grammar新编英语语法(第五版)第10,11,12讲的语法讲解 26页

Verbs Members方敏霞Freda周梦霞Dreamy倪晓燕Elian章梦帅Color潘婷Connie杨运营Catherine VerbandVerbPhrases VerbClassification:1.decidedbytheirfunctionintheverbphrases:｛Mainverb:notionalverb实义动词Auxiliary：助动词｛｛Examples:1.Theworkersreceivedaraiselastyear.2.Theyhavebeentakingmusiclessons.3.Heneedn"thavebeenwaitingintherain.SimpleVerbPhrase简单动词词组ComplexVerbPhrase复杂动词词组PrimaryAuxiliary基本助动词ModalAuxiliary情态助动词Semi-auxiliary半助动词 PrimaryAuxiliary(基本助动词）：be,do,have;Asauxiliaries,theydon"thaveactualmeanings.Theyjusthavegrammaticalmeaningsorfunctions.Examples:1.IamlisteningtoaBeethovensymphony.2.Mywifedoesn"tknowRussian.3.Ihavebeenworkingherefor20years.“be"isusuallyusedtoassistmainverbtoconstituteProgressiveAspectorPassivetense.“do"isusuallyusedtoassistmainverbtoshownegativemeaningorconstituteQuestions,orevenemphasis."have"isusuallyusedtoassistmainverbtoconstitutePerfectiveAspectorPerfectiveProgressiveAspect. ModalAuxiliary(情态助动词）：14个：can/could,may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,oughtto,dare/dared,need,usedto；Examples:1.Itmaysnowbeforenightfall.2.Wouldyouletmeuseyourpenforaminute?3.Ifshebecameamoviestar,shecouldaffordanewhome.ModalAuxiliaryshowmodalmeaning,andtheirpasttenseformmaynotshowthepasttime.Itmaystandforamildtone.ModalAuxiliarycan"toverlapuse. Semi-auxiliary(半助动词）：thegrammaticalstructurethathavefeaturesofMainVerbandAuxiliary.suchashaveto,seemto;Examples:1.Ihavetobuyanewcar.2.Youwillhavetosellyourhouse.Semi-auxiliarycanpairwithmainverbtoconstitutecomplexverbphraseandshowmodalmeaning.Itcanalsopairwithotherauxiliary,whichcancomparewithmainverbbutisn"tsimilartomodalauxiliarycompletely. mainverb:｛TransitiveverbIntransitiveverbLinkverb及物动词不及物动词连系动词（其后需加主语补语（subjectcomplement)2.duetoifthemainverbhavecomplementationorwhatcomplementationtheyhave｛Dynamicverb:Stativeverb:动态动词静态动词describemotionstatedescriberelativestaticstate3.duetotheverb"smeanings DynamicVerb（动态动词）：｛表持续动作的词表改变或移动的词表短暂动作的词例：drink,eat,fly,playandsoon例：arrive,become,change,comeandsoon例：hit,jump,kick,open,closeandsoonExamples:1.Heworksatachemicalfactory.2.Theyweretalkingaboutthehouse.3.Winterishere.Theleavesofthetreesareturningyellow.4.Theoldmanstopsatahouseandknocksatthedoor.表持续动作表持续动作表改变表短暂动作 StativeVerb(静态动词）：表示存在于现在或过去的一种状态,通常用于非进行体.describethestatethatsomethinghappensinthepresentorhappenedinthepast.a.用作主动词的be和have(作“有”解）：Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.b.含有静态动词be,have意义的动词，如applyto,belongto,differfrom,cost,weigh等。Thisruleappliesto(=isapplicableto)everyone.c.表示感觉的动词，如feel,hear,see,smell等Shedoesn"thearverywell.d.表示心理或情感状态的动词，如assume,believe,consider,detest等Weunderstoodyourdifficulty. Attention:如果静态动词（stativeverb)用于进行体(progressiveaspect)，则变为动态动词（dynamicverb).Examples:1.Heisbeingfoolish.2.Thismistakeiscostingusdearly.3.Bequiet.I"mthinking.表示肉体感觉的动词，如ache,feel,hurt等，用于进行体或非进行体均可，含义不变。Examples:1.Myfootaches/isaching.2.Idon"tfeel/amnotfeelingverytired.=isactingfoolishly=isbringinggreatinjurytous=givingthoughttoaproblem Verbclassification(2):Mainverb:(4.accordingtocomposition)｛Single-wordverbPhrasalverb单词动词词组动词｛v+prep.v+adv.v+adv+prep.Examples:1.Hecouldn"taccountforhislongabsencefromschool.2.Theplaceblowupwhenitwashitbyamissile.3.Idon"twanttocomedownwiththefluagain. ｛FiniteVerbNon-finiteVerb限定动词非限定动词↓Finiteverbphrase↓Non-finiteverbphrase｛Regularverb规则动词Irregularverb不规则动词｛allthreeformsaresame(cast-cast-cast)pasttenseandpastparticiplearesame(bend-bent-bent)allthreeformsaredifferent(arise-arose-arisen)FiniteForm限定形式Non-finiteForm非限定形式｛PresentTense现在时PastTense过去时｛Infinitive不定式-ing分词-ed分词Thebiggestdifferencebetweenfiniteverbandnon-finiteverbisthatwhethertheyhave"tense"signornot.mainverb Verb"sgrammaticalforms:｛Tense（时）：｛PasttensePresenttenseAspect（体）：｛ProgressiveAspect进行体PerfectiveAspect完成体Examples:1.IspeakChinese,butnowIamspeakingEnglish.2.IhavetaughtEnglishfor20years.Tense（时）:itistheverbformthatshowstimedistinction.Aspect（体）:itistheverbformthatshowsmotionorprocessisinwhatstateinacertaintime.Voice（态）:itistheverbformthatshowsactiveorpassiverelationshipbetweensubjectsandpredicateverbs.Mood（式）:itistheverbformthatisusedtodistinguishspeakersinwhattoneofvoice. Voice(语态）：｛ActiveVoice主动态PassiveVoice被动态→ActiveSentence主动句→PassiveSentence被动句↓被动态动词词组也可有不同的时、体形式(P120)Mood（式）：｛IndicativeMood陈述式ImperativeMood祈使式SubjunctiveMood虚拟式Examples:1.HegoestochurcheverySunday.2.Takea10minutesbreaknow.3.HowIwishIhadgonetherewithyou. TheTenseandAspectofVerbs(一) 11.1theusageofsimplepresenttense(一般现在时)1.Whatissimplepresenttense?Simplepresenttenseisakindofpresenttenseformthatnotcombinedwithprogressiveaspect(进行体)orprefectiveaspect(完成体)。2.Usage1)standsfortheobjectiveexistencewithouttimelimit(表示不受时限的客观存在)LondonstandsontheRiverThames.2)standsforpresenthabits(表示现在习惯动作)Healwayssleepswithhiswindowsopen. 3)standsforpresentstatusandinstantaction(表示现时状态和现在瞬时动作)What"sthematterwithyou?Youlookpale.4)standsforfuturetime(表示将来时间）Ibetitrainstomorrow.5)standsforpasttime(表示过去时间)Alicetellsmeyou"reenteringcollegenextyear. 11.2theusageofsimplepasttense(一般过去时)1.Whatisthesimplepasttense?Simplepasttenseisakindofpasttenseformthatnotcombinedwithprogressiveaspect(进行体)orprefectiveaspect(完成体)。2.Usage1)standsforpasttimeHevisitedafactorylastFriday.Theboysoldnewspapersforaliving.2)standsforpresenttimeandfuturetimeA:Didyouwantme?B:Yes,Iwonderedifyoucouldgivemesomehelp. 11.3theusageofpresentprogressive(现在进行体)1.standsforthepresentactionswhenyouarespeakingA:Whatareyoudoing?B:I"mwritingaletter.2.standsfortheactionsthatyoustilldoingatthepresentstageYouarecontinuallyfindingfaultwithme.3.standsfortheactionsthatwillsoonhapenaccordingtotherecentscheduleI"mgoingtoQingdaoforthesummerholiday.4.otherusages:a)Idon"tknowwhatyouaretalkingabout.(表示刚刚过去的动作)b)I"mhopingyou"llgiveussomeadvice.(表婉转口气) 11.4theusageofpastprogressive(过去进行体)1.Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayatsevenp.m.(表示过去某时正在进行的动作)2.Georgewasgettingupatfiveeverydaythatweek.(表示过去某种习惯性动作)3.Theywereleavingafewdayslater.(表示过去将来时间里的动作)4.Iwaswonderingifyou"dliketocomeoutwithmeoneevening.(表示现在时间和将来时间里的动作) TheTenseandAspectofVerbs(二) 12.1theusageofpresentprefective(现在完成体)andpresentprefectiveprogressive(现在完成进行体)1.presentprefective(现在完成体)1)He"sturnedoffthelight.(已完成用法,通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用)2)He"slivedheresince1960.(未完成用法，通常与表示一段时间的状语连用)2.presentprefectiveprogressive(现在完成进行体)*由have/hasbeen+-ing分词构成1)I"vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.(动作还将继续下去）2)I"vebeensittinginthegarden.(动作在说话时刻之前刚刚结束) 12.2theusageofpastprefective(过去完成体)andpastprefectiveprogressive(现在完成进行体)1.pastprefective(过去完成体)1)Tomflewhome,buthisfatherhadalreadydied.(已完成用法，表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经完成或结束）2)Bysixo"clocktheyhadworkedtwelvehours.(未完成用法，表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且到那时还未结束，仍有继续下去的可能性)2.pastprefectiveprogressive(现在完成进行体)*由hadbeen+-ing分词构成I"dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.(主要用法与现在完成进行体相仿) 12.3severalsupplementaryinstructiontotheusageofperfectiveaspect1.完成体与since-分句HehastaughtusEnglishsince2006.(表示自从某一“时点”以来一直存在着某种事态)2.完成体与havegot/havegottoI"vegotaknife(=Ihaveaknife).(在口语中，尤其是英国英语中，have/hasgot相当于have/has,作“有”解，不作get的现在完成体理解)3.完成体在“Itisthefirsttime+that-分句中的使用It"sthefirsttimeI"vebeenhere.(在“Itis/was/willbethefirsttime+that-分句”结构中，当主句动词为is/willbe时，that-分句动词一律用现在完成体；引导词that可以省略) 一个团结友爱互助的大家庭Thankyou~