英语语法大全之谓语的47种类型11 11页

济南沃尔得国际英语Ⅲ．各种谓语类型的被动结构在讨论完各种类型的谓语后，研究语态的变化是良好时机，因为这种变化在47种句型中表现得最为清楚。在五种动词中，不及物动词和系动词不能由主动语态变为被动语态。因此谓语类型1—3及24—36均不能变为被动结构。下面例句前的数码指第18单元中谓语类型的编号。“×”这个符号表示前面的句子不能变为被动结构。“—”这个符号表示前面句子可以变为被动结构，例句放在这个符号的后面。A．不及物动词1．Marywalkedslowly．×Idreamtlastnight．×Itweighsfivepounds．×2．Theprisonersbrokeaway．×3．Thisstoryreadswell．×B．系动词24．Helookshappy．×25．Hebecameadoctor．×26．Thestormisover．×27．Itwasbelownotice．×28．Myaimistohelpyou．×29．Seeingisbelieving．×30．Theproblemisthatthepeasantsareverypoor．×31．Thequestionis，whocandoit．×Myquestionishowtodoit．×1www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语32．Heisfamiliarwiththestreet．×33．Heisindreadofdeath．×34．Heisanxioustostudy．×35．Ifeelsurethathewillfail．×36．Heseemsignorantwhyhefailed．×及物动词及宾补动词，除了少数例外情况，都可变为被动语态，双宾动词还可变成两个或更多的被动结构。一般来说，跟有宾语的动词都可由主动语态变为被动语态，但在一些特定组合中却不能变。C．及物动词4．TheyspeakEnglish．—Englishisspoken．Wemustobservetherules．—Therulesmustbeobserved．·但在及物动词和其宾语构成一个不可分的整体时不能变为被动语态。Helostheart．×Wegainedground．×Thecriminaltookflight．×·在宾语前有一物主代词和主语表示同一人或物时也不能变为被动结构：Theyclappedtheirhands．×Shedidherwork．×Johnmadehisescape．×Thetreelostitslife．×·在及物动词表示一种状态而不是一个动作时也不能变：Hehas（orowns，possesses）abighouse．×Welack（orwant）goodteachers．×Asentencemustcontainaverb．×Shemakesagoodnurse．×Sevendaysconstituteaweek．×Wordsfailedhim．×Thisjobsuitsme．×Thefoodwilllastustwodays．×Itcostsmeahundredpounds．×Twomealsadaywillsufficeme．×·当一个不及物动词加前缀be-成为及物动词时，也不能变为被动结构：2www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Itdoesn"tbecome（orbehove，befit，beseem）agentlemantocurse．×Anaccidentbefellhim．×Hisdressbe-speakshischaracter．×Shebemoans（orbeweeps，be-wails）thelossofherson．×·当一个不及物动词加前缀out-成为及物动词时，也不能变：Johnoutlivedhiswife．×Johnoutstayedtheotherguest．×Hisexpenditureoutrunshisincome．×·有些动词，通常为不及物动词，但有时用作及物动词，这时也不能变：Heflew（orfled，roamed，ranged，roved）thecountry．×Theywalkedtheplank（orthestreets，thehospitals，theboards）．×Theystoodanassault（ortheirground，illtreatment）．×Hesatahorsewell．×Theytalkedbusiness（orshop）．×Theywentajourney．×Ishallstaydinner．×Hewaitedsupper．×Shewepthottears（orblood）．×Sheshed（orcried）hottears．×Hiseyesflashedfireandshonesparks．×Hesweatedblood．×Itraineddust．×·用自身代词作宾语时不能变为被动结构：5．Hekilledhimself．×Shehasneverpraisedherselfinallherlife．×·带同源宾语的句子有时可以变为被动结构：6．Theyarelivingaveryhardlife．—Averyhardlifeisbeinglived．Theyfoughtafiercewar（orbattle）．—Afiercewar（orbattle）wasfought．Theysangsomefinesongs．—Somefinesongsweresung．·带有下面这类宾语的句子不能变为被动结构：Hesmiledawelcome．×Henoddedassent．×Hebreathedhislast．×Hetriedhisbest．×Wefoughtitouttotheend．×Wehavetofootit．×7．Theygaveuptheplan．—Theplanwasgivenup．Theplaguesweptoffmanypeople．—Manypeopleweresweptoffbytheplague．3www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语·以动名词作宾语时却不能这样变：Heputoffgoingtothedoctor．×Johngaveupper－formingtheplan．×8．Shelaughedateveryboythatfellinlovewithher．—Everyboythatfellinlovewithherwaslaughedat．Weallagreedtohisview．—Hisviewwasagreedto．Someonetrodonhistoes．—Histoesweretroddenon．Nobodyhadsleptinthebed．—Thebedhasneverbeensleptin．Peoplecanclimboverthiswall．—Thiswallcanbeclimbedover．·当动词表示状态而不表示动作时不能变为被动结构：Theriveraboundsinfish．×Thehouseaboundswithrats．×Thebridgeabutsontheroad．×Thisdoesnotaccordwiththerules．×Thisfaultadmitsofnoexcuse．×ThispieceoflandbelongstoJohn．×·介词后跟有动名词时不能这样变：Iabstainedfromdrinkingliquor．×Hisreplyamountstorefusingyourrequest．×·但“不及物动词+介词+名词”为一不可分开的整体时也不能这样变：Sheburstintotears．×Mysoncameofage．×Wewenttolaw．×·“不及物动词+副词+介词”构成的成语有些可以变为被动结构：9．Heranawaywithamilliondollars．—Amilliondollarswasrunawaywith．Theylookedbackontheolddays．—Theolddayswerelookedbackon．·但宾语为动名词时不能这样变：Ilookforwardtomeetingyouagain．×10．TheschoolfurnishedJohnwithbooks．—Johnisfurnishedwithbooks．4www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Wetranslatedthispoemintoanotherlanguage．—Thispoemistranslatedintoanotherlanguage．Theymadefunofourchildren．—Ourchildrenweremadefunof．Theytookcompassionontheoldwoman．—Theoldwomanwastakencompassionon．·其他可以变为被动结构的这类动词成语有：findfaultwith，giveeffectto，setfireto，payheedto，beartestimonyto，givechaseto，takepityon，makefun［orgame，sport］of，takeheedof，catch［orget，lay，seize，take］holdof，losesightof，makeafool［orashow，avictim，anexample，anend］of，makemuch［orlittle，slight，nothing］of．Theyattach（some，little，no，much，small）importancetoeducation．—（Some，Little，etc．）importanceisattachedtoeducation．Theyraisedobjectionagainstthemeasure．—Objectionwasraisedagainstthemeasure．·其他能这样用的成语还有：laysiegeto，giveanorderto，takepossessionof，makementionof，laystresson，setvalueon，leavewordof，sendwordof，makeallowancefor，makeallusionto，takeoffenceat．Theypayattentiontoeducation．—Educationispaidattentionto．or，Attentionispaidtoeducation．（在主语attention前有much，no，little或其他形容词修饰时，用后一种被动结构就比前一种更好一些。）Theyhavenevertakennoticeofthismatter．—Thismatterhasneverbeentakennoticeof．or，Noticehasneverbeentakenofthismatter，（当主语前若有much，no或另一形容词修饰时，用后一种被动结构可能更好。）·其他可用两种方式构成被动构的成语有：makeshortworkof，takeadvantageof，takecareof，takeexceptionto，haverecourseto，setstoreby．）·但下面成语不宜用于被动结构：5www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Heshookhandswithus．×Herubbedshoulderswithworkers．×Hetookrefugeinanothercountry．×·其他很少用于被动结构的成语有：giveearto，bearwitnessto，paycourtto，keepcompanywith，joinhandswith，takeexampleby，seteyeson，setfooton，takeleaveof，give[orpledge]faithto，break[orviolate]faithto．11．Hereconciledhimselftohisfate．—Hewasreconciledtohisfate．Heengagedhimselfinbusiness．—Hewasengagedinbusiness．Healliedhimselftoarichfamily．—Hewasalliedtoarichfamily．Hedevotedhimselftomusic．—Hewasdevotedtomusic．·但下面成语不能这样变：Iavailedmyselfofhisoffer．×Hehelpedhimselftothecake．×Heappliedhimselftoliterature．×Hepridedhimselfonhisnewcar．×Hevaluedhimselfonhisbirth．×12．Theyplannedtogo．—Itwasplannedtogo．Someoneofferedtobuymyhouse．—Itwasofferedtobuymyhouse．Theydecidetoreconstructthepark．—Itisdecidedtoreconstructthepark．Theymeanttoreconstructthepark．—Theparkwasmeanttobereconstructed．（两个被动式放在一起不算错误，但不是很好。）13．Youcan"tavoidmakingmistakes．×Youmuststopcrying．×Idislikeaccompanyinganywoman．×14．与第12、13句型相同。15．Theybelievethattherumouristrue．—Itisbelievedthattherumouristrue．或Theromourisbelievedtobetrue．6www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Peoplesaid（orreported）thatmanyhaddied．—Itwassaid（orreported）thatmanyhaddied．或Manyweresaid（orreported）tohavedied．16．Icannotunderstandhow，theycangetmarriedsoeasily．—Itcannotbeunderstoodhowtheycangetmarriedsoeasily．Onewonderswhenwarwillvanishfromtheearth．—Itiswonderedwhenwarwillvanishfromtheearth．Wecannottellwhattoto．—Itcannotbetoldwhattodo．17．Wemustdecideuponwhoistodothejob．—Itmustbedecideduponwhoistodothejob．Theyhaveagreed（about）whentostarttheoffensive．—Ithasbeenagreed（about）whentostarttheoffensive．18．Theygaveanaccountofhowtheyhadfought．—Anac-countwasgivenofhowtheyhadfought．Weshouldtakenoticeofwhattobuy．—Noticeshouldbetakenofwhattobuy．但下面这类句子不能变：Hesethismindonhowhecouldmaintainhislargefamily．×Hehasnointerestinwhichcountrydefeatswhich．×D．双宾动词19．TheyteachmeJapanese．—Japaneseistaught（to）me．或Iamtaught（＝learn）Japanese（保留宾语）。TheygaveJohneverything．—Everythingwasgiven（to）John．或Johnwasgiven（＝received）everything．·其他可把直接或间接宾语变为主语的动词有：7www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语advance，afford，bequeath，carry，concede，deliver，do，ensure，hand，make，meteout，pass，pledge，pointout，prescribe，put，read，reimburse，remit，return，sell，sing，take，telegraph，tender，throw，wire，write，yield．Thisincidentcausesusmuchtrouble．×Henoddedmeawelcome．×（其他很少用于被动结构的双宾动词有：grudge，smile，stand．）20．Shecookedmeeggs．—Eggswerecookedforme．或Iwascookedeggs．Hecalledmeataxi．—Ataxiwascalledforme．或Iwascalledataxi．第20句型中的动词可用于被动结构，既可以直接宾语作主语，也可用间接宾语作主语。21．Hepromisedmeanewcoat．—Anewcoatwaspromisedme．或Iwaspromisedanewcoat．Theysetusagoodexample．—Agoodexampleissetus．或Wearesetagoodexample．Theyservedmeatrick．—Atrickwasserved（on）me．或Iwasservedatrick．·可把直接或间接宾语变为主语的其它双宾动词有：charge，forgive，forbid，guarantee，prophesy，vouchsafe．Shecasthimaglance．—Aglancewascast（at）him．（但不可说Hewascastaglance．）Itmeansmenoharm—Noharmismeantme．Hequotedmeaproverb．—Aproverbwasquotedme．·可用直接宾语作主语把句子变为被动结构的其它动词有：bestow，bet，impose，enclose，intend，make，set，shoot，strike，wager．Theybanishedmetherealm．—Iwasbanished（from）8www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语therealm，（但不可说Therealmwasbanishedme．）Hecalledmenames．—Iwascallednames．·可用间接宾语作主语把句子变为被动结构的其它动词有：dismiss，excuse，fine，lead．Theyansweredmenothing．×Theyenvyhimhiswealth．×·很少用于被动结构的其它动词有：avail，bear，bode，catch，cost，deign，drop，flash，fling，forbid，hit，kiss，last，occasion，lose，portent，sweep，take，tip，vote，work．22．HetoldJohnwhatIdid．—Johnwastold（=learned）whatIdid．TheyaskedmewhereIboughtit．—IwasaskedwhereIboughtit．Heremindedmewhattodo．—Iwasremindedwhattodo．23．HeconvincedmethatIwaswrong．—IwasconvincedthatIwaswrong．Theytoldherthathersisterhadcome．—Shewastoldthathersisterhadcome．E．宾补动词37．Theyfoundthebookeasy．—Thebookwasfoundeasy．Theydrovehimmad．—Hewasdrivenmad．Theycertifieditascorrect．—Itwascertifiedascorrect．但下面句子不可改为被动结构：Heshoutedhimselfhoarse．×38．Helaughedtheideaaway．—Theideawaslaughedaway．Wedeclaredthewarover．—Thewarwasdeclaredover．9www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语39．TheycalledhimJohn．—HewascalledJohn．Theyleftmeanorphan．—Iwasleftanorphan．Davidchoseherasawife．—Shewaschosenasawife．但下面句子不能改为被动结构：Alexacknowledgeshimselfmyinferior．×40．Heputeverythingoutoforder．—Everythingwasputoutoforder．Theysethimonmerightway．—Hewassetontherightway．但下面句子不可改为被动结构：Andycriedhimselftosleep．×41．TheysupposedhimtobeteachingEnglish，tohavetaughtEnglish．—HewassupposedtobeteachingEnglish，tohavetaughtEnglish．Theydenytherumourtobesilly．—Therumourisdeniedtobesilly．Heissaidtobeill．（这个句子不能反改为主动结构）42．Hewantseveryonetoobservetherules．—Everyoneiswantedtoobservetherules．Heintendshissontostudyabroad．—Hissonisintendedtostudyabroad．Heorderedustospend（及物性不定式）ourmoneymorewisely．—Wewereorderedtospendourmoneymorewisely．或Heorderedourmoneytobespentmorewisely．Hecausedhisstudentstohandintheirexercises．—Hisstudentswerecausedtohandintheirexercises．或Hecausedtheirexercisestobehandedin．Heallowedthemtoarresthim．—Theywereallowedtoarresthim．或Heallowedhimselftobearrested．43．Hecalleduponthemtoact．—Theywerecalledupontoact．10www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Heprevaileduponmetogetmarried．—Iwasprevailedupontogetmarried．Weappliedtothemtooffer（及物性不定式）usajob．—Weappliedforajobtobeoffered．Iwaitedforhimtoremitsome，money．—Iwaitedforsomemoneytoberemitted．但下面句子不宜变为被动结构：Icriedtohertostop．—Shewascriedtotostop（应避免）．44．Imakehimstudy（没有to）hard．—Heismadetostudy（有to）hard．Theyhelpmecarryit．—Iamhelpedtocarryit．Theyletmedoanything．—Iwasletdoanything（不错，但少用）45．Theykeptmewaiting．—Iwaskeptwaiting．TheyheardJohnsingingKoreansongs．—JohnwasheardsingingKoreansongs．46．Theyhaveapicturetaken．×Youmustgetyourhaircut．×Theywillkeepmewellinformed．×47．Theymakeitaruletoeatonemealaday．—Itismadearuletoeatonemealaday．Theythinkitfittowaithere．—Itisthoughtfittowaithere．Ithoughtitlikelythathewouldfail．—Itwasthoughtlikelythathewouldfail．11www.jnworld.cn