英语语法大全之谓语的47种类型10 30页

济南沃尔得国际英语E．宾补动词+宾语+各种补语和S＋DV＋O＋O句型的直接宾语一样，S＋FV＋O＋C句型中的宾语通常为名词或代词（而补语可以是形容词、名词、地点副词、介词短语、分词或不定式）：IfindJohntalkingwithhischild．Iwanthimtodresslikeaniceboy．但这种句型中的宾语间或也可能是不定式、动名词或名词从句。在这种情况下，不定式、动名词或从句应用代词it代替，本身则移到补语后面去，成为it的同位语。Ifindithardtopersuadeawoman．（不可说Ifindtopersuadeawomanhard．）Heconsidersitnecessarythatamanshouldknowatleastoneforeignlanguage．（不可说Heconsidersthat…languagenecessary．）37．S＋FV＋N＋A（Johnmadethehousedirty．）约有200个宾补动词可用形容词作补语。a．约有50个宾补动词表示精神活动（有些结构属书面语）：1）Theyfoundthebookeasy；feltitcold；feltthemselvesguilty；sawhimsosad；learnedhergone；discoveredthehouseempty．2）Theythoughthimhonest；fanciedthemselvesright；imaginediteasy；supposedittrue；presumeditgenuine；esteemedthemselveshappy；considerediteasy；figured（orcounted）itgood；accountedthemselvesinnocent；believedittrue；judgeditgood；concludedhimdead；helditcheap；heldmedear；conceivedthemselvessafe；knewhimhonest；tookiteasy（orill，amiss）；rememberedhimstillyoung．3）Theycalled（ortermed）himgenerous；declaredhimdead；avowedthemselveswrong；pronounceditgenuine；professedthemselvesmistaken；confessedthem-selvesguilty；werereputedverygenerous．4）Theyproveditfalse；showedthemselveshonest；certifiedhiminsane（orhealthy）；guaranteed（orwarranted）itpure；passedhimhonest；rateditgood；granteditpossible；gradedhishandwrittingillegible．1www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语5）Theyfeignedthemselvesill；pretendedthemselvesinnocent；counterfeitedthemselvescrazy；boasteditprecious．6）Theywishedhimdead（orill，happy）；wantedthehousecleanandtidy；likedtheirteaverystrong；preferredthesoupfreshandwarm．b．约有30个宾补动词既不表示精神活动也不表示具体动作：1）Theymadehimresponsible；gotthefloordirty；hadtheticketsready；hadtheirpocketsempty；renderedtheworkdifficult；turnedthesituationfavourable；drove（orset，made）himmad（orwild）；sentmecrazy；struckhimdead（ordumb，speechless，deaf，blind）；lefteverythingtopsy-turvy．2）Theyput（orset，brought）thingsright；kepttheroomclean；placedhimfirstinmaths；bledtheirparentswhite；rankedhimhonourable；cutmedead；markedsixofthestudentsabsent．Heisagedtwenty-six．He"sbornblind．ItisdatedMay1．c．至少有50个宾补动词表示具体动作：1）Hepushed（orflung，threw，burst，broke，forced，kicked，held）thedooropen；slammedthedoorshut；cutthestringshort；shotherdead；boiledtheeggshard；openeditwide；beat（orhammered）itflat；washed（orbrushed，wiped，licked，swept）itclean；slittheenvelopeopen；beat（orpinched）herblackandblue，burnedhimselfdead；knockedhimselfsenseless；shookmeawake．2）Hebakedthecakebrown；pulleditlong；grounditsharp；choppeditshort；turnedthelightlow；wrappedituptight；raisedtheportraithigh；copieditfair；dyeditred；staineditblue；pumped（orsqueezed，shook，wrung，drank）itdry；rubbeditsmooth；strippeditbare；sliceditthin；stuffed（orfilled）hispocketsfull，burnedthebreadblack．d．约有20个宾补动词（多由不及物动词变成）表示人的动作，后面常跟自身代词：Theytalked（orsang）themselvesill（orhoarse）；drankthemselvesdrunk；atethemselvessick；sleptthemselvessober；readthemselvesasleep；cried（orwept）themselvesblind；laughedthemselvesredintheface（orhoarse）；shoutedthemselveshoarse；walkedthemselveslame；strippedthemselvesnaked；dancedthemselvesweary，weptthemselvessober；studiedthemselvessilly．2www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语当宾补动词和形容词都是单音节词，尤其当宾语较长，或包含有疑问词或关系代（副）词时，形容词常紧跟在动词后面：Theymadegood（单音节词）theloss（ortheirpromise）；madeclear（orplain）theiropinion；letloosetheircagedbirds；laidbare（oropen）theenemy"sdesign；laidwastetheenemy"scountry．Hesetfreealltheprisonersofthecity（较长宾语），threwopentheprivategardenwhichtheyhadclosedmanyyears；brokeopenthedoorwhichtheycouldnotopenwiththekey；cutshortthesentencethatseemedtoolong．Whose（疑问词）letterareyoucopyingfair？Whichstringareyougoingtocutshort？Whatpeopledoyouconsidergreat？Hehasagreybeardwhich（关系代词）heshavescloseeveryfivedays．Hespoketoawomanwhosehusbandhewasgoingtosetfree．HespokekindlytoJohn，whomhesecretlywishedill．在上述句子中，宾语的补语表示宾补动词所指动作的结果。但在下面句子中，宾语的补语常是when所引起的从句的紧缩形式。例如alive意思是whenhewasalive，young意思是whenitwasyoung，约有20个动词常可这样用：Theytrappedtheanimalalive；trainedityoung．Theytook（orcaught，saved，buried，burned）himalive．Theyusuallyatetheherbraw；dranktheirteaveryweak；servedthefoodhot；roastedanoxwhole．Thesnakeswallowsitspreywhole．Theycarriedhimhalf-deadtothehospital；returnedthepurseintacttotheowner；boughtitready-made（orsecond-hand）；broughtthechildsafetoland；sentmehealthyandhappybacktomyparents．So可以用来代替任何形容词补语：“Isitcorrect？”“Ifinditso．”“ButIdon"tthinkitso．”“Heiscunning．”“ButIdon"tcallhimso．”Yourfuturewillbefineifyoudecidetomakeitso．3www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语至少有30个及物动词（大多表示精神活动），可以成为宾补动词，但要求形容词前加as：a．Theyabandoneditasuseless；acknowledgedthemselvesascareless；accepted（orannounced）thestoryastrue；censuredthischapterasunnecessary；certifiedthestatement（as）correct；construedhisreplyasunfavourable；countedthemselvesas（orfor）dead（orlost）；criticizedhimasheartless；declaredthemselvesasclever；denieditasstupid；denouncedhimastraitorous；decidedhimassilly；describedthecaseasserious；designatedhimasdishonest；couldn"tensurethebusinessasprofitable；feignedthemselvesasignorantoftherobbery；gavemeupas（orfor）dead（orhopeless）．b．Theyhelditasvaluable；labelledhimasdishonest；lookeduponthestoneasgenuine；lookeduptohimasholy；rankedShakespeareasthefirst；reckonedthechildasclever；recognizeditasimportant；regardtheplanasdifficult；representthesituationashopeless；seehimastrustworthy；setdowntheadviceasvaluable；stigmatizedhimascruel；warranttheliquorasgenuine．38．S＋FV＋N＋AP（Johnlaugheditaway．）无数的宾补动词可用地点副词（或称副词型小品词）作宾语补语。这个句型38可以看作是句型7S＋TV．AP＋N的变体。句型7包含3个部分（参阅1341）。TV和AP放在一起，作为一个整体；N可能由3个或更多个重要的词构成。而句型38包含4个部分。句型7的TV变为FV，AP变为补语，起独立作用，并受强调；N包含一个（多为代词）或两个较不重要的词（参阅1364）。a．Hepulledmeaside．Theysetthedecisionaside（=didnotcarryitout）．Putitaside（=reserveit）．Hekeptthechildawayfromthedog；scoldedhismaidaway；wishedmeaway；botheredtheguestsaway；snatchedherletteraway．Hetalkedthehoursaway（＝talkedsothatthehoursflittedaway）；weptthenightaway；dreamedhishoursaway（=passedhishoursindreaming）；drankhispropertyaway（=dranksomuchthathebecamepoor）；laughedmyfearsaway（=dismissedthembylaughing）；explainedmydoubtsaway．Hecalledmeback；hitmeback；answeredmeback；paidthemoneyback；frownedmeback．4www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语b．Hehelpedherdown；got（orhad）itdown（=haditwritten）；tookmyletterdown（=wroteitinshort-handwhileIdictatedit）．Theapplausebroughtthehousedown（soloudwastheapplause）．Helaughedthisideadown（=sothatitfailed）；talked（orlaughed）medown（=talkedorlaughedsothatIcouldn"tspeakoract）；haslivedthescandaldown（＝liveduntilitisforgottenbypeople）．Theyvotedthemeasuredown．Putme（ormyname）downfortendollars（giventoacharity）．c．Sendthechildhome；seeherhome．Hedrovetheargumenthome（=madethelistenersunderstanditsfullforce）．Heletusin；rangtheguestsin．WedancedtheNewYearin；bowedtheguestsin；counthimin，plugthekettlein．Shehasherpupilsinby8a．m．Hesawheroff；helpedheroffwithhercoat；couldbitehistongueoff（=regrettedhavingsaidsomethingwrong）．Heturnedthelights（ortheradio）off；slepttheheadache（orfatique）off（=sleptuntilhegotridofhisheadacheorfatigue）；walkedhismealoff；laughedtheideaoff=（down）；paidhisdebtoff；letmeoffatthestation．d．Heput（orhad）hiswhiteshirton；pulledhersockson；helpedheronwithhercoat；leftthelighton；turned（orswitched）theTVon．Heletthedogout；bowedhisguestsout；foundhiswayout；pushedthewindowout；hadaneveningout．Heblewthecandleout；broughtthemeaningout（＝madethemeaningclear）；criedhisheartout；sworehistongueout．Hetoldthesecretstraight（orright）out；haditoutwithhisenemy（=cametoasettlementwithhimbyfrankdiscussion）．Shehadhercry（orsleep）out（=criedorsleptuntilshefeltsatisfied）；sattheshowout（＝satuntiltheshowwasover）．Thewindrageditselfout（=rageduntilitwasexhausted）．e．Heknockedtheglassover；helpedherover；handedthebusinessovertome；askedmeover（＝askedmetocallonhim）；turnedthepageover．Wetalkedthematterover（＝discusseditcarefully）；thoughtthematterover；lookedtheletterover．Hecountedthetheapplesover（=again）．hedeclaredthewarover（=atanend）．HehadhisgrandsonoverinBerlin．f．Heslepttheclockround（=slept24hours）．Hecalledhismentogether；tiedalltheprisonerstogether．5www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Hereaditthrough（=tilltheend）；sawtheeventthrough；satthenightthrough；sawyourtrickthrough（=wasnotdeceivedbyit）；wavedmethrough．Hepulledhissocksup．Hekepthisreputationup；broughthischildrenup；lookedthewordupinthedictionary；locked（orchained，nailed，packed，tore，broke）itup（=thoroughly，completely）．Theycannotkeeptherevoltunder．39．S＋FV＋N＋N（JohncalledmeLee．）至少有110个宾补动词用名词作补语。约有70个宾补动词后面不必跟as．这类动词有些后面可以加as，但也可不加：a．Theymade（orcrowned，anointed）himKing；appointed（ornominated）him（as）MinisterofFinance；consecratedhimarchbishop；constituted（orinaugurated）himpresident；chose（orelected）him（as）theirleader；promotedhimgeneral；commissionedhimgeneral．TheKingcreatedhimcount；dubbedhimaknight．Hewasnamedassistant；ordainedpriest；incorporatedamember．b．Theycall（orname；nickname，dub）himFatty；christen（orbaptize）her“Mary”；term（orstyle）themselves“Doctors”；label（orbrand）him（as）afool；entitledthebook“Words”；phrasethefailurea“success”，abbreviateNewYork“NY”；writePeking“Beijing”；markthebottle“Poison”；pronounceski[i:]．c．Theycount（orreckon，esteem）it（as）anhonour；consider（ordeem）ittheirduty；suppose（orthink，ac-count）heragoodgirl．d．Theyacclaimed（orhailed）him（as）ahero；votedhimagoodteacher；declaredhim（as）thesaviouroftheircountry；pronouncedhim（as）agreatphilanthropist；pro-claimedhim（as）agreatpoet．e．Theyadmit（oracknowledge，confess，feel）themselves（as）inferiors；show（profess）themselvesartists；revealhim（as）amurderer，amonster．6www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Theywarranthim（as）averyhonestperson；certifyhimasoneofthemembersoftheirassociation；provehimacriminal；judgehimasillyfellow；knowhim（as）arascal．f．Theymadetheplananobjectofridicule；madethedistancesevenmiles（orthetotalathousanddollars）；foundthecityaprosperousplace；leftthecityaruin；leftmeanorphan（ormetheirson"sguardian）；keptnothingasecret；sawtheirsonabeggar；hadasonagreatsportsman．Hewasbornapoet（orarichman）．Theyled（ortook，made）himcaptive；tookhimprisoner．Theyentered（orenrolled）him（as）amember．g．Johnisanicegentlemanandeveryonethinkshimso（=anicegentleman）．“Isshehiswife？”“Weconsiderherso（＝hiswife）．”Therosestillsmellssweetalthoughyoudon"tcallitso（＝therose）．TheysayJohnisafunnyfellow，andIfindhimso（=afunnyfellow）．有许多动词（多数表示精神活动）由于使用as，变成宾补动词，这和上面的例句不同，as不能省略：a．Theydescribed（ordepicted，represented）theplaceasaparadise．Theyqualifiedhimasahypocrite；definedmeasarogue．Theyfancied（orimagined）theirleaderasagod．Theyacceptedhiswordsastherealtruthofthematter；recognizedthecountryasanindependentstate．b．Theycriticizedtheplanasafailure；denouncedhimasapublicenemy；blamedthepolicyasagreatmistake；cursedmeasamadman；lookeddownuponhimasafool；mockedmeasaclown．Theyvalueditasapreciousgift；admiredherasanintelligentgirl；lookeduptohimasanauthority；extolledhimasahero；heldhimupasanexample；thoughtmuchofmeasagoodwriter．c．Theysethimdownasafool；putitdownasapretext；regardedherasatigress；tookmeashisbestfriend；lookedtomeastheirbenefactor；relieduponmeastheiradviser；heldmygiftassomethingvaluable；contemplatedmyadviceasnothing；treatedmeasachild；lookeduponmeas7www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语theirenemy；rememberedSmithasacheat；introducedmeasamusician；spoke（orthought）ofherasanicegirl；sawmeasnothing．Theyrankhimasagreatpoet；ratehimasapedant．d．TheydesignatedWilliamsasthesuccessor；inauguratedhimasprincipaloftheschool；installedhimaschair-man；engagedmeasaclerk．Theyowned（orclaimed）thechildastheirown．Theycitedmanycasesasevidence；gavethenumberas72．Hisspeechstampedhimasagentleman；characterizedhimasasnob．Theydesignedtheroomasakitchen；usedatableasabed．Heisbredupasascholar；isknownasJohn；isnaturalizedasanAmerican；isregardedasaphilanthropist；isestablishedaspresidentofthecompany．这类动词之后有时用for代替as：TheybrandedJohnforahypocrite；knewhimforavillain；puthimdownforafool；gaveJohnupforadeadman；choseherfortheirservant；nominated（orelected）himforpresident；took（ormistook）thestoneforadiamond；in-tendedthehouseforahospital．下面4句话意思相同：Hechoseherawife．Hechoseherasawife．Hechoseherforawife．Hechosehertobeawife．下面4句也如此：Theyelectedhimpresident．Heelectedhimaspresident．Theyelectedhimforpresident．Heelectedhimtobepresi-dent．在这类句子中可用一个由what引起的从句作补语：Callitwhatyouwill．Ifoundthecitywhatithadbeen．8www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Considerheraswhatyouthinkthebest．注意把S＋FV＋N＋N和S＋DV＋N＋N分开，试比较：WecalledhimShortie．Wecalledhimataxi．WefoundJohnagoodman．WefoundJohnajob．40．S+FV+N+P．N（Johnputeverythinginorder．）至少有70个宾补动词用介词短语作补语。这类介词短语多数都可用在系动词后（参阅1453），作为形容词型的补语。它们对宾语加以说明，对句子的完整性至关重要。它们和用作状语修饰动词的介词短语不同，后者可以省略，例如：Ithankhimforthegift．Hepaidtherenttothelandlord．中的斜体部分便是。a．TheyPUTeverythinginorder（=Theymadeeverythingorderly．Cf．Everythingwasinorder）．Theyputherinchargeofaclass（=TheycausedhertotakechargeofaclassCf．Shewasinchargeofaclass）．Theyputthepoliceonthetrackofthethief，athiefontrial，himoutofhumour，meoutofcountenance，metoshame．Theyputthepianointune，allthingsinshape，themachineinaction，thelawinforce，theirdoctrineinpractice，anewcurrencyincirculation，everythingoutoforder（orgear，joint），thelossoutofaccount（orconsideration）．b．TheySETtheprisonersatliberty（=Theymadetheprisonersfree．Cf．Theprisonerswereatliberty）．Theysetthosepeopleatodds（oratvariance）（=Theymadethosepeoplequarrel）．Theysetapersonoverthedepartment，himontherightway，Johnagainsther，themachineinorder，thetableinaroar，aprojectonfoot，ahouseonfire．c．TheyPLACEDitatmyservices（=madeitserveme），asumatmydisposal，thegovernmentintheirpower，meincommandofanarmy，thedepartmentunderaminister，anorphaninmyhands，theboyunderthecare（ortheprotection）ofhisuncle，meundertheirorder．d．TheyHELDthepropertyintrust（orinpledge）（=keptthepropertyassecurity），learninginesteem，thelessoninremembrance，themoneyintheirhands（=attheirdisposal），themselvesinreadiness，himinrespect（orveneration，disdain，contempt），theenemyincheck（orinplay，atbay）．9www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语e．TheyKEPTtheirchildreningoodhealth（=kepttheirchildrenhealthy），himinprison（orcustody，chains，confinement），himincountenance，meinthedark，meinsuspense，thehouseingoodrepairs，theschoolinorder，thearticlesinstock，theirownmind（ornerve）onthestretch，theirownchildrenoutofharm"sway，someofthemadmenunderrestraint，theprisonersunderguard（orcontrol）．f．TheyLEFTitoutofaccount（orconsideration，calculation）（=ignoredit），meinthedark，theservantinchargeofthehouse，itondepositinthebank．g．HeTOOKthematadisadvantage，heratherword，hislittlechildrenintow，everysmallthingintoaccount（orconsideration，calculation），hisenemyoffhisguard，everythingshesaidontrust，thechildunderhiswing．h．HeHADfourservantsinhisemploy（=Fourservantswereinhisemploy）．Hehadherinhismercy，somethinginview（ormind），amatterinhand．i．TheyBROUGHTthecustomintobeing（=Theycausedthecustomtoexist．Cf．Thecustomcameintobeing）．Theybroughtthelawintoforce（=Theymadethelaweffective．Cf．Thelawcameintoforce）．Theybroughthisgeniusintoplay，themachineintouse，thewartoanend，thecountrytoacrisis．j．Thedoctorgotmeonthediet，thepestundercontrol．k．Theylaughedthemselvesintofits（=Theymadethem-selvesconvulsedwithlaughter．Cf．Theyburstintofitsoflaughter）．Theycried（orwept）themselvesintoafit；overworked（orworried）themselvesintoconsumption（=workedorworriedsomuchthattheybecameillofconsumption（“肺痨”的古老字）．Theydrankthemselvesin-totheirgraves；smokedthemselvesintocalmness；thoughtthemselvesintoaparadise；workedthemselvesintoatemper．Theywavedmeintotheirhouse（=mademeentertheirhousebywavingtome）；dinedhimintoagoodhumour；talkedblackintowhite；kissedafullsenseintoemptywords．l．Hetalkedmetodeath（=Hekilledmebytalkingsomuch）．Hesworemetosecrecy；cried（orsang）himselftosleep；drank（orlaughed）himselftodeath．m．Theylaughed（orlooked）heroutofcountenance（=madeherabashedbylaughingorlookingather）；10www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语laughed（orshamed）meoutofabadhabit；boughtmeoutofmyhouse；reasonedmeoutofmyplan；talkedmoneyoutofmypocket．Hedrankhimselfoutofhisjob；atehimselfoutofhouseandhome；ranhimselfoutofbreath；sinnedhimselfoutofsalvation．下面的介词短语表示宾补动词所表示精神活动的结果。这些短语前有时可插入tobe，例如：Theyimaginedthemselves（tobe）outofdanger．Theythoughtit（tobe）ofgreatimportance．但在C类句子中不可插入tobe：a．Iheldthematterofnoaccount（=thoughtthemattertobeunimportant），myfortuneandlifeatnothing，himinesteem（orrespect），nobodyincontempt（ordisdain）．Theyfoundtheirfamilyintears，meatwork，yououtofhumour，everythinginorder．Ifeltmyselfinthemoodforsinging（orathome，uptoswimming）．Ifelteverythinginorder．b．Theywishedthewaratanend；supposed（orthought，fancied，considered，judged）itoflittleimportance；esteemed（orcounted，accounted）themselvesontherightscent（ortherightway）；declared（orpronounced）thereportbeyondbelief；avowed（orconfessed，professed）themselvesoutofcontactwiththetimes；showed（orproved，guaranteed）itofgreatvalue；showedthem-selvesofnoblespirit．（还有一些其他动词在1512节中列出）c．Theyreferredtoitasofnovalue，lookeduponhimaspastcure，regardedtheflowersasoutofplace，thought（orspoke）ofthenewsasbeyondbelief．就像系动词后的介词短语一样，宾补动词后的介词短语中有些介词（特别是of）有时可以省略（参阅1455）：Hefoundthemthesameshape；wisheditaredcolour；sawitnouse；paintedthedooragreencolour；madethedeskalargesize．上面提到的介词短语是形容词型的补语，因此是句子不可缺少的部分。下面的介词短语是修饰动词的状语，因此在语法上是可以省掉的：HestudiedmusiconSunday．HepassedhisyouthinParis．11www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Hepronouncedeverywordwithcare．Helovedheroutofpity．41．S+FV+N+tobeortohave（Johnbelievedyoutobehonest．）约有90个表示判断的动词用“tobe+补语”或“tohave+过去分词”作补语。这个句型一般表示主语认为或宣布某人或某物是什么（样）或做过某事：a．Theybelieved（orthought，figured，maintained）himtobehonest，thebooktobeuseful，himtohavebeenunruly，thebooktohavebeenuseful．Theysupposed（orpresumed，assumed，allowed[dated]，conceived）himtobeanexpert（oranhonestman），theinstrumenttobeuseless；grantedthistobetrue．Theytook（orguessed，conjectured）metobeaFrench-man．Iestimatedthesizeofthisroomtobe400sq．ft．Hemadethecosttobeahundreddollars．b．Theysuspectedhimtobeathief，tohavestolentheirthings．Theydoubtedhimtobeanhonestman．Theyconsidered（orheld，esteemed，counted，account-ed，reckoned，madeout，lookedon）themselvestobelucky，theplantobeafoolishidea．Heisreputedtobeagooddoctor．（Theyreputehim[tobe]agoodhusband．陈旧用法）Heisrecordedtohavemadethiscanal．Theyjudged（orconcluded，determined）himtobeafool，theplantobeoflittleuse．c．Theyconstruedhisreplytobeunfavourable．Theyfound（orperceived，felt，saw，discovered）thetroubletobeunavoidable，theirnewteachertohavestudiedmanysubjects．TheynotedDavidtobetooclever．12www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Theyknew（orunderstood，realized）thesituationtobeagainstthem，theirfriendtobeasnakeinthegrass．Theyfancied（orimagined）themselvestobethebestmeninthetown，thecircumstancetobefavourable，themselvestohavebeencheated．d．Theyproved（orargued，bespoke）himtobeworthyofpromotion，ittobewrong．Theydeniedtherumourtobetrue，theaccusationtobejust，youtohavegiventhemanyassistance．Theydeclared（orproclaimed，affirmed，pronounced，announced，stated，asserted，reported）themselvestobemembersofasecretsociety，therumourtobeunfounded，thediamondtohavebeenstolen．Thediamondisallegedtohavebeenstolen．Theyshowed（orindicated，denoted）themselvestobetrustworthy．Hisconductshowshimtobeagreatman．e．Theiraccentrevealed（orbetrayed）themtobeforeigners．Theydisclosedthismattertobeaconspiracy．Theyprofessed（orclaimed）themselvestobeengineers；gavethemselvesouttobescientists；braggedofthem-selvestobetherichestmeninthecity．Theyrecognized（orowned）himtobetheirbosomfriend．Theyconfessed（orowned，professed）themselvestobeguilty（ormistaken），tohavemadeagreatmistake．Theyacknowledged（oradmitted）themselvestobesilly，theirideatobeadream，theaccusationtobejust．Hewarranted（orguaranteed，vouched，avouched，at-tested，ensured）ittobepure．Hecertifiedthestatementtobecorrect．f．Heboastedhimselftobeagreatscientist（ortohavedonegreatthings）；feignedhimselftobeill．13www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Theynominated（ornamed）hertobesecretary；appointedJohntobethesupervisor；promotedhimtobeageneral；chose（orelected）himtobethepresident；votedhimtobeagoodboy．Theydescribedmetobeamysteriousperson．Theyapprehendedtheirsontobeindanger．Theydiscernedhim（ormadehimout）tobeahypocrite．Theyimpliedhimtobehonest．Theyidealizedhertobeaperfectangel．在上面句子中，tobe后面的形容词或名词表示某种特点，而在下面句子中，tobe和后面的现在分词表示现在正在进行或在主要动词所表示时间当中正在进行的动作，而“tohave+过去分词”表示主要动词所表示时间之前已完成的动作：Theysuspectedhimtobeplayingatrickonthem；believedhimtobetellingthetruth；imaginedthemselvestobemakinggreatprogress．Theysupposedhimtohaveseenmuchabouttheworld；judgedhimtohavestolenthewatch．Thewrinklesonhisfacerepresentedhimtohavesufferedmuch．在上述动词后只能用不定式tobe和tohave，其他动词的不定式一般不能用，但表示状态（而不是动作）的动词不定式可以用：Theyknewhimtogotoschool．（错句）IbelievedJohntomakepoems．（错句）IconsideredhimtoreadEnglishveryeasily．（错句）Theyknewtheboxtocontain20cigarettes．（正确）Ibelievedthesentencetomeansomethingill．（正确）Iconsiderittobelongtoanothercategory．（正确）Ifindittohaveseveraladvantages．（正确）14www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语在不少情况下，不定式tobe可以省略，这时句型变为S+FV+N+N或A或PN．但“tohavebeen”及“tobe+现在分词”却不能省略（参阅1488a，1500a，1508，1509）：Theysupposedhim（tobe）wrong，foundit（tobe）agoodpolicy，reportedhim（tobe）thebestmanforthejob，be-lievedhim（tobe）athief，thinkit（tobe）oflittlevalue．但：Theybelievedittohavebeenstolen．Ishouldguesshimtobeplayingatrickonme．此外，上面的简单句（都是书面语或正式文体）可以变为包含一个that从句的复合句，这时句子则变为非正式文体，不过有少数宾补动词不允许作这样的改变：Theybelievedhimtobehonest．=Theybelievedthathewashonest．Iconsideredthistroubletobeunnecessary．=Iconsideredthatthistroublewasunnecessary．Hedeclaredhimselftohavedonehisbest．=Hedeclaredthathehaddonehisbest．但：Henamedhertobesecretary．=Henamedthatshewassec-retary．（错句）Icountmyselftobelucky．=IcountthatIamlucky．（错句）42．S+FV+N+I（Johnwantedmetodoit．）约有140个宾补动词（表示“愿望”或“命令”）可以用任何不定式（包括tobe）作补语。这种句型通常表示“主语+希望或请求+名词+作某事或成为什么”：a．Theywanted（orwished）himtoteachtheirson，every-bodytobeasaint．Theyintend（ormean，desire）himtostudyabroad．Thisstoryiscalculated（=designed）tomisleadthepublic．Theyexpectedhimtoworkhard．Hedesignedthefurnituretofithisroom．Irecommendhertolearnmusic．b．Heasked（ortold）herto（please）openthedoor．15www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Shenotifiedustomoveout．Herequired（orrequested，needed）metohelphim．HeremindedmetoshutthewindowwhenIwenttobed．Weurgedthepublictotakeprecautions．Theycaused（orgot，had，occasioned）everybodytokneeldown，theirmentodestroythebridge，provisionstobeready，theruletobeobserved．Theygavemetounderstandalltheintrigue．Themoduleprogramstheflashtoprovidetherightlight．c．Icannotbringmyselftoacknowledgethefault，toscoldher，tobelievethenews，toleavemychildrenhungry．IwishIcouldbring（=lead）youtounderstandit．Thosegangsterscompelled（orforced，constrained，coerced）metoaccepttheproposal．Povertyforcedhimtoworkhard．Hungerdrove（orgoaded）himtosteal．Hecondemnedthemtobeimprisoned．Thejudgesentencedhimtodie．Helikes（orhates，loves）hiswifetodresswell，summertocome．Ishouldprefermydaughtertostudyart，themtotalkless．d．Hechargedmetosendtheletter，metokeepthediamond．Hecommissionedmetobuyacarforhim．Hesethisservanttogotothemarket，hertocook．Hetrustsmetoarrangeeverything．Hesentmetopickgrapes．Heenjoinedustoobey．Iphoned（orcalled，wired，wrote）himtocome．Heordered（ordirected，commanded）hismentogetready．16www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Theydelegatedhimtospeakatthemeeting．Heinstructedtheagenttosellit．Iwasassigned（orscheduled）tosing．Hesummonedthemtoappear．e．Ishouldnotobligeyoutospendyourmoney．Iamobligedtohelphim．Hepressed（orurged）metodrinkmore．Theyinvited（orasked）metospendthevacationattheircountry-house；himtospeak，tosing，todance．Hewelcomesyoutoenjoyhishospitality．f．Theybeggedhimtoaccompanythem，metohelpthem．Theyentreated（orbesought）themayortopardonthem，metodosomethingforthem．Theyconjuredhimnottocriticizethem．Theyimploredhimtosparetheirson，thekingtobemer-ciful．Iadjuredhimtotellmethetruth．Theyprayedthegodtosavethem，theenemytosetthemfree．g．Headvised（orcounselled，recommended）hisfriendtoworkhard，hisfriendstotrythispill．Hepersuadedhisfriendtoworkhard，metohelpher．Theywarned（orcautioned）menottogooutthatnight，metobecareful．Ipledgemyselfnottobeunjust．Ihavecommittedmyselftosupporthisson．Iboundmyself（orhim）topaythedebt．17www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语h．Hesufferednobodytotouchhisflowers，himselftobecaught．Heallowed（orpermitted）thestudentstoplayintheclassroom，butotherteachersforbadethemtodoso．Hecannotbearanymantospeakwithhiswife．Heleftthestudentstofinditout，thereaderstojudge，themtosinkorswim．i．Theticketentitledthebearertoseethemovie．Hisabilityentitledhimtocommandanarmy．Iempoweredhimtosupervisethecity．Thelawauthorizedthejudgetosentencehimtodeath．Theypromotedhimtodirectthisdepartment．Theylicensedmetopractisemedicine．j．Hissuccessdecidedmetotry．Thecircumstancedeterminedhimtoworkhard．Weprogramedhertosing．Weenrolledhimtobeafreshman．Theweatherinfluencedhimtochangehismind．Thehighsalarydisposed（orinclined）himtotakethejob．Godhaschosenustotakeland．Iselected（orpicked，found）amantoteachEnglish．k．Iinducedhimtoaccompanyme．Nothingcouldinducehimtobelieveit．Thismatterledmetothink（orhimtomakeadiscovery）．Nothingcanmovehimtochangehismind．Hebribedthemtokeepsilentabouthiscrime．18www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Povertymightprompt（orentice，move）metocommitacrime．Theytemptedhimtobeaplayboy．Hecoaxedhertogiveherappletohim．Hebadgeredhisfathertobuyabicycleforhim．l．Hehelpedme（to）doeverything，us（to）cookrice；aid-edustodoit（orindoingit）．Heassistedmetopreparecoffee（lesscommonthaninpreparingcoffee）．Hiswealthenabledhimtobuyabigbuilding．Theirassistanceenabledmetosucceed．Theypreparedtheirstudentstotaketheexam．Ihavetopreparehertoreceivethebadnews．m．Youprovoked（orexasperated）himtospeakrudely．Theychallenged（ordared，defied）ustofightagain．Thissuccessinspired（orprompted，encouraged）metostudyharder．Theyexcited（orincited，stimulated）thepeopletorebel．n．Theytrained（ordisciplined）himtobepatient．Theyeducate（orteach，bringup）Davidtobenice．Heconditionedthemtowatcheachother．Imustaccustommyselftogetupearlier．Iwilltrouble（orbother，thank）youtodosomething．Iunderstood（ormisunderstood）himtosayso．Ihave（never）knownhimtocurse，himtohelpthepoor．o．Heused（oremployed，utilized）thecoconutshelltotakewater．19www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Hebeckonedthemtoapproach，themtodrawnearer．Theywhisperedustobequiet．Hesigned（orsignalled）（to，for）themtowait．Henudgedhertospeak．Hehaspaid（orhired）youtodothedirtywork；bribedthepolicetoexcusehisoffence；engaged（oremployed）metotype．这种句型有一些变体：a．Hecaused（orordered，enabled）musictobeplayed．（在没有必要说明谁演奏时，可用不定式的被动形式）Heallowed（orpermitted）hisgoodnametobesoiled．b．Idonotwanttheretobeanotherwar（=anotherwartocome）．（anotherwas为宾语，tobethere为补语。）Helikes（orwishes）theretobeapicnic（=apicnictotakeplace）．Heheldtheretobenogod（=thatthereisnogod）．Hemeanttheretobenotrouble．Hehatestheretobeanyquarrel．Ishouldprefertheretobeameeting．Ihatetheretobesomemisunderstandingbetweenus．Iexpecttheretobesomekindofagreement．但注意：Ipromisedhimtoworkharder（=thatIwouldworkharder；不是指thathewouldworkharder）．43．S+IV．P+N+I（Johncriedtometostop．）20www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语约有40个不及物动词后面跟特定的介词，可用作宾补动词，用不定式作补语：a．Iprayed（to）Godtosaveme．Itelephoned（orwrote，wired）tohertocomeimmedi-ately．Hecried（out）（orshouted）tohertostop．Thebuglecalledtothetroopstoassemble．Imotioned（orsignalled）（to）themtogoaway．Hebeckoned（to）metofollow．Hesigned（to）metotakeaseat．Inoddedtohimtodoso．Iproposed（orsuggested）toJohntoaccompanyme．Weappealedto（orcalledupon）himtodosomething．Weappliedtothegovernmenttoassistus．Welookedtohimtosupplyuswithrice．b．Theyaskedforustosettlethematter．Theygesturedandshoutedforhimtocomeback．Mostofuslonged（orhoped）forthewartobeover，butsomedreadedforapeacetocome．Iwished（orpressed）forittobedoneatonce．Iagreeforhimtopaymenextweek．Theplanprovidedfortherichtoassistthepoor．Ihavearranged（orplanned）forhertogotocollege．WehavefixedfortheweddingtotakeplaceonSunday．Wewaitedforthemtotellusthenews．21www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Theysentforhimtobuildthehouse（orthedoctortocomeatonce）．Hedidn"tcareformetodoanythingforhim．Theylookedforsomeonetoassistthem．Theydidnotlookforastrangertocomeatnight．Thecompanyadvertisedforboystodothejob．c．Wecalleduponhimtoact．Wedepended（orrelied，counted）uponhimtohelpus．Everythingdependsuponhimnottointerfere．Wecountonhimnottoknowit（=countonthechancethathedoesnotknowit）．Heprevaileduponhertomarryhim．Theyfixedonhimtospeakontheirbehalf．d．Ipleadedwithhimtodosomethingforme．Theydemandofmetokeepasecret．Webegofhimtosaveourlives．Hetrustsinmetohelphim．Heyelledathertostop．试和上述句子比较：Imadesignsfor（=signed）himtocome，madeanappealto（=requested）themtohelpthevictims．Iamanxious（orwilling，impatient，inahurry）for（=entreat）Johntocome．44．S+FV+N+I（Johnletmedoit．）约有20个宾补动词用不带to的不定式作补语：22www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Imadehimstudy（不要用tostudy）hard．Iwillmakehimstay．Heletmego（不要用togo）．Lethimcomehereatseven．Letitbedestroyed．Hehadsomeaccidenthappentohim（=Someaccidenthappenedtohim）．Ihadmanyfriendscallonme．Iwatched（orlookedat，beheld，perceived，saw，observed，noticed）himcome．Wewatchedtheplanefly．Hefound（orwitnessed）herspeakwithsomeone．Heheard（oroverheard，listenedto）hersing．Ifeltthepressurein-crease．Hefelthimselfgrowinterestedinmusic．Ihave（never）knownhimtelllies．Heletsliptheopportunity（=lettheopportunityslip），letfallahint（=letahintfall），letgomyhand，letdroptheunessentialparts，letpassmymistake．在某些结构中，一些宾语可省略：Shehelped（me）makemyclothes．（Am．）Hehastomakedo（=manage）withatableforabed．Hemadebelieve（=pretended）nottoseeme．Ihear（people）saythatJohnhasdied，hear（people）tell（orspeak，talk）oftheaccident．在某些宾补动词后to可用可不用：Iwillhavehim（to）comeatonce．Wouldyouhaveme（to）believeit．He"llhelp（me）（to）carryit．Catherinehelps（me）（to）cookthedinner．（Am．）Hebademe（to）wait．Ihaveneverknown（orneverknew）him（to）behavesobad-ly．不要说：23www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Imakehimstudieshard．（错句）Imakehimtostudyhard．（错句）45．S+FV+N+Prp或S+IV．P+N+Prp（Johnkeptmewaiting．）至少有60个宾补动词可用现在分词作补语。a．约有40个宾补动词后面不用as：1）Theykeptmewaiting；keptthemachinerunning．Heleftmestandingoutside．Thenewsleftmewondering．Icannothave（=cannotsuffer）（orwon"thave）themwastingtheirtime．Iwillhave（=insiston）youfinishingitbyJanuary．Weshallhavetheraincoming（=Therainwillcome）．Ihadmanyfriendswaitingforme（=Manyfriendswaitedforme）．Hegothissonlearning（=madehissonlearn）English，thewaterboiling．Hegot（=had）somefriendswait-ingforhim（=Somefriendswaitedforhim）．2）Itookher（out）shopping，hunting．Thebellbroughtpeoplegatheringonthesquare．Hesenthischildtramping，begging；sentthepricesoaring，thempacking，hisenemysprawlingbackwards．Hesetthehouseburning．Thestorysetthemlaughing，roaring，gasping，trembling，thinking．Hestarted（orset）theenginerunning，theballflying，theclockgoing，themusicplaying．Hestarted（=set）melaughing．（Cf．LetussettheperiodasbeginningonJune1．）3）Icaughthim（whilehewas）stealingit．Hecaughtyoudoingthat．Imether（whileshewas）walkingwithJohn．Hesurprisedherbathingintheriver．Isensedhimdoingsomethingverymysteriously．Ifeltthehouseshaking，myheartbeating，myendapproaching；feltmyselftremblinginhisarms．24www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Isaw（orbeheld，lookedat，observed，watched，glimpsed，perceived，descried，scanned）aratrunningpast；noticed（orfelt，found）himstealingsomething．Isaw（orheard）himtalkingwithher（=Ihappenedtoobservepartoftheaction）．Isaw（orheard）himtalkwithher（=Iobservedthewholeaction．）但：Ishouldliketohearhimtalk（不用talking）withher．4）Iheardhimgivingorders．Hisimaginationdepicts（orpictures，paints）himselfhoveringinthesky．Iimagined（orfancy）himwanderingaboutthecitylikeabeggar．（Cf．Imagineyourselfasbeingrespectedbyyourfriends．）Hethoughthimselfdoingthebestthing．Neversupposeyourselfknowingeverything．Ianticipatedsomethinghappening．Irecollected（orrecalled，remembered）herglancingatmemorethanonce．5）Newspapersreportedhimmissing．Icannotunderstand（orconceive）himdoingsuchafoolishact．Idon"tlike（orhate，dislike，detest）mywifegoingoutoften；don"twantanyonecheatingme．Isawlyingonthestreetadeadmanwhoseemedtohavebeenkilledseveraldaysearlier．（如果宾语太长，分词应放在宾语前面。）Hesetrunningtheenginewhichwehadthoughtuse-less．b．至少有20个不及物动词要求分词前加as才能变成宾补动词：Hefanciedherclothesasbeingmadeofgold；recognizedmeasspeakingonbehalfofall；acceptedmeashavingseenmuchoftheworld；describedthecityasexpressingamodernideaofspeed；treatedmoneyashavinglittlevalue；dismissedthefaultasbeingtheresultofcarelessness；visualizedherashavingprettyeyes；sawlifeasbeingadream；struckmeasbeingafool．Itisregarded（orlookedupon）as（being）useless，acceptedas（being）thelargest，recordedas（being）thebest，portrayedasbelongingtoanew25www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语era．Heisquotedassayingthateducationisallimportant；well-knownasbeingupright．c．有些不及物动词加介词可以用作宾补动词，后面用分词作补语。由于这类句子很少，或许可以把S+IV．P+N+PrP这种句型看作是和S+FV+N+PrP一样：Theyheardofhimlivingacomfortablelife；toldofmybrotherhavingsucceeded；listenedtohersinging；thoughtoftheirbossplanningtofirethem．Ithinkofhimasrepresentingmodernwriters．Theyspokeofthefactoryas（being）thebest．Theylookeduponhimas（being）theirteacher；referredtothebookasteachingeverything．Badnovelsaresometimesreferredtoaspoisoningthemindofyoungpeople．46．S+FV+N+PaP（Johnhaditdone．）1533约有30个宾补动词可用过去分词作补语：a．Shehadareddressmade，apicturetaken，herteethpulledout，meputinprison．Hehadhiswatchstolen．KingCharleshadhisheadcutoff．Ihadnobreathleft，noriceleft，mycarrepaired．（Shemadeareddress．=Shemadeitherself．Shehadareddressmade．=Someonemadeitforher．Hehadhiswatchstolen．=Someonestoleit．不是Hecausedsomeonetostealit．have表示状态。）Thehousehasitswindowsbroken．b．Youmustgetyourhaircut，therulesobeyed，yourhousecleaned．Hegothiswatchdislocated．Ifyoudoso，youwillgetyourselfdisliked（=becomeunpopular）．（Youmustgetyourhaircut．=Youmustcausesomebodytocutyourhair．get表示动作。）c．Hecouldnotmakehisvoiceheard．Hispowermadehimrespected．Hemadehisinfluencefeltandrecognized，thesecretknown，theproposallistenedto，itunderstoodthathewasanhonestman．26www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Hewillkeepmewellinformed，thebitterlessonremembered，everychildwellfed，hismouthshut．Heleftthematterundecided，itunsaid，hisworkhalfdone，nomeansuntried，nostoneunturned．d．Iheardmynamecalled．HaveyoueverheardItalianspoken？I"veneverheardthissongsung．Hefelthimselfliftedup，insulted，hypnotized．Imust（orwill）see（=ensure）theworkdone，herrevenged．I"veneverseenamanhanged．Hesawthevillageburned．Hefoundtheworkalreadydone，hiscountryattackedbytheenemy，thehousedeserted，hiseyesdazzledbylight，himselfelectedpresident．Hewatched（orperceived，noticed）thesituationchanged，hiscountryoccupiedbyforeigners．e．Heimaginedhimselfinsulted；fanciedhimselfdefeated，lost，buried．Hethoughthimselfneglected（orhonoured）byhisfriends．Iconsideredmatterssettled，myselfdiscardedbymen．Iwant（orwish，desire）thepackageinsured，everythingfinishedbytwelve；likeitdoneatonce，suchthingsdiscussed；preferredgrammarstudiedfirst．Iowned（orconfessed，professed，acknowledged）myselfbeaten，myselfmistaken．f．Hebroughtmeacquaintedwithher．Hereportedsevenplanesshotdown，twentypersonskilled．Heorderedthembanishedfromthecity．Icannotbearthismattermentionedagain．间或过去分词前有一个being表示动作正在（被）进行：27www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Isawthevillageburned．（=ThevillagewasburnedwhenIsawit．）Isawthevillagebeingburned．（=ThevillagewasbeingburntwhenIsawit．）（更形象）Hefirstdiscoveredpotatoesbeingusedasfood．Ifoundtheworkbeingdone．Iheardthesongbeingsung．如果宾语过长，过去分词可以放在宾语前面：Heleftuntouchedallthethingstobedoneimmediately．Heheardplayedagainthemusichehadplayedwhenyoung．47．S+FV+it+C+IorGorCI（Johnmadeitaruletogetupearlyorthateveryoneshouldobeyhim．）约有40个宾补动词可用不定式、动名词、that从句或疑问词引起的从句作宾语，但它们都由it代表，而它们本身则移到补语后面。补语可以是形容词、名词、介词短语或分词：a．不定式作宾语：1）Heacknowledgeditdifficult（ortroublesome）（形容词作补语）tobeginanybusiness．Heconsidered（oresteemed，held）itconvenienttocomeatonce．Heimagined（orfancied）iteasytolearnalanguage．Hesupposeditwrongtotellalie．Theybelieved（orcalled）itsillytodoso．Ithinkitfit（orwell）towaithere．Theydeclared（oraffirmed）itillegaltocriticizethegovernment．2）Hemadeitarule（orapoint，hisentirebusiness）（名词作补语）nottoeatbetweenmeals．Thesituationrendereditamatterofdifficultytotellthetruth．Shejudgeditauselessattempttoadvisehim．Theydon"tholditasintosteal．Theypronounceditacrimetosayanythingagainstthem．Heaccounteditfuntogotosea．Hethoughtitnoharmtosmoke．3）Hetook（orhad）ituponhimself（介词短语作补语）tosettletheproblem．Hetookitintohisheadtoinventatranslatingmachine．Hehadit28www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语inhismind（orhishead，histhought）totalkwithherseriously；haditinmind（orinview，incontemplation）toadviseher．Hehaditinchargetotakecareofanorphan．Hehasitinhispowertodogoodorevil．Hewisheditinhispowertodogood．Heconsidereditbeyondhispowertohelpme．Heputitinhisheadtogotosea．Hehasleftittometodecide．Heowedit（=wasunderanobligation）tohisbosstotellthesecret（ortoworkhard）．Hecouldn"tfinditinhisheart（ormind，conscience）toabandonher．4）Hesaw（it）fit（orgood）totakearest；thought（it）fit（orright，well，proper）towaitandsee（it有时省略。）Hemade（it）plainthatwewouldfightonfordemocracy．5）Heregardeditasofgreatimportanceforyoutobehumble；lookeduponitasuselessforustolearnart．b．动名词作宾语：1）Heconsideredituseless（形容词作补语）discussingthematterwiththem．Ifoundittiresomedoingthesamethingeveryday．2）Hethoughtitapity（名词作补语）havingtoletslipthechance．Idon"tcallitlivingbeingablindman．Ithinkitdangerousyourdoingso．c．That从句作宾语：1）Ithoughtitlikely（形容词作补语）thathewouldfail．Heconsidereditimportantthateverythingshouldbefinishedbyseven．Hemade（it）clear（orplain）thathecouldnothelpanybody．Hetookitamiss（orill，unfriendly，unkindly）thatIkeptreticent．2）Hewishedittobeunderstood（不定式作补语）thatsheisnothiswife．3）Hehadhearditsaid（过去分词作补语）thatsomebodywouldmurderhim．Hewon"thaveitconcludedthathissonisafool．4）Thetrialputitbeyondadoubt（介词短语作补语）thathewasthemurderer．Hecast（orflung，threw）itinmyteeththatIwasatoady．HetookittoheartthatIcalledhimafool．IoweittohimthatIamstillalive．Ihaveitongoodauthority（orbyallaccounts）thatshewillmarryJohn．Theytookitforgrantedthatagirlmustmarrybeforetwenty．29www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语5）Helaiditdown（地点副词作补语）thatweshouldbemorefrugal．Hesetitaboutthatshewastomarryhim．6）Hegaveitashisopinion（补语前加as）thatallmenarealike．YoumaytakeitasarulethatIamreadytohelpanyfriend．d．疑问句引起的从句作宾语：1）Hedeclareditmysterious（形容词作补语）whysheshouldbekilled．2）Hefounditastonishing（现在分词作补语）howtheycouldaccomplishit．3）Ihearditdebated（过去分词作补语）whethercountrylifeisgood．Theyleftitundecidedwhowastobethechief．Hewanteditansweredhowthepicturewasdrawn．（Cf．S+FV+N+PaP）试比较下面句子：不定式、动名词、that从句或疑问词引起的从句作主语时，也常用it代表它们，本身则移到句子后面（参阅1318-20）：Itisveryeasytotalknonsense．Itseemsnecessarythatweshouldknowmanypeople．30www.jnworld.cn