 谁该去那儿呢? d.表示相约、商定。例如: Wearetomeetattheschoolgateatseventomorrowmorning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。动词目录5.4助动词have的用法1)have+过去分词,构成完成时态。例如: HehasleftforLondon. 他已去了伦敦。 Bytheendoflastmonth,theyhadfinishedhalfoftheirwork. 上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。 2)have+been+现在分词,构成完成进行时。例如: IhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortenyears.我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。 3)have+been+过去分词,构成完成式被动语态。例如: EnglishhasbeentaughtinChinaformanyyears.中国教英语已经多年。 动词目录5.5助动词do的用法1)构成一般疑问句。例如: DoyouwanttopasstheCET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗? DidyoustudyGerman? 你们学过德语吗?2)do+not构成否定句。例如: Idonotwanttobecriticized. 我不想挨批评。 Hedoesn"tliketostudy. 他不想学习。 Inthepast,manystudentsdidnotknowtheimportanceofEnglish. 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3)构成否定祈使句。例如: Don"tgothere. 不要去那里。第236页
Don"tbesoabsent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。说明:构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气。例如: Docometomybirthdayparty. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。 Ididgothere. 我确实去那儿了。 Idomissyou. 我确实想你。5)用于倒装句。例如: NeverdidIhearofsuchathing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。 OnlywhenwebeginourcollegelifedowerealizetheimportanceofEnglish.进了大学以后,我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明:引导此类倒装句的副词有never,seldom,rarely,little,only,so,well等。6)用作代动词。例如: ----DoyoulikeBeijing? --你喜欢北京吗? ----Yes,Ido. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替likeBeijing.) Heknowshowtodriveacar,doesn"the?他知道如何开车,对吧?动词目录5.6助动词shall和will的用法 shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如: IshallstudyharderatEnglish. 我将更加努力地学习英语。 HewillgotoShanghai. 他要去上海。说明:在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较: Heshallcome. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。) Hewillcome. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。) 动词目录5.7助动词should,would的用法1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称。例如: ItelephonedhimyesterdaytoaskwhatIshoulddonextweek.我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。 比较:"WhatshallIdonextweek?"Iasked."我下周干什么?"我问道。 可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。2)would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称。例如: Hesaidhewouldcome. 他说他要来。比较:"Iwillgo,"hesaid.他说:"我要去那儿。"变成间接引语,就成了Hesaidhewouldcome。原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。动词目录第236页
5.8短语动词 动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如: Turnofftheradio. 把收音机关上。(turnoff是短语动词) 短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:1)动词+副词,如:blackout;2)动词+介词,如:lookinto;3)动词+副词+介词,如:lookforwardto。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词。 动词目录5.9非谓语动词 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。1)不定式时态语态主动被动一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone 2)动名词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone 3)分词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone 否定形式:not+不定式, not+动名词, not+现在分词 动词目录助动词练习答案5.10助动词练习1.1.Ifitisfinetomorrow,we______afootballmatch.a.haveb.willhavec.hasd.shallhas2.2.Whenhewasatschool,he______earlyandtakeawalkbeforebreakfast.a.willriseb.shallriseb.shouldrisewouldrise3.3.Inthepast30yearsChina______greatadvancesinthesocialistrevolutionandsocialistconstruction.a.hasmadeb.havemadec.hadmaded.havingmade4.4.I______gotobeduntilI______finishedmywork.a.don’t/hadb.didn’t/havec.didn’t/hadd.don’t/have5.5.______youthinkhe______backbydinnertime?第236页
a.Do/havecomeb.Did/willhavecomec.Does/willcomed.Do/willhavecome1.6.Hesaidthathedroppedhisbagwhenhe______forthebus.a.wasruningb.wasrunningc.wererunningd.isrunning2.7.Nosooner______hearrivedhomethanhe______tostartonanotherjourney.a.has/wasaskedb.have/wereaskedc.had/isaskedd.had/wasasked3.8.“______yougivemearoomforthenight?”Iaskedonarrivingatthehotel.a.Shouldb.Canc.Mightd.May4.9.Therearenineofthem,so______getintothecaratthesametime.a.theymaynotatallb.alltheymaynotc.theycan’talld.alltheycan’t5.10.“Wedidn’tseehimatthelectureyesterday.”“He______it.”a.mustn’tattendb.cannothaveattendedc.wouldhavenotattendedd.needn’thaveattended11.11.“Yourealizethatyouweredrivingat100mph,don’tyou?”“No,officer.I______.Thiscarcan’tdomorethan80.”a.didn’tneedtobeb.maynothavebeenc.couldn’thavebeend.needn’thavebeen12.12.hewasagoodrunnersohe______escapefromthepolice.a.mightb.succeededtoc.wouldd.wasableto13.13.Ifthey______,ourplanwillfallflat.a.areco-operatingb.hadnotco-operatedc.won’tco-operated.didn’tco-operate14.14.Ihoped______myletter.a.hertoanswerb.thatshewouldanswerc.thatsheanswersd.heranswering15.15.He______liveinthecountrythaninthecity.a.prefersb.likestoc.hadbetterd.wouldrather16.16.______toseeafilmwithustoday?a.Didyoulikeb.Wouldyoulikec.Willyouliked.Haveyouliked17.17.I’msorry,butIhadnoalternative.Isimply______whatIdid.a.mustdob.hadtodoc.oughttohavedoned.havetodo18.18.“Timeisrunningout,______?”a.a. hadn’twebettergotstartb.hadn’twebettergetstartb.b. hadn’twebettergetstartedd.hadn’twebetternotstarted19.19.Noone______thattohisface.a.daressayb.daressayingc.daresayd.daretosay20.20.Thestudentsintheclassroom______nottomakesomuchnoise.a.needb.oughtc.mustd.dare21.21.You______lastweekifyouwerereallyseriousaboutyourwork.第236页
a.oughttocomeb.oughttobecomingc.oughthavecomed.oughttohavecome19.22.Theelephantsought______hoursagobythekeepers.a.tobefedb.tofeedc.tobeingfedd.tohavebeenfed20.23.“Iwonderwhythey’relate.”“They______thetrain.”a.canhavemissedb.couldmissc.mayhavemissedd.mightmiss21.24.“Tomgraduatedfromcollegeataveryyoungage.”“He______havebeenanoutstandingstudent.”a.a. mustb.couldc.shouldd.might25.25.You______theexaminationagainsinceyouhadalreadypassedit.a.needn’thavetakenb.didn’tneedtotakec.needn’ttaked.mustn’ttake26.26.Heisreallyincompetent!Theletter______yesterday.a.a. shouldbefinishedtypingb.mustbefinishedtypingb.b. musthavefinishedtypingc.shouldhavebeenfinishedtyping27.27.Theboytoldhisfatherthathewouldrather______anastronaut.a.becomeb.tobecomec.becomingd.became28.28.Whenwereachedthestation,thetrainhadstillnotarrived;sowe______.a.a. needednottohurryb.needn’thavehurriedb.b. neednottohavehurriedd.didn’tneedtohurry29.29.Sinceyourroommateisvisitingherfamilythisweekend,_____youliketohavedinnerwithustonight?a.willb.won’tc.wouldn’td.do30.30.Hewasafraidwhathehaddone______adisastrouseffectonhiscareer.a.mighthaveb.couldbec.havebeend.shallbe31.31.He______hardlysayanythingmore,sinceyouknowaboutit.a.don’tneedtob.needn’tc.needsd.need32.32.You______thelookonhisfacewhenhewontheprize.a.wouldhaveseenb.shouldhaveseenc.mustseed.canbeseeing33.33.Somepeoplethinkthestockmarketwillcrash,but______.a.a. Iwonderifithappensb.Idoubtifitwillhappenc.Iamafraiditwouldn’thappend.Idoubtifitdoeshappen34.34.“WhateverhashappenedtoGeorge?”“Idon’tknow.He______lost.”a.canhavegotb.mayhavegotc.mightgetd.couldget35.35.Hehasnoideawhatthebookisabout.He______readthebook.a.couldn’tb.couldn’thavec.mightn’thaved.shouldn’thave36.36.NewstudiesshowthattwoofSaturn’srings______longerthanthe第236页
4.5billionyearssincethebirthoftheSolarSystem.a.couldhavelastedb.shouldhavelastedc.wouldhavelastedd.mustbelasting34.37.Takethetelescopewithyouincaseyou______itinyourexpedition.a.willneedb.wouldneedc.shouldneedd.couldneed35.38.Needhecomeatonce?Yes,he______.a.mustb.mustnotc.needd.may36.39.Pleaseanswerthephone.It______bebyyourfather.Ifitis,wouldyoutellthatIwanttoseehim?a.willb.shouldc.wouldd.could37.40.We’llnevergiveinwhateverthey______sayordo.a.mayb.willc.shalld.should38.41.Withallthisworkonhand,he______tothecinemalastnight.a.mustn’tgob.wouldn’tgoc.oughtn’tgod.shouldn’thavegone39.42.Everyone______thecakebecausetherewasn’tevenasmallpieceleft.a.mustlikeb.musthavelikedc.musthavebeenlikingd.hadliked40.43.IwishtorecollectwhereImether,______?a.a. wouldIb.mayIc.maynotId.canI44.44.I______thinkhewill______daretherisk.a.not/..b.do/notc.../notd.don’t/..45.45.Ifreadingistoaccomplishanythingmorethanpassingtime,it______beactive.a.maynotb.mustc.mightd.isnot46.46.You______yourseatstodayifyouwanttogotothegame.a.a. hadbettertoreserveb.hadbetterreservec.hadtobetterreserved.hadtoreservebetter47.47.I______theoperationunlessitisabsolutelynecessary.a.a. wouldrathernothaveb.wouldnotratherhadb.b. ratherwouldnothaved.rathernotwouldhave48.48.Manyscientists______theirowneyesandearsthanthetheoriesoftheancients.a.a. wouldrathertobelieveb.wouldratherbelievec.ratherwouldbelieved.willratherbelieve49.49.TotravelfromEnglandtoScotlandyou______apassport.a.haven’tgotb.mustn’thavec.needn’td.don’tneed50.50.Oneofthestatements______tobeuntrue.a.isturnedoutb.hasturnedoutc.havebeenturnedoutd.haveturnedout51.51.Idon’tknowwhetheritwillrainornot,butifit______rain,Ishallstayathome.a.willb.didc.doesd.shall第236页
49.52.“You’dlikesometea,______?”a.wouldn’tyoub.shouldn’tyouc.hadn’tyoud.didn’tyou50.53.“Maywetakethebooksout?”a.No,youmaynotb.No,youcannotc.No,youcan’td.Pleasedon’t51.54.“Iwouldhavecomesooner,butI______thatyouwerewaiting.”a.didn’tknowb.hasn’tknownc.hadn’tknowd.haven’tknown52.55.Ifyoudon’twantto,you______togettherewithus.a.mustn’tb.can’tc.don’thaved.havenot53.56.IwouldgotovisitthembutI______thinktheyareanxioustoseeme.a.haven’tb.don’tc.doesn’td.didn’t54.57.Whateveryoucando,______.a.a. Icandosoaswellb.Icandothisaswellb.b. Icandoitaswelld.Icandoaswell58.58._____-IrealizedtheconsequencesIwouldneverhavecontemplatedgettinginvolved.a.Hadb.Havec.Havingd.Has59.59.“PerhapssheisworkingforJohn.”“Yes,she______forhim.”a.a. needhavebeenworkingb.maybeworkingb.b. oughthavebeenworkingd.oughtbeworking60.60.“IknowshewasinbecauseIheardherradio,butshedidn’topenthedoor.”“She______thebell.”a.a. maynotbehearingb.maynothaveheardb.b. mustnothaveheardd.mustnotbehearing61.“Hewassmoking.”“Thenhe______.”a.a. oughttohavebeennotsmokingb.oughttohavenotbeensmokingb.b. oughtnottohavebeensmokingd.oughttonothavebeensmoking62.62.You______outyesterdaywithoutacoat.Nowonderyoucaughtcold.a.oughtn’thavegoneb.shouldn’thavegonec.mustn’thavegoned.can’thavegone63.63.“Paulwasridingabicyclealongthemotorwaywhenhewashitbythetrailerofalorry.”“He_____abicyclealongthemotorway;bicyclesarenotallowed.”a.a. shouldn’thavebeenridingb.couldn’thavebeenridingc.oughtn’thavebeenridingd.can’thavebeenriding64.64.Iamlistening.Butyou______.a.needbelisteningb.shouldbelisteningc.needhavebeenlisteningd.oughtbelistening65.65.He______withuslastnight.a.a. wouldhavelikedtogob.shouldliketobegoing第236页
a.b. shouldbelikedtogod.wouldliketogo66.66.I______hisfacewhenheopenedtheletter.a.a. shouldlikeyoutoseeb.wouldhavelikedyoutobeseenb.b. shouldlikeyoutohaveseend.wouldlikeyoutosee67.67.Yousayyou______doit,butIsayyou______doit.a.oughtnot/couldb.willnot/shallc.couldnot/needd.shallnot/ought68.68.We______putthemeetingoffforaweek.a.canaswellb.willaswellc.shallaswelld.mayaswell69.69.______windyourwatcheveryday?a.Doyouneedb.Mustyouhavetoc.Haveyoutod.Doyouhaveto70.70.______givehimachancetotry?a.Oughtn’ttoweb.Oughtn’twetoc.Oughttowenotd.Oughtn’twe71.71.“Didyoublamehimforhismistakes?”“______”a.I’drathernotdob.I’dnotratherdoc.I’dbetternotdod.I’drathernotdoing72.72.Youhadbetter______yourhaircut.a.hadb.havec.togetd.tohave73.73.Mysisterdidn’tgotothepartylastnightbecauseshe______thebabyforherfrienduntil9:30.a.a. musthavelookedafterb.wouldhavetolookafterb.b. hadtolookafterd.shouldhavelookedafter74.74.Maryisverylate,she______.a.a. maymisshertrainb.mayhavemissedhertrainc.mustmisshertraind.couldmisshertrain75.75.Nomatterwhatyoumaysay,he______tohisownviews.a.a. wouldalwaysstickb.willalwaysstickc.shouldalwaysstickd.mustalwaysstickto76.76.It’swonderfulthatyou______haveachievedsomuchintheseyears.a.mayb.canc.shouldd.would77.77.Thestudentsaskedwhetherhe______takethebooksoutofthereading-room.a.couldb.mightc.shouldd.would78.78.He______stillbethinkingaboutthequestionyouraised.a.mayb.mightc.mustd.should79.79.I’dbegladifyou______givemeanaccountofthefact.a.a. shallb.shouldc.wouldd.may80.80.He______accomplishthetaskintime.a.didb.hasc.isd.do第236页
动名词目录动名词动名词是非限定动词的一种形式,由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征,故称。动名词也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示(以及物动词write为例),不及物动词没有语态的变化。时态/语态主动被动一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten 动名词目录6.1动名词作主语、宾语和表语1)作主语。例如: FightingbrokeoutbetweentheSouthandtheNorth.南方与北方开战了。 2)作宾语 a.有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如:admit承认appreciate感激avoid避免complete完成consider认为delay耽误deny否认detest讨厌endure忍受enjoy喜欢escape逃脱fancy想象finish完成imagine想象mind介意miss想念postpone推迟practice训练recall回忆resent讨厌resume继续resist抵抗risk冒险suggest建议face面对include包括stand忍受understand理解forgive宽恕keep继续例如:Wouldyoumindturningdownyourradioalittle,please?你把收音机音量调小一点,好吗 Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissedbeingcaught.这松鼠幸运得很,刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。 b.有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如:admittoprefer…tobeusedtoleadtodevoteoneselftoobjecttosticktonogoodnousebefondoflookforwardtobeproudofbebusycan"thelpbetiredofbecapableofbeafraidofthinkofburstoutkeeponinsistoncountonsetabout putoffbegoodattakeupgiveupbesuccessfulin 3)作表语,对主语说明、解释。例如:Herjobiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.第236页
她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。比较:Sheiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.4)作定语,一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如:awritingdesk=adeskforwriting写字台aswimmingpool=apoolswimming游泳池有些动名词作定语,与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如:boilingpoint=atemperaturepointatwhichsomethingbeginstoboil沸点awalkingtractor=atractorwhichadrivercanoperatewhileheorsheiswalkingbehindit手扶拖拉机 动名词目录6.2worth的用法worth,worthy,worthwhile都是形容词,意为"值得"。1.worth:beworth+n. 当名词为金钱时,表示"……值得……"常见的有It’sworthwhiletodo./It’sworth(someone’s)whiledoing beworthdoingsth. "……某事值得被做" Thequestionisnotworthdiscussingagainandagain.这问题不值得反复讨论。2.worthy:beworthyof+n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……" beworthytobedone"某事值得被做" Thequestionisnotworthytobediscussedagainandagain.3.worthwhile:beworthwhiletodosth "值得做某事" Itisworthwhiletoaskhimtojointheclub.值得邀请他加入俱乐部。典型例题Itisnot____todiscussthequestionagainandagain.A.worth B.worthy C.worthwhile D.worthwhile答案C.由worth的用法可知,此句只适合词组beworthwhiletodosth.。选C。 动名词目录动名词、不定式、分词练习答案6.3动名词不定式、分词练习1.1. Iwas______worklastweek,butIchangedmymind.a.tostartb.tohavestartedc.tobestartingd.tohavebeenstarting2.2. Iintended______thematterwithyou,butIhadsomeguestshen.a.discussb.discussingc.havingdiscussedd.tohavediscussed3.3. Don’tletmecatchyou______.a.dothatagainb.todothatagainc.doingthatagaind.donethatagain4.4. Therearemanykindsofmetals______.第236页
a.a. eachhasitsspecialpropertiesb.onehasitsspecialpropertiesb.b. eachhavingitsspecialpropertiesd.havingitsspecialproperties1.5. It’spay-day,andthey’rewaiting______.a.forpayingb.tobepaidc.tobepayingd.tohavepaid2.6. _______trouble,I’mgoingtoforgetthewholeaffair.a.Thenrathercauseb.Rathercausingc.Ratherthancaused.Ratherthancaused3.7. Thebrillianceofhissatireswas______makeevenhisvictimslaugh.a.soastob.suchastoc.sothatd.suchthat4.8. Childrenwithparentswhoseguidanceisfirm,consistent,andrationalareinclined______highlevelsofself-confidence.a.possessb.havepossessedc.topossessd.possessing5.9. Theworkeris______inrepairingthemachinetonoticemycoming.a.toobusyb.enoughbusyc.busytood.busyenough6.10. “Whatdidyoudointhegarden?”“Iwatchedmyfather______hismotorbike.”a.torepairb.repairedc.repairingd.repairs7.11. Wemusthaveanengineer______theworkersbuildthehouse.a.toseeb.seec.seeingd.seen8.12. Inductionmeans______ageneralconclusionfromspecialfacts.a.tocometob.tocomingc.comingtod.came9.13. I’mnotgoingtoasktheteacherwhyhegavemethatgrade;Iintend_______.a.toletrestthematterb.themattertobeletrestingc.lettingthemattertorestd.toletthematterrest10.14. Ihavetried_______worryingaboutit.a.tostopconsciouslyb.toconsciouslystopc.toconsciousstoppingd.tostoppingconsciously11.15. “Doyouwanttogiveatalkonthatsubject?”“Iprefer______.”a.notwantb.notwantingc.tonotgivingd.notto12.16. I_______thetruthofyourremarks,althoughtheygoagainstmyinterests.a.cannotbutadmitb.cannothelpbuttoadmitc.cannotbutadmittingd.cannothelpbutadmitting13.17. Sincesheisangry,we______.a.hadbetterleavingheraloneb.shouldleaveheralonec.mightaswellleaveheraloned.hadratherleaveheralone14.18. Idon’tallow______inmyofficeandIdon’tallowmyfamily第236页
______atall.a.tosmoke…smokingb.smoking…tosmokec.tosmoke…tosmoked.smoking…smoking1.19. Youshouldremember______fromthepointwhenyouarewritingacomposition.a.don’twanderb.nottowanderc.nowanderingd.notwander2.20. Graceadvisedustowithdraw______.a.soastogetnotinvolvedb.soasnottogetinvolvedc.sothattogetnotinvolvedd.asnottogetinvolved3.21. Heranallthewayuptothestation______thatthetrainhadleftfifteenminutesbefore.a.inordertofindb.soastofindc.onlytofindd.suchastofind4.22. Georgewenthuntingforaweekbutstillhedidn’tfindaroom______.a.toliveb.toliveinc.forlivingd.tobelivingin5.23. Youshouldreallyavoid______athomealoneasheisoldandill.a.yourfatherstayb.yourfathertostayc.yourfather’sstayingd.yourfatherwhostays6.24. Johndidn’twanttorisk______wetashehadonlyonesuit.a.gettingb.togetc.beinggotd.tobegotten7.25. I’mdisappointedwiththenewofficerselectedinourclub,butthereisnopoint_______aboutit.a.toworryb.inworryingc.withusworryingd.ifweworry8.26. Itwon’tbeanyuse______toborrowanymoremoney.a.youtotryb.ofyourtryingc.tryingyoud.yourtrying9.27. Thelawrequiresallcars_______forsafetyandefficiency.a.beingtestedregularlyb.toberegularlytestedc.beregularlytestedd.regularlytested10.28. Iremember______tothezoobymyfatherwhenIwaslittle.a.beingtakenb.takingc.havebeentakend.tohavetaken11.29. Icompletelyforgot______thefrontdoorlastnightandfeelfortunatethatnothingisstolen.a.lockingb.beinglockedc.tolockd.tohavelocked12.30. Iregret______youthatyourapplicationhasbeenrefused.a.informingb.beinginformedc.tobeinformedd.toinform13.31. Ididn’tmean______anything,buttheseappleslookedsogoodIcouldn’tresist______one.a.toeat…tryingb.toeat…otryingc.eating…totryd.eating…totrying14.32. Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelp______aboutit.a.buttothinkb.thinkingc.thinkd.tothink第236页
1.33. Theship,______toashapelesswreck,washardlyrecognizable.a.beingreducedb.reducingc.reducedd.havingbeenreducing2.34. Theyoungdoctorcouldnotsleepatnight,histhoughts______himnopeace.a.gaveb.givingc.beinggivend.togive3.35. Afteralongwalkonahotday,onefeels______.a.exhaustiveb.exhaustingc.exhaustd.exhausted4.36. Thoserelativesofhisare______.Idon’twanttohaveanydealingswiththem.a.boringpeopleb.boredpeoplec.peoplehavingboredd.peoplehavingboring5.37. Youmustfollowthedirectionsexactlyandifyoubecome______,youmusttakethetimetogobackagainandrereadthem.a.toconfuseb.confusingc.confused.confused6.38. ThereissomethingwrongwithmyTVset,Imusthaveit______.a.checkingb.checkc.tocheckd.checked7.39. Hewasjustabouttojumpupwhenhefeltsomething______nearhisfeet.a.tomoveb.movec.movingd.moved8.40. ______withthecorrespondingperiodoflastyear,theoutputofchemicalfibersinthefirstquarterroseby15%.a.Comparingb.Tocomparec.Comparedd.Compare9.41. “Wastherallysuccessful?’“No,becausethenumberof______wassmallerthanwehadexpected.”a.peoplewhoattendb.attendedpeoplec.peopleattendingd.attendanceofpeople10.42. UncleDickhasalreadyarrive.Doyouexpect______toseehim?a.a. Goingb.goc.togod.thatyougo11.43. FromtheelectricrefrigeratorDicktakesacartonofcream,anotheroffreshmilkandacanof______orangejuice.a.a. frozenb.frozec.freezingd.freezed12.44. Hefeltbadfor______achancetostudyabroad.a.havingnotgivenb.nothavinggivenc.havingnotbeengivend.nothavingbeengiven13.45. Insomecountriestherearealreadyanumberoffirms______computerprogramming.a.specializeinb.specializedinc.specializingind.specializesin14.46. Theyoungmanwhosawthecar______intotherivertelephonedthepolicestation.a.plungeb.plungedc.wasplungingd.toplunge15.47. Whileshewasshopping,shekept______thelisttomakesureshe第236页
hadn’tforgottenanything.a.checkedb.checkingc.tocheckd.check1.48. You’dbetter______.a.tohaveyourshoesmendedb.tohavemendedyourshoesc.haveyourshoesmendedd.havingyourshoesmended2.49. Themachinesaremade______atfullspeed.a.workb.workingc.toworkd.tobeworked3.50. Itiscertainthatmenwillneverstop______newenergysourcestopowertheirgrowingindustry.a.findingb.tofindc.havingfoundd.found4.51. Itisreallyquiteextraordinarythatweshouldhavebeenatthesamecollegewithout______before.a.metb.beingmetc.havingmetd.havingbeenmet5.52. ProfessorSmithissaid______anotherimportantdiscoveryinchemistry.a.havingmadeb.havingbeenmadec.tohavemaded.tomake6.53. Withoutthesun’slight______theearth’ssurface,itwouldbesocoldthatlifecouldnotexistontheearth.a.warmsb.warmedc.warmingd.towarm7.54. Therocketwillweighabout200tonswhen______.a.beingcompletedb.completedcompletingd.havebeencompleted8.55. Thereareplans______anumberofatomicpowerstationinthisregions.a.tobuildb.tobebuiltc.buildingd.beingbuilt9.56. Allofusarelookingforwardto______atriptotheMingTombs.a.makeb.makingc.tomakingd.havemade10.57. Ican’tunderstand______adecisionuntilitistoolate.a.himtopostponetomakeb.hispostponingtomakec.himtopostponingmakingd.hispostponingmaking11.58. Iwouldlike______thatIdon’thaveaveryhighopinionofyou.a.tohaveyouknowb.haveyouknowc.tohaveyourknownd.havingyouknow12.59. Ihadintended______himwhilehewaslivingatAberdeen.a.visitingb.visitc.tohavevisitedd.havingvisited13.60. Doyouconsiderbetter_______?a.notdoingitagainb.notdoitagainc.nothavingdoneitagaind.nottodoitagain14.61. Thefamousscientistwaseasy_______alongwith.a.togetb.forgettingc.gettingd.got15.62. Thestudentswillhavemorediscussionslikethisintheweeks______.a.comingb.tocomec.comed.tobecoming第236页
1.63. Hefeltlonelyatfirst,butafteratimehegot______aloneandevengot______it.a.usedtoliving…tolikeb.usedtolive…tolikec.usingtolive…likingd.tobeusedtoliving…liking2.64. Ourmasterraisedhisvoicesothatthecouldmakehimself______bythepupilsinthebackofthehall.a.hearb.heardc.hearingd.tobeheard3.65. Whenheawoke,hefoundhimself______inthehospitaland______byanoldwoman.a.lying…beinglookedafterb.lying…belookingafterc.lie…belookedafterd.lie…beinglookedafter4.66. ______fromthehill-topthelakesceneryisbeyonddescription.a.Toseeb.Seeingc.Seend.Havingseen5.67. ______inthestrangeforest,thepoorgirlsfellto______.a.Lost…cryingb.Lost…cryc.Tolost…cryd.Havingbeenlost…crying6.68. They’llhaveyou______ifyoudon’tpayyourtaxes.a.tobearrestedb.arrestc.arrestedd.beingarrested7.69. Allflights______becauseofthestorm,theydecidedtotakethetrain.a.havingcancelledb.werecancelledc.havebeencancelledd.havingbeencancelled8.70. AlthoughitwasverylatewhenJohnbegandoingthejob,hemanagedwithhisfriend’sassistance,______beforethebuildingwaslocked.a.tobefinishedb.beingfinishedc.finishingd.tofinish9.71. Despitetheearnesteffortsofvariousprivategroupsaswellasgovernmentagencies,manyoftheproblemshavenotyetbeensolved,andmuchremainsto______.a.havebeendoneb.bedonec.havedoned.do10.72. ______thatbadweatherwasontheway,theclimbersdecidedtoputofftheirattemptonEigeruntilthefollowingweek.a.Havingtoldb.Beingtoldc.Tellingd.Havingbeentold11.73. MembersoftheGovernmentitselfacknowledgemanyoftheirpredictions_______wildlyover-optimistic.a.tobeb.beingc.tohavebeend.havingbeen12.74. Thematchwascancelledbecausemostofthemembers______amatchwithoutastandardcourt.a.objectedtohavingb.objectedtohavec.wereobjectedtohaved.wereobjectedtohaving13.75. Theteacherdoesn’tpermit______inclass.a.smokeb.smokingc.tosmoked.tohavesmoke14.76. IlikewatchingTV______tothecinema.第236页
a.morethantogob.morethangoingc.thangoingd.ratherthantogo1.77. Themanagerpromisedtokeepme______ofhowourbusinesswasgoingon.a.tobeinformedb.informedc.oninformingd.informing2.78. Mrs.Brownissupposed______forItalylastweek.a.tohaveleftb.toleavec.tobeleavingd.tohavebeenleft3.79. Dorothywenttoworkquietly,______toworkashardasshecould.a.hermindbeingmadeupb.withhermindmadeupc.withhermindmakingupd.hemindmakingup4.80. Husbandandwifewithacommondutytothecountrywillfindthemselves______closertogether.a.beendrawnb.drawnc.todrawd.drawing5.81. Herewefoundlittlesnow,asmostofitseemed______blownoffthemountain.a.tohavebeenb.thatitwasc.tobed.thatithadbeen6.82. ______halfwaythroughtheexercise,theteacherchangedhismindandcollectedallourpapers.a.Whenonlybeingb.Whenwewereonlyc.Beingonlyd.Havingbeen7.83. Somepassengersarereadingthemorningpaper,othersaretalkingwithoneanother,______nervouslyforthetrain.a.towaitb.arewaitingc.waitingd.beingwaited8.84. There’sonethingIdislikeabouthim:hewillneveradmit______amistake.a.havingmadeb.makingc.beingmaded.havebeenmade9.85. Stanspenthalfayear______materialforhisnewbook.a.tocollectb.collectc.collectingd.collected10.86. It’snouse______menottoworry.a.youtellb.yourtellingc.foryoutohavetoldd.havingtold11.87. Thechairmaninsiststhattherebeameeting_______withintheshortestpossibletime.a.toholdb.tobeheldc.tohavebeenheldd.tobeholding12.88. Whenthefamouspianistwasachild,hewasaccustomed______forseveralhoursaday.a.topracticingb.topracticec.tobepracticingd.tohavepracticed.13.89. InChinahundredsofdifferentdialectsarespoken;peopleofsomevillages______themselvesunderstoodbytheinhabitantsofthenexttown.a.makingtroublehaveb.havemakingtrouble第236页
c.havetroublemakingd.troublemakinghave1.90. It’sawonderfulplaceforanyone______inarchitecture,asyouare.a.interestingb.tobeinterestedc.beinginterestedd.interested2.91. Anotherfeatureworth______istheroleofinformationthroughoutafeedbackcontrolsystem..a.noticedb.noticingc.beingnoticedd.notice3.92. Ibelieve______verylargelyduetomistakenviewsoftheworld.a.thisunhappinessareb.tobethisunhappinessc.thisbeunhappinessd.thisunhappinesstobe4.93. Whentheymet,Leonardsandhisenemywerefighting______.a.killedeachotherb.tokilleachotherc.killingeachotherd.tobekilledeachother5.94. Beforetheinventionofaero-planes,______intheskylikeabirdwasonlyadream.a.menflyb.toflyc.forflyingd.manflys6.95. Atlasttheysucceeded______thejob.a.topersuadehimtotakeb.inpersuadinghimtotakec.topersuadehimtakingd.inpersuadinghimtaking7.96. Allthatitdoesis______theplaceofahousewife.a.takesb.takingc.taked.beingtaken8.97. Helistenedtome______whatMr.Smithhadsaidthedaybefore.a.torepeatb.toberepeatedc.torepeatingd.repeat9.98. Hecoulddolittleexcept______.a.writingb.writec.writtend.towrite10.99. Theelectricshaver______beforeitcanbeused.a.needsrepairingb.requirestorepaira.b. shouldbeinrepaird.hastoberepairable11.100.______aproblemrequiringmultiplicationordivision,thecomputersolvesitbyaddingorsubtracting.a.Givingb.Havinggivenc.Beinggivend.Given12.101.YoucanflytoLondonthisevening______youdon’tmindchangingplanesinParis.a.providedb.exceptc.unlessd.sofaras13.102.Studentsfromthesouthprefer_______.a.eatricethanbreadb.eatingricethanbreadc.eatingricetoeatingbreadd.eatingricetoeatbread14.103.Wouldyoube______tohelpmewithmyluggage?a.enoughkindb.kindenoughc.tookindd.kindtoo15.104.Thefatheradvise______thesecond-handcar.a.hissontonotbuyb.hissonnottobuyc.hisson’snobuyingd.thathissonnottobuy第236页
1.105.“Doyouintendtocomewithus?”“Yes,______.”a.Iintendsob.Iintendthatc.Iintendtod.Iintend2.106.Ittakesawholeyearfortheearth______roundthesunonce.a.travelingb.totravelc.traveledd.travels3.107.Thefactory______nextyearwillbeoneofthelargestinthiscity.a.tobuildb.tobebuiltc.beingbuiltd.havingbeenbuilt4.108.Withtheguide______theway,wesetoffonfootintothedarknight.a.leadingb.ledc.leadsd.tolead5.109.Theygotthework______beforetherainyseasonsetin.a.todob.donec.doingd.did6.110.Thingsareknown______whentheyunitewiththeoxygenoftheair.a.burningb.toburnc.burnd.beingburning7.111.Hewasthoroughlyashamed______somuchmoneyonsuchanuglypicture.a.forspendingb.withspendingc.tohavespentd.ofhavingspent8.112.______oftheburdenofice,theballoonclimbedupanddriftedtotheSouth.a.Tobefreeb.Freeingc.Tofreed.Freed9.113.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper______inbroaddaylightyesterday.a.toberobbedb.robbedc.tohavebeenrobbedd.havingbeenrobbed10.114.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,______inthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.a.tobedesertedb.havingdesertedc.tohavebeendesertedd.havingbeendeserted11.115.“WhereshouldIsendmyapplication?”“ThePersonnelOfficeistheplace______.”a.tosentitb.sentittoc.tosendittod.forsendingit12.116.Thepublisherwillsendyouaspecimencopyoftheirnewbook______.a.whenitwillberequestedb.whentheyarerequestedc.whenrequestedd.whenrequestit13.117.Romeisthecity______.a.Irathermostliketovisitb.I’dmostliketovisitc.I’mrathertovisitmostd.I’dprefermosttovisit14.118.There______nofurtherbusiness,themeetingcametoastop.第236页
a.beingb.wasc.beend.hadbeen1.119.Pleaseremindme______someeggsforthecomingparty.a.buyb.tobuyc.ofbuyingd.forbuying2.120.Don’tsayanythingatthemeetingunless______.a.askingb.askedc.beingaskedd.tobeasked3.121.Theradioannouncedthatallflights______havebeencancelledbecauseofthefog.a.gooutb.goneoutc.goingoutd.willgoout4.122.What’stheuse______extraleisuretimeifyoudon’tknowwhattodo?a.haveb.tohavec.beinghaved.ofknowing5.123.______mathematicalconceptsofsomestudentswasverydifficultbecausethestudentsdidnothaveamathbackground.a.Explainb.Explainingc.Haveexplainedd.Havingexplained6.124.AlthoughJohnwastheoldestinthefamily,healwayslethissister_____chargeofthehouse.a.totakeb.takingc.taked.taken7.125.Commercialbanksmakemostoftheirincomefrominterest______onloansandinvestmentinstocksandbonds.a.earnb.earnedc.toearnd.wasearned8.126.AmeliaEarhart,thefirstwoman______asoloflightacrosstheAtlanticOcean,wasbornin1898.a.makesb.madec.makingd.tomake9.127.Itisimpossiblefortheplan______.a.toputintopracticeb.nottoputintopracticea.c. tobeputintopracticed.tobenotputintopractice10.128.______iswhatshewantstoknow.a.Whotodoitb.Whomtodoitc.Whodoesitdod.Whomdoingit11.129.Mywifesuggested______toScotlandforaholiday,butIfavor______Walesinstead.a.togo…tovisitb.going…visitingc.togo…visitingd.going…tovisit12.130.Thereareseveral______leavesontheground.a.fallingb.fallenc.tofalld.fell 动词不定式目录7.动词不定式动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志,没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能,又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。常见的形式如表所示(以及物动词do为例),不及物动词没有被动语态。时态语态主动被动第236页
一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing/完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式tohavebeendoing/ 动词不定式目录7.1有些动词可以用不定式作宾语,大致上有三种情况。1)1) 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语,结构为动词+不定式。例如:affordaimagreearrangeaskdecidebothercarechoosedemanddesiredetermineelectendeavorhopefailhelplearnlong渴望meanmanageofferplanpretendrefusetendundertakeexpecthateintend例如: Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 Heofferedtohelpme.他表示愿意帮助我。2)有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语,还用不定式作补语,即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如:askchooseexpecthelpbegintendlike/loveneedpreferpreparewantwish例如: Iliketokeepeverythingtidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 Ilikeyoutokeepeverythingtidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。 IwanttospeaktoTom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 IwantyoutospeaktoTom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 1)3) 有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如:decideknowconsiderforgetlearnremembershow,wonderfindouttellinquireexplain例如: Pleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做。Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan"tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 动词不定式目录7.2不定式作补语1)1) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如:adviseallowcausechallengecommandcompeldrive驱使enableencourageforbidforceimpelinduceinstructinvitelike/loveorderpermitmakelethavewantgetwarnpersuaderequestsendtelltrainurge第236页
例如;Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 Theofficerorderedhismentofire.长官命令士兵开火。注意:有些动词如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。1)2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。例如:considerfindbelievethinkdeclare(声称)appointguessfancy(设想)guessjudgeimagineknow例如:Webelievehimtobeguilty.我们相信他是有罪的。Weknowhimtobeafool.我们知道他是个笨蛋。(tobe不能省去)典型例题 CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered ___thefirstcomputer. A.toinvent B.inventing C.tohaveinvented D.havinginvented 答案:C.一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C。2)3) 有些动词可以跟there+tobe的结构。例如:believeexpectintendlikelovemeanpreferwantwishunderstand 例如: Wedidn"texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。Youwouldn’twanttheretobeanotherwar.你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。 动词不定式目录7.3不定式作主语不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。 例如:It"ssonicetohearyourvoice.听到你的声音真高兴。It"snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。 It"sverykindofyoutohelpus. 他帮助我们,他真好。 Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。但是,用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时,不能用Itis…to…的句型。另外,这样的句子,不能用动名词作表语。例如:(对)Toteachistolearn.(错)Itistolearntoteach.(错)Toteachislearning.第236页
(错)Teachingistolearn.典型例题 Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto___. A.sit B.siton C.beseat D.besaton答案:B.如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。 动词不定式目录7.47.4 It"sforsb.和It"sofsb.这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。1)forsb.句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等:例如: It"sveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2)ofsb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。例如: It"sveryniceofyoutohelpme.你来帮助我,你真是太好了。用for还是用of的另一种辨别方法: 用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果通顺用of,不通则用for。例如: Youarenice. (通顺,所以应用of)。 Heishard. (非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for。) 动词不定式目录7.5不定式作表语 不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如: Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.我的工作是每天清扫房间。 Hisdreamistobeadoctor.他的梦想是成为一名医生。 动词不定式目录7.6不定式作定语 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。例如: Ihavealotofworktodo. 我有许多事要做。 Therewasnothingtobringhomethatmorning.那天早上(他回家时)两手空空。 动词不定式目录7.7不定式作状语1)目的状语 常用结构为todo,onlytodo(仅仅为了),inordertodo, soastodo, so(such)…asto…(如此…以便…)。例如: Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。第236页
Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou. 我来仅仅是向你告别。2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。Iawoketofindmytruckgone.我醒来发现箱子不见了。 Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.他搜索了房间,没发现什么。3)表原因I"mgladtoseeyou.见到你很高兴。Shewepttoseethesight.她一看到这情形就哭了。4)表示理由和条件Hemustbeafooltosayso.Youwilldowelltospeakmorecarefully.动词不定式目录7.8用作介词的toto可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to都用作介词:admittoobjecttobeaccustomedtobeusedtosticktoturnto开始lookforwardtobedevotedtopayattentiontocontributetoapologizetodevoteoneselfto 动词不定式目录7.9省去to的动词不定式1)情态动词(除ought外)后。2)使役动词let,have,make后,感官动词see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel,find等后。注意:被动语态中不能省去to。例如: Isawhimdance.我看见他跳舞。 =Hewasseentodance. Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.老板让他们整夜干活。 =Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.3)wouldrather,hadbetter句型后4)Why…/whyno…句型后5)help后可带to,也可不带to,helpsb(to)dosth:6)but和except后。but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。比较:Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.他只想出去玩。 Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine.除了吃这药,他什么都信。7)由and,or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to可以省去:8)通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think等词后作宾补时,可以省去tobe。例如: Heissupposed(tobe)nice. 他应该是个好人。典型例题第236页
1)----Iusuallygotherebytrain. ----Whynot___byboatforachange? A.totrygoing B. tryingtogo C. totryandgo D. trygoing 答案:D.whynot后面接不带to的不定式,因此选D。2)Pauldoesn"thavetobemade___.Healwaysworkshard. A.learn B.tolearn C.learned D.learning 答案:B.make后接不带to的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to不可省略。动词不定式目录7.10动词不定式的否定式在不定式标志to前加上not。例如: Tellhimnottoshutthewindow。让他别关窗。 ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.我走过的时候,她假装没看见。典型例题1)Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughter___afterdrinking. A.nevertodrive B.toneverdriver C.neverdriving D.neverdrive 答案:A。warnsbtodosth.的否定形式为warnsbnottodosth.此处用的是否定词never.2)Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim____. A.notto B.nottodo C.notdoit D.donotto 答案:A。notto为nottodoit的省略形式。可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语,因此也B,D不对。 动词不定式目录7.11不定式的特殊句型too…to…1)too…to 太…以至于…。例如: Heistooexcitedtospeak.他太激动了,说不出话来。 ----CanIhelpyou?需要我帮忙吗?----Well,I"mafraidtheboxistooheavyforyoutocarryit,butthankyouallthesame. 不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。2)如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意为"不太"。例如: It"snevertoolatetomend. 改过不嫌晚。(谚语) 3)当too前面有only,all,but时,意思是:非常…等于very。例如: I"monlytoopleasedtobeabletohelpyou.能帮助你我非常高兴。 Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.他非常想回家。动词不定式目录7.12不定式的特殊句型soasto1)表示目的;它的否定式是soasnottodo。例如:第236页
Tomkeptquietabouttheaccidentsoasnottolosehisjob.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 Goinquietlysoasnottowakethebaby.轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。2) 表示结果。例如: Wouldyoubesokindastotellmethetime?劳驾,现在几点了。 动词不定式目录7.13不定式的特殊句型Whynot "Whynot+动词原形"表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:"为什么不……?""干吗不……?"。例如: Whynottakeaholiday?干吗不去度假? 动词不定式目录7.14不定式的时态和语态1)一般式表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后,例如 Heseemstoknowthis.他似乎知道这事。 Ihopetoseeyouagain.=IhopethatI"llseeyouagain. 我希望再见到你。2)完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如: I"msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.很抱歉,给你添了那么多的麻烦。 Heseemstohavecaughtacold.他好像已经得了感冒。3)进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如: Heseemstobeeatingsomething.他好像正在吃什么东西。4)完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如: Sheisknowntohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。动词不定式目录7.15动名词与不定式1)动名词与不定式的区别: 动名词表达的是:状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的 不定式表达的是:目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的2)有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语,意义基本相同。3)有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语,意义大相径庭。常见的,下一节有专门讨论。 特殊词精讲目录8.特殊词精讲8.1stopdoing/todostoptodo 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事,stopdoing 停止做某事。例如:第236页
Theystoptosmokeacigarette. 他们停下来,抽了根烟。 Imuststopsmoking. 我必须戒烟了。典型例题 Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped___ onabigrockbythesideofthepath. A.tohaverested B.resting C.torest D.rest答案:C。由题意可知,她到了山顶,停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此,应选择"stoptodosth.停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止,所以stopdoingsth.不正确。 特殊词精讲目录8.2forgetdoing/todo forgettodo 忘记要去做某事,forgetdoing 忘记做过某事。例如: Thelightintheofficeisstilon.Heforgottoturnitoff.办公室的灯还在亮着,他忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作) Heforgotturningthelightoff.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)典型例题 ----Thelightintheofficeisstillon. ----Oh,Iforgot___. A.turningitoff B.turnitoff C.toturnitoff D.havingturneditoff 答案:C。由thelightisstillon可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用forgettodosth.而forgetdoingsth表示灯已经关上了,而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。 特殊词精讲目录8.3rememberdoing/todo remembertodo记得去做某事,rememberdoing 记得做过某事。例如:Remembertogotothepostofficeafterschool.记着放学后去趟邮局。Don"tyourememberseeingthemanbefore?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? 特殊词精讲目录8.4regretdoing/todoregrettodo 对将要做的事遗憾,regretdoing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如: Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没有办法。 Idon"tregrettellingherwhatIthought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.---Well,nowIregret___that.A.todo B.tobedoing C. tohavedone D. havingdone第236页
答案:D。regrethavingdonesth.对已发生的事感到遗憾。regrettodosth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔,因此选D。特殊词精讲目录8.5ceasedoing/todoceasetodo长时间,甚至永远停做某事,ceasedoing 短时停止做某事,以后还会接着做。例如: Thatdepartmenthasceasedtoexistforever.那个系已不复存在。 Thegirlsceasedchattingforamomentwhentheirteacherpassedby.姑娘们在老师走过时,停了会聊天。 特殊词精讲目录8.6trydoing/todo trytodo 努力,企图做某事,trydoing 试验,试着做某事。例如:Youmusttrytobemorecareful.你可要多加小心。 Itriedgardeningbutdidn"tsucceed.我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。特殊词精讲目录8.7goondoing/todogoontodo 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事,goondoing 继续做原来做的事。例如: Afterhehadfinishedhismaths,hewentontodohisphysics.做完数学后,他接着去做物理。 Goondoingtheotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.作完这个练习后,接着做其他的练习 特殊词精讲目录8.8beafraiddoing/todobeafraidtodo 不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为"怕",beafraidofdoing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing是客观上造成的,意为"生怕,恐怕"。例如:Shewasafraidtostepfurtheringrassbecauseshewasafraidofbeingbittenbyasnake.她生怕被蛇咬着,不敢在草丛中再走一步。Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。 特殊词精讲目录8.9beinteresteddoing/todo interestedtodo 对做某事感兴趣,想了解某事,interestedindoing 对某种想法感兴趣,doing通常为想法。例如:Ishallbeinterestedtoknowwhathappens.我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)I"minterestedinworkinginSwitzerland.Doyouhaveanyideaabout第236页
that?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?(一种想法) 特殊词精讲目录8.10meantodoing/todo meantodo 打算、想,meandoing 意味着。例如: Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。 Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.增加工资意味着增加购买力。 特殊词精讲目录8.11begin(start)doing/todo begin/starttodosth/begin/startdoingsth.1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用doing。例如: Howoldwereyouwhenyoufirststartedplayingthepiano?你几岁时开始弹钢琴? 2)begin,start用进行时时,后面动词用不定式todo。例如: Iwasbeginningtogetangry。我开始生起气来。 3)在attempt,intend,begin,start后接know,understand,realize这类动词时,常用不定式todo。例如: Ibegintounderstandthetruth。我开始明白真相。 4)事物作主语时。例如: Thesnowbegantomelt.雪开始融化了 特殊词精讲目录8.12感官动词+doing/todo感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,smell,taste,feel+do表示动作的完整性,+doing表示动作的进行性。例如: Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 典型例题1)Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher___upfromchildhood. A.grow B.grew C.wasgrowing D.togrow 答案:A。因题意为,他们看着她长大,因此强调的是成长的过程,而非正在长的动作,因此用seesbdosth的句型。2)Themissingboywaslastseen___neartheriver. A.playing B.tobeplaying C.play D.toplay 答案A.本题强调其动作,正在河边玩,应此用seesb.doingsth句型。 第236页
9.分词分词既有动词的特征,由有形容词和副词的特征。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有一般式和完成式,过去分词没有这种区别。及物动词的现在分词还有主动形式和被动形式的区别。分词常用的形式如表所示(以及物动词do和不及物动词go为例): dogo主动被动现在分词doingbeingdonegoing过去分词/donegone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone/ 分词目录9.1分词作定语不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行,过去分词强调完成;及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动,过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时,也是如此。分词作定语,单个的分词作定语一般前置;分词词组,个别分词如given,left等,修饰不定代词等的分词,作定语需后置。例如: Wecanseetherisingsun.我们可以看到东升的旭日 Heisaretiredworker. 他是位退休的工人 Therewasagirlsittingthere. 有个女孩坐在那里 Thisisthequestiongiven. 这是所给的问题 Thereisnothinginteresting. 没有有趣的东西 分词作定语相当于定语从句,如Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.=Mostofthepeoplewhowereinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.典型例题 1)Thefirsttextbook___forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury. A.havewritten B.tobewritten C.beingwritten D.written答案D.书与写作是被动关系,应用过去分词做定语表被动,相当于定语从句whichwaswritten 2)What"sthelanguage____inGermany? A.speaking B.spoken C.bespoken D.tospeak答案B.主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken,在句中作定语,修饰主语language,spoken与language有被动关系。该句可以理解为:What"sthelanguage(whichis)spokeninGerman? 分词目录9.2分词作状语分词作状语,可以表示时间,原因,理由,条件,让步,连续等,相当于一个状语从句。例如:Notreceivinganyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.由于没有收到他的信,我给他打了个电话。第236页
AsIdidn"treceiveanyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall. Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.多给些照顾,那些树会长得更好。 Ifmoreattentionwasgiven,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter. 典型例题 1)_____someofficials,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.A.Followed B.Followedby C.Beingfollowed D.Havingbeenfollowed 答案B.Napoleon与follow之间有被动的含义。beingfollowed除表达被动之外,还有动作正在进行之意。followedby(被…跟随)。本题可改为: Withsomeofficialsfollowing,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy. 2)Therewasaterriblenoise___thesuddenburstoflight. A.followed B.following C.tobefollowed D.beingfollowed 答案B.由于声音在闪电后,因此为声跟随着光,声音为跟随的发出者,为主动。用现在分词。 3)_______,liquidscanbechangedintogases.A.Heating B.Tobeheated C.Heated D.Heat 答案C.本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动,正在进行的;过去分词表被动的,已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者,是被动的,因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句Whenitisheated,…注意:选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出,分词就选用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。例如:Usedforalongtime,thebooklooksold.由于用了很长时间,这本书看上去很旧。 Usingthebook,Ifindituseful.在使用的过程中,我发现这本书很有用。分词目录9.3连词+分词(短语) 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚,可在分词前加连词。连词有:when,while,ifthough,after,before,as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如: Whilewaitingthere,hesawtwoprettygirlscomeoutofthebuilding.等在那儿时,他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。(waiting和saw的主语相同) 分词目录9.4分词作补语 通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如: Ifoundmycarmissing. 我发现我的车不见了。 "llhavemywatchrepaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。分词目录9.5分词作表语表示主语的状态等。例如:第236页
Shelookedtiredwithcooking. 她由于忙着做饭,看上去有些疲倦。 Heremainedstandingbesidethetable. 他依然站在桌旁。分词目录9.6分词作插入语 分词作插入语的结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如: generallyspeaking 一般说来 talkingof(speakingof)说道 strictlyspeaking严格的说 judgingfrom从…判断 allthingsconsidered从整体来看 takingallthingsintoconsideration 全面看来例如:Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill. 从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。 Generallyspeaking,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.总的来说,狗比猪跑得快。(speaking不是dogs的动作) 分词目录9.7分词的时态1)一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如: Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy. 听到这一消息,他高兴得手舞足蹈。 Arrivingthere,theyfoundtheboydead. 一到那儿,他们就发现那男孩死了。典型例题 Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,___alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepare B.preparing C.prepared D.waspreparing 答案B.此处没有连词,不能选D,否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和waspreparing。只能在B,C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生,且与主语为主动关系,应用现在分词。2)完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如: Whilewalkinginthegarden,hehurthisleg.在花园里散步时他伤了腿。 分词作时间状语,如果先与主动词的动作,且强调先后,要用havingdone。 Havingfinishedhishomework,hewentout.做完作业后,他出去了。 =Ashehadfinishedhishomework,hewentout. 典型例题 ___areply,hedecidedtowriteagain. A.Notreceiving B.Receivingnot C.Nothavingreceived D.Havingnotreceived 答案C.第236页
本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断,分词的动作(接信)发生在谓语动词的动作(决心再写信)之前,因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not+分词,故选C。该句可理解为:Becausehehadnotreceivedareply,hedecidedtowriteagain.分词目录9.8分词的语态1)通常,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。例如:Heisthemangivingyouthemoney. (=whogaveyou…)他就是给你钱的那个人。Heisthemanstoppedbythecar. (=whowasstoppedby…)他就是那个被车拦住的人。2)不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生,如gone,fallen,retired,grown-up,escaped,faded,returned等。例如:awell-readperson. 一个读过许多书的人 amuch-traveledmay 一个去过许多地方的人 aburnt-outmatch 烧完了的火柴 独立主格目录独立主格10.1独立主格独立主格结构的构成:名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;名词(代词)+形容词;名词(代词)+副词;名词(代词)+不定式;名词(代词)+介词短语构成。 独立主格结构的特点:1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。 2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。 3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 例如: Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.考试结束了,我们开始放假。 Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow. 天气允许,我们明天去看你。 Thisdone,wewenthome.工作完成后,我们才回家。 Themeetinggoneover,everyonetiredtogohomeearlier. 会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。 Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.他回到了房子里,耳朵冻得红通通的。 Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm.第236页
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆 独立主格目录10.2with的复合结构作独立主格 表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构:with+名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如: Hestoodthere,hishandraised.=Hestoodthere,withhishandraise.他举手着站在那儿。 典型例题 Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands___behindhisback。A.beingtied B.havingtied C.tobetied D.tied 答案D.with+名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D. 注意:1)独立主格结构使用介词的问题:当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但with的复合结构不受此限制。例如:Arobberburstintotheroom,knifeinhand.(hand前不能加his)劫匪冲进房间,手里拿着刀。 2)当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。例如:Helaythere,histeethset,hishandclenched,hiseyeslookingstraightup.他躺在那儿,牙紧咬,双手握拳,两眼直勾勾看着上面。典型例题: Weather___,we"llgooutforawalk. Apermitted Bpermitting Cpermits Dforpermitting 答案B.本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号,且we小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为:名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为"天气允许",表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为Ifweatherpermits,we"llgooutforawalk.然后将if去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。动词的时态目录11.动词的时态11.1一般现在时的用法1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语:every…,sometimes, at…,onSunday。例如: Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.每天早上我七点离开家。2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如: Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球绕太阳转动。第236页
ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.上海位于中国东部。3)表示格言或警句。例如: Pridegoesbeforeafall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: Idon"twantsomuch.我不要那么多。 AnnwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。比较:NowIputthesugarinthecup.把糖放入杯子。 Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。 动词的时态目录11.2一般过去时的用法1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。例如: Wheredidyougojustnow?刚才你上哪儿去了?2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。 3)句型:Itistimeforsb.todosth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如:Itistimeforyoutogotobed. 你该睡觉了。 Itistimethatsb.didsth."时间已迟了" "早该……了",例如Itistimeyouwenttobed. 你早该睡觉了。 would(had)rathersb.didsth. 表示"宁愿某人做某事"。例如:I"dratheryoucametomorrow.还是明天来吧。4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以为你想要一些。比较:Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.(含义:她已不在人间。) Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.(含义:她现在还活着) Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。1)动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如:第236页
Didyouwantanythingelse?您还要些什么吗? Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.能不能帮我一下。2)情态动词could,would。例如: Couldyoulendmeyourbike?你的自行车,能借用一些吗? 动词的时态目录11.3usedto/beusedto usedto+do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如: Motherusednottobesoforgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarfusedtotakeawalk.斯卡夫过去常常散步。 beusedto+doing:对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如: Heisusedtoavegetariandiet. Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。典型例题 ----Yourphonenumberagain?I___quitecatchit.----It"s. A.didn"t B.couldn"t C.don"t D.can"t 答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。 动词的时态目录11.4一般将来时1) shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如: WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst?我先读哪一段呢? Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?今晚七点回家好吗?2) begoingto+不定式,表示将来。 a.主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?明天打算作什么呢? b.计划,安排要发生的事。例如:Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。这出戏下月开播。 c.有迹象要发生的事。例如:Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.看那乌云,快要下雨了。 3) be+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如: WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4) beaboutto+不定式,意为马上做某事。例如: HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.他马上要去北京。 注意:beabouttodo不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 第236页
动词的时态目录11.5begoingto/will用于条件句时,begoingto表将来,will表意愿。例如: Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you"dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible. Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.动词的时态目录11.6beto和begoingto beto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,begoingto表示主观的打算或计划。例如: Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排) I"mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)动词的时态目录11.7一般现在时表将来1)下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如: Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.火车明天上午六点开。 Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。2)以here,there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如: Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.车来了。 Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.铃响了。3)在时间或条件句中。例如: WhenBillcomes(不是willcome),askhimtowaitforme.比尔来后,让他等我。 I"llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.我到了那里,就写信给你。4)在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等的宾语从句中。例如: Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。 动词的时态目录11.8用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如: I"mleavingtomorrow.明天我要走了。 Areyoustayingheretillnextweek?你会在这儿呆到下周吗?动词的时态目录第236页
11.9现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have(has)+过去分词。动词的时态目录11.10比较一般过去时与现在完成时1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday,lastweek,…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow等,皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语:for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always等,皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语:thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,already,recently,lately等。3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等。例如:Isawthisfilmyesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了)Ihaveseenthisfilm.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)Whydidyougetupsoearly?(强调起床的动作已发生过了)Whohasn"thandedinhispaper?(强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.(在团内的状态可延续)HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears.(是团员的状态可持续) 句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday,last,week,in1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。(错)Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.(对)Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.动词的时态目录11.11用于现在完成时的句型1)Itisthefirst/secondtime....that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.这是我第一次访问这城市。Thisisthefirsttime(that)I"veheardhimsing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。注意:Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2)Thisis+形容词最高级+that…结构,that从句要用现在完成时。例如: ThisisthebestfilmthatI"ve(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。 第236页
典型例题(1)---Doyouknowourtownatall? ---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.was B.havebeen C.came D.amcoming 答案B.Thisisthefirsttime后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。(2)---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore? ---No,it"sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,come B.even,havecome C.ever,come D.ever,havecome 答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。 注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。(错)Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.(对)Ihaven"treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth. 动词的时态目录11.12比较since和forSince用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如: Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.我住在这儿二十多年了。 IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.我从出生起就住在这儿了。 注意:并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 Iworkedhereformorethantwentyyears.(我现在已不在这里工作。) Ihaveworkedhereformanyyears.(现在我仍在这里工作。) 注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 1)(对)TomhasstudiedRussianforthreeyears.=TombegantostudyRussianthreeyearsago,andisstillstudyingitnow. 2)(错)Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.=Harrybegantogetmarriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow. 显然,第二句不对,它应改为Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears.动词的时态目录11.13since的四种用法 1)since+过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix)。例如: Ihavebeenheresince1989.1989起,我一直在这儿。 2)since+一段时间+ago。例如: Ihavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.我在这儿,已经有五个月了。 3)since+从句。例如: Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.你走后,变化可大了。 Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincewewerehere.我们走后,变化可大了。第236页
4)Itis+一段时间+since从句。例如: ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.我考上研究生有两年了。动词的时态目录11.14延续动词与瞬间动词1)用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历;瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如: Hehascompletedthework. 他已完成了那项工作。(表结果) I"veknownhimsincethen. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till/until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……"瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如: Hedidn"tcomebackuntilteno"clock.他到10点才回来。Hesleptuntilteno"clock. 他一直睡到10点。 典型例题1.Youdon"tneedtodescribeher.I___herseveraltimes. A.hadmet B.havemet C.met D.meet 答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,severaltimes告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。2.---I"msorrytokeepyouwaiting. ---Oh,notatall.I___hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeen B.hadbeen C.was D.willbe 答案A.等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。动词的时态目录11.15过去完成时1)概念:表示过去的过去----|----------|--------|---->其构成是had+过去分词构成。那时以前 那时 现在 2)用法 a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如: Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。 b.状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如: Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。 c.表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如: Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn"t.那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。第236页
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。例如: HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.他说过他以前学过一些英语。 Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。 Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。典型例题 Thestudents___busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe___intheoffice. A.hadwritten,left B,werewriting,hasleft C.hadwritten,hadleft D.werewriting,hadleft 答案D."把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。注意: hadhardly…when 还没等……就……。例如:IhadhardlyopenedthedoorwhenIhehitme.我刚打开门,他就打了我。hadnosooner…than 刚……就……。例如:Hehadnosoonerboughtthecarthanhesoldit.他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。 动词的时态目录11.16用一般过去时代替过去完成时1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如: Whenshesawthemouse,shescreamed.她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。 MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit.姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。2)两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如: WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如: OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.动词的时态目录11.17将来完成时 1)构成willhavedone 2)概念 a.状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:Theywillhavebeenmarriedfor20yearsbythen.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。第236页
b.动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如: YouwillhavereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.明天此时,你已经到达上海了。 动词的时态目录11.18现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法: a.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如: Wearewaitingforyou.我们正在等你。 b.习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如: Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。) c.表示渐变,这样的动词有:get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。例如: Theleavesareturningred.叶子在变红。 It"sgettingwarmerandwarmer.天越来越热了。 d.与always,constantly,forever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如: Youarealwayschangingyourmind.你老是改变主意。典型例题 Mydictionary___,Ihavelookedforiteverywherebutstill___it. A.haslost,don"tfind B.ismissing,don"tfind C.haslost,haven"tfound D.ismissing,haven"tfound. 答案D.前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。动词的时态目录11.19不用进行时的动词1)表示事实状态的动词,如have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue等。例如:Ihavetwobrothers.我有两兄弟。 Thishousebelongstomysister.这房子是我姐的。 2)表示心理状态的动词,如know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hate等。例如:Ineedyourhelp.我需要你的帮助。 Helovesherverymuch.他爱她很深。 3)瞬间动词,如accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse等。例如: Iacceptyouradvice.我接受你的劝告。 4)系动词,如seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn等。例如:第236页
Youseemalittletired.你看上去有点累。动词的时态目录11.20过去进行时1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。3)常用的时间状语有thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while等。例如: Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。 Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.他们离开车站时,正下着雨。 WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。典型例题1)Mary___adresswhenshecutherfinger. A.made B.ismaking C.wasmaking D.makes 答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。2)Asshe___thenewspaper,Granny___asleep.A.read;wasfalling B.wasreading;fell C.wasreading;wasfalling D.read;fell 答案B.句中的as=when,while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为"在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fallsick。动词的时态目录11.21将来进行时1)概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如: She"llbecomingsoon.她会很快来的。 I"llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.将来我一定去见他。注意:将来进行时不用于表示"意志",不能说I"llbehavingatalkwithher.2)常用的时间状语有soon,tomorrow,thisevening,onSunday,bythistime,tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening等。例如:Bythistimetomorrow,I"llbelyingonthebeach.明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢。动词的时态目录11.22一般现在时代替一般将来时When,while,before,after,till,once,assoonas,solongas,bythetime,if,incase(that),unless,evenif,whether,themoment,the第236页
minute,theday,theyear,immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。例如: HeisgoingtovisitherauntthedayhearrivesinBeijing.他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。典型例题(1)Hesaidhe________meapresentunlessI_______indoingtheexperiment. A.hadnotgiven;hadnotsucceeded B.wouldnotgive;succeeded C.willnotgive;succeed D.wouldnotgive;willsucceed. 答案B.在时间,条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有Hesaid,故为过去式。主句用将来时,故选B.此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。(2)表示现在已安排好的未来事项,行程等活动。例如: Themuseumopensattentomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)动词的时态目录11.23一般现在时代替一般过去时1)"书上说","报纸上说"等。例如: Thenewspapersaysthatit"sgoingtobecoldtomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的。 2)叙述往事,使其生动。例如: Napoleon"sarmynowadvancesandthegreatbattlebegins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了。动词的时态目录11.24一般现在时代替现在完成时1)有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如hear,tell,learn,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember等。例如: Ihear(=haveheard)hewillgotoLondon.我听说了他将去伦敦。 Iforget(=haveforgotten)howoldheis.我忘了他多大了。2)用句型"Itis…since…"代替"Ithasbeen…since…"。例如:Itis(=hasbeen)fiveyearssincewelastmet.从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了。动词的时态目录11.25一般现在时代替现在进行时。在Herecomes…/Theregoes…等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如: Theregoesthebell.铃响了。 动词的时态目录11.26现在进行时代替将来时第236页
1)表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如: Areyoustayingwithusthisweekend?和我们一起度周末好吗? Weareleavingsoon. 我们马上就走。2)渐变动词,如get,run,grow,become,begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如: Heisdying.他要死了。动词的时态目录11.27时态一致 1)如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时。例如: Atthattime,peopledidnotknowthattheearthmoves.那时,人们不知道地球是动的。 Hetoldmelastweekthatheiseighteen.上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。 2)宾语从句中的,助动词ought,need,must,dare的时态是不变的。例如: HethoughtthatIneednottellyouthetruth.他认为我不必告诉你真相。动词的时态目录11.28时态与时间状语时态时间状语一般现在时every…,sometimes, at…,onSunday等一般过去时yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982,justnow等一般将来时next…,tomorrow,in+一段时间,before+时间点等现在完成时for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,recently等过去完成时before,by+过去的时间,until,when,after,once等过去进行时thismorning,thewholemorning,allday,yesterday,fromninetotenlastevening…when,while等将来进行时soon,tomorrow,thisevening,onSunday,bythistime,tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening 动词的时态目录时态、语态练习答案11.29时态、语态练习1.1.“Idon’tliketotravel.”“Haveyouever_____inanairplane?”a.flyingb.flewc.flowedd.flown2.2.Thecenterofgravityofthehumanbody______behindhisjoint.a.locatedb.locatingc.tolocated.islocated3.3.“Todayisverycold,isn’tit?”“Yes,theriveris_____over.”a.freezedb.freezec.frozend.freezing4.4.“Whathappenedinthatnewarea?”“Newhouses______recentlyoverthere.”a.arebuiltb.buildc.havebuiltd.havebeenbuilt第236页
1.5.“Whendidyougotowork?”“Assoonastheycame,we______towork.”a.a. wentb.weregoingc.hadgoned.go6.6.“Didyouwaitforhimverylong?”“Yes,I______tobeduntilfiveinthemorning.”a.a. didgob.didn’tgoc.hadgoned.went7.7.Perhapsitwillbealongtime______fromabroad.a.whenTomcomesbackb.whenTomwillcomebackc.c.beforeTomcomesbackd.thatTomcomesback8.8.Tom______mathematicsthroughouthiscollegelife.a.boredb.boredwithc.wasboredd.wasboredwith9.9.______thatdresswhenIfirstsawyouatthestation?a.Wereyouwearingb.Haveyouwornc.Didyouweard.doyouwear10.10.MrWu______toworkbybuseveryday.a.hasbeentravelingb.hastraveledc.travelsd.istraveling11.11.Don’tdisturbhim.He______totheweatherforecast.a.listensb.isbeinglistenedc.haslistenedd.islistening12.12.MyEnglishteacher______mytest.a.a. hasnotyetgradedb.hasnotyetbeengradedc.isnotyettobegradedd.isnotyetgraded13.13.We______onitformanyhours,butwehavenotyetreachedanyconclusion.a.arebeingworkedb.areworkingc.havebeenworkingd.havebeenworked14.14.Shanghai______ontheHuangpuRiver.a.standb.standsc.isbeingstandd.hasstood15.15.“Tellthestudentstostopshouting.We______ouressaysnow.”a.writeb.havebeenwritingc.arewritingd.havewritten16.16.“______yourbest?It’snotsatisfactory.I’mafraidyouwillhavetodoitagain.”a.a. Doyoutryb.Haveyoutriedc.Areyoutryingd.Haveyoubeentrying17.17.Chinesemarriedcouple_____redpacketstochildrenandtheunmarriedduringtheChinesenewYear.a.giveb.havebeengivingc.aregivingd.havegiven18.18.Myuncle,Sam,______managerofthefirm.a.hasjustmadeb.isjustbeingmadec.hasjustbeenmaded.isjustmade19.19.Thisisthefirsttimethestudents______toHydePark.a.havegoneb.havebeengonec.havebeengoingd.arebeinggone第236页
17.20.She______hermother’sworksinceshewasadmittedintohospital.a.isdoingb.hasbeendoingc.hasdoned.hasbeendone18.21.I______theincidentasifitwereyesterday.a.amstilltorememberb.havestillbeenrememberingc.ambeingstillrememberedd.stillremember22.22.I______swimmingintheriverandIalways_____toswimwhenIcan.a.a. amliking/havegoneb.ambeingliked/amgoingc.like/god.haveliked/havebeengoing23.23.Wehavesometimesaccidentsonthisline,butnoaccidents______sincelastwinter.a.occurb.haveoccurredc.havebeenoccurringd.areoccurring24.24.He_____onthisessayfortwentyminutesbuthe_____onlyahundredwords.a.a. hasbeenworking/haswrittenb.isworking/writesb.b. hasworked/hasbeenwritingd.works/iswriting25.25.Elections_______everyfouryearsandCongressmeetsonceayear.a.aretakenplaceb.aretobetakenplacec.tookplaced.takeplace26.26.______careless,oryouwillmakemistakes.a.a.Benotb.Notbec.Don’td.Don’tbe27.27.TheNo.8bus______toChengducollegeofGeology,andnottoSichuanUniversity.a.a. aregoneb.isbeinggonec.goesd.aregoing28.28.Oil,exportedfromIrantoEurope,_____bytankers.a.usedtobetransported/havebeenbuiltupb.usedtobeingtransported/havebuiltupc.wasusedtobetransported/hadbeenbuiltupd.wasusedtobeingtransported/willbebuiltup29.29.Ifit______,thematchwillbepostponed.a.a. hasbeenrainedb.doesrainc.rainsd.israined30.30.AssoonasI______thetools,Ishallbeginwiththework.a.a. haveb.amhavingc.havebeenhavingd.havebeenhad31.31.Onceyou______theknackofit,youwillhavenofurtherdifficulty.a.shallhaveb.hadhadc.arehavingd.have32.32.Everytimehe______me,heisrudetome.a.willseeb.seesc.isseeingd.isseen33.33.JohntoldMarythathe______whathewasdoingduringthevacation.a.wasjustaskedb.wasjustaskingc.hadjustbeenaskedd.hadjustasked34.34.Nowthatyou_______,whatareyougoingtodo?a.arebingreturnedb.havebeenreturningc.havebeenreturnedd.havereturned35.35.Istartedmyteachingcareerattheschool.Thatwasmorethantwenty第236页
yearsago,andI______thereeversince.a.wasb.hadbeenc.willbed.havebeen31.36.Everythingontheearth______allthetime.a.ischangingb.ischangedc.haschangedd.hasbeenchanged32.37.We______fineweatherforthepastfewdays.a.haveb.arehavingc.havebeenhadd.havebeenhaving33.38.It______everydaysofarthismonth.a.israiningb.rainsc.hasrainedd.hasbeenrained34.39.noonecanprovethattheearth______notround.a.isbeingb.istobec.isd.hasbeen35.40.“Thereshe______!Weneedn’twaitanylonger.”a.a. comesb.hasbeencomec.hasbeencomingd.istocome41.41.Thelittlegirl______bythedrug-pushertocarrydrugsintothecountry.a.a. wasmadeuseb.wasmadeusedc.wasmadeuseofd.wasmadeusedof42.42.Ishalltellyouwhathe______atthreeo’clockyesterdayafternoon.a.a. haddoneb.woulddoc.wasdoingd.hadbeendone43.43.Bytheendoflastyearthey______1,000machines.a.turnedoutb.hadturnedoutc.wouldturnoutd.hadbeenturnedout44.44.Hewassixty-eight.Intwoyearshe______seventy.a.wouldbeb.wasc.hadbeend.wasbeing45.45.Howlongago______playingfootball?a.hadyoustoppedb.wouldyoustopc.didyoustopd.wereyoustopping46.46.Uptillthenwe______halfthedistance.a.hadonlycoveredb.coveredc.wouldonlycoverd.wouldbeonlycovered47.47.WhileI______television,thedoorbell______.a.a. watched/wouldringb.wouldwatch/hadrungb.b. waswatching/rangd.hadbeenwatched/wasringing48.48.They______withusforthetimebeing.a.wouldstayb.willstayc.havebeenstayingd.willbestaying49.49.IneverdreamedI______herediscussingstateaffairswiththeotherdeputies.a.willbesittingb.wouldbesittingc.willhavebeensittingd.wouldhavebeensitting50.50.Johntoldusthatbytheendoftheyearthey______togetherforthirtyyears.a.wouldhavebeenlivingb.wouldhavelivedc.wouldhavebeenlivedd.willhavebeenliving第236页
51.51.Thenewtypeofmachine______theyearafternext.a.a. isgoingtoturnoutb.isgoingtobeingturnedoutb.b. isgoingtohaveturnedoutd.isgoingtobeturnedout52.52.Largesumsofmoney______eachyearinpaintingthesteelworkofbridges,ships,andotherexposedstructures.a.havespentb.havetobespentc.havetospendd.spend53.53.Thepolice______inwhattheinformerreported.a.interestedb.hadinterestedc.wereinterestingd.wereinterested54.54.Acandidateforthepost______atthemoment.a.isinterviewingb.beinginterviewingc.interviewingd.isbeinginterviewed55.55.Bytheendoflastyeartherailway______.a.a. wasbeingcompletedb.wouldbecompletedb.b. hadbeencompletedd.hadcompleted56.56.I______tovisittheircountrybeforelong.a.a. havebeeninvitedb.ambeinginvitedc.hadbeeninvitedd.shallbeinvited57.57.Theory______withpractice.a.mustbecombiningb.mustcombinec.musthavebeencombinedd.mustbecombined58.58.Hesaidsuchathing______tohappen.a.a. oughttobenotallowedb.oughtnottobeallowingb.b. oughtnottohaveallowedd.oughtnottobeallowed59.59.Shetoldmethatherproposal______.a.a. neededtotakeintoconsiderationb.neededtobetakenintoconsiderationc.neededtobetakingintoconsiderationd.neededtohavetakenintoconsideration60.60.Theschoolauthoritiesandtheteachers______overtheadvantagesofthedemeritsystem.a.a. werealwaysarguedb.werealwaysarguingb.b. hadalwayshadarguedd.hadalwaysbeenargued61.61.Hefulfilledtheplanearlierthanhe______.a.hadexpectedb.expectingc.shouldexpectd.wouldexpect62.62.______whenthebellrang.a.a. Hardlywouldhereachschoolb.Hardlyhadhereachedschoolc.c.Hardlyhereachedschoold.Hardlyhewasreachingschool63.63.WeweredeterminednottodoitunlessJulie______it,too.a.haddoneb.wasdoingc.wasdoned.did64.64.Theyweresurethey______finalvictory.a.werewonb.wouldbewonc.wouldwind.hadbeenwon65.65.When______togiveusananswer?第236页
a.willyoubeableb.willyouhavebeenablec.willyouabled.willyouhaveabled63.66.We______ontheprojectbytheendofnextweek.a.a. shallhavefinishedtoworkb.shallfinishtoworkc.shallhavefinishedworkingd.shallfinishworking67.67.He______forsixyearsbythetimehetakeshisexamination.a.a. shallhavefinishedtoworkb.shallfinishtoworkb.b. shallhavefinishedworkingd.shallfinishworking68.68.IpromiseyouthatI______youapresentnextweek.a.willgiveb.willhavegivenc.shallgived.shallhavegiven69.69.Ihopethatshe______tothedemandsofthenaughtyboys.a.a.willnothaveagreedb.willnotbeagreedc.willnotagreed.willnothavebeenagreed70.70.Inthelongrunyourmoney______inbonds.a.a. wasmoresafelyinvestedb.ismoresafelyinvestedb.b. willbemoresafelyinvestedd.aremoresafelyinvested71.71.Mr.Wilsonaskedmeiftheseislands______toJapan.a.belongb.arebelongingc.arebelongedd.havebeenbelonged72.72.Beforetheendofthenineties,airpollution______aseriousproblemthatendangersthehealthofthehumanrace.a.willbebecomeb.willbecomec.willhavebecomed.willhavebeenbecome73.73.Thetrain______ateighttonight.a.willbestartedb.willhavestartedc.shallbestartedd.starts74.74.We______anEnglisheveningtonight.a.arebeinghavingb.arehavingc.willbehadd.shallbehad75.75.They______forBeijingforpractice.a.areleavingb.arebeingleftc.willhaveleftd.willbeleft76.76._____meoraren’tyou?a.Willyouhelpb.Shallyouhelpc.Areyougoingtohelpd.Willyouhavehelped77.77.Anewpowerstation______there.a.willbegoingtobuildb.isgoingtobebuiltc.willbegonetobuildd.isgonetobebuilt78.78.______ameetingthisafternoon.a.a. Theregoingtobeb.Therewillbegoingtobeb.b. Thereisgoingtobed.Therewillgoingtobe79.79.We______anewexperimentthisafternoon.a.a. shallbetoperformb.willbetoperformc.aretobeperformedd.aretoperform80.80.Thegovernment_____toapprovetheuseofwidespreadsurveillance第236页
whentheJusticeDepartmenttookobjections.a.isgoingb.hadbeenc.wasaboutd.iscoming80.81.Yououghtto_____atestinphysicsthedaybefore,Ithink.a.havetakenb.takec.betakend.betaking81.82.Keplerprovedthatthesun______thecenterofthesolarsystem.a.isb.wasc.hadbeend.wouldbe82.83.Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthat______thisyear.a.appearsb.isappearingc.hasappearedd.haveappeared83.84.Myfriend______herelastweek,buthecouldn’t.a.wastohavecomeb.musthavecomec.camed.hadtocome84.85.Hedidnotarriveuntilthemeetingwasnearlyover,forthesimplereasonisthathe_____asleepwhilewatchingtelevision.a.hadfallenb.hasfallenc.felld.wasfalling85.86.Wehadhardlysatdownwhenshe______platesoffoodforus.a.broughtb.hasbroughtc.hadbroughtd.wasbringing86.87.Afriendofminereturnedtohishouseafteraholiday,onlytofindit______.a.bebrokenintob.wasbrokenintoc.hadbrokenintod.hadbeenbrokeninto87.88.“WhatwereyoudoingwhenAnnaphonedyou?”“Ihadjustfinishedmyworkand______totakeabath.”a.a. startingb.tostartc.havestartedd.wasstarting89.89.“Haveyougonetoseethedoctor?”“No,but______.”a.Igob.Iamgoingtoseec.Igotoseed.I’mgoingto90.90.Eachtimeyoulookatanobject,you______apicture.a.tookb.aretakingc.taked.havetaken91.91.Waterpipes______rustyafteraperiodofuse.a.becomeb.isbecomingc.arebecomed.werebecome92.92.Thisforeignscientist______inourcollegeforfifteenyearsanddoesnotwanttoleave.a.workedb.isworkingc.worksd.hasbeenworking93.93.______tohavedinnerwithustonight?a.Willyoulikeb.Doyoulikec.Wouldn’tyouliked.Won’tyoulike94.94.WhatIwasuncertainabout______whethertheycouldovercomethedifficulties.a.isb.willbec.hadbeend.was95.95.“Certainly,______himaboutsomethingelseinanycase,soitwon’tbeanybother.”a.I’llseeb.Iseec.Icanseed.I’llbeseeing96.96.Bythetimethecourseends,______alotaboutBritain.a.we’lllearntb.wearelearningc.wehavelearntd.we’llhavelearnt第236页
89.97.Allthemachines______bytheendofthefollowingweek.a.wererepairedb.wouldberepairedc.willhavebeenrepairedd.werebeingrepair98.98.Hewillcometocalloneyouthemomenthe______hiswork.a.willfinishb.finishesc.hadfinishedd.finished99.99.Idon’tthinkshe’llbeupset,butI’llseeherincase________.a.she’llb.sheisc.shedoesd.shewould100.100.“Iwishthatyoursisterwouldcometovisitme.”“Well,I’lltellherwhenI______her.”a.seeb.sawc.wellseed.wouldsee 动词的语态目录12.动词的语态语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者时为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者时为被动语态。注意:1)感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加"to"。例如: Theteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.老师逼我走出教室。-->Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher). Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.我们看见他在草场踢球。-->Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground. 2)情态动词+be+过去分词,构成被动语态。例如: Coalcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.煤可以产生工农业需要的电。动词的语态目录12.1let的用法 1)当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to的不定式。例如:Theyletthestrangego.他们放陌生人走了。--->Thestrangewasletgo. 2)当let后宾补较长时,let通常不用被动语态,而用allow或permit代替。例如: Thenurseletmegotoseemyclassmateinthehospital.那护士让我去探望住院的同学。 ---->Iwasallowed/permittedtoseemyclassmateinthehospital.动词的语态目录12.2短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如: MysisterwillbetakencareofbyGrandma.我妹妹由奶奶照顾。第236页
Suchathinghasneverbeenheardofbefore.这样的事闻所未闻。动词的语态目录12.3表示"据说"或"相信"的词组,基本上由believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand等组成。例如: Itissaidthat… 据说 Itisreportedthat…据报道 Itisbelievedthat… 大家相信 Itishopedthat… 大家希望Itiswellknownthat…众所周知 Itisthoughtthat… 大家认为Itissuggestedthat… 据建议 Itistakengrantedthat… 被视为当然 Ithasbeendecidedthat…大家决定 Itmustberememberthat…务必记住的是 动词的语态目录12.4不用被动语态的情况 1)不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如appear,diedisappear,end(vi.结束),fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,breakout,cometrue,fallasleep,keepsilence,loseheart,takeplace等没有无被动语态。例如: Afterthefire,verylittleremainedofmyhouse.大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几。 比较:rise,fall,happen是不及物动词;raise,seat是及物动词。 (错)Thepricehasbeenrisen. (对)Thepricehasrisen. (错)Theaccidentwashappenedlastweek. (对)Theaccidenthappenedlastweek. (错)Thepricehasraised. (对)Thepricehasbeenraised. (错)Pleaseseat. (对)Pleasebeseated. 要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 2)不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongto等。例如: Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.这把钥匙只配这把锁。 Yourstoryagreeswithwhathadalreadybeenheard.你说的与我们听说的一致。第236页
3)系动词无被动语态,如appear,bebecome,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn等。例如:Itsoundsgood.听上去不错。 4)带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death,dream/dream,live/life等,以及反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态。例如:Shedreamedabaddreamlastnight.她昨晚做了个恶梦。 5)当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。例如: (对)Shelikestoswim. (错)Toswimislikedbyher.动词的语态目录12.5主动形式表示被动意义 1)wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等。例如: Thebooksellswell. 这本书销路好。 Thisknifecutseasily. 这刀子很好用。 2)blame,let(出租),remain,keep,rent,build等。例如: Iwastoblamefortheaccident.事故发生了,我该受指责。 Muchworkremains.还有许多活要干。 3)在need,require,want,worth(形容词),deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如: Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.门该修了。 Thisbookisworthreading. 这本书值得一读。4)特殊结构:makesb.heard/understood(使别人能听见/理解自己)等。例如:Explainitclearlyandmakeyourselfunderstood.解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话。 动词的语态目录12.6被动形式表示主动意义,如bedetermined,bepleased,begraduated(from),beprepared(for),beoccupied(in),getmarried等。例如: Heisgraduatedfromafamousuniversity.他毕业于一所有名的大学。 注意:表示同某人结婚,用marrysb.或getmarriedtosb.均可。例如: Hemarriedarichgirl.他与一个富妞结婚了。 Hegotmarriedtoarichgirl.动词的语态目录12.7need/want/require/worth 当need,want,require,beworth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义。例如: Yourhairwantscutting. 你的头发该理了。 Thefloorrequireswashing.地板需要冲洗。 典型例题第236页
Thelibraryneeds___,butit"llhavetowaituntilSunday. A.cleaning B.becleaned C.clean D.beingcleaned 答案A.need(实意)+n/todo,need(情态)+do,当为被动语态时,还可need+doing.本题考最后一种用法,选A。如有tobecleaned则也为正确答案。句子的种类目录13.句子的种类(一)按使用目的,句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1)陈述句(DeclarativeSentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如: Lighttravelsfasterthansound. 光比声传播速度快。(说明事实) Thefilmisratherboring. 这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)2)疑问句(InterrogativeSentences):提出问题。有以下四种: a.一般疑问句(GeneralQuestions): Canyoufinishtheworkintime?你能按时完成工作吗? b.特殊疑问句(Wh-Questions): Wheredoyoulive? 你住那儿? c.选择疑问句(AlternativeQuestions): Doyouwantteaorcoffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡? d.反意疑问句(Tag-Questions): Hedoesn"tknowher,doeshe?他不认识她,对不对? 3)祈使句(ImperativeSentences):提出请求,建议或发出命令。例如: Don"tbenervous! 别紧张!4)感叹句(ExclamatorySentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如: Whatgoodnewsitis! 多好的消息啊!(二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:1)简单句(SimpleSentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如:Sheisfondofcollectingstamps. 她喜欢集邮。2)并列句(CompoundSentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如: Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。 3)复合句(ComplexSentences):包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导。例如: Thefilmhadbegunwhenwegottothecinema.我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。(三)基本句型(BasicSentencePatterns):英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的:1)主+动(SV)例如:Iwork. 我工作。 2)主+动+表(SVP)例如:Johnisbusy. 约翰忙。3)主+动+宾(SVO)例如:ShestudiesEnglish. 她学英语。4)主+动+宾+补(SVOC)例如:Timewouldprovemeright.第236页
时间会证明我是对的。5)主+动+间宾+直宾(SVOiOd)例如:Mymothermademeanewdress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。句子的种类目录13.1祈使句结构 祈使句用以表达命令,要求,请求,劝告等。1)祈使句有两种类型,一种是以动词原形开头,在动词原形之前加do(但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。例如: Takethisseat.坐这儿。 Dobecareful.务必小心。 否定结构:例如: Don"tmove.不准动。 Don"tbelate.不要迟到。2)第二种祈使句以let开头。 Let的反意疑问句: a.Let"s包括说话者。例如: Let"shaveanothertry,shallwe/shan"twe?=Shallwehaveanothertry?我们再试一次,如何? b.Letus不包括说话者。例如: Letushaveanothertry,willyou/won"tyou?=Willyoupleaseletushaveanothertry?你让我们再试一次,好吗? 否定结构:例如: Let"snottalkofthatmatter.不要谈这件事。 Letusnottalkofthatmatter.你不要让我们谈这件事。句子的种类目录13.2感叹句结构 感叹句通常有what,how引导,表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词,how修饰形容词,副词或动词,感叹句结构主要有以下几种: 掌握它的搭配,即掌握了感叹句的重点。How+形容词+a+名词+陈述语序。例如:Howcleveraboyheis!他是多聪明的孩子!How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如:Howlovelythebabyis!小毛头真可爱!What+名词+陈述语序。例如:Whatnoisetheyaremaking!他们真吵!What+a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如:Whatacleverboyheis!他是多聪明的孩子!What+形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如:Whatwonderfulideas(wehave)!我们的主意真棒!What+形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如:Whatcoldweatheritis!多冷的天!Whatacleverboyheis!的省略形式为:Whatacleverboy!典型例题第236页
1)___foodyou"vecooked!A.Howanice B.Whatanice C.Hownice D.Whatnice 答案D.由于How修饰形容词,副词;what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词,因此A,B排除。C的How+adj.后面不能再加名词,因此只有D正确,其句型为What+adj.+n.(不可数)。2)___terribleweatherwe"vebeenhavingthesedays! A.What B.Whata C.How D.Howa 答案A.weather为不可数名词,B,D排除。C为how+adj.后面不应有名词。只有A,符合句型What+形容词+不可数名词。3)---_____Ihad! ---Youreallysufferedalot.A.Whatatime B.Whattime C.Howatime D.howtime 答案A. 感叹句分两类: 1:What+n.+主谓部分 2:How+adj./adv./v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种,但省略了bad,相对于WhatabadtimeIhad!这是个习惯用语。句子的种类目录13.3强调句结构常用的强调句结构是it引导的句子,结构为Itis(was)+被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分。此结构强调的成分限于主语,宾语和状语。例如: Itisfromthesunthatwegetlightandheat.我们是从太阳那儿获取光和热。 ItwasnotuntilIhadreadyourletterthatIunderstoodthetruestateofaffairs.知道读了你的信,我才知道实际情形。典型例题1)Itwaslastnight___Iseethecomet.A. thetime B. when C. that D. which 答案C.强调句的结构是:It+be+强调部分+that(who))+主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个,that和who。当强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用"who",其余用that。再如:原句:Myfatherdidtheexperimentinthelabyesterdayevening. 强调主语:Itwasmyfatherwhodidtheexperimentinthelabyesterdayevening. 强调宾语:Itwastheexperimentthatmyfatherdidinthelabyesterdayevening. 强调时间:Itwasyesterdayeveningthatmyfatherdidtheexperimentinthelab.(注意不用when) 强调地点:Itwasinthelabthatmyfatherdidtheexperimentyesterdayevening.2)Itistenyears___MissGreenreturnedtoCanada.A.that B.when C.since D.as 答案C.考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A.that.其实本句不是强调句。若是,去掉Itbe…that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉"Itis…第236页
that",只剩下tenyearsMissGreenreturnedtoCanada.不成句。因此本句不是强调句。句子的种类目录13.4用助动词进行强调 句子的强调句还可以用助动词do(did,does)强调谓语。例如: Shedoeslikethishorse. 她的确喜欢这匹马。 Pleasedotakecareofyourself.千万保重。句子的种类目录13.5反意疑问句1) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用aren"tI。例如: I"mastallasyoursister,aren"tI?我跟你姐一样高,对吗?2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may+主语。例如:Iwishtohaveawordwithyou,mayI?我想与你说句话,行吗?3) 陈述部分用no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。例如: Someplantsneverblown(开花),dothey?有些植物从不开花,对吗?4) 含有oughtto的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn"t/oughtn"t+主语。例如: Heoughttoknowwhattodo,oughtn"the?/shouldn"the?他应该知道该做什么,对吗?5) 陈述部分有haveto+v.(hadto+v.),疑问部分常用don"t+主语(didn"t+主语)。例如: Wehavetogetthereateighttomorrow,don"twe?我们要在明天早上八点到达那儿,是吗?6) 陈述部分的谓语是usedto时,疑问部分用didn"t+主语或usedn"t+主语。例如: Heusedtotakepicturesthere,didn"the?/usedn"the?他以前常在那儿拍照,是吗?7) 陈述部分有hadbetter+v.疑问句部分用hadn"tyou?例如: You"dbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn"tyou?你最好自己去读,好吗?8) 陈述部分有wouldrather+v.,疑问部分多用wouldn"t+主语。例如: Hewouldratherreadittentimesthanreciteit,wouldn"the?他宁可读十遍也不愿意背诵,是吗?9) 陈述部分有You"dliketo+v.疑问部分用wouldn"t+主语。例如: You"dliketogowithme,wouldn"tyou?你想和我们一块去,对吗?10)陈述部分有must的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。例如: Hemustbeadoctor,isn"the?他肯定是医生,是吗? YoumusthavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears,haven"tyou?/didn"tyou?你一定读过三年英语,对吗? Hemusthavefinishedityesterday,didn"the?他肯定是在昨天完成任务的,是吗?11)感叹句中,疑问部分用be+主语。例如:第236页
Whatcolors,aren"tthey?多漂亮的颜色,是吗? 12)陈述部分由neither…nor,either…or连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。NeitheryounorIamengineer,arewe?你不是工程师,我也不是,对吗?13)陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this,疑问部分主语用it。例如: Everythingisready,isn"tit?一切就绪,是吗?14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况: a.并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。例如:Mr.SmithhadbeentoBeijingforseveraltimes,heshouldhavebeeninChinanow,shouldn"the?史密斯先生曾几次去过北京,按理说他现在应该在中国,是吗? b.带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定。例如: HesaidhewantedtovisitJapan,didn"the?他说他想去日本看看,他是那样说的吗? c.陈述部分主句为第一人称,谓语是think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。例如: Idon"tthinkheisbright,ishe?我认为他并不聪明,是吗? Webelieveshecandoitbetter,can"tshe?我们相信她能做得更好,她能吗?15)陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。例如: Everyoneknowstheanswer,don"tthey? (doeshe?)人人都知道答案,是这样吧? Nobodyknowsaboutit,dothey?(doeshe?)没人知道这件事,是吧?16)带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用need(dare)+主语。例如: Weneednotdoitagain,needwe?我们不必重做一遍,是吗? Hedarenotsayso,darehe?他不敢这样说,是吗? 当dare,need为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do+主语。例如: Shedoesn"tdaretogohomealone,doesshe?她不敢独自回家,是吗?17)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用willyou。例如: Don"tdothatagain,willyou?别再这样做,好吗? Gowithme,willyou/won"tyou?跟我走吧,好吗?注意:Let"s开头的祈使句,后用shallwe? Letus开头的祈使句,后用willyou?例如: Let"sgoandlistentothemusic,shallwe?一起去听音乐,好吗? Letuswaitforyouinthereading-room,willyou?第236页
你让我们在阅览室等你,好吗?18)陈述部分是"therebe"结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。例如: Thereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isn"tthere?你的表有问题,对不对? Therewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere?不会有麻烦吧,是吗?19)否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。例如: Itisimpossible,isn"tit?这不可能,是吗? Heisnotunkindtohisclassmates,ishe?他不会对他同学使坏,是吗?20)must在表"推测"时,根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。例如: Hemustbetherenow,isn"the?他现在肯定在那儿,是吧? Itmustbegoingtoraintomorrow,won"tit?明天肯定要下雨,是吗? 句子的种类目录反意疑问句练习答案13.6反意疑问句练习1.1. You’dratherwatchTVthisevening,______?a.isn’titb.hadn’tyouc.wouldn’tyoud.won’tyou2.2. Isupposeyou’renotgoingtoday,______?a.areyoub.doyouc.don’tyoud.aren’tyou3.3. Iwishtoshakehandswithyou,______?a.shallb.mayIc.doId.willI4.4. Threehoursoughttobeenoughtime,______?a.oughtn’tthreehoursb.didn’ttheyc.shouldn’titd.shouldn’tthreehours5.5. Theyhavetostudyalot,______?a.don’ttheyb.haven’ttheyc.didtheyd.hadn’tthey6.6. Whenthecarcrashed,yourbrotherescapedbeinghurt,______?a.didn’theb.didhec.diditd.didn’tit7.7. I"msuredirty,______?a.amIb.isn’tIc.aren’tId.amnotI8.8. Youseemtobedissatisfiedwithyourpresentpost.Idon’tthinkyoujudgedyourabilityobjectivelywhenyouappliedforit,______you?a.dob.didc.don’td.didn’t9.9. That’sthesortofthebookyouwant,______?a.isitd.isn’tthatc.isthatd.isn’tit10.10. Allthesedictionariesareagreathelptoyou,______?a.aretheyb.aren’ttheyc.areallthesedictionariesd.aren’tallthesedictionaries11.11. Themoviethatwesawlastweekwasquiteinteresting,______?a.wasn’titb.wasitc.didn’twed.weren’twe12.12. Tomhasbeenwritinglettersallafternoon,butheshouldhave第236页
finishedthembynow,______?a.hasn’theb.hashec.shouldn’thed.didn’tyou1.13. DavidtoldmethatyouwouldtakeatriptoAmerica,______?a.wouldyoub.wouldn’tyouc.didyoud.didn’tyou2.14. Thereappearedtobenobetterway,_______?a.wasthereb.weretherec.didthered.didn’tthere3.15. YouhassometroublefindingwhereIlive,______?a.didn’tyoub.hadn’tyouc.doId.don’tI4.16. Hehashishaircuteverymonth,______?a.hasheb.hasn’thec.doeshed.doesn’the5.17. Yourfriendneedstocomeearlier,______?a.doesheb.doesn’thec.needhed.needn’the6.18. Thelittleboydarenotgotochurch,______?a.dareheb.daren’thec.doeshed.doesn’the7.19. Susan’dhaveworkedabroadifshe’dhadthechance,______?a.hassheb.hadn’tshec.wouldshed.wouldn’tshe8.20. Everyone’shavingagoodtime,______?a.isheb.isn’teveryonec.doeshed.aren’tthey9.21. Anyonecanjointheclub,______?a.cananyoneb.can’tanyonec.can’ttheyd.canthey10.22. Tellmehowtooperatetheelectroniccomputer,______?a.willyoub.shan’tyouc.doyoud.don’tyou11.23. MagaretscarcelycomestovisityouonChristmasDay,______?a.doesn’tsheb.doesshec.doyoud.don’tyou12.24. Let’slistentotheradioprogramthattheteachermentioned,______?a.doweb.don’twec.shallwed.shan’twe13.25. Youthinkyou’refunny,______?a.didn’tyoub.areyouc.don’tyoud.doyou14.26. Janetusedtotakepartinlaborinthatvillage,______?a.usedsheb.didshec.didn’tshed.shouldshe15.27. Whatbeautifulweather,______?a.isitb.isn’titc.won’titd.doesn’tit16.28. HeoughttogotoKwangchowbyplane,______?a.shouldheb.shouldn’thec.wouldhed.wouldn’the17.29. Weneverdaredtoaskhimaquestion,______?a.didweb.didn’twec.daredwed.daren’twe18.30. Nobodywillbelievehowdifficulthisworkhasbeen______?a.willheb.won’tnobodyc.willtheyd.won’tthey19.31. Youmusthavemadethemistake,______?a.mustn’tyoub.haven’tyouc.didn’tyoud.hadn’tyou20.32. Learninghowtorepaircomputerstakesalongtime,______?第236页
a.isn’titb.aren’ttheyc.doesn’titd.don’tthey1.33. Jackhascoffeewithbreakfast,______?a.hasn’tJackb.hasn’thec.doesn’tJackd.doesn’the2.34. Theymusthavestayedathotellastnight,______?a.mustn’ttheyb.haven’ttheyc.didn’ttheyd.hadn’tthey3.35. Thereisn’tanythingwrongwiththeradio,______?a.isthereb.isitc.doesitd.doesthere4.36. Youmustbehungry,______?a.mustyoub.mustn’tyouc.areyoud.aren’tyou5.37. Let’sdotheexercisesbyourselves,______?a.shallweb.shan’twec.willyoud.willwe6.38. Herdaughterhadthecarpetsandcurtainscleaned,______?a.hadsheb.hadn’tshec.didn’tshed.didn’therdaughter7.39. Theteacherhadatalkwithyou,______?a.hasyoub.hadn’tshec.didshed.didn’tshe8.40. Something’llhavetobedoneabouttheairpollution,______?a.won’titb.willitc.hasitd.doesit 倒装目录14.倒装14.1倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有: 1)here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如: Thencamethechairman.那时总裁来了。 Hereisyourletter.你的信。 2)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。例如: Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。 Aheadsatanoldwoman.前面坐着一个老妪。 注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如:Herehecomes.他来了。 Awaytheywent.他们走开了。 倒装目录14.2倒装句之部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do,does或did,并将其置于主语之前。 1)句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atnotime,innoway,notuntil…等。例如:第236页
NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.从未见过如此糟糕的表演。 Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。 Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。 当Notuntil引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。注意:如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如: Ihaveneverseensuchaperformance. Themotherdidn"tleavetheroomuntilthechildfellasleep.典型例题 1) Whycan"tIsmokehere? Atnotime___inthemeeting-roomA.issmokingpermitted B. smokingispermittedC.smokingisitpermitted D. doessmokingpermit答案A.这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时,其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no,little,hardly,seldom,never,notonly,notuntil等。本题的正常语序是Smokingispermittedinthemeeting-roomatnotime.2)Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcentury___whatheatis. A.mandidknow B.manknow C.didn"tmanknow D.didmanknow 答案D. 看到Notuntil…的句型,我们知道为一倒装句,答案在C,D中选一个。 改写为正常语序为,Mandidnotknowwhatheatisuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19th.现在将not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。倒装目录14.3以否定词开头作部分倒装如Notonly…butalso,Hardly/Scarcely…when,Nosooner…than等,要倒装。例如: Notonlydidherefusethegift,healsoseverelycriticizedthesender.他没有收下礼物,还狠狠批评了送礼的人。 Hardlyhadshegoneoutwhenastudentcametovisither.她刚出门,就有个学生来访。 Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanastudentcametovisither.她刚出门,就有个学生来访。典型例题Nosooner___thanitbegantorainheavily.A.thegamebegan B. hasthegamebegunC.didthegamebegin D. hadthegamebegun答案D.以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时,一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never,seldom,scarcely,little,few,not,hardly,第236页
以及notonly…but(also),nosooner…than,hardly…whenscarcely…when 等等。注意:只有当Notonly…butalso连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Notonly…butalso仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构,如NotonlyyoubutalsoIamfondofmusic。 倒装目录14.4so,neither,nor作部分倒装 用这些词表示"也"、"也不"的句子要部分倒装。例如: TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack.汤姆会讲法语,杰克也会。 Ifyouwon"tgo,neitherwillI.你不去,我也不去。典型例题 ---DoyouknowJimquarrelledwithhisbrother? ---Idon"tknow,_____. A.nordon"tIcare B.nordoIcare C.Idon"tcareneither D.Idon"tcarealso答案:B.nor为增补意思"也不关心",因此句子应倒装。A错在用don"t再次否定,Cneither用法不对且缺乏连词。D缺乏连词。 注意:当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。例如: TomaskedmetogotoplayfootballandsoIdid.汤姆邀我去踢球,我去了。 ---It"sraininghard.---Soitis.雨下得真大。是呀。 倒装目录14.5only在句首倒装的情况。例如: Onlyinthisway,canyoulearnEnglishwell.只有这样,你才能学好英语。 Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.叫了三次,他才来参加会议。 如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装。例如: Onlywhenheisseriouslyilldoesheeverstayinbed.病得狠重时,他才卧床休息。倒装目录14.6as,though引导的倒装句 as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前)。但需注意: 1)句首名词不能带任何冠词。 2)句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如: Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.他工作很努力,但总不能让人满意。注意:让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用。第236页
倒装目录14.7其他部分倒装1)so…that句型中的so位于句首时,需倒装。例如:Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.他害怕得很,动也不敢动。2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中。例如: Mayyouallbehappy.愿你们都快乐。3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词,可将if省略,把were,had,should移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。例如: WereIyou,Iwouldtryitagain.我是你的话,就再试一次。典型例题:1)Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcentury___whatheatis A.mandidknow B.manknew C.didn"tmanknow D.didmanknow答案为D. 否定词Not在句首,要求用部分倒装的句子结构。2)NotuntilIbegantowork___howmuchtimeIhadwasted. A.didn"tIrealize B.didIrealize C.Ididn"trealize D.Irealize 答案为B。3)DoyouknowTomboughtanewcar? Idon"tknow,___. A.nordon"tIcare B.nordoIcare C.Idon"tcareneither D.Idon"tcarealso答案为B.句中的nor引出部分倒装结构,表示"也不"。由so,neither,nor引导的倒装句,表示前一情况的重复出现。其中,so用于肯定句,而neither,nor用在否定句中。 倒装目录倒装练习答案14.8倒装练习1.1. Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdata______cometoasoundconclusion.a.canyoub.youcanc.wouldyoud.youwould2.2. ______thatthisregionwassorichinnaturalresources.a.Littleheknewb.Littledidheknowa.Littlehedidknowd.Littlehehadknown3.3. Neveragain______politicalofficeafterhis1928defeatforthepresidency.a.AlfredE.Smithseriouslysoughtb.seriouslyAlfredE.Smithsoughtc.whendidAlfredE.Smithseriouslyseekd.didAlfredE.Smithseriouslyseek4.4. Onlyinrecentyears______beguntorealizethatwilddogs,keptwithinbounds,oftendomoregoodthanharm.第236页
a.peoplehaveb.sincepeoplehavec.havepeopled.peoplewhohave1.5. _______,wewerenotgoingtomakeanyconcessionstohisunreasonabledemands.a.Whatmaycomeb.Comewhatmayc.Maywhatcomed.Whatcome2.6. NotuntilIshoutedatthetopofmyvoice______hishead.a.thatheturnedb.didheturnc.hedidn’tturnd.hehadturned3.7. ______receivedlawdegreesastoday.a.Neversowomenhaveb.Thewomenaren’teverc.Womenwhohaveneverd.Neverhavesomanywomen4.8. Heatdoesnottravelbyconvectioninsolid,becausethesoliddoesnotmove,______.a.sodoesaliquidb.soaliquiddoesc.asdoesaliquidd.soisaliquid5.9. Onnoaccount______toanyone.a.mynamemustbementionedb.mustmynamementionc.mustmynamebementionedd.mynamemustmention6.10. ______thattheymayeventuallyreducetheamountoflaborneededonconstructionsitesby90percent.a.Suchconstructionrobotsarecleverb.Soclevertheconstructionrobotsarec.Socleveraretheconstructionrobotsd.Suchcleverconstructionrobotsare7.11. ______dowegoforpicnics.a.Certainlyb.Sometimesc.Seldomd.Once8.12. ______isitonlytheignorantandill-educatedpersonwhohassuchfaithinthebottleofmedicine.a.Eitherb.Oftenc.Nord.Usually9.13. Heranswerisnotacceptable,and______.a.neitheramIb.eitherisminec.neitherismined.mineisneither10.14. ______,Imustdoanotherexperiment.a.Beiteversolateb.Itiseversolatec.Itbeeversolated.Solateitbeever11.15. Sofast______thatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.a.lighttravelb.travelsthelightc.dolighttraveld.doeslighttravel12.16. Asneezecannotbeperformedvoluntarily,______beeasilysuppressed.a.noritcanb.norcanitc.itcannotd.andcannotit13.17. ______notebookandreportthatIpromisedyoulastweek.a.Hereistheb.Herearethec.Isherethed.Areherethe第236页
1.18. ______alittlemoretimetothink,hemighthaveactedmoresensibly.a.Ifhetookb.Ifhehastakenc.hadhetakend.Shouldhetake2.19. Beneathourfeet______thatourlifedependsonforfoodandclothing.a.theearthlayb.theearthliesc.lietheearthd.liestheearth3.20. ______thebeginningofthe19thcenturydidscientistsknowthatallmatterismadeupofatoms.a.Atb.Byc.Uptod.Notuntil4.21. Hardly______hegotoutofthecourt______thereportersraisedalotofquestionstohim.a.had…whenb.had…thanc.did…whend.has…than5.22. Amongthesebooks______adictionarythathisfathergavehimasabirthdaypresent.a.haveincludedb.isincludedc.hasincludedd.areincluded6.23. Nolongerarecontributionstocomputertechnologyconfinedtoanyonecountry;______isthismoretruethaninEurope.a.nowhereb.hardlyc.littled.seldom7.24. Important______hisdiscoverywas,itwasregardedasamatterofnoaccountinhistime.a.tob.forc.asd.although8.25. Accordingtotheperiodictable,______stillsomeelementsundiscovered.a.thereseemtobeb.itseemsc.itseemstobed.hereseems9.26. Here______youwanttosee.a.themanagercomesb.comesthemanagerc.comesamanagerd.iscomingamanager10.27. Barrycanhardlydriveacar,______.a.socan’tMollyb.can’tMollyeitherc.Mollycan’ttood.neithercanMolly11.28. _______fortheleadershipoftheParty,weshouldnothavesucceeded.a.Hadnotitbeenb.Haditnotbeenc.Therewasd.Isthere12.29. ______noairorwater,therewouldbenolifeintheworld.a.Werethereb.Therearec.Therewasd.Isthere13.30. Notonly______thedatafedintoit,butitcanalsoanalyzethem.a.thecomputercanmemorizeb.canthecomputermemorizec.dothecomputermemorized.canmemorizethecomputer14.31. Notonce______hisviewoflife.a.didthegentlemanmentionb.thegentlemanmentionedthat第236页
c.thegentlemanmentionedd.doesgentlemanmentioned1.32. Bynomeans______theirownlanguagewell.a.a.itistruethatallEnglishpeopleknowb.b.isittruethatdoallEnglishpeopleknowc.c.itistruethatdoallEnglishpeopleknowd.d.isittruethatallEnglishpeopleknow2.33. Themoleculesofgasesmovemorefreelythan______.a.doliquidsandsolidsb.liquidsandsolidsdoc.dothoseofliquidsandsolidsd.thosedoofliquidsandsolids3.34. Theworld’sbirthratesareonadeclineand______arethedeathrates.a.sob.alsoc.tood.thesame4.35. _____isthevolumeofchemicalgoods.a.Constantlygrowingtoob.Tooconstantlygrowingc.Growingconstanttod.Toogrowingconstant5.36. Manyatime_______mewithmyEnglishstudy.a.havehehelpedb.hashehelpedc.hehavehelpedd.didhehavehelped6.37. Typicalofthenewtypeofyoungpeople______,whosetashiningexampletothewholenation.a.wasLeiFengb.WereLeiFengc.LeiFengwasd.LeiFengwere7.38. WhatMr.Smithdidwasimportant,but______.a.a.moreimportantthewayofhedidthingswasb.b.thewayofhedidthingswasmoreimportantc.c.moreimportantwasthewayhedidthingsd.d.moreimportantthewaywerehedidthings8.39. Shedidn’twanttobuyit,______.a.howevergoodwasitb.howevergooditwasc.forhowgoodmightitbed.forhowgooditmightbe9.40. ______,itisalwayspossibletofindoutitsvolume.a.a.Whatevertheshapeofabodymaybeb.b.Theshapeofabodymaybewhateverc.c.Maywhatevertheshapeofabodybed.d.Whatevermaytheshapeofabodybe10.41. Iwon’tpay$20forthecoat;it’snotworth______.a.allthatmuchb.thatmuchallc.thatallmuchd.muchallthat11.42. Hotairaccompaniedbyhighrelativehumidityfeelswarmerthan______.a.isitactuallyb.itactuallyisc.actuallyitisd.actuallyisit12.43. Qingdaoisusuallycoolinsummer,butNanjing______.a.israrelyb.scarcelyisc.hardlyisd.rarelyis第236页
1.44. David,somethingimportanthashappened.Iwishto______.a.talkitoverwithyoub.talkoveritc.talkoverd.talkyouoverit2.45. ______,morethan200housesandbuildingsareheatedbysolarenergy,nottomentionthebigcitiesintheregion.a.Aloneinthesmalltownb.Inthesmallalonetownc.Inthesmalltownaloned.Inthealonesmalltown3.46. Geysersarefoundnewnearriversandlakes,wherewaterdrainsthroughthesoil______.a.surfacebelowthedeepb.deepbelowthesurfacec.thedeepbelowsurfaced.thedeepsurfacebelow4.47. Thewallflower______becauseitsweakstemsoftengrowonwallsandalongstonycliffsforsupport.a.socalledisb.soiscalledc.issocalledd.calledisso5.48. Thehistoryofpaintingisafascinationchainofevensthatprobablybeganwith______.a.a.evermadetheveryfirstpicturesb.b.theevermadeveryfirstpicturesc.c.theveryfirstevermadepicturesd.d.theveryfirstpicturesevermade6.49. Onthesideofthehill,thereis______whichwasoncetheentrancetoagoldmine.a.adeepholeingroundb.aholedeepingroundc.adeepholeinthegroundadeepinthegroundhole7.50. Willtheboywhohastakenmypenbrine______.a.backtomeb.itbacktomec.backittomed.ittomeback 主谓一致目录15.主谓一致是指:1)语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语, 一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如: Thereismuchwaterinthethermos. 但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如: Tenthousandtonsofcoalwereproducedlastyear.主谓一致目录15.1并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如: Readingandwritingareveryimportant.读写很重要。 第236页
注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如: Theironandsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourlife.钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。典型例题 TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor___askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.is B.was C.are D.were答案B.注:先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C。本题易误选D,因为TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。主谓一致目录15.2主谓一致中的靠近原则1)当therebe句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如: Thereisapen,aknifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。 Therearetwentyboy-studentsandtwenty-threegirl-studentsintheclass.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。2)当either…or…与neither…nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here,there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如: Eitheryouorsheistogo.不是你去,就是她去。 Hereisapen,afewenvelopsandsomepaperforyou.给你笔、信封和纸。主谓一致目录15.3谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语有with,togetherwith,like,except,but,nolessthan,aswellas等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如: Theteachertogetherwithsomestudentsisvisitingthefactory.教师和一些学生在参观工厂。 HeaswellasIwantstogoboating.他和我想去划船。主谓一致目录15.4谓语需用单数1)代词each以及由every,some,no,any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each,every时,谓语需用单数。例如: Eachofushasatape-recorder.我们每人都有录音机。 Thereissomethingwrongwithmywatch.我的表坏了。2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如: TheArabianNightisabookknowntoloversofEnglish.《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。第236页
3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。例如: Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.用三个星期来做准备。 Tenyuanisenough.十元够了。主谓一致目录15.5指代意义决定谓语的单复数1)代词what,which,who,none,some,any,more,most,all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如:Allisright. 一切顺利。Allarepresent. 人都到齐了。2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family,audience,crew,crowd,class,company,committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如: Hisfamilyisn"tverylarge.他家成员不多。 Hisfamilyaremusiclovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者。 但集合名词people,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如: Arethereanypolicearound?附近有警察吗?3)有些名词,如variety,number,population,proportion,majority等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。例如: Anumberof+名词复数+复数动词。 Thenumberof+名词复数+单数动词。 Anumberofbookshavelentout. ThemajorityofthestudentslikeEnglish.主谓一致目录15.6与后接名词或代词保持一致1)用halfof,mostof,noneof,heapsof,lotsof,plentyof等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如: Mostofhismoneyisspentonbooks.他大部分的钱化在书上了。Mostofthestudentsaretakinganactivepartinsports.大部分学生积极参与体育运动。2)用aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如:Aseriesofaccidentshasbeenreported.媒体报道了一连串的事故。Apileoflotswassetbesidethehearth.炉边有一堆木柴。3)如manya或morethanone所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由morethan…of作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如: Manyapersonhasreadthenovel. 许多人读过这本书。 Morethan60percentofthestudentsarefromthecity.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。第236页
主谓一致目录主谓一致练习答案15.7主谓一致练习1.1. Eachofyou______responsiblefortheaccident.a.amb.bec.isd.are2.2. Eachmanandwoman______thesamerights.a.hasb.havec.hadd.ishaving3.3. Everymeans______triedbutwithoutmuchresult.a.hasbeenb.havebeenc.ared.is4.4. There______inthisroom.a.aretoomuchfurnitureb.istoomanyfurnituresc.aretoomuchfurnituresd.istoomuchfurniture5.5. Themanagerorhisassistant______planningtogo.a.wereb.arec.wasd.be6.6. NotonlyIbutalsoDavidandIris______fondofplayingbasketball.a.amb.isc.ared.was7.7. NeitherTomnorhisparents______athome.a.isb.arec.hasd.was8.8. Eitherthedeanortheprincipal______themeeting.a.attendsb.attendc.areattendingd.haveattended9.9. ______waswrong.a.Nottheteacherbutthestudentsb.Boththestudentsandtheteacherc.Neithertheteachernotthestudentsd.Notthestudentsbuttheteacher10.10. “______twentydollarsabigsumtoher?”“Isupposeso.”a.Willbeb.Isc.Ared.Were11.11. Threehours______enoughforustofinishthetask.a.areb.hasc.isd.were12.12. Mostofhissavings______intheXinHuaBank.a.hasbeenkeptb.isbeingkeptc.havekeptd.havebeenkept13.13. Allthatcanbedone______.a.hasdoneb.hasbeendonec.havedoned.havebeendone14.14. Oneorperhapsmorepages_______.a.ismissingb.hasbeenmissedc.aremissingd.wasmissing15.15. Morethanoneworker______dismissed.a.havebeenb.arec.hasbeend.has16.16. Manyastudent______theimportanceoflearningaforeignlanguage.a.haverealizedb.hasrealizec.havebeenrealizedd.has第236页
beenrealized1.17. Thegasworks______nearthecity.a.isb.arec.wered.be2.18. Thesurroundingsofhishouse______cleannow.a.isb.arec.wasd.were3.19. Thecommittee______overtheproblemamongthemselvesfortwohours.a.hasarguedb.hasbeenarguingc.havearguedd.havebeenarguing4.20. Thepublic______generousintheircontributionstotheearthquakevictims.a.isb.wasc.ared.hasbeen5.21. Cattle______onthehillside.a.grazesb.isgrazingc.wasgrazingd.weregrazing6.22. Herpolitics______neitherconservativenorliberal.a.isb.arec.wasd.hasbeen7.23. Measles______akindofinfectiousillness.a.isb.arec.wered.havebeen8.24. ThePhilippines______tothesouth-eastofChina.a.liesb.liec.layd.lays9.25. Maryisoneofthegirlswho______alwaysontime.a.isb.amc.ared.was10.26. Tomistheonlyoneofthestallmemberswho______tobepromoted.a.isgoingb.aregoingc.hasbeengoingd.havebeengoing11.27. Whatcausedtheaccident______ontheroad.a.werestoneb.werestonesc.wasstoned.wasstones12.28. Wiskyandsoda______hisfavoritedrink.a.isb.arec.wered.havebeen13.29. ______istoattendourevening.a.boththesingerandthedancerb.Eitherthesingerordancersc.Thesingerordancersd.Thesingeranddancer14.30. TheSmiths______theirbreakfastwhenthemorningpostcame.a.hadb.hasbeenhavingc.arehavingd.werehaving15.31. Nooneexcepttwostudents______themeeting.a.hasbeenlateforb.havebeenlateforc.waslateford.werelaterfor16.32. Allbuthimandme______totheexhibition.a.amgoingb.isgoingc.aregoingd.wasgoing17.33. Interest,aswellasprospects,______importantwhenonelooksforajob.a.areb.werec.isd.was18.34. Thepresident,accompaniedbyhisassistants,______.a.havearrivedb.arearrivingc.hadarrivedd.hasarrived第236页
1.35. Anumberofcars______infrontoftheparka.isparkedb.wasparkedc.areparkedd.hasparked2.36. thenumberofarticlespublishedonsmoking______amazing.a.isb.arec.wered.havebeen3.37. Themajorityofdoctors______smokingisharmfultohealth.a.arebelievedb.hadbelievedc.hasbelievedd.believe4.38. Themajorityofthedamage______easytorepair.a.isb.arec.wered.be5.39. Four-fifthsofthecrop______.a.areruinedb.wasruinedc.wereruinedd.havebeenruined6.40. Three-fourthsofthebuildings______.a.wasdestroyedb.isdestroyedc.weredestroyedd.hasbeendestroyed7.41. Earlytobedandearlytorise______amanhealthy,happyandwise.a.makingb.tomakec.maked.makes8.42. Mathematics______thelanguageofscience.a.isb.hasbeenc.ared.havebeen9.43. Theyoung______thevitalforcesinoursociety.a.isb.hasbeenc.ared.havebeen10.44. Everyman,womanandchild______somehistory,enoughatleast,tosurviveintheworld.a.knowsb.knowc.isknownd.areknown11.45. Noneofthem______myfriends.a.isb.arec.wasd.hasbeen12.46. Notonlythewholenation,butthewholeEurope,indeedthewholehumansociety______toalteritsattitudetoracialproblems.a.needb.needsc.hasaneedd.haveaneed13.47. Gettingtootherplanetsortothemoon_____manyproblems.a.involveb.involvesc.involvingd.toinvolve14.48. Inthatcountry,therich______richer,thepoor,poorer.a.becomeb.hasbecomec.becomesd.isbecoming15.49. Theprojectrequiresmorelaborthan______becauseitisextremelydifficult.a.hasbeenputinb.havebeenputinc.beingputind.tobeputin16.50. Notoneinonehundredchildrenexposedtothedisease______likelytodevelopit.a.shouldbeb.mustbec.isd.are 虚拟语气目录16.虚拟语气第236页
1)虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。2)条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。 虚拟语气目录16.1真实条件句用于陈述语气,假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表:句型条件从句主句一般现在时shall/will+动词原形祈使句情态动词一般现在时例如:Ifhecomes,hewillbringhisviolin.如果他来,会带小提琴来的。 典型例题 Thevolleyballmatchwillbeputoffifit___. A. willrain B.rains C.rained D.israined 答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时,从句用一般现在时。注意:1)在真实条件句中,主句不能用begoingto表示将来,该用shall,will. (错)Ifyouleavenow,youarenevergoingtoregretit. (对)Ifyouleavenow,youwillneverregretit.2)表示真理时,主句谓语动词不用shall(will)+动词原形,而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。虚拟语气目录16.2非真实条件句1)虚拟语气可以表示过去,现在和将来的情况,时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。a.与现在事实相反的假设条件从句主句一般过去时(be用were)should(would)等+动词原形例如:Iftheywerehere,theywouldhelpyou.如果他们在这儿,会帮助你的。含义:Theyarenothere,theycan’thelpyou.b.与过去事实相反的假设条件从句主句过去完成时should(would)等+have+过去分词例如:Ifhehadcomeyesterday,Ishould/wouldhavetoldhimaboutit.如果他昨天来的话,我会把这件事告诉他的。 含义:Hedidnotcomeyesterday,soIdidnottellhimaboutit.第236页
c.表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想条件从句主句一般过去时should/would等+动词原形were+不定式should+动词原形例如:Ifyousucceeded,everythingwouldbeallright.如果你将来成功了,一切都会好的。 Ifyoushouldsucceed,everythingwouldbeallright.Ifyouweretosucceed,everythingwouldbeallright.含义:Youarenotlikelytosucceed,everythingwillbewhatitisnow. 虚拟语气目录16.3混合条件句有时,主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间,主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同,这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如: Ifyouhadaskedhimyesterday,youwouldknowwhattodonow.如果你昨天问过他,今天就知道做什么了。 (从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反。) Ifithadrainedlastnight(过去),itwouldbeverycoldtoday(现在).如果昨晚下过雨,今天就会很冷了。虚拟语气目录16.4虚拟条件句的倒装 虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were,should,或had时,可省略if,再把were,should或had移到从句的句首,实行倒装。例如: Weretheyherenow,theycouldhelpus.=Iftheywereherenow,theycouldhelpus.他们现在在的话,就会帮助我们了。 Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.=Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.你来得早一点,就碰到他了。 Shoulditrain,thecropswouldbesaved.=Wereittorain,thecropswouldbesaved.假如下雨,庄稼就有救了。注意:在虚拟语气的从句中,动词"be"的过去时态一律用"were",不用was,即在从句中be用were代替。例如: IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotolookforhim.如果我是你,就会去找他。 Ifhewerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。 典型例题 _____todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherday.A.IfwereI B.Iwere C.WereI D.WasI答案C.在虚拟条件状语中如果有were,should,had这三个词,通常将if省略,主语提前,变成were,should,had+主语的形式。但要注意,在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说WereInottodo,而不能说Weren"tItodo。第236页
虚拟语气目录16.5特殊的虚拟语气词should1)在主语从句中的应用Itisdemanded/necessary/apity+that…等结构的主语从句,谓语动词用should加动词原形,should可省略。Itis可用的词有三类that(should)dosuggested,ordered,required,proposed,demanded,requested,insisted等important,necessary,natural,imperative,strange等apity,ashame,nowonder等 2)在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中,像order,suggest,propose,require,demand,request,insist,command,insist+(should)do等。例如: Isuggestthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.我建议下周召开个会议。 Heinsistedthathe(should)besentthere.他要求被派到那儿去。 注意:如suggest,insist不表示"建议"或"坚持要某人做某事时",即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时,宾语从句用陈述语气。 判断改错:(错)Youpalefacesuggeststhatyou(should)beill.(对)Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyouareill. (错)Iinsistedthatyou(should)bewrong. (对)Iinsistedthatyouwerewrong.3)在表语从句,同位语从句中的应用suggestion,proposal,idea,plan,order,advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,即(should)+动词原形。例如: Myideaisthatwe(should)getmorepeopletoattendtheconference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。 Imakeaproposalthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.我提了个建议,下周我们开个会。虚拟语气目录16.6wish的用法1)wish后面的从句,表示与事实相反的情况,或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为: 主句从句从句动作先于主句动词动作(be的过去式为were)现在时过去时过去时过去完成时第236页
从句动作与主句动作同时发生(had+过去分词)将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时would/could+动词原形例如:IwishIwereastallasyou. 我希望和你一样高。 Hewishedhehadn"tsaidthat.他希望他没讲过那样的话。 Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。2)wishtodo;wishsb/sthtodo。例如: Iwishtoseethemanager.=Iwanttoseethemanager.我希望见一见经理。 Iwishthemanagertobeinformedatonce.(=Iwantthemanagertobeinformedatonce.)我希望经理能马上得到消息。虚拟语气目录16.7比较ifonly与onlyif onlyif表示"只有";ifonly则表示"如果……就好了"。Ifonly也可用于陈述语气。例如: Iwakeuponlyifthealarmclockrings.只有闹钟响了,我才会醒。 Ifonlythealarmclockhadrung. 当时闹钟响就好了。 Ifonlyhecomesearly. 但愿他早点回来。 虚拟语气目录16.8Itis(high)timethat Itis(high)timethat后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形,但should不可省略。例如: Itistimethatthechildrenwenttobed.孩子们该睡觉了。 Itishightimethatthechildrenshouldgotobed.虚拟语气目录16.9need"不必做"和"本不必做" didn"tneedtodo表示过去不必做某事,事实上也没做。 needn"thavedone表示过去不必做某事,但事实上做了。例如:JohnwenttothestationwiththecartomeetMary,soshedidn"tneedtowalkbackhome.约翰开车去车站接玛丽,所以她不必步行回家了。 JohnwenttothestationwiththecartomeetMary,sosheneedn"thavewalkedbackhome.约翰开车去车站接玛丽,所以她本不必步行回家了。(Mary步行回家了,没有遇上John的车。)典型例题 Therewasplentyoftime.She___.A.mustn"thavehurried B.couldn"thavehurried C.mustnothurry D.needn"thavehurried 答案D。needn"thavedone.意为"本不必",即已经做了某事,而时实际上不必要。第236页
Mustn"thavedone用法不正确,对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn"thavedone,"不可能已经"。mustnotdo不可以(用于一般现在时)。 虚拟语气目录虚拟语气练习答案16.10虚拟语气练习1.1.Everything______ifAlberthadn’tcalledthefirebrigade.a.a. willbedestroyedb.willhavebeendestroyedb.b. wouldbedestroyedd.wouldhavebeendestroyed2.2.Ifyouhadn’tgonewithTomtothepartylastnight,______.a.a. youwouldmeetJohnalreadyb.youwon’thavemissedJohnc.youwillhavemetJohnd.youwouldhavemetJohn3.3.Supposingthisship______,doyouthinktherewouldbeenoughlifejacketsforallthepassengers?a.wassinkingb.hassunkc.weretosinkd.sunk4.4.Theinsectswoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandheads,if______fortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.a.itisnotb.itwerenotc.wereitnotd.theywerenot5.5.Theteachersuggestedthateachstudent______aplanforthevacation.a.madeb.makec.makesd.willmake6.6.Frankly,I’dratheryou______anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.a.dob.don’tdoc.didn’tdod.willnotdo7.7.Afterthewayshetreatedyou,ifI______inyourplace.a.beb.amc.wasd.were8.8.Theideaisthatthenation______anunmannedspacecrafttoexploretheplanetfirst.a.sentb.sendsc.sendd.mustsend9.9.It’shightimeyou______.a.starttoworkb.wouldstarttoworkc.startedtoworkd.hadstartedtowork10.10.“IfIhadn’tpracticedwhenIwasyounger,”themusiciansays,“I______abletoplaysowellnow.”a.wouldn’tbeb.won’tbec.wouldn’thavebeend.couldn’thavebeen11.11.Itisimperativethatyou______thereinperson.a.areb.werec.bed.willbe12.12.Theatomicstructureis,______,aminiaturesolarsystem.a.asitwereb.asiftheywerec.asitwered.asifare13.13.Werequiredthatthemachineparts______castiron.a.ismadeofb.bemadefromc.bemadeofd.ismadeby14.14.Themanagementurgedthatthecostofproduction______.a.a. tobefurtherreducedb.wasfurtherreduced第236页
a.b. befurtherreducedd.shouldfurtherreduced15.15.Thebusinessisrisky.But______wewouldberich.a.shouldwesucceedb.weshouldsucceedc.mightwesucceedd.wouldwesucceed16.16.Iwishourteacher______togiveanothertest.Ihaven’tgotpreparedyet.a.isn’tgoingb.weren’tgoingc.willnotgoingd.couldhavegone17.17.IwishI______tothemovieswithyoulastnight.a.wentb.didgoc.couldgod.couldhavegone18.18.I’djustassoon______rudelytoher.a.thatyouwon’tspeakb.yournotspeakingc.younotspeakd.youdidn’tspeak19.19.IfI______inthetwenty-firstcentury,I______myvacationinaverydifferentway.a.shouldlive…wouldspendb.willlive….shouldspendc.areliving…shouldhavespentd.willbeliving…wouldhavespent20.20.Itisrequiredthatthemachine______asfrequentlyasnecessary.a.beoiledb.mustbeoiledc.isoiledd.willoil21.21.HisEnglishteacherrecommendsthathe______aregulardegreeprogram.a.beginsb.beginc.willbegind.isbeginning22.22.Wepreferthattheplan______beforebeingputintoexecution.a.a. isfullydiscussedb.mustbefullydiscussedc.befullydiscussedd.willbefullydiscussed23.23.Whatdoyouthinkofhisproposalthatimprovements______intheoldtypeofvacuumcleaner?a.bemadeb.willbemadec.wouldbemaded.willhavetobemade24.24.Thedoctor’sadviceisthatthepatient______abouthisrealphysicalcondition.a.a. benottoldb.notbetoldc.willnotbetoldd.mustnotbetold25.25.______,wecouldnothavefinishedtheworkontime.a.a. Iftheydonothelpusb.Wasitnotfortheirhelpc.Shouldtheyoffertohelpusd.Butfortheirhelp26.26.Ifwehadbeenmorecareful,we______muchbetterresultsnow.a.gotb.hadgotc.wouldbegettingd.wouldhavegot27.27.Henry______arichmantodayifhehadbeenmorefrugalinthepast.a.wouldbeb.isc.willbed.was28.28.Theythoughtitdesirablethatanarmedguard______inreadiness.a.standsb.standc.stoodd.wouldstand29.29.Allsciencestudents,______,shouldhaveagoodfoundationinbasic第236页
sciences.a.a. whethertheyarefuturephysicistsandchemistsb.theyarefuturephysicistsofchemistsc.c. theyshouldbefuturephysicistsofchemistsd.d. betheyfuturephysicistsorchemists30.30.Sallycan’thavewrittentome,or______theletterbynow.a.I’llgetb.I’llhavegotc.I’dhavegotd.I’dget31.31.IshouldverymuchliketohavegonetothepartybutI______.a.amnotinvitedb.wasnotinvitedc.shallnotbeinvitedd.amnotbeinginvited32.32.ThereisageneralunderstandingamongthemembersoftheBoardofDirectorsthatchiefattention______totheundertakingthatisexpectedtobringinhighestprofit.a.isgivenb.givesc.shouldbegivend.mustbegiven33.33.Oneoftherequirementsforafireisthatthematerial______toitsburningtemperature.a.beheatedb.isheatedc.wouldbeheatedd.toheat34.34.“Didyougotoseethefootballmatchyesterday?”“No.Ididn’tfeelwell,butIwouldhavegoneifI______.”a.a. didb.havec.wouldd.had35.35.Ifwehadknownthatshehadplannedtoarrivetoday,we______heratthebusstation.a.mayhavemetb.mightmeetc.maymeetd.mighthavemet36.36.We’resaferinatrainthanwewouldbeifwe______anyotherway.a.traveledb.hadtraveledc.traveld.havetraveled37.37.HetoldmehowhehadgivenmeshelterandprotectionwithoutwhichI______ofhungerandcold.a.wouldbediedb.wouldhavediedc.woulddied.willhavedied38.38.______today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.a.a. Washeleavingb.Ifheisleavingc.Werehetoleaved.Ifheleaves39.39.Hadelectroniccomputersnotbeeninvented,manyproblemsofspaceflight______.a.a. couldbenotsolvedb.couldnotbesolvedb.b. couldnothavebeensolvedd.couldnothavesolved40.40.Heisapoorlylearntman.Butheactsasthoughhe______.a.isb.werec.shouldbed.seemslike41.41.Thedriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit______ontheway.a.goeswrongb.gowrongc.wentwrongd.wouldgowrong42.42.______thefog,weshouldhavereachedourdestination.a.Becauseofb.Inspiteofc.Incaseofd.Butfor第236页
40.43.Theoldmanwenttoofficeonfoot,buthe______bybus.a.mighthavegoneb.oughthavegonec.couldhavegoned.shouldbegone41.44.Heisworkinghardforfearthathe______topasstheexam.a.failsb.mayfailc.shouldfaild.wouldfail42.45.Sheputonherglassesinorderthatshe_____.a.canseeb.sawc.hadseend.mightsee43.46.Whatever______we’llgoahead.a.hadhappenedb.willhappenc.mighthappend.maybehappened44.47.IfI______outofink,Imighthavefinishedwritingthepaper.a.hadn’trunb.shouldn’trunc.didn’trund.haven’trun45.48.Butforyouradvice,I______intotrouble.a.wouldgetb.gotc.mighthavegotd.shouldget46.49.______forthetrafficjam,Ishouldhavecoveredfiftymiles.a.Haditbeenb.Haditnotbeenc.Ithadnotbeend.Itnothadbeen47.50.Wereitnotfortheadoptionoftheopenpolicy,things______theyaretoday.a.wouldneverbeb.couldhavebeenc.wouldneverhavebeend.didn’thave48.51.IfonlyI______there.a.havenotbeenb.wouldnotbeenc.willnotbed.hadnotbeen49.52.Tomwouldbuythatbicyclebuthe______nomoney.a.hadb.hasc.hadhadd.hashad50.53.Ididn’tgototheparty,butIdowishI_____there.a.wasb.werec.hadbeend.went51.54.Itistimewe______upourresults.a.sumb.summedc.willsumd.wouldsum52.55.DrBethuneworkedhardasifhe______.a.neverhadfelttiredb.hadneverfelttiredc.neverfelttiredd.wastirednever53.56.Ienjoyedthemovieverymuch.IwishI______thebookfromwhichitwasmade.a.havereadb.shouldhavereadc.amreadingd.hadread54.57.Itisstrangethatsuchathing______inyourschool.a.a. willhappenb.happensc.shouldhappend.happened58.58.Ifshecouldsew,______.a.a. shemakeadressb.shewouldhavemadeashirtc.shewillmakeashirtd.shewouldhadmadeacoat59.59. “DidyounoticeJohnwasnotatworktoday?”“No.If______working,Iwouldhavenoticedit.”a.a. I’dbeb.Iwasn’tc.I’dbeend.weren’t第236页
60.60.“Whydon’tyouexplainittoher?”“I______ittoherifIthoughtshewouldunderstand.”a.a. wouldexplainb.willexplainc.explaind.wouldhaveexplained61.61.“Yourperformancewasverygood.”“IcouldhavedonebetterifI______moretime.”a.havehadb.hadc.hadhadd.willhavehad62.62.“Shewouldn’tdrinkhermedicinelastnight,wouldshe?”“______.”a.a. No,butIwishshewouldn’tb.No,butIwishshehadb.b. Yes,Iwishshedrankd.yes,Iwishshecould63.63. Ithinkitadvisablethathe______forTokyosoon.a.willleaveb.mayleavec.leaved.leaves64.64. Thecommitteeaskedthatthematter______atthenextmeeting.a.wouldbediscussedb.willbediscussedc.bediscussedd.maybediscussed65.65. ______tothedoctorrightaway,hemighthavebeenalivetoday.a.a. Ifhewentb.Werehegonec.shouldhehadgoned.Hadhegone66.66. ______thework,hewoulddoitsomeotherway.a.Washegoingb.Ifhedoesc.Werehetodod.Ifheisdoing67.67. ______,IhardlythinkIwouldhaverecognizedhim.a.a. Shouldhisnamenotbementionedb.Hadsomeonenotmentionedhisnamec.Ifsomeonedidnotmentionhisnamed.Ifsomeonehadmentionedhisname68.68. I’djustassoon______tothetheatretonight.a.notgoingb.nottogoc.notgod.thatIwon’tgo69.69. Atthelastcommitteemeeting,themotionthattheclub______openuntilmidnightwasdefeated.a.remainsb.remainc.remainedd.wouldremain70.70. Thebusinessofeachday,______sellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.a.itbeingb.beitc.wasitd.itwas名词性从句目录17.名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 名词性从句目录第236页
17.1引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连接词:that,whether,if(不充当从句的任何成分) 连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which连接副词:when,where,how,why 不可省略的连词: 1.介词后的连词 2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。例如: Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.她被选上了,我们很高兴。 Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。 比较:whether与if均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下,whether不能被if取代:1.whether引导主语从句并在句首2.引导表语从句3.whether从句作介词宾语4.从句后有"ornot" 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用it充当形式主语。例如: Itisnotimportantwhowillgo.谁去,这不重要。 Itisstillunknownwhichteamwillwinthematch.到底谁赢呢,形势尚不明朗。名词性从句17.2名词性that-从句1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。例如: 主语:Thatheisstillaliveissheerluck. 他还活着全靠运气。 宾语:JohnsaidthathewasleavingforLondononWednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 表语:Thefactisthathehasnotbeenseenrecently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。同位语:Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseveryoneinhisoffice.近来谁也没有见过他,这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。 形容词宾语:Iamgladthatyouaresatisfiedwithyourjob.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。 2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末。例如: Itisquiteclearthatthewholeprojectisdoomedtofailure. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。 It"sapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。 用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系: a.It+be+形容词+that-从句第236页
Itisnecessarythat… 有必要…… Itisimportantthat… 重要的是…… Itisobviousthat… 很明显…… b.It+be+-ed分词+that-从句 Itisbelievedthat… 人们相信…… Itisknowntoallthat… 从所周知…… Ithasbeendecidedthat… 已决定…… c.It+be+名词+that-从句 Itiscommonknowledgethat… ……是常识 Itisasurprisethat… 令人惊奇的是…… Itisafactthat… 事实是…… d.It+不及物动词+that-分句 Itappearsthat… 似乎…… Ithappensthat… 碰巧…… Itoccurredtomethat… 我突然想起……名词性从句目录17.3名词性wh-从句1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who,whom,.whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever等连接代词和where,when,how,why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等。例如:主语:Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。直接宾语:Inone"sownhomeonecandowhatonelikes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。间接宾语:Theclubwillgivewhoeverwinsaprize. 获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。表语:MyquestioniswhowilltakeoverpresidentoftheFoundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。宾语补足语:Shewillnamehimwhatevershewantsto.她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位语: Ihavenoideawhenhewillreturn. 我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语:I"mnotsurewhysherefusedtheirinvitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。介词宾语: Thatdependsonwhereweshallgo.那取决于我们去哪儿。2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末。例如: Itisnotyetdecidedwhowilldothatjob. 还没决定谁做这项工作。 Itremainsunknownwhentheyaregoingtogetmarried. 他们何时结婚依然不明。名词性从句第236页
17.4if,whether引导的名词从句1)yes-no型疑问从句 从属连词if,whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同。例如: 主语:Whethertheplanisfeasibleremainstobeproved.这一计划是否可行还有等证实。 宾语:Letusknowwhether/ifyoucanfinishthearticlebeforeFriday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。 表语:Thepointiswhetherweshouldlendhimthemoney.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。 同位语:Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanistrustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。 形容词宾语:She"sdoubtfulwhetherweshallbeabletocome.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。 介词宾语:Iworryaboutwhetherhecanpassthroughthecrisisofhisillness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。2)选择性疑问从句 选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…ornot构成。例如: Pleasetellmewhether/iftheyareSwedishorDanish.请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。 Idon"tcarewhetheryouliketheplanornot.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。名词性从句17.5否定转移1)将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。例如: Idon"tthinkIknowyou. 我想我并不认识你。 Idon"tbelievehewillcome. 我相信他不回来。注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。例如: Ihopeyouweren"till.我想你没有生病吧。2)将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转移到前面。例如: Itdoesn"tseemthattheyknowwheretogo.看来他们不知道往哪去。 Itdoesn"tappearthatwe"llhaveasunnydaytomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3)有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。例如: Idon"trememberhavingeverseensuchaman. 我记得从未见过这样一个人。(not否定动名词短语having…) It"snotaplacewhereanyonewouldexpecttoseestrangecharactersonthestreet.在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。(anyone第236页
作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)4)有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。例如: Theantisnotgatheringthisforitselfalone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。 HewasnotreadytobelievesomethingjustbecauseAristotlesaidso.(否定because状语)他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何,就轻信此事。 Shehadnotbeenmarriedmanyweekswhenthatman"syoungerbrothersawherandwasstruckbyherbeauty.(否定状语manyweeks) 她结婚还不到几个月,这个人的弟弟就看见她了,并对她的美貌着了迷。 定语从句目录18.定语从句 定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有:when,where,why等。 定语从句目录18.1关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1)who,whom,that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如: Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2)whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换)。例如: Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。 Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。3)which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如: Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在句中作宾语) Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语)第236页
定语从句目录18.2关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。1)关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构,因此常常和"介词+which"结构交替使用。例如: Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn. 北京是我的出生地。 Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和"介词+which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如: Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(that/where/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。定语从句目录18.3判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.这是我去年呆过的山村。 I"llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 判断改错: (错)ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear. (错)IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside. (对)Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear. (对)I"llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysage? A.where B.that C.onwhich D.theone例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld. A.where B.that C.onwhich D.theone第236页
答案:例1D,例2A例1变为肯定句:Thismuseumis___youvisitedafewdaysago.例2变为肯定句:Thisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld. 在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where,that,onwhich都不能起到宾语的作用,只有theone既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。 而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因inthemuseum词组,可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on用的不对,所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。定语从句目录18.4限制性和非限制性定语从句1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如: Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如: CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。 Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如: HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。 Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。定语从句目录18.5介词+关系词1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。2)that前不能有介词。第236页
3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。例如: ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.这是我两年前住过的房子。 ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago. Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗? Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?定语从句目录18.6as,which非限定性定语从句 由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首,which在句中。例如: Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。 Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。典型例题 1)Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,___cameasasurprise.A.it B.that C.which D.he 答案C.此为非限定性从句,不能用that修饰,而用which.,it和he都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2)Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.what B.which C.that D.it 答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3)Itrainedhardyesterday,____preventedmefromgoingtothepark..A.that B.which C.as D.it 答案B.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。(2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。as的用法例1.thesame…as;such…as中的as是一种固定结构,和……一样……。例如: Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe(has).我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。例2.as可引导非限制性从句,常带有"正如"。例如:第236页
Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。 Asisknown,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。定语从句目录18.7先行词和关系词二合一 1)Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.(Whoever可以用anyonewho代替) 2)Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool.(what可以用allthat代替)定语从句目录18.8what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever1)what=thethingwhich;whatever=anything。例如: Whatyouwanthasbeensenthere.你要的动词都送来了。 Whateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetome.不管你要什么,跟我没什么关系。2)who=thepersonthat whoever=anyonewho。例如: (错)Whobreaksthelawwillbepunished. (错)Whoeverrobbedthebankisnotclear. (对)Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.王子犯法,与庶民同罪。 (对)Whorobbedthebankisnotclear.谁抢了银行还不清楚。3)that和what 当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。例如: Ithink(that)youwilllikethestamps.我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。 Whatweneedismorepractice.我们需要的是更多的实践。定语从句目录18.9关系代词that的用法1)不用that的情况 a)引导非限定性定语从句时。例如: (错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere. b)介词后不能用。例如: Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.我们依赖土地获得食物。 Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况第236页
a) 在therebe句型中,只用that,不用which。 b) 在不定代词,如:anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。 c) 先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时,只用that。 d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。. e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。例如: Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.所需的只是供油问题。 Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 状语从句目录19.状语从句19.1地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导。例如: WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.我住的地方树很多。 WhereverIamIwillbethinkingofyou.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。 状语从句目录19.2方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as,(just)as…so…,asif,asthough引导。1)as,(just)as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just)as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像",多用于正式文体。例如: Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。 Aswateristofish,soairistoman.我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。 Justaswesweepourrooms,soweshouldsweepbackwardideasfromourminds. 正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2)asif,asthough 两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的","好像……似的"。例如: Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverexisted.他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。) Helooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbylighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。) Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。) 说明:asif/asthough也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如: Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.第236页
他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的。 Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。 Thewavesdashedontherocksasifinanger.波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒。 状语从句目录19.3原因状语从句比较because,since,as和for:1)because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或since。例如: Ididn"tgo,becauseIwasafraid.我不去是因为我怕。 Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.天气那么糟,旅行推迟了。2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。例如: Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.他今天缺席,因为他病了。 Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.他一定病了,所以今天缺席。状语从句目录19.4目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导。例如: Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.你必须大点声,别人就能听见了。 Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat(lest)heshouldforgetit.他写下了这个名字以免以后忘记。 Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.最好多穿点衣服,以防天发冷。 状语从句目录19.5结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由so…that或such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如: Theboyissoyoungthathecan"tgotoschool.这男孩年龄太小,不能上学。 Heissuchayoungboythathecan"tgotoschool 状语从句目录19.6条件状语从句 连接词主要有if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat等。if引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。 unless=ifnot. 例如:第236页
Let"sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.如果不太累,我们去散散步。 Ifyouarenottootied,let"sgooutforawalk.典型例题Youwillbelate___youleaveimmediately. A.unless B.until C.if D.or 答案A。句意:除非你立即走,否则你就回迟到的。可转化为Ifyoudongleaveimmediately,youwillbelate。B、D句意不对,or表转折,句子如为Youleaveimmediatelyoryouwillbelate.状语从句目录19.7让步状语从句1)though,although引导的让步状语从句,后面的从句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用。例如:Althoughit"sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield. 虽然在下雨,但他们仍在地里干活。 Heisveryold,buthestillworksveryhard.虽然他很老了,但仍然努力地工作。Thoughthesorebehealed,yetascarmayremain.伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。(谚语)2)as,though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。例如: Childas/thoughhewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.虽然是个小孩,该做什么不做什么,他全知道。3)everif,eventhough 即使。例如: We"llmakeatripeventhoughtheweatherisbad.即使天气不好,我们也要去远足。4)whether…or… 不管……都。例如: Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.信不信由你,这确实是真的。5) "nomatter+疑问词"或"疑问词+后缀ever"。例如: Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.=Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.不管发生什么,他不在意。 替换:nomatterwhat=whatever nomatterwho=whoever nomatterwhen=whenever nomatterwhere=wherever nomatterwhich=whichever nomatterhow=however 注意:nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 (错)Nomatterwhatyousayisofnousenow. (对)Whateveryousayisofnousenow.你现在说什么也没用了。(Whateveryousay是主语从句) (错)Prisonershavetoeatnomatterwhatthey"regiven, (对)Prisonershavetoeatwhateverthey"re第236页
given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。状语从句目录19.8比较while,when,as1)as,when引导短暂性动作的动词。例如: Justas/Justwhen/WhenIstoppedmycar,amancameuptome.我一刹车,有一个人向我走来。2)当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前,只能用when引导这个从句,不可用as或while。例如: Whenyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmayhavearest.赶完活后,你可以休息一下。3)从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as,不用when或while。例如: Asthedaywenton,theweathergotworse. 日子一天天过去,天气越变越坏。 状语从句目录19.9比较until和till 此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时",动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句:Isleptuntilmidnight.我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 WaittillIcallyou.等着我叫你。(在肯定句中可用before代替。例如Let"sgetinthewheatbeforethesunsets.) 否定句:Shedidn"tarriveuntil6o"clock.她直到6点才到。 Don"tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.公共汽车停稳后再下车。Ididn"tmanagetodoituntilyouhadexplainedhow.直到你教我后,我才会做。区别:1)until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首。例如: Untilyoutoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhathappened.直到你告诉我以前,出了什么事我一点也不知道。 2)untilwhen疑问句中,until要放在句首。例如: ---Untilwhenareyoustaying? 你呆到什么时候?---UntilnextMonday. 呆到下周一。 注意:否定句可用另外两种句式表示。1)Notuntil…在句首,主句用倒装。例如: Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcenturydidmanknowwhatheatis.直到19世纪初,人类才知道热为何物。 NotuntilIbegantoworkdidIrealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasted.直到工作,才认识到我已蹉跎了几多岁月。2)Itisnotuntil…that…。例如:第236页
ItwasnotuntilIbegantoworkthatIrealizedhowmuchtimeIhadwasted. 状语从句目录19.10表示"一…就…"的结构 hardly/scarcely…when/before,nosooner…than 和assoonas都可以表示"一…就…"的意思。例如: Ihadhardly/scarcelygothomewhenitbegantorain.刚回家,就下起雨来了。 Ihadnosoonergothomethanitbegantorain. AssoonasIgothome,itbegantorain. 注意:如果hardly,scarcely或nosooner置于句首,句子必须用倒装结构。例如: Hardly/ScarcelyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain. NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain. 连词目录20.连词 连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and,but,or,nor,so,therefore,yet,however,for,hence,aswellas,both…and,notonly…butalso,either…or,neither…nor,(and)then等等。连词目录20.1并列连词与并列结构 并列连词引导两个并列的词、词组或句子。1) and与or 判断改错:(错)Theysatdownandtalkaboutsomething. (错)Theystartedtodanceandsang. (错)Isawtwomensittingbehindandwhisperthere. (对)Theysatdownandtalkedaboutsomething. (对)Theystartedtodanceandsing. (对)Isawtwomensittingbehindandwhisperingthere.解析:第一句:and连接两个并列的谓语,所以talk应改为talked。 第二句:and连接两个并列的动词不定式,第二个不定式往往省略to,因此sang应改为sing。 第三句:and连接感观动词saw后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构,因此whisper应改为whispering。注意:and还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法)例如: Makeupyourmind,andyou"llgetthechance.第236页
拿定主意,这次你会有机会的。 =Ifyoumakeupyourmind,you"llgetthechance. Onemoreeffort,andyou"llsucceed.再努力一下,你会成功的。 =Ifyoumakeonemoreeffort,you"llsucceed.2)both…and 两者都。例如: Sheplays(both)thepianoandtheguitar.她弹钢琴,也弹吉他。3) notonly…but(also),aswellas不但…而且。例如: Sheplaysnotonlythepiano,but(also)theguitar.她不但弹钢琴,也弹吉他。 注意:notonly…butalso关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。例如 Notonlydoeshelikereadingstories,butalsohecanevenwritesome.他不但喜欢读小说,甚至还会写。 4) neithe…nor意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。例如: Neitheryounorheistoblame.你和他都不该受指责。连词目录20.2比较and和or 1)并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。 2)但有时and也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点: Thereisnoairorwaterinthemoon. Thereisnoairandnowateronthemoon. 在否定中并列结构用or连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and。典型例题 ---Idon"tlikechicken___fish. ---Idon"tlikechicken,___Ilikefishverymuch. A.and;and B.and;but C.or;but D.or;and 答案C。否定句中表并列用or,but表转折。判断改错:(错)Wewilldiewithoutairandwater. (错)Wecan"tlivewithoutairorwater. (对)Wewilldiewithoutairorwater. (对)Wecan"tlivewithoutairandwater. 连词目录20.3表示选择的并列结构 1)or意思为"否则"。例如: Imustworkhard,orI"llfailintheexam.我要努力学习,否则考试要不及格了。 2)either…or 意思为"或者……或者……"。注意谓语动词的主谓一致采用就近原则。例如: EitheryouorIamright.不是你对,就是我对。 第236页
连词目录20.4表示转折或对比 1)but表示转折,while表示对比。例如: Somepeoplelovecats,whileothershatethem.有些人喜欢猫,而有些人不喜欢。典型例题 ---Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight? ---I"dliketo,___I"mtoobusy. A.and B.so C.as D.but 答案D。but与前面形成转折,符合语意。而表并列的and,结果的so,原因的as都不符合句意。 2)not…but…意思为"不是…而是…",后面的用词要遵循一致原则。 Theywerenotthebonesofananimal,but(thebones)ofahumanbeing.这些不是动物的骨头,而是人的。连词目录20.5表原因关系1)for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。判断改错:(错)Forheisill,heisabsenttoday. (对)Heisabsenttoday,forheisill.2)so为连词,therefore一般为副词。例如:Hehurthisleg,sohecouldn"tplayinthegame.他的腿受伤了,不能上场。Ithink;thereforeIexist.我思故我在。 连词目录20.6比较so和suchsuch是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much,little连用,形成固定搭配。so+adj. such+a(n)+n.so+adj.+a(n)+n. such+n.(pl.)so+adj.+n.(pl.) such+n.(pl.) so+adj.+n.(不可数) such+n.(不可数)sofoolish suchafool soniceaflower suchaniceflowersomany/fewflowers suchniceflowerssomuch/littlemoney. suchrapidprogress somanypeople suchalotofpeople somany已成固定搭配,alotof虽相当于many,但alotof为名词性的,只能用such搭配。so…that与such…that之间的转换即为so与such之间的转换。 连词目录第236页
连词和从句练习答案20.7连词和从句练习1.1. I’dgetitforyou______Icouldrememberwholastborrowedthebook.a.onconditionthatb.nowthatc.exceptthatd.consideringthat2.2. Therobbertoldhimthathehadbetterkeepsilent______hewantedtogetintotroublea.ifb.unlessc.otherwised.whether3.3. Strange______hisbehaviormaybe,thereisaverygoodreasonforit.a.althoughb.evenifc.thatd.as4.4. Weareworriedaboutoursonbecausenooneisaware______hehasgone.a.theplaceb.ofwherec.abouttheplaced.where5.5. Theprofessorspokeinaloudvoice______everyoneofuscouldhearhim.a.suchthatb.soc.sothatd.such6.6. Whenhejustgotofftheplane,hegaveusagooddescriptionof______inSpain.a.whathehadseenb.thathehadseenc.whichhehadseend.hehadseenwhat7.7. Itisfittedwithasmalltransformer,bymeansof______thevoltageofthecurrencycanbeadjusted.a.whomb.whichc.whatd.that8.8. Idon’tknowwhyshe’slookingatme______sheknewme.I’veneverseenherbeforeinmylife.a.asb.althoughc.evenifd.asif9.9. Nosoonerhadhefinishedhisspeech______stormyapplausebrokeout.a.whenb.thenc.thand.as10.10. Itishardtoavoidmistakes.______youcorrectthemconscientiously,itwillbeallright.a.Inthecaseb.Aslongasc.Althoughd.Despite11.11. Geometry,______Iknownothing,seemsaverydullsubject.a.thatb.aboutthatc.whichd.aboutwhich12.12. Thehighesttemperature______inanyfurnaceonearthisabout10,000centigrade.a.wecangetb.thatwecangetitc.whichwecangetitd.whatwecanget13.13. Wesentthehorsestoaconsiderabledistance,______theyshoulddisturbthechildren.a.lessb.lestc.lastd.least14.14. Soundisconductedthroughsteelinthesamemanner______.第236页
a.asinairb.asthroughairc.asairdoesd.likeair1.15. _____hewasputtingonhisuniform,theofficerfoundthatoneofthesleeveswastorn.a.Sinceb.Unlessc.Asd.Before2.16. Thepolicefinallycaughtupwiththeman______wastheescapedprisoner.a.whotheythoughtb.whomtheythoughtc.theythoughthimd.thattheythoughthim3.17. ______knowsthenameofthissongwillreceiveaprizefromtheradiostation.a.Whoeverb.Thosec.Whicheverpeopled.Anypeople4.18. ______doyoubelieveisnotabouttosupportourplan?a.Whomb.Whoc.Whomeverd.Which5.19. Hedidn’tknowFrench,______madeitdifficultforhimtostudyatauniversityinFrance.a.thatb.asc.thisd.which6.20. Sheisafinesinger,______hermotherusedtobea.likeb.thatc.asd.which7.21. ______,IrealizethatIoweadebttomyearlycountrylife.a.LoveroftownsIamb.Asloveroftownsc.LoveroftownsasamId.ThoughamItheloveroftowns8.22. TheriseofDavywasallthemorebrilliantin______hehadnothadmuchschooling.a.whichb.thatc.whatd.theway9.23. Shealwaystakescarefulnotesinclass______shemayreviewthemfromtimetotime.a.sothatb.inordertoc.becauseofd.ratherthan10.24. Thereasonhewaslateis______hisclockdidn’tgivethealarm.a.becauseb.duetoc.sinced.that11.25. ______hewasinerrorwillscarcelybedisputedbyhiswarmestfriends.a.Whatb.Thatc.Whichd.Though12.26. Ishalldotheexercises______Ihavebeentaught.a.suchb.asc.whatd.for13.27. ______isworthdoingatallisworthdoingwell.a.Thatb.Whateverc.Whicheverd.However14.28. Shewassostubbornthatsheneverlistenstotheadvice______.a.thatIgiveittoherb.whichIgivetoherc.whatIgivetoherd.Igiveittoher15.29. Iwassupposedtobeamathematicsmajor,butIactuallytook______coursesinphysics,ifnotmore.a.somanyb.asmanyc.agoodmanyd.suchmany16.30. Heatdoesnottravelbyconvectioninasolid,becausethesolid第236页
doesnotmove,______.a.sodoesaliquidb.soaliquiddoesc.soisaliquidd.asdoesaliquid1.31. Heexplainedeverythingoveragain______anyoneshouldmisunderstandher.a.sinceb.whenc.lestd.asif2.32. ______convincinganargumentis,itneedssupportofevidence.a.Whateverb.Howeverc.Althoughd.Evenif3.33. Earthwormsoccur______adequatemoistureandfoodandthenecessarysoilconditionsarefound.a.andb.howeverc.butd.wherever4.34. ______wegavehimanythingtoeat,hewouldsaveitupforhislittlebrother.a.Whenb.Thatc.Wheneverd.What5.35. ThereasonIplantogois______ifIdon’t.a.becauseshewillbedisappointedb.becauseshewillhaveadisappointmentc.thatshewillbedisappointedd.forwhichshewillbedisappointed6.36. Thegreatuseofaschooleducationisnotsomuchtoteachyouthings______toteachyoutheartoflearning.a.thanb.ratherthanc.nord.as7.37. Ifthedesignwaswrong,theprojectisboundtofail,______goodalltheotherideasmightbe.a.whateverb.howeverc.whatsoeverd.even8.38. Hegave______cametothestoreapamphletinwhichhisproductsweredescribed.a.whob.thosec.whomd.whoever9.39. Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunication______theadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.a.inthatb.inorderthatc.inwhichd.that10.40. Foxwasadvisedtogivetheassignmentto_______hebelievedhadastrongsenseofresponsibility.a.whomb.whomeverc.whoeverd.that11.41. Thechairmanoftheunionmadeitclearatthemeeting______hewouldnotstepdownformhispositionaschairman.a.inwhichb.wherec.becaused.that12.42. ______Ms.Wangreachedthepost-office,shediscoveredshehadlefttheletterathome.a.Justasb.Becausec.Aslongasd.Whenas13.43. Thefirststepinpreparingsuchaprogramistodrawaflowchart,______areshownopposite.a.twoexamplesofitb.twoexamplesofwhichc.whosetwoexampled.whichtwoexamples第236页
1.44. ______theworldbegan,nationshavehaddifficultyinkeepingpeacewiththeirneighbors.a.Althoughb.Whenc.Untild.Eversince2.45. ______difficultieswemaycomeacross,wewillhelponeanothertogetoverthem.a.Whateverb.Whicheverc.Howeverd.What3.46. Hewenttoworksolate______themanagerhadtosendforhimagainbeforehearrived.a.asb.thatc.ford.when4.47. ______youreturnthosebookstothelibraryimmediatelyyouwillhavetopayafine.a.Untilb.Ifc.Unlessd.Provided5.48. Therosemaygrowasalowbushorasatree,dependingon______.a.whatitistrimmedb.howittrimmedc.thatistrimmedd.howitistrimmed6.49. Groupworkisamethodofteaching______tasksandactivitiesarecarriedoutbysmallgroupsofpupils.a.whichb.thatc.forwhichd.inthat7.50. Einstein’stheoryofrelativityseemedhardtobelieveatthetime______.a.whenhefirstintroducedb.thathefirstintroduceditc.hefirstintroducedd.whichhefirstintroducedit8.51. Nowwemaybeabletosay______betweenmusicandnoiseorjustsound.a.whatisthedifferenceb.thedifferenceiswhatc.whatthedifferenceisc.thatwhatthedifference9.52. Contraryto______Ihadexpected,helostforasecondtime.a.thatb.whatc.whichd.who10.53. ProfessorSmithwassopunctual______,healwaysarrivedtoclassjustasthebellrang.a.thatthedayhediedb.untilthedayhediedc.thatuntilthedayhediedd.untilthedaywhenhedied11.54. ______hecametoEnglandtostudy,hedidn’tknowhowtocook.a.Whenb.sincec.Untild.Unless12.55. AlthoughMrsmithisoneofthoseteacherswhoappeartobefriendly,______heisveryhardtodealwith.a.butb.soc.sothatd.yet13.56. ______ababykangarooisfourmonthsolddoesitbegintoliveoutsideitsmother’spouch.a.Untilb.Notuntilc.Afterd.Onlyuntil14.57. Theearliestkindofdeskwasaboxthathadaslopinglid_______therewasstoragespaceforwritingmaterials.a.underthatb.underwhichc.whichd.that第236页
1.58. Iwon’tlendanymoneytoJoebecauseIamafraid______hewillforgettopayitback.a.ifb.whetherc.thatd.of2.59. ______humanbeingsdependtoagreatextentonforests,everyeffortmustbemadetopreservetreesandwildlife.a.Ifb.Unlessc.Untild.Since3.60. ______hewascaughtcheatingontheexam,Oliverhadbeenconsideredtobeanhonestboy.a.Whenb.Afterc.Althoughd.Before4.61. NotlongafterGalileo’stime,Newtoninventedanotherkindoftelescope______mirrorsinsteadoflenses.a.whichusedb.inwhichheusedc.thatheusedd.inthatheused5.62. ______himasawriterIdon’tlikehimasaman.a.MuchIadmireb.MuchasIadmirec.AsmuchIadmired.AsIadmiremuch6.63. Ipunishthechild______heshouldmakethesamemistakeagain.a.asbebecausec.lestd.unless7.64. Hardlyhadthespeakerbeguntotalk______werelaughs.a.whenthereb.thantherec.thand.that8.65. Ajointis______permitstheforwardandbackwardmovementofadoor.a.thatb.whosec.thosed.what9.66. Iampleasedwithwhatyouhavetoldmeand______youhavegivenme.a.allwhatb.allthatc.whichd.allwhatever10.67. ______hasrecentlybeendonetoimprovetheconditionsofelementaryschoolsagreatnumberofchildrenareunabletogotoschool.a.Thatb.Whatc.Inspiteofwhatd.Thoughwhat11.68. Nuclearweaponisconsideredthemostterribleweaponofwar______manhasinvented.a.whichb.thatc.asd.since12.69. ______heperformedthetaskwithsuccess.a.Itwasexpectedb.Whichwasexpectedc.Aswasexpectedd.Thatwasexpected13.70. Thesizeoftheaudience,______Ihadexpected,waswellovertenthousand.a.whichb.thatc.asd.whom14.71. Noteverybodycouldbeexpectedtoknowalltheanswers,______somequestionscalledforeducatedguessesratherthangeneralknowledge.a.asb.soc.suchd.once15.72. ______youtry,you’llneverloseyourEnglishaccent.a.Nomatterwhatb.Howhardc.Nomatterhowhardd.Whatever第236页
hard1.73. ______thebridgewerepackedwithcarsandbuses,itcouldstillcarrytwicetheload.a.Despiteb.Providedc.Unlessd.Evenif2.74. Theairplanecrashedandoverahundredpassengerswerekilled,______.a.andthatshockedtheworldb.andwhichshockedtheworldc.thisfactshockedtheworldd.whichshockedtheworld3.75. Thetimewillsurelycome______ordinarypeoplecouldoperatecomputersaswell.a.whileb.whenc.asd.onwhich4.76. Thismachineisnew.______,itisinexcellentcondition.a.Furthermoreb.Howeverc.Otherwised.but5.77. Thisroomhadbutasinglewindow,______werekeptclosedwhenitwasnotinuse.a.whichitsshuttersb.itsshuttersofwhichc.theshuttersofwhichd.whichshutters6.78. Theoldmanisnocoward;______heisamanofhighspirits.a.ratherthanb.onthecontraryc.ontheotherhandd.atthesametime7.79. Satellitephotographscanprovideinformationon______rainarefalling.a.whichwhereandhowmuchb.whereandhowc.whereandhowd.whereandhowmuch8.80. Skiingisasport______goesback4,000years.a.anditsb.whosehistoryc.itshistoryd.andwhich9.81. Theywillbepraisedorblamed______theirworkisgoodorbad.a.accordingasb.asforc.inasmuchasd.asregards10.82. Thestoryofhisupbringingisshocking______.a.toallthatreaditb.toallwhoreadsitc.toallwhichreaditd.toallwhoreadit11.83. Youshouldgetthelicenseintwoweeks;______,you’llhavetopayafine.a.yetb.stillc.ord.consequently12.84. Ihadhardlyreachedtheairport______hestartedforhisdestination.a.thenb.whenc.themomentd.than13.85. Hehadalargecollectionofbooks,______arewritteninforeignlanguages.a.manyb.manyonesofwhichc.manyofwhichd.manyinwhich14.86. Thebookisforthestudents______nativelanguageisnotChinesetostudyinaChinesecollegeoruniversity.a.theirb.thatc.whosed.ofwhom第236页
1.87. Geologistscannotaccuratelypredict______thelivevolcanowilleruptagain.a.whenb.whichc.isthatd.andwhen2.88. ______saidunderoathwasdisputedbyseveralotherwitness.a.Itisthemanb.Whatthemanc.Thatthemand.Themanhas3.89. ______Iwasgoingtocollege,Iwasalsoworkingasawaitressonweekends.a.Duringthetimethatb.Atthemomentthatc.Inspiteofthefactthatd.Onthegroundthat4.90. itisagoodideatotakeafirst-aidkit______thereisanaccident.a.incaseb.intheeventofc.inconditiond.butthat5.91. Thestrengthofthenewmaterialis______itcanstandheavyloadsathightemperature.a.thatb.suchthatc.whatd.sothat6.92. That’sthedoctor______ontheseriouslywoundedman.a.whoheoperatedb.thatheoperatedc.whooperatedd.thatoperatedhim7.93. ______,theproblemcanbesolvedinonly2hourswithanelectroniccomputer.a.Complicatedthoughitisb.Thoughisitcomplicatedc.Asitiscomplicatedd.Complicatedasitis8.94. Heburnedalltheimportantdocuments______thattheyshouldfallintotheenemy’shands.a.unlessb.sob.lestd.forfear9.95. HisofficeonthefortiethfloorofaskyscraperinthecenterofNewYorkCityistheworld______.a.thatheworksb.whichheworksc.heworksinc.heworks10.96. Withtheintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer,therearenocomplicatedproblem______canbesolved.a.thatb.asc.butd.which11.97. ______allbehaviorislearnedbehaviorisabasicassumptionofsocialscientists.a.Nearlyb.Thatnearlyc.Itisnearlyd.Whennearly12.98. Inthetestingperiod,thestudentsspent______muchtimeintheclassroomonmathematics______theyspentonanyothersubject.a.as,asb.as,thatc.so,thatd.such,that13.99. Ourconfidenceinthecurativepropertiesofthebottleofmedicineremainsthesame______.a.liketheirsb.astheyc.astheirsd.asthem14.100. Theaudience,______enjoyedtheperformance.a.mostofthemwerestudentsb.mostofwhomwerestudentsc.whomtheywerestudentsd.theyweremostlystudents第236页
1.101. ______steelisstrongerthaniron,menareabletomakesteelpipeswithlargerdiameters.a.Whileb.Ifc.Unlessd.As2.102. Mr.Chensaidthathewouldbepunctualfortheappointment,______hewerelate?a.butwhatifb.howaboutc.sowhatd.andwhatabout3.103. Mrs.LeewillmoveintohernewhousenextMonday,______itwillbecompletelyfurnished.a.bywhichtimeb.bythetimec.bythattimed.bysometime4.104. Ihavelittledoubtabouthiscompetence;______heiswell-qualifiedforthejob.a.althoughb.becausec.moreoverd.yet5.105. Thequantumtheorystates______,suchaslight,isgivenoffandabsorbedintinydefiniteunitscalledquantaorprotons.a.energythatb.thatitisenergyc.itisenergyd.thatenergy6.106. ______tospacetravelersishighaccelerationordecelerationforces.a.Dangercanbeb.Theycanbedangerousc.Whatcanbedangerousd.Whiledanger7.107. ______thesequestionsmaysoundacademic,answerstothemcouldhaveprofoundeconomicandpoliticalsignificance.a.Sinceb.Ifc.Whiled.Lest8.108. Abodyweighs______fromthesurfaceoftheEarth.a.lessthefartheritgetsb.thefartheritgetsc.lessthanitgetsfartherd.lessthanit,thefartheritgets9.109. ______itisyou’vefound,youmustgiveitbacktothepersonitbelongsto.a.Thatb.Becausec.Whateverd.However10.110. ______isoftenthecasewithanewideamuchpreliminaryactivityandoptimisticdiscussionproducenoconcreteproposals.a.Thatb.Itc.Whichd.As11.111. Angiospermsinhabitrelativelydiverseenvironmentsandmaybefound______higherplantscansurvive.a.thereb.whereverc.somewhered.anywhere12.112. Withoutfacts,wecannotformaworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledge______ourthinking.a.uponwhichtobaseb.whichtobaseuponc.whichtobebasedond.towhichtobebased13.113. Twelveistosix______twoistoone.a.whatb.whichc.thatd.when14.114. ______,sheknowsFrenchwell.a.Achildassheisb.Childassheisc.Assheisachildd.Thechildassheis第236页
1.115. ______,theycouldfindnobodyinthehouse.a.Astheywouldsearchb.Wouldastheysearchc.Searchastheywouldd.Theywouldsearchas 情态动词21.情态动词21.1情态动词的语法特征 1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。 2)情态动词除ought和have外,后面只能接不带to的不定式。 3)情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。 4)情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。 情态动词21.2比较can和beableto1)can/could表示能力;可能(过去时用could),只用于现在式和过去式(could)。beableto可以用于各种时态。例如: Theywillbeabletotellyouthenewssoon.他很快就能告诉你消息了。2)只用beableto的情况: a.位于助动词后。 b.情态动词后。 c.表示过去某时刻动作时。 d.用于句首表示条件。 e.表示成功地做了某事时,用was/wereableto,不能用could。例如:HewasabletofleeEuropebeforethewarbrokeout.=HemanagedtofleeEuropebeforethewarbrokeout.他在战争爆发之前逃离欧洲。注意:could有时不表示时态1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。例如: ---CouldIhavethetelevisionon?我能看电视吗? ---Yes,youcan./No,youcan"t.可以/不可以。2)在否定句、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。例如: Hecouldn"tbeabadman.他不大可能是坏人。 情态动词目录21.3比较may和might1)表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may放在句首,表示祝愿。例如: MayGodblessyou!愿上帝保佑你! Hemightbeathome.他可能在家。注意:might表示推测时,不表示时态,只是可能性比may小。2)成语:may/mightaswell,后面接不带to的不定式,意为"不妨"。例如: Ifthatisthecase,wemayaswell第236页
try.如果情况确实如此,我们不妨试一试。典型例题 Peter___comewithustonight,butheisn"tverysureyet. A.must B.may C.can D.will 答案B.表可能性只能用may。此句意可从后半句推出。情态动词目录21.4比较haveto和must1) 两词都是"必须"的意思,haveto表示客观的需要,must表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。例如:Mybrotherwasveryill,soIhadtocallthedoctorinthemiddleofthenight. 弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事) Hesaidthattheymustworkhard.他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)2) haveto有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。例如:Hehadtolookafterhissisteryesterday.他昨晚只得照顾他姐姐。3)否定结构中:don"thaveto表示"不必",mustn"t表示"禁止"。例如: Youdon"thavetotellhimaboutit. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。 Youmustn"ttellhimaboutit. 你不得把这件事告诉他。情态动词目录21.5must表示推测 1)must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为"一定"。 2)must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时,must后面通常接系动词be的原形或行为动词的进行式。例如: Youhaveworkedhardallday.Youmustbetired.你辛苦干一整天,一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断) Hemustbeworkinginhisoffice.他一定在办公室工作呢。 比较:Hemustbestayingthere.他现在肯定在那里。 Hemuststaythere.他必须呆在那。 3)must表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must要接完成式。例如: Ididn"thearthephone.Imusthavebeenasleep. 我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了。 4)must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must后面要接不定式的完成进行式。例如: ---Whydidn"tyouanswermyphonecall?为何不接我的电话? ---Well,Imusthavebeensleeping,soIdidn"thearit.唉,肯定在睡觉,所以没有听见。 5)否定推测用can"t。例如: IfTomdidn"tleavehereuntilfiveo"clock,hecan"tbehomeyet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家。第236页
情态动词21.6表示推测的用法 can,could,may,might,must皆可表示推测,其用法如下:1)情态动词+动词原形,表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。例如: Idon"tknowwheresheis,shemaybeinWuhan.我不知道她在哪儿,可能在武汉。2)情态动词+动词现在进行时,表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。例如: Atthismoment,ourteachermustbecorrectingourexampapers.这时,想必我们老师正在批改试卷。 3)情态动词+动词完成时,表示对过去情况的推测。例如: Theroadiswet.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了。 4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时,表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。例如: Yourmothermusthavebeenlookingforyou.你妈妈一定一直在找你。 5)推测的否定形式,疑问形式用can"t,couldn"t表示。例如:Mikecan"thavefoundhiscar,forhecametoworkbybusthismorning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。 注意:could,might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can,may。 情态动词目录21.7情态动词+have+过去分词1)may(might)have+donesth,can(could)have+donesth 表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。例如: Philipmay(might)havebeenhurtseriouslyinthecaraccident.菲力浦可能在车祸中受了重伤。 Philipcan(could)havebeenhurtseriouslyinthecaraccident.2)musthave+donesth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有"肯定","谅必"的意思。例如: ---Lindahasgonetowork,butherbicycleisstillhere.琳达已经去上班了,但她的单车还在这儿。 ---Shemusthavegonebybus.肯定乘巴士去的。3)oughttohavedonesth,shouldhavedonesth表示本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。例如: Yououghtto(should)havebeenmorecarefulinthisexperiment.你当时在做试验时应该更仔细点。 Heoughtnottohavethrowntheoldclothesaway.他不该把旧衣服扔了。(事实上已扔了。) oughtto在语气上比should要强。4)needn"thavedonesth表示本没必要做某事,但做了。例如:Idressedverywarmlyforthetrip,butIneedn"thavedoneso.Theweatherwashot.第236页
旅行时,我衣服穿得较多,其实没有必要。那时天很热。5)wouldliketohavedonesth表示本打算做某事,但没做。例如: Iwouldliketohavereadthearticle,butIwasverybusythen.我想读这篇文章,但太忙了一直没读。情态动词目录17.821.8 should和oughtto除了上述的用法,两者还可表示"想必一定,按理应该"的意思。例如:Ioughttobeabletoliveonmysalary.靠我的薪水,想必也能维持了。Itoughttobereadynow.想必现在准备好了吧。Theyshouldbetherebynow,Ithink.现在他们该到那儿了。Thepoemsshouldbeoutinamonthatmost.诗集估计最多还有一个月就要出版了。 情态动词目录21.9hadbetter表示"最好",相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。例如: Itisprettycold.You"dbetterputonmycoat.天相当冷。你最好穿上我的外套。 She"dbetternotplaywiththedog.她最好不要玩耍那条狗。 hadbetterhavedonesth表示与事实相反的结果,意为"本来最好"。例如: Youhadbetterhavecomeearlier.你本该来得早一点。情态动词目录21.10wouldrather表示"宁愿" wouldratherdo wouldrathernotdo wouldrather…than… 宁愿…而不愿。 还有wouldsooner,hadrather,hadsooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。例如: IfIhaveachoice,Ihadsoonernotcontinuemystudiesatthisschool.如果有选择的余地,我宁可辍学离开这个学校。 Iwouldratherstayherethangohome.=Iwouldstayhereratherthangohome.我宁愿呆在这儿,而不愿回家。典型例题----Shallwegoskatingorstayathome?----Which___do? A.doyourather B.wouldyourather C.willyourather D.shouldyourather答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法,wouldrather+dosth意为"宁愿",本题为疑问句,would提前,所以选B。情态动词目录21.11will和would第236页
注意:1)wouldlike;wouldliketodo=wantto想要,为固定搭配。例如: Wouldyouliketogowithme?想和我一块去吗? 2)Willyou…? Wouldyoulike…?表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用some,而不是any。例如: Wouldyoulikesomecake?吃点蛋糕吧。 3)否定结构中用will,一般不用would,won"tyou是一种委婉语气。 Won"tyousitdown?你不坐下吗?情态动词目录21.12情态动词的回答方式问句肯定回答否定回答Needyou…?Yes,Imust.No,Ineedn"tMustyou…? No,Idon"thaveto.典型例题1)---CouldIborrowyourdictionary? ---Yes,ofcourse,you____. A.might B.will C.can D.should 答案C.could表示委婉的语气,并不为时态。答语中ofcourse,表示肯定的语气,允许某人做某事时,用can和may来表达,不能用could或might。will与you连用,用来提出要求或下命令。should与you连用,用来提出劝告。2)---ShallItellJohnaboutit? ---No,you___.I"vetoldhimalready. A.needn"t B.wouldn"t C.mustn"t D.shouldn"t 答案A。needn"t不必,不用。wouldn"t将不,不会的。mustn"t禁止、不能。shouldn"t 不应该。本题为不需要,不必的意思,应用needn"t。3)---Don"tforgettocometomybirthdaypartytomorrow. ---______. A.Idon"t B. Iwon"t C.Ican"t D.Ihaven"t 答案B.will既可当作情态动词,表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心",本题表示决心,选B。 情态动词目录21.13带to的情态动词带to的情态动词有四个:oughtto,haveto,usedto,beto,如加上havegotto(=must),beableto,为六个。它们的疑问、否定形式应予以注意: Dotheyhavetopaytheirbillbeforetheendofthemonth? Shedidn"tusetoplaytennisbeforeshewasfourteen. Yououghtnottohavetoldherallaboutit. Oughthetoseeaheartspecialistatonce.? oughtto第236页
本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用,变疑问,否定时,须有do等助动词协助。典型例题 Tomoughtnotto___meyoursecret,buthemeantnoharm. A.havetold B.tell C.betelling D.havingtold 答案A。由于后句为过去时,告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因,此地应用过去完成时,但它在情态动词oughtto后,所以用havetold。 情态动词目录21.14比较need和dare 这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句,否定句和条件句。need作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时,后面的to时常可以被省略。1)实义动词:need(需要,要求)need+n./todosth2)情态动词:need,只用原形need后加do,否定形式为neednot。例如: Needyougoyet?你要走了吗? Yes,Imust./No,Ineedn"t.是的,我要走了/不,不急着走。 22各章练习答案22.1名词练习答案1D15B29D43D57A2D16B30B44B58C3C17B31C45A59D4C18C32C46B60B5A19C33B47D61C6C20B34C48B62B7A21C35A49C63B8D22A36C50B64D9C23D37C51C65B10D24C38B52A66C11C25A39B53D67C12A26A40C54C68D13D27C41D55A69D14B28C42A56D70A 22.2介词练习答案1D19B37C55B73C91B109A2B20D38D56B74D92C110C3A21B39A57C75A93A111C4B22B40A58C76D94B112D5C23D41A59D77B95C113A6D24C42C60B78B96C114C7A25A43A61A79D97D115A第236页
8C26C44C62A80C98D116B9C27D45D63D81A99A117A10B28A46C64D82C100C118A11D29C47D65D83D101C119B12C30B48B66C84A102D120B13C31B49C67A85D103B121A14C32C50B68A86D104C122B15D33B51D69D87C105D123C16A34C52B70A88B106C124D17B35D53C71C89A107C125D18C36B54D72B90C108D126 22.3冠词练习答案1C19C37B55C2B20A38B56A3D21A39C57D4A22B40C58D5A23C41B59B6D24B42A60A7B25D43C61 8C26B44B62 9B27D45A63 10C28D46C64 11C29B47B65 12A30A48C66 13C31B49A67 14D32B50D68 15C33C51A69 16D34C52C70 17C35A53A71 18A36A54B72 22.4数词练习答案1C6A11C16A2D7C12B17C3D8A13D18A4D9C14D19A5B10B15A20B 22.5限定词练习答案1A19D37A第236页
2C20B38B3D21C39C4D22B40D5D23C41 6C24B42 7B25D43 8A26C44 9B27B45 10B28C46 11C29B47 12D30D48 13C31B49 14A32C50 15B33A51 16A34D52 17A35C53 18C36C54 22.6代词练习答案1B19A37C55A73C2C20A38D56C74C3B21D39D57B75D4D22C40D58C76A5C23B41A59D77C6A24D42C60D78B7B25C43C61B79C8C26C44D62C80D9A27B45B63A81 10B28D46A64B82 11C29A47C65B83 12A30B48C66B84 13A31B49B67D85 14C32B50D68A86 15A33A51B69B87 16A34B52B70D88 17A35B53C71A89 18C36C54C72B90 22.7形容词、副词练习答案1B19C37D55A73D2C20B38C56C74D第236页
3A21C39C57B75B4A22C40C58C76B5C23D41A59B77D6D24C42D60D78C7B25D43C61A79C8D26B44A62A80A9C27A45B63C81 10D28D46C64C82 11B29B47B65A83 12D30B48B66B84 13B31A49C67D85 14A32B50D68D86 15C33B51C69C87 16A34D52A70A88 17A35A53D71B89 18C36B54D72C90 22.8助动词练习答案1B19C37C55C73C2D20B38A56B74B3A21D39D57D75B4C22D40A58A76C5D23C41D59B77A6B24A42B60B78B7D25B43B61C79C8B26D44D62B80A9C27A45B63A81 10B28B46B64B82 11C29C47A65A83 12D30A48B66C84 13C31D49D67B85 14B32B50B68D86 15D33B51C69D87 16B34B52A70B88 17B35B53D71A89 18C36A54A72B90 22.9动名词、不定式、分词练习答案1B19B37D55A73C91B109B127C2D20B38D56B74A92D110B128A3C21C39C57D75B93B111D129B第236页
4C22B40C58A76B94B112D130B5B23C41C59B77B95B113C 6C24A42C60D78A96C114D 7B25B43A61A79B97D115C 8C26D44D62B80B98B116C 9A27B45C63A81A99A117B 10C28A46A64B82B100D118A 11B29C47B65A83C101A119B 12C30D48C66C84A102C120B 13D31A49C67A85C103B121C 14B32B50A68C86B104B122D 15D33C51D69D87B105C123B 16B34B52C70D88A106B124C 17D35D53C71B89C107B125B 18D36A54B72D90D108A126D 22.10时态、语态练习答案1D19A37D55C73D91A2D20B38C56D74B92D3C21D39C57D75A93C4D22C40A58D76C94D5A23B41C59B77B95D6B24A42C60B78C96D7C25D43B61A79D97C8D26D44A62B80C98B9A27C45C63D81A99B10C28A46A64C82A100A11D29C47C65A83D101 12A30A48D66C84A102 13C31D49B67B85A103 14B32B50A68A86A104 15C33C51D69C87D105 16B34D52B70C88D106 17A35D53D71A89D107 18C36A54D72C90B108 22.11反意疑问句练习答案1C19D37A2A20D38C3B21C39D4C22A40A第236页
5A23B41 6A24C42 7C25D43 8B26C44 9D27B45 10B28B46 11A29A47 12C30C48 13B31B49 14D32C50 15A33D51 16D34C52 17B35A53 18A36D54 22.12倒装练习答案1A19D37A2B20D38C3D21A39B4C22B40A5B23A41A6B24C42B7D25A43D8C26B44A9C27C45C10C28B46B11C29A47C12C30B48D13C31A49C14A32D50B15D33C51 16B34A52 17B35A53 18C36B54 22.13主谓一致练习答案1C19D37D2A20C38A3A21D39B4D22B40C5C23A41D第236页
6C24A42D7B25C43C8A26A44A9D27D45B10B28A46B11C29D47B12D30D48A13B31C49A14C32C50C15C33C51 16B34D52 17A35C53 18B36A54 22.14虚拟语气练习答案1D19A37B55B2D20A38C56D3C21B39C57C4B22C40B58B5B23B41B59C6C24A42D60A7D25D43C61C8C26C44C62B9C27A45D63C10A28B46C64C11C29D47A65D12C30C48C66C13C31B49B67B14C32C50C68C15A33A51D69B16B34D52B70B17D35D53C71 18D36A54B72 22.15连词和从句练习答案1A19D37B55D73D91B109C2B20C38D56B74D92C110D3D21A39A57B75B93D111B4B22B40C58C76A94D112A5C23A41D59D77C95C113A6A24D42A60D78B96C114B第236页
7B25B43B61B79D97B115C8D26B44D62B80B98A116 9C27B45A63C81A99C117 10B28B46B64A82A100B118 11D29B47C65D83C101D119 12A30D48D66B84B102A120 13B31C49D67C85C103A121 14B32B50B68B86C104C122 15C33D51C69C87A105D123 16A34C52B70C88B106C124 17A35C53C71A89A107C125 18B36D54C72C90A108A126 第236页