2014考研英语语法讲义 38页

考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研语法讲义——长难句分析策略主讲讲师：连俊霞 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义2/38总论：一、考研语法在各题型直接命题点的体现：1.阅读：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词、比较结构------主语从句。2.完形：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词------主语从句、比较结构、同位语从句。3.翻译：定语从句------状语从句、宾语从句、现在分词------过去分词------比较结构、倒装------同位语从句、表语从句。二、英语句法规则：一个句子中有且只能有一个核心动词。㈠分号和并列连词可以连接多个独立的句子，构成并列句；多个句子之间是平等关系；多句的动词共同构成句子的核心动词。㈡复合句分为主句和从句两部分，由从属连词连接；主句的动语是核心动词；主从句之间属于上下级关系。三、长难句分析六步走1.(2010Text4)These(changes)gavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassets(非流动资产)andmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatements(损益计算).2.（2001完形）ThegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcasessuchasthetrialofRosemaryWest.3.（2005Text1）Whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyinmonkeysandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.(2005-25)Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义3/38[A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.[B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.[C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.[D]Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.4.(2008Text2)TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.四、基本知识补充1.句子成分：主干成分——主语、谓语/系词、宾语/表语修饰成分——定语、状语和补语例：WhenitcomestoEnglishtest,he,whoisacollegestudent,considersgrammarmostimportant.2.由词到句的扩展：除谓语和补语外，任何其他句子成分都可以用句子代替单词或短语构成从句。例：Lastyear,thehard-workingstudentconsideredtheNETEMmostimportant.（词）In2011,mostofcollegestudents,agroupofhard-workingpeople,consideredpassingtheNETEMmostimportant.（短语）Whenitwas2011,whatwasconsideredtobethemostimportantformostofcollegestudents,whowerehard-workingpeople,waspassingtheNETEM.（句）3.简单句基本句型：（1）主语+及物动词+宾语IlikeEnglish.（2）主语+系动词+表语Helookstwisted.（3）主语+不及物动词Ifainted.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义4/38（4）主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语Hetoldmeastory.（5）主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语Wecallthiskindpseudo-girls.启示：“”部分为句子的谓语部分，只有有动词才成句，通过动词与连词区分简单句、并列句、复合句。Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义5/38第二章名词性语法内容一、名词：1．语法功能：充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。例：Thereasonsareclearnow.Whyhemurderedhiswifeisclearnow.Hehasmadeclearthefacts.Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.Itisthequestion.ItiswhetherIshoulddisgracefullysurviveorsmartlydisappear.Wefoundoutthefact,themurder.Wefoundoutthefactthathewaskilled.AmericanselectedBarackObamatheirpresident.二、名词性结构：动名词与不定式1．动名词与不定式做主语例：5.(2006完形)Findingwaystoassistthisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.6.(2005.49)Creatinga―EuropeanIdentity‖thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabric(组织)oftheOldContinent（欧洲大陆）isnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.7.Toerr（犯错）ishuman;toforgive,divine（神圣的）.2．动名词与不定式做宾语例：8.(1994语法)Iappreciatetheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.A.havingbeengivenB.havinggivenC.tohavebeengivenD.tohavegiven9.(2003Text1)Thelatestrevolutionisn‘tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen‘se-mail.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义6/383．动名词与不定式检测题10.(2004Text1)Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopenings（空缺）canbetime-consumingandinefficient.…Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.11.(2004完形)Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact.12.(2001Text5)Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof―jugglingyourlife‖,andmakingthealternativemoveinto―downshifting‖bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.13.(1998Text4)Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.三、名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句。注：用从句代替名词充当句子成分，称之为名词性从句。1．主语从句：that引导（陈述句）、whether、what等疑问词引导（what—疑问句）。14.(2006Text3)Thattheseseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.15.(1993.74)Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses(thescientists‘mindprocesses),andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.16.(2000.72)Itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry‘seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.17.(2008.46)Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义7/3818.(1994.75)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.2．宾语从句：that引导（可省—陈述句）、whether等疑问词引导（疑问句）。19.(2005Text2)Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistargued(that)smokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn‘tknowforsure?20.(2004.61)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.21.(1997Text4)―Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,‖hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,―liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude.‖3．表语从句：that引导和as/asif引导（陈述句）、because/why、what等疑问词引导（疑问句）。22.(1997Text2)AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.23.(2006Text3)Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.4．同位语从句：that引导（陈述句）、疑问词引导（疑问句）。a.名词+同位语从句24.(2005Text3)Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.25.(2011.46)Allen‘scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare—thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts—andrevealsitserroneousnature.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义8/3826.(2009Text1)Theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.（3）名词性从句检测题：27.Whathewantedtoconveywasthathewasinnocent,butthepublicconsideredthatthefactthattheaffairhadastronginfluenceonthefemalestarswastheprominentevidenceforhisfault.28.(2012Text1)Butinhernewbook,JointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.29.(2012Text2)Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.30.(2010Text2)TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecase(Bilski)wouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt‘sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould―reconsider‖itsStateStreetBankruling.（2010-27）WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?A.Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions.B.Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction.C.IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit.D.ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义9/38第三章形容词性语法内容一、语法功能：定语、表语、补语、状语。例：Sheisbeautiful.Wefindtheexaminteresting.Thegirlstoodthere,fullofconfidence.Heisahandsomeboy.Heisaboywhoishandsome.Weshouldknowtheculturepastandpresent.二、形容词性从句：定语从句------限定性定语从句（that可）、非限定性定语从句（that否）。例：31.（2005.47）Multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.32.(1999Text2)Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany‘sprivateintranet.33.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichcontributedalottohissuccessinhiscareer.1．关系代词引导的定语从句：that引导（做连词可省）、which引导、who引导、whom引导、whose引导。例：34.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(模式)intowhichtheyplug(嵌入，套入)eachday‘sevents.35.(2012Text1)Butinhernewbook,JointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义10/382．关系副词引导的定语从句：when引导、where引导、why引导、whereby引导。例：36.Televisionisoneofthemeanswherebythesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed.37.(1998cloze)Bycontrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1659to1750,whenEnglandwasstillacompletelyagriculturalcountry,aperiodofabundanceandprosperity.38.(2005Text3)Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight‘ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.3．as引导的定语从句：a.引导限定性定语从句：固定搭配的必须必such…as…,thesame…as(that)…,as…as…；例：39.(2001Text4)Themostimportantforcesbehindthemassive(巨大的)M&A(并购)wavearethesamethatunderlie(引起)theglobalizationprocess.40.Thesungivesusasmuchenergyeveryminuteasmankindusesinayear.b.引导非限定性定语从句：代替which出现在主句之前。例：41.(2006Text2)Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry—WilliamShakespeare—buttherearetwodistinctivelyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.42.(2006Translation)Thisdescriptionevenfitsthemajorityeminentscholars.Beinglearnedinsomebranchesofhumanknowledgeisonething;livingin―publicandindustriousthoughts‖,asEmersionwouldsay,issomethingelse.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义11/38作文常用句型：Asisshowninthepictures,Asisseenfromthechart,Asisvividlybetrayedinthecartoonabove…。4．定语从句和同位语从句区分：例：Theconclusionthattheyhavedrawniswrong.Theconclusionthattheywon‘tacceptourconditionsiswrong.5．定语从句检测题43.(2012Text3)Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.44.(2006翻译)Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityoffactors,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.45.(1994完形54)Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension.A.whoB.asC.whichD.what46.(2006Text2)Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.47.(2008Text4)TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.48.(2008Text4)Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.（2008-40）Washington‘sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis______.A.moralconsiderationB.militaryexperienceYouneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义12/38C.financialconditionsD.politicalstand49.(2010Text1)OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.50.(2010Text1)Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.三、分词：现在分词、过去分词----时态与主被动1．语法功能：定语、表语、宾语/主语补足语、状语。2.定语：a.Weareoftenattractedbyenchantingmusic.Wemustadapt(适应)ourthinkingtothechangedconditions.b.TheAmericanpresidentvisitingChinanowwillreturnonSaturday.51.(2006Text4)Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicated(用于)todepictinghappiness.c.分词作定语检测题：52.(1996年语法)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecently4whathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.A.givingB.gaveC.togiveD.gives53.(1995年语法)Howmanyofus,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion.A.attendedB.attendingC.toattendD.haveattended54.(1999年语法)It‘seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevague(不明确的)changesplaceinourever-changingworld.A.takingB.totakeC.takeD.takenYouneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义13/3855.(2003.63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttoanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.56.(2010Text1)WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandthbetweentheturnofthe20centuryandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.(2010-22)NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby_____.A.freethemesB.casualstylesC.elaboratelayoutD.radicalviewpoints3.表语：a.Hisargumentisveryconvincing.b.分词作表语检测题：57.（2005Text3）Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspended(暂停、终止)anddeadpeoplespeak.4.补足语：主要看动作是谁发出的，宾语发出就是宾语补足语。a.Whilewalkingalongthestreets,weoftenhearsomeonesingingforhis/herliving.Inthemorning,peoplewokeupandfoundtheworldoutsidetheirhousecompletelychanged.b.分词做补足语检测题：Teachersalwaysspeakloudlyinordertomakethemselvesheard.5.状语：注意分词的逻辑主语，由主被动关系决定分词选择（切记）。a.Changingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstances(物质)nearit.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义14/38Seeninthislight,economiccrisisisnotasseriousaspeoplegenerallysuppose.b.分词作状语检测题：58.(1998语法)Hewasn‘taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,insufficiently（不够地）popularwithallmembers.A.beingconsideredB.consideringC.tobeconsideredD.havingconsidered59.(1992语法)oftheburdenofice,theballoonclimbedupanddriftedtothesouth.A.TobefreeB.FreeingC.TofreeD.Freed60.(1993语法)Allflightsbecauseofthesnowstorm（暴风雪）,wedecidedtotakethetrain.A.werecanceledB.hadbeencanceledC.havingcanceledD.havingbeencanceled61.(2012Text4)Politicianshaverepeatedly―backloaded‖public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.62.(1999Text1)Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipate（预测）everypossibleaccident.63.(2004.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.64.(2007Text4)Left,untilnow,toodd,low-levelITstafftoputright,andseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanking,telecomsandairtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighontheboss‘sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.6.分词的复合结构：分词前加逻辑主语。Timepermitting,wearegoingtoBeijingBotanicalGarden.65.(2001年语法)Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely（提前地）,withtheBritishrecapture（重新收回，夺回）oftheporthalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义15/38A.toannounceB.announcedC.announcingD.wasannouncedc.分词的复合结构检测题：66.(1999Text3)But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewelldevelopedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobornot.67.(1997年语法)Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphonetothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.A.addingB.tohaveaddedC.toaddD.added68.(1993年语法)Asforthewinter,itisinconvenienttobecold,withmostoffurnacefuel（锅炉燃料）isallowedsavedforthedawn.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.such启示：分词已经不是动词，所以不能在句中做谓语。区分过去分词和动词过去式。Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义16/38第四章副词性语法内容一、语法功能：状语。注：状语修饰动词、形容词和整句。例：Shecarefullypickedupallthebitsofbrokenglass.Heisoldenoughtogetmarried.Hepassedthefirst-roundoftheexamination.However,hewasnotadmittedbyRenminUniversitybecausehisperformanceonoralEnglishwasreallybad.(表示上下文关系)二、副词性从句：状语从句------时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句。69.（2005.9）Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,9othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.A.whenB.sinceC.forD.whereas70.（1997.48）Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive48avoidingmarketcirclesandthegrowingburdensimposedbyemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpension(退休金)plans.A.butB.whileC.andD.whereas注：。71.(2010-18)WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,outputdulyrosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayandcontinuedtoriseforthenextcoupleofdays._____,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondays.A.ThereforeB.FurthermoreC.HoweverD.Meanwhile72.(2007-9)Generallytherewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbyacommonsetoflaws.Ontheissueoffreedomofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,__9__,therewaslessagreementamongtheleadership.A.thereforeB.howeverC.indeedD.moreover73.(2006-1)ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica‘spopulation.__1__,homelesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan‘tpossiblycope.A.IndeedB.LikewiseC.ThereforeD.Furthermore74.(2005-16)Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsitinefficienttokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcancreatenewreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay__16__explainYouneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义17/38whywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.A.stillB.alsoC.otherwiseD.nevertheless75.(2006-7)Estimatesrangeanywherefrom600,000to3million.__7__thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessisincreasing.A.NowthatB.AlthoughC.ProvidedD.Exceptthat1．时间状语从句：正点------as,till,(not)until,assoonas…,every(each)time,theinstant,theminute,themoment,thesecond,nosooner…than,hardly...when;之前------before;之后------after,since,once;例：Thebabystartscryingtheminuteheseeshisfather.Nosoonerhadhedrunkthecoffeethanhebegantofeeldrowsy（困倦的）.76.（2002年翻译）Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched（确定的）.＊＊＊―not…until‖的四种不同句式：a.正常句式b.Until在句首c.倒装句式d.强调句式注：分享同一翻译：直到……才。77.（1994Text2）Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.时间状语从句检测题：78.（1991年语法）tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.A.HardlyhadhebeganB.NosoonerhadhebeganC.NotuntilhebeganD.ScarcelydidhebeganYouneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义18/3879.（1998年语法）Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrueitcomestoclassroomtests.A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.whenth80.（2002.22）Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnotthe19centurythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium,followinginthewakeofthepamphlet(小册子)andthebookandinthecompanyoftheperiodical(期刊).A.afterB.byC.duringD.until81.(2001-6)Inasignificanttighteningoflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroduceadraftbillthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnessesillegalandwillstrictlycontroltheamountofpublicitythatcanbegiventoacase__6__atrialbegins.A.sinceB.ifC.beforeD.as2．地点状语从句：everywhere/anywhere/wherever；例：82.（1998Text2）EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.3．条件状语从句：suppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing,as(so)longas;ifonly：只要；onlyif：只有注：区别。83.（1996年语法）Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme3shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.A.eversinceB.muchasC.eventhoughD.ifonly84.（2004年完形42）Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfanhisfamilyheproducesasurplus.A.onlyifB.muchasC.longbeforeD.eversincesuppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing注：相当于if.例：Suppose/Supposingthatitrains,canweplayfootballindoors?Farmerswillhaveagoodharvest,assumingtheweatherisfavorable.Provided/Providingwegetgoodweatheritwillbeasuccessfulholiday.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义19/38aslongas…85.（2002Text4）Aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohasten(加速)death.条件状语从句检测题86.（1993语法）YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingyoudon‘tmindtakingthenighttrain.A.providedB.unlessC.thoughD.until87.(2010-7)Itdidnot__6__whatwasdoneintheexperiment;__7__somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A.asfarasB.forfearthatC.incasethatD.solongas4．原因状语从句：as,since,inthat;considering;nowthat,as(so)longas;onthegroundsthat;例：88.（2003.37）theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedtheconfidencethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentareadmiredbyothers.A.IfB.AlthoughC.whereasD.Because89.（1995语法）Hydrogen（氢元素）isthefundamentalelementoftheuniverseitprovidesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.A.sothatB.butthatC.inthatD.providedthat原因状语从句检测题90.（1996.46）Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon（碳元素）,hydrogen,oxygen（氧元素）,andsometimesnitrogen（氮元素）.Theyaredifferenttheirelementsarearrangeddifferently.A.inthatB.sothatC.suchthatD.exceptthat91.（2004.22）Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior22theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeeds(违法行为)orthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteraction(一起活动)withothers.A.beforeB.unlessC.untilD.becauseYouneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义20/385．目的状语从句：lest,incase,forfearthat例：92.（2003Text4）FormerColoradogovernor(州长)RichardLammhasbeenquoted（引用）assayingthattheoldandinfirm―haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway‖sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.93.（2000Text5）Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing（爱出风头的）,acquisitive（贪婪的）andvulgar（庸俗的）.(2000-29)Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause_____.A.theythinkofitasimmoralB.theirpursuitsarenotfameorwealthC.ambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefitsD.theydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptible目的状语从句检测题94.（2003.35）Intheseactivties,itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspan.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoontosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.A.ifonlyB.nowthatC.sothatD.evenif95.（2003Text2）They（scientists）shouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.96.(2003.49)Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshould______.A.communicatemorewiththepublicB.employhi-techmeansinresearchC.feelsnoshamefortheircauseD.strivetodevelopnewcuresYouneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义21/386．方式状语从句：as;asif/though;inthesameway/manner;例：.97.（2000Text1）Forawhileitlooksasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericanhadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty(牺牲品)。7．让步状语从句：while,as,whether注：翻译通常为“尽管……”、“不论……”。易懂类：。例：98.（2002.29&31）Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearlyth20century,followedbytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuit(集成电路)duringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediatelyapparent.[29].A.indeedB.henceC.howeverD.therefore[31].A.unlessB.sinceC.lestD.although99.（1996.50）Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionaluseforexcessvitamins.Manypeople,50,believeinbeingonthe―safeside‖andthustakeextravitamins.A.neverthelessB.thereforeC.moreoverD.meanwhile100.（1997.44）44itseconomyconditionstorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.A.EventhoughB.NowthatC.IfonlyD.Providedthat101.（1998语法）Thereareover100nightschoolsinthecity,makingitpossibleforaprofessionaltobereeducatednomatterhedoes.A.howB.whereC.whatD.when102.（2000Text2）ButhoweveramazedourdecedentsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.易懂类检测题：103.（1997改错）AlthoughprofessorGreen‘slecturesusuallyranover(A)thefifty-minute(B)period,butYouneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义22/38none(C)ofhisstudentseven(D)objectedastheyfoundhislecturesbothinformativeandinteresting.104.（2004.40）Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,40adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.A.providedB.sinceC.althoughD.supposing105.（2005：1.5.6）Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,__1__thisislargelybecause,unlikeanimals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesarelimitedtoperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,missingthemajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,__5__,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,__6__wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableofdetectinghumansmellsevenwhenthesearediluted(稀释)tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.[1].A.althoughB.asC.butD.while[5].A.anywayB.thoughC.insteadD.therefore[6].A.evenifB.ifonlyC.onlyifD.asif106.（2000Text4）Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanical(机械的)learningovercreativityandself-expression.(2000Text4)Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?A.Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.B.Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.C.Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.D.Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.107.(2005Text4)Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.108.(2005.39)ThedescriptionofRussians‘loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor‘s________.A.interestintheirlanguageYouneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义23/38B.appreciationoftheireffortsC.admirationfortheirmemoryD.contemptfortheirold-fashionedness109.(2008Text4)WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.(2008.38)WhatdowelearnaboutThomasJefferson?A.Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.B.Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.C.Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.D.Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.难点类：。例：Youngasheis,Jimisknowledgeable.Childasheis,Jimisknowledgeable.MuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseensuchabeautifulplace.难点类检测题：110.Tryashewill,nomanbreakswhollyloosefromhisfirstlove,nomatterwhoshebe…We‘veonlyonevirginity（纯真）tolose,andwherewelostitthereourheartswillbe!111.（1992语法）,hedoesgetannoyedwithhersometimes.A.AlthoughmuchhelikesherB.MuchalthoughhelikesherC.AshelikeshermuchD.Muchashelikesher112.（1998.75）Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflation（宇宙大爆炸）isascientificallyplausible（可行的）consequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义24/388．比较状语从句：as…as,more…than,nomorethan,lessthan,notlessthan.基本类：。例：113.(1994语法)ScientistsgenerallyagreethattheEarth‘sclimatewillwarmupoverthenext50to100yearsithaswarmedinthe20,000yearssincetheIceAge.A.aslongasB.asmuchasC.assoonasD.aswellas114.(1999.71)Therearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians.115.(2005.46)NeverbeforehastelevisionservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.116.(2006Text1)Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics―havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoUS-bornwhitesandblacks.‖基本类检测题：117.(2006.47)Hisfunctionisanalogous（类似的）tothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.118.(2000Text4)Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterparts（同辈）inthe10othercountriessurveyed.119.(2009Text3)YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts—aresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.(2009.33)AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.S.workforcesisthat____.A.TheJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplinedYouneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义25/38B.TheJapaneseworkforceismoreproductiveC.TheU.S.workforcehasabettereducationD.TheU.S.workforceismoreorganized120.(2007Text1)Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.(2007.23)AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemoryA.dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.B.resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.C.isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.D.requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.121.(2007Text3)Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.倍数类：。例：122.(2000Text1)AftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,theUShadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleled（无与伦比的）economiesofscale.123.(2003Text3)Railroadstypicallychargetheshippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.124.(1998Text4)Asaresult,California‘sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent—littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960sgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义26/38倍数类检测题：125.(1999语法)Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillspeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.A.sevenmoretimesB.seventimesmoreC.overseventimesD.seventimes特殊类：。例：126.(2005七选五)Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterlife.127.(2006.49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconduct(管理)inbusiness.128.(1994语法)Theheartisintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.A.notsoB.notmuchC.muchmoreD.nomore129.(2000语法)Itwasn‘tsomuchthatIdislikedherthatIjustwasn‘tinterestedinthewholebusiness.A.ratherB.soC.thanD.as特殊类检测题：130.(2001Text5)Forthewomenofmygenerationthroughthe‘80s,downshiftinginthemid-‘90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlifeasapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.131.(1994.74)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.132.(1993语法)Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,theycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.A.muchmorethanB.nomorethanC.nolessthanD.anymorethanYouneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义27/38Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义28/38第五章其它语法现象一、省略：省略重复部分；省略主be结构；不定式表示省略。1．例：Ithinkyou"llmastergrammar;indeedallyourteachersthinkso.If(itis)necessary,wearegoingtodoitagain.Though(theyare)stilldistant,theprospectsforpassingtheexambecomesbright.Sometimes,Ireallycannotworkoutwhattodoandhow.2．省略检测题：133.(2003Text4)ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing(紧迫的),inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.…Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.(2003-36)Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?A.AmericansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeopleB.AmericansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbeforeC.Americansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnologyD.Americanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy二、倒装：部分倒装，完全倒装。1．部分倒装：助动词，情态动词等提至主语前。例：Onlyinthiswaycanyoucomeupwithasolutiontotheproblem.SeldominallmylifehaveImetsuchabraveman.134.(2000Text4)FarmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.135.(1998.75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflation（宇宙大爆炸）isascientificallyplausible（可行的）consequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义29/382．完全倒装：核心动词提至主语前。例：Onthebankstandsabeautifulglass-madebeachhouse.3．倒装检测题：136.(2004翻译)Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.137.(2001Text3)Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.138.(1997Text4)AtthecoreofthethisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.三、强调：do+谓语动词；强调句；否定词加too；否定词+more；双重否定。例：Sciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture.Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Icannotlovehermore.ItisyouwhowillbesuccessfulintheNETEM.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义30/38第六章扩展练习146.（2001.74）Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”147.(1994Text1)Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.（33words）148.(2007Text3)Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweekelderlyparent—andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance—havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.1.并列结构：149.(2003.63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.150.(1986.77)HeisimmediatelyacceptedbytheUniversityofhischoice,andspendshisthreeorfouryearsbecomingaspecialist,emergingwithafirst-classHonourDegreeandverylittleknowledgeofwhattherestoftheworldisallabout.2.名词性从句：151.(2005Text1)Whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyinmonkeysandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.152.(1995.72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义31/38153.(1998.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.154.(2005七选五)Underit,aCommonDrugReviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded.155.(2010Text3)InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthat―socialepidemics‖aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.156.(1995.73)Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.157.(2001Text4)Andshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleof"defendingcompetition"onissuesthataffectmanyothernations,asintheU.S.vs.Microsoftcase?3.定语从句：158.(2008Text2)TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.159.(2010Text2)Nowthenation‘stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized1yearsago.160.(2005Text2)Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn"tknowforsure?161.(1996翻译)Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake,bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义32/384.状语从句162.(1999.71)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.163.(2002.65)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.164.(2008Text3)Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.165.(2008Text3)Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today"speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations—apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义33/38第七章真题练习2009Text1Habitsareafunnything．Wereachforthemmindlessly，settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine．―Notchoice．buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd．‖WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury．Intheever-changing2lstcentury，eventheword―habit‖carriesanegativeimplication.Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation．Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits，wecreateparallelpaths，andevenentirelynewbraincells，thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew，innovativetracks．Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit，wecaninsteaddirectourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits．Infact，themorenewthingswetry—themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone—themoreinherentlycreativewebecome,bothintheworkplaceandinourpersonallives．Butdon‘tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits；oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothebrain，they‘retheretostay．Instead．thenewhabitswedeliberatelypressintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads．―Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,‖saysDawnaMarkova，authorofTheOpenMind．―Butwearetaughtinsteadto‗decide‘，justasourpresidentcallshimself‗theDecider‘．‖Sheadds，however，that―todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone．Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities．‖Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe‘reunaware，shesays．Researchersinthelate1960sdiscoveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways：analytically，procedurally，relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively．Attheendofadolescence，however，thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity，preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife．Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure，meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought．―ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything，‖explainsM．J．Ryan，authorofthe2006bookThisYearIWill...andMs．Markova‘sbusinesspartner．―That‘saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness．Knowingwhatyou‘regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence．‖Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin．21.InWordsworth‘sview,―habits‖ischaracterizedbybeing_________________.[A]casual[B]familiar[C]mechanical[D]changeable22．Brainresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofnewhabitscanbe______________.[A]predicted[B]regulated[C]traced[D]guided23．Theword―ruts‖(Line1，Paragraph4)isclosestinmeaningto___________________.[A]tracks[B]series[C]characteristics[D]connections24．DawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagreethat________________________.[A]ideasarebornofarelaxingmind．[B]innovativenesscouldbetaught．[C]decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas．[D]curiosityactivatescreativeminds．25．Ryan‘scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardizedtesting___________.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义34/38[A]preventsnewhabitsfrombeingformed．[B]nolongeremphasizescommonness．[C]maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmode．[D]complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem．2009Text4ThemostthoroughlystudiedintellectualsinthehistoryoftheNewWorldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland．AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas―somuchimportanceattachedtointellectualpursuits．‖Accordingtomanybooksandarticles，NewEngland‘sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding，dominantPuritantraditioninAmericanintellectuallife．TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeanstostartwiththePuritans‘theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch—importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect．Butinkeepingwithourexaminationofsouthernintellectuallife，wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeanculture，adjustingtoNewWorldcircumstances．TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity．TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland．BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchesinthedecadeafter1629，therewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop，aneducatedgentleman，lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston．Thesemenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences．andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness．Weshouldnotforget，however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated．Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers，letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed，itisobviousthattheirviewswerelessfullyintellectualized．Theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitiousquality．AtailornamedJohnDane，whoemigratedinthelate1630s，leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns．Sexualconfusion，economicfrustrations，andreligioushope—allcametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthatthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate，andreadthemagicalwords：―Comeoutfromamongthem，touchnouncleanthing，andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople.‖OnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinPuritanchurches．Meanwhile，manysettlershadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane‘s，asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewWorldforreligion．―Ourmainendwastocatchfish．‖36.Theauthorholdsthatintheseventeenth-centuryNewEngland______________________.[A]Puritantraditiondominatedpoliticallife．[B]intellectualinterestswereencouraged．[C]politicsbenefitedmuchfromintellectualendeavors．[D]intellectualpursuitsenjoyedaliberalenvironment．37．ItissuggestedinParagraph2thatNewEnglanders_________________.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义35/38[A]experiencedacomparativelypeacefulearlyhistory．[B]broughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldWorld．[C]paidlittleattentiontosouthernintellectuallife．[D]wereobsessedwithreligiousinnovations．38．TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay______________.[A]werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritings．[B]gainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousaffairs．[C]abandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorld．[D]createdanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland．39．ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswereoften____________.[A]influencedbysuperstitions．[B]troubledwithreligiousbeliefs．[C]puzzledbychurchsermons．[D]frustratedwithfamilyearnings．40．ThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewEngland___________________.[A]weremostlyengagedinpoliticalactivities．[B]weremotivatedbyanillusoryprospect．[C]camefromdifferentintellectualbackgrounds．[D]leftfewformalrecordsforlaterreference．2008Text4In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw-havingextractedthemfromthemonthsofhisslaves.That‘sfardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation‘searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry‘sinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrongandyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas―likehavingalargebankaccount,‖saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsfortheYouneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义36/38―peculiarinstitution,‖includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen‘spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,JeffersonfreedHemings‘schildren-thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.36.GeorgeWashington‘sdentalsurgeryismentionedto________________.[A]showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.[B]demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.[C]stresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.history.[D]revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.37.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat_______________.[A]DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch.[B]initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatesituations.[C]historiansdeliberatelymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson‘slife.[D]politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.history.38.WhatdowelearnaboutThomasJefferson?[A]Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.[B]Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.[C]Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.[D]Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.39.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.[B]Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttovote.[C]Slaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.[D]Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.40.Washington‘sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis________________.[A]moralconsiderations.[B]militaryexperience.[C]financialconditions.[D]politicalstand.2007Text3Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealties.NowaYouneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义37/38pinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today‘sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirsnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachutedtheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback–aback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This―added-workereffect‖couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasaving-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamiliesthepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen–andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies‘futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent–andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance–havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.31.Today‘sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat_____________.[A]thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared.[B]theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased.[C]theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics.[D]theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance.32.AsaresultofPresidentBush‘sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave___________________.[A]ahighersenseofsecurity.[B]lesssecuredpayments.[C]lesschancetoinvest.[D]aguaranteedfuture.33.Accordingtotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill_________________________.[A]helpreducethecostofhealthcare.[B]popularizeamongthemiddleclass.[C]compensateforthereducedpensions.Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave 考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费视频在：www.kaoyanxuezi.com考研英语语法讲义38/38[D]increasethefamilies‘investmentrisk.34.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat_______________________________.[A]financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisks.[B]themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenges.[C]financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems.[D]financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus.35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?[A]TheMiddleClassontheAlert[B]TheMiddleClassontheCliff[C]TheMiddleClassinConflict[D]TheMiddleClassinRuins2009TranslationThereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothersandthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung．Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental；itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation．(46)Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience,butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive．Religiousassociationsbegan，forexample，inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences；familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity；systematiclabor,forthemostpart，becauseofenslavementtoothers，etc．(47)Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution．Eventoday,inourindustriallife，apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld‘sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput．Butindealingwiththeyoung，thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfact，gainsinimportance．(48)Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults．Theneedoftrainingistooevidentandthepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount．(49)Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornotweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability．Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung．(50)Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation—thatofdirecttuitionorschooling．Inundevelopedsocialgroups，wefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining．Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepsadultsloyaltotheirgroup．Youneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouhave