张道真英语语法新编(学生版)5 张道真 社会科学文献出版社 493页

张道真英语语法新编(学生版)（五）张道真编著社会科学文献出版社 ·张道真英语新教法系列·张道真英语语法新编(学生版)著者/张道真出版人/谢寿光出版者/社会科学文献出版社地址/北京市东城区先晓胡同10号邮政编码/100005网址/http://www.ssdph.com.cn责任部门/英语图书事业部(010)65281160项目经理/吴海燕责任编辑/陈海力钟敏责任校对/杨明华明焰责任印制/同非总经销/社会科学文献出版社发行部(010)6513996165139963经销/各地书店读者服务/客户服务中心(010)65285539法律顾问/北京建元律师事务所排版/北京中文天地文化艺术有限公司印刷/北京京科印刷有限公司开本/889×1194毫米1/32开印张/15.5字数/560千字版次/2003年9月第1版印次/2004年2月第2次印刷书号/ISBN7-80190-081-2/G·005定价/20.00元本书如有破损、缺页、装订错误,请与本社客户服务中心联系更换版权所有翻印必究 前言长期以来,一直想写一本简明扼要的英语语法,不少英语学习者也觉得学我那部数十年畅销不衰的《实用英语语法》负担过重,希望能有一部更简明一些的英语语法读物,这次找到时间完成了这一心愿。本书的对象是中学以上水平的学生和自学英语已有一些基础的人。目标是把他们的语法知识系统化,帮助他们打下一个坚实的语法基础。本书是在《实用英语语法》(此书是我40年前编写的,累计销售接近千万册)的基础上化繁就简、去陈布新,提炼、创新而成的,整个体系和《实用英语语法》基本上相同,只是简化了内容,突出了重点。最重要的是配上了练习,来巩固所学知识。本书的重点是动词,占了七章,篇幅接近三分之一,介词也得到比较详尽的处理。这是因为它们是英语中最活跃的因素,了解它们对整个英语能力的发展有重要的作用。这次编排的一个特点是讲解与练习并列,一页是讲解,一页是练习。学一段、练一段,藉此来巩固所学。考虑到这是承前启后的阶段,练习侧重辨识,增加感性认识,为语言的进一步发展作准备。练习答案紧跟在正文后面,以便查阅。不同程度的读者可对练习有不同的使用方法。基础较浅的,可以一般地做一遍,加强感性认识。有心人可对句子的译法加以捉摸,从中可以悟出许多道理。基础较好的可试着回译,即按答案中的汉语译文,试着译为英语,这可以巩固所学。甚至对讲解部分也可以这样做,即看着例句的汉语译文,把英语例句还原出来。这样,语言材料在脑中可更深地扎根。本书如果草草地看一遍,不要多久就可看完,若要做深入细致的工作,需要的时间可能要加十倍或更多,但效果与所下的工夫成正比,多花了时间是不会白费的。我看这书是值得“精读”的。不只是匆匆忙忙地看一遍,而且要反复看,认真练习。这书是语法与词汇的结合。如果只讲语法理论,五分之一,甚至十分之一篇幅就够了。但干巴巴的语法是没有用的,必须要看活生生的语言,才知道语法怎样使用。零零星星的学词汇也是比较困难的。语法好比是树干,词汇好比是枝叶,两者是不可分的。把两者结合起来学则相得益彰。这样学了多遍之后,1 语法和词汇都会打好一个初步的基础。这本书可以说是一个“中转站”。在它之前你可能已学了几年英语,这本书将把你的语法乃至词汇知识作初步整理,然后整装待发进入下一阶段。下一阶段干什么?建议做下面几件事:(1)快速扩展英语的感性知识。一是“精读”,一是“泛读”。阅读是获取知识的重要渠道。“泛”是广泛的意思,要博览群书。要由浅入深地看几十本乃至几百本书。没有广泛的阅读,要把英语学到手是不可能的。(2)读“字典”。一般的字典是没法读的。我新出的《初级英语词典》就是供人研读的。它包含1万词条,都是最常用的词,例句可能超过5万。若能用一两年时间反复研读,英语可望打下坚实的基础。(3)发展听说能力。这是一个非常重要的环节,和外国人打交道,首先就要靠听说。而培养听说能力是艰苦的工作。中学、大学都要加大力度来培养听说能力。一两年内我将出版一套由低到高的《实验室英语》,在学校可以利用语言实验室发展听说能力,自学的人也可以利用CD盘或磁带练习。总之,抓听说则灵,不抓听说难有发展前途。以上可说是“第一站”,在这之后还有“第二站”,这阶段可以开展下面工作:(1)进一步开展阅读,主要是看浅易原著和知识性读物。大学生一学期至少要看一二十本书,一个暑假就可能看十本以上。古人说“读破万卷书,下笔如有神”。有大量感性知识以后,要发展听、说、写的能力就比较容易了。(2)看英语电视节目(中央电视台就有这样的节目),听英语广播比如BBC,VOA等。坚持听、长期听,不仅听力会迅速提高,也会增强口语能力。(3)研读我撰写的《中级英语词典》和《高级英语词典》(即出),会帮助你把词汇量扩大到2万,甚至3万。这样的词汇量一般工作都能应付。《实用英语词法》(修订版)研读一遍也有助于巩固提高你的语法知识。(4)进行一定量的翻译工作。先是英译中,然后是中译英(我在大学期间就翻译了两本书)。如果你已参加工作,可结合工作需要进行,只要基础好达到一定水平并不困难。在这之后可以说是“第三站”,这时你可能已拿到硕士或博士学位,甚至已经是大学教师,我建议你继续努力:(1)阅读量继续增加,特别是与你的专业结合,累积阅读量应达到10万页(若每本200页,应读500本)。那时你将无往而不胜。(如果你在国外留学,阅2 读量会更大。)(2)研读《现代英语用法词典》(修订版)进一步提高词汇修养。研读几本外国词典(如CambridgeInternationalDictionaryofEnglish,OxfordAdvancedLearner곰sDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,BBCEnglishDictionary),也会有助于对英语词汇的掌握。(3)建立自己的资料库。特别是你如做翻译工作,一些重要的译法,最好记录下来,人脑容量是有限的,可充分利用电脑,而且还可以上网利用国内外的资料。资料充足,工作容易取得成功。(4)大胆进行语言实践。一是英译中,这相对比较容易,可结合工作进行;二是中译英,大量资料、书籍、电影、电视剧都需要译为英语。为了弘扬我国文化,需要我们做大量翻译工作。看了上面这段话,你也许会说,学好英语太难了。是的,学语言是困难的,你汉语学了多少年,语言修养如何呢?何况是英语。只有不畏艰险的人才能攀登科学的高峰。我已75岁,仍在不断学习。活到老、学到老,我愿与同行共勉。张道真2002年4月3 Contents目录第一章概说1词类/12一个词可以分属不同词类/33词类的转换/54派生/75合成词/96句子成分/117单词、短语和从句/138句子的种类/159问句类型/17第二章名词与冠词10名词的分类/1911可数名词与不可数名词/2112名词的复数形式/2313名词所有格/2514名词在句中的作用/2715冠词的基本用法/2916专有名词前冠词的用法/3117抽象名词前冠词的用法/3318物质名词前冠词的用法/3519冠词在某些习惯用语中的用法/37第三章时态20一般现在时/3921现在进行时/4122一般将来时/4323一般过去时/4524现在完成时/4725一些过去时态/491 26一些次要的时态/5127时态的紧缩形式/53第四章被动语态28各种时态的被动语态/5529一些特殊的被动结构/5730“be+过去分词”结构/59第五章虚拟语气31条件句/6132用在某些从句中的虚拟语气/6333虚拟语气的其他用法/65第六章动词分类34英语动词的分类/6735及物动词与不及物动词/6936双宾动词、反身动词和相互动词/7137系动词/7338成语动词/75第七章助动词与情态动词39助动词be与have/7740助动词do/7941助动词shall和will/8142助动词should/8343助动词would/8544情态动词can和could/8745情态动词may和might/8946情态动词must和ought/9147情态动词need和dare/93第八章动词的非谓语形式48不定式的句法作用/9549不定式作主语/972 50不定式作宾语/9951不定式构成复合结构/10152不定式作定语/10353不定式作状语/10554动名词的句法作用/10755作主语和表语的动名词/10956动名词作宾语/11157动名词作介词宾语/11358现在分词的句法作用/11559现在分词作定语/11760现在分词作状语/11961现在分词构成复合结构/12162过去分词的句法作用/12363过去分词作定语/12564过去分词作状语/12765过去分词构成复合结构/129第九章动词句型66概说/13167第一类句型:主语+不及物动词/13368第二类句型:主语+及物动词+宾语(1)/13569第二类句型:主语+及物动词+宾语(2)/13770第二类句型:主语+及物动词+宾语(3)/13971第二类句型:主语+及物动词+宾语(4)/14172第三类句型:主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语/14373第四类句型:主语+系动词+表语(1)/14574第四类句型:主语+系动词+表语(2)/14775第四类句型:主语+系动词+表语(3)/14976第四类句型:主语+系动词+表语(4)/15177第四类句型:主语+系动词+表语(5)/15378第五类句型:主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语(1)/15579第五类句型:主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语(2)/15780第五类句型:主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语(3)/15981第五类句型:主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语(4)/1613 第十章代词82代词的分类/16383人称代词/16584物主代词/16785反身代词/16986指示代词/17187疑问代词/17388关系代词/17589连接代词/17790不定代词(1)/17991不定代词(2)/18192不定代词(3)/18393不定代词(4)/18594不定代词(5)/18795不定代词(6)/18996不定代词(7)/19197不定代词(8)/19398不定代词(9)/195第十一章数词99基数词/197100基数词的句法作用/199101序数词/201102分数词/203103小数及百分数/205第十二章形容词104形容词在句子中的作用/207105形容词的比较级和最高级(1)/209106形容词的比较级和最高级(2)/211107包含形容词比较级的句子/213108带as(so)...as的结构/215109形容词最高级的用法/217110名词化的形容词/2194 第十三章副词111副词的分类(1)/221112副词的分类(2)/223113副词的分类(3)/225114副词在句中的作用/227115副词在句中的位置(1)/229116副词在句中的位置(2)/231117副词的比较级和最高级(1)/233118副词的比较级和最高级(2)/235第十四章介词119介词的分类/237120介词宾语/239121介词短语的作用/241122about和above的用法/243123across和after的用法/245124against和along的用法/247125among和around的用法/249126at的用法/251127before和behind的用法/253128below,beside和besides的用法/255129between,beyond和but的用法/257130by的用法/259131down,during和except的用法/261132for的用法(1)/263133for的用法(2)/265134from的用法/267135in的用法/269136inside和into的用法/271137like和near的用法/273138of的用法/275139off的用法/277140on的用法/279141outof和outside的用法/2815 142over的用法/283143past,per和round的用法/285144since和through的用法/287145throughout和till的用法/289146to的用法/291147toward(s)和under的用法/293148until,up和upon的用法/295149with的用法/297150within和without的用法/299第十五章连词151连词概说/301152并列连词(1)/303153并列连词(2)/305154从属连词(1)/307155从属连词(2)/309156从属连词(3)/311157从属连词(4)/313158从属连词(5)/315第十六章主语159主语表示法/317160用it作主语的句子(1)/319161用it作主语的句子(2)/321162主语从句/323163由there引起的句子/325第十七章谓语164谓语的类型/327165复合谓语/329166表语(1)/331167表语(2)/333168表语从句/335169主语谓语一致的问题/3376 第十八章宾语170直接宾语和间接宾语/339171宾语表示法/341172复合宾语/343173宾语从句/345174直接引语和间接引语(1)/347175直接引语和间接引语(2)/349第十九章定语176定语表示法/351177定语从句(1)/353178定语从句(2)/355179同位语/357第二十章状语180状语表示法/359181分词作状语/361182形容词作状语/363183词组作状语/365184复合结构作状语/367185状语从句(1)/369186状语从句(2)/371187状语从句(3)/373188状语从句(4)/375189状语从句(5)/377第二十一章独立成分190独立成分的类型/379191插入语/381第二十二章语序192自然语序和倒装语序/383193倒装语序(1)/3857 194倒装语序(2)/387195倒装语序(3)/389第二十三章省略句196省略句/391197简单句中的省略/393198复合句中的省略/395199并列句中的省略/397附录1练习答案/3992不规则动词表/4703常用语法术语(英汉对照)/4758 第一章概说1.词类(PartsofSpeech)英语可以分为以下词类(黑体符号是词典中用的符号,后面括号中的词是英语全名):1.名词(即人或事物的名称):———n.(noun):boy,dancer,flower,beauty,country2.冠词(用在名词前,帮助说明其意义)———art.(article):a,an,the3.动词(表示动作或状态)———v.(verb):go,do,see,work,feel4.形容词(表示人或事物的特征)———adj.(adjective):good,easy,new,beautiful5.副词(表示动作特征或性状特征)———adv.(adverb):beautifully,carefully,hard,up,very6.代词(代替名词或数词)———pron.(pronoun):we,these,some,everybody,what7.数词(表示数目或顺序)———num.(numeral):nine,fifty,third,twentieth8.介词(用在名词、代词等前面,说明与别的词之间关系)—prep.(preposition):in,on,from,through,for9.连词(连接词与词或句与句)———conj.(conjunction):and,or,if,when,although10.感叹词(表示说话时的感情或口气)———interj.(interjection):ah,well,alas,why不定式前的to为小品词(particles)。yes和no有人称为肯定词和否定词,有的词典称之为副词。[注]请查查字典,看这些语法名词怎样读音,本书中的这类词均不注语音,以节省篇幅。1 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Tellthepartsofspeechofthefollowingwords(用简写符号标出下面各词词类):例:school(n.)1.difficulty()2.have()3.quietly()4.who()5.big()6.forty()7.take()8.careful()9.into()10.carelessness()11.but()12.hello()13.at()14.where()15.come()16.out()17.hi()18.your()19.extremely()20.unless()Ⅱ.Listthewordsinthefollowingpassageaccordingtothepartsofspeechtheybolongto(把下文中的词按词类分列在下面):IsaacNewtondedicatedhimselftosciencethroughouthislifeandbecameoneofthegreatestscientistsofalltime.Hethoughtdeeplyabouthownaturalevents,orphenomena,mightbeexplained.Hismostfamousbook,Principia,isprobablythegreatestsingleworkofscienceeverwritten,andcontainshisworkonthelawsofmotionandthetheoryofgravitation.Histheoryofgravitationhelpedtoexplainthemotionoftheplanetsandtheorbitsofcomets.1.nouns:2.articles:3.verbs:4.adjectives:5.adverbs:6.pronouns:7.prepositions:8.conjunctions:2 2.一个词可以分属不同词类有些词仅属于一个词类,如quickly为副词,come为动词,beautiful为形容词。但绝大多数词都可以属于两种或多种词类,例如:Let곰sgo.咱们走吧。(go用作动词)I곰dliketohaveagoatit.我想试一试。(go用作名词)Ihaven곰tseenhimsince1998.我1998年以后就没见到他了。(since作介词)Wemetin1980.Ihaveneverheardfromhimsince.我们1980年见面以后,我再也没有接到他的音信了。(since作副词)Let곰ssitroundthetable.让咱们围着桌子坐吧。(round作副词)I곰llcomeroundthisafternoon.我今天下午回来。(round作副词)There곰saroundtableintheroom.房里有一张圆桌。(round作形容词)Thedoctorisoutonhisroundsatthemoment.医生此刻正巡视病房。(round作名词)Sheroundedthecornerat95milesperhour.她以每小时95英里的速度拐弯。(round作动词)因此在学一个词时,先要知道它属于哪个词类,然后再弄清它是否还可用作其他词类。英语中的一个词,常可用做另一词类,如:It곰sabookshop.这是一家书店。Wheredoyoushopforclothes?你在哪里买衣裳?It곰sagoodbuy.这是一样便宜货。Wheredidyoubuyit?你是在哪里买的?It곰sasmallpark.这是一座小公园。LetmeseeifIhaveanysmalls.我看看有没有小号的。He곰smybestfriend.他是我最好的朋友。Givemybesttoyourmother.请向你母亲表达我最美好的祝愿。这种现象叫做词类的转换(conversion)。3 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TellthepartsofspeechintheitalicizedwordsandthentranslatethesentencesintoChinese(说出斜体词在这里属于哪个词类,并把句子译成汉语):1.Theprojectisinitsfinalstages.Theteamsmetintheyear곰sEuropeanCupFinal.2.Weneedabreak.Glassbreakseasily.3.I곰maFrenchmajor.ShemajoredinphysicsatYale.Theplayisamajorsuccess.4.Couldyouwaitawhile?Shewroteherfirstnovelwhilestillatschool.Wewhiledawaythetimeattheairportreadingmagazines.5.Afterthestorm,itwascalm.Shelleywasunabletocalmher.Afterastormcomesacalm.(Proverb)6.Whyareyousoquietthisevening?Ienjoythequietofthecountry.Thewindquieteddown.7.Don곰tbesoroughwithher.Agangofroughsknockedhimdownandtookallhismoney.Hardworkroughedhishand.8.Theyplantedsometreesroundthehouse.Don곰tlookround.Alreadytheroundsunwassetting.Eachroundoftheboxingmatchlastedtwominutes.WeroundourlipstosayOO.Ⅱ.Lookupthewordsinadictionaryandseewhatpartsofspeechtheycanbeusedin(在字典中查下面的词,看能用作什么词类):1.warm2.silence3.until4.in5.up6.before7.part8.more4 3.词类的转换一个词类常可能转换为另一词类:1.某些动词可以转换为名词:Trytheshirton.穿上这件衬衫试试。(v.)Letmehaveatry.我来试一试。(n.)Lookatme.瞧着我。(v.)Letmehavealook.我来瞧瞧。(n.)2.某些名词也可转换为动词:Openyourbooks.打开你的书。(n.)Haveyoubookedyourticket?你订票了吗?(v.)Haveaseat.请坐。(n.)Thehallseats500(people).大厅可以坐500人。(v.)3.某些形容词可以转换为动词:Youaretooslow.你太慢了。(adj.)Thetrainhassloweddown.火车慢下来了。(v.)It곰swarminspring.春天天气暖和。(adj.)Theywarmedtheirhandsoverthefire.他们在炉火上烤手。(v.)4.也有些形容词可转换为名词:Heismydearfriend.他是我亲密的朋友。(adj.)She곰sadear.她是一个招人喜欢的人。(n.)Priceshereareverylow.这里的物价很低。(adj.)Profitshavereachedanewlow.利润降到了新的低点。(n.)5.有些词用作其他词类时重音会发生变化:Everybodypresent〔곱prez궼nt〕welcomethedecision.所有在场的人都欢迎这个决定。TheNationalTheatreispresenting〔pri곱zenti귇〕anewproductionofHamlet.国家剧院正在上演新版《哈姆雷特》。5 Travelincreases〔in곱kri귂siz〕one곰sknowledgeoftheworld.旅游可以增加对世界的了解。Therewasasteadyincrease〔곱inkri귂s〕inproduction.产量不断提高。6 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Tellthepartsofspeechoftheitalicizedwords(说明斜体词的词类):Canyouswim?你会游泳吗?()1.Westoppedthereforaswim.我们在那里停下来游了一会儿泳。()Whatdidhesay?他说什么了?()2.Wehavenosayinthismatter.这事我们没有发言权。()Putitinyourpocket.把它放在你口袋里。()3.Hepocketedthemoney.他把钱放进了自己的腰包。()Sitinthechair.坐在椅子上。()4.Whochairsthemeeting?谁主持会议?()Idon곰tliketobeidle.我不喜欢闲着没事干。()5.Don곰tidleyourtimeaway.不要把时间胡混掉。()Bequiet!安静点!()6.Theroomgraduallyquiteddown.屋里慢慢静下来了。()It곰sahighbuilding.这是一座高楼。()7.Pricesreachedanewhigh.物价空前高涨。()Shehasonagreenshirt.她穿一条绿裙子。()8.Shewasdressedingreen.她穿着绿色的衣服。()Ⅱ.Givethepronunciationoftheitalicizedwords(给出斜体词的注音):Australiaproduces//woolandmeat.1.Thewinebottlewasmarked“Produce//ofSpain”.Theyprotested//tothepresidentbutinvain.2.Theyyieldedonlyafterprotest//.Thepeoplerebelled//(againstthegovernment).3.Therebels//seizedtheTVstation.TheUnitedStatesimports//sugarfromCuba.4.Oneimport//thatcomesintoEnglandistea.7 4.派生(Derivation)许多词通过加词头(或称前缀,prefixes)或词尾(或称后缀,suffixes)来构成另一词类,称为派生。通过加词头或词尾构成的词称为派生词(derivatives)。英语的词尾主要有下面这些:1.构成名词的词尾(括号中词为例词):-er(singer)-or(sailor)-ist(artist)-ee(employee)-ess(hostess)-ian(musician)-ese(Japanese)-ant(contestant)-ism(heroism)-ness(happiness)-(a)tion(examination)-ment(movement)-ion(decision)-ing(wedding)-ship(friendship)-hood(childhood)-age(shortage)-ure(failure)-dom(freedom)-ty(cruelty)-ity(reality)-y(discovery)-th(warmth)-al(arrival)-ance(reliance)-ence(difference)-ful(mouthful)-ry(slavery)-eer(engineer)2.构成形容词的词尾:-ful(useful)-less(homeless)-ish(childish)-ive(active)-ous(famous)-able(eatable)-ible(responsible)-ic(poetic)-ant(pleasant)-ly(lively)-al(cultural)-y(rainy)-ent(dependent)-ary(imaginary)-some(tiresome)-like(childlike)-en(wooden)-ate(fortunate)-an(Indian)-ed(talented)3.其他词尾:-ize(modernize)-en(widen)-ify(simplify)-ate(originate)-ly(slowly)-ward(backward)-wise(likewise)-teen(fourteen)-ty(forty)-th(ninth)英语的词头有两类:1.构成反义词的词头:un-(unhappy)dis-(disagree)in-(informal)im-(impolite)ir-(irregular)il-(illegal)non-(non-conductor)de-(defrost)2.有特定的意思的词头,如:re-(retell)mis-(misspell)co-(co-exist)anti-(anti-tank)pro-(pro-French)counter-(counteract)over-(overdo)under-(under-paid)ex-(ex-wife)pre-(predict)post(post-war)fore-(foresee)self-(self-made)super-(superman)sub-(subway)inter-(interact)micro-(microwave)mini-(minibus)tele-(telephone)semi-(semi-circle)vice-(vice-chairman)8 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethesuffixesandtellthepartsofspeechthewordsbelongto(在词尾下划线,并说明这些词属于哪个词类):1.fearless()2.marriage()3.activity()4.jewelry()5.normalize()6.golden()7.safety()8.homeward()9.European()10.health()11.healthy()12.refusal()13.conditional()14.activate()15.twelfth()16.modesty()17.careful()18.grateful()19.technician()20.referee()21.selfish()22.scholarship()23.affectionate()24.kingdom()25.thirsty()26.obedient()27.confidence()28.collective()29.otherwise()30.beautify()31.permissible()32.secondary()33.lengthen()34.troublesome()35.significant()36.hyphenate()37.realistic()38.actress()39.continuous()40.comfortable()41.daily()42.warlike()Ⅱ.UnderlinetheprefixesandtellthemeaningofthewordsinChinese(在词头下划线并用中文说明这些词的意思):1.dishonest2.cooperate3.untrue4.anti-fascist5.over-estimate6.irresistable7.post-graduate8.submarine9.micro-computer10.non-interference11.counter-attack12.misunderstand13.demobilize14.ex-president15.inconvenient16.forecast17.illogical18.international19.impossible20.self-reliant21.rewrite22.pro-American23.pre-heat24.supermarket25.mini-skirt26.telescope27.semi-conductor28.vice-premier29.disprove30.unlock9 5.合成词(CompoundWords)英语中有很多词是由两个或是很多词构成的,如下面句子中的斜体词。Thelittlegirlisgood-looking.小姑娘很漂亮。(合成形容词)Nosmokingduringtake-off.起飞时不得吸烟。(合成名词)Theyoftengowater-skiingtogether.他们常常一道去滑水。(合成动词)Shehadtoworkovertimelastnight.她昨天不得不加班。(合成副词)await-and-seeattidude等着瞧的态度(合成形容词)英语中合成词极多,主要有下面几类:1.合成名词:名词+名词:silkworm(蚕)名词+动名词:sun-bathing(日光浴)形容词+名词:shorthand(速记)动词+副词:get-together(联欢会)动名词+名词:waiting-room(候车室)动词+名词:pickpocket(扒手)副词+动词:downfall(垮台)还有一些其他类型的合成名词,如:well-being(福利),go-between(中间人)by-product(副产品)editor-in-chief(主编)good-for-nothing(不中用的人)touch-me-not(凤仙花)merry-go-round(旋转木马)2.合成形容词:形容词+现在分词:fine-sounding(动听的)副词+现在分词:hard-working(勤劳的)名词+现在分词:peace-loving(爱好和平的)名词+过去分词:state-owned(国有的)副词+过去分词:well-known(著名的)形容词+名词:large-scale(大规模的)名词+形容词:duty-free(免税的)形容词+名词+ed:good-natured(天性善良的)还有一些其他合成形容词:如:over-all(总体的),all-round(全面的),ever-victorious(常胜的),first-rate(一流的),face-to-face(面对面的),down-to-earth(现实的)3.合成动词:名词+动词:sleep-walk(梦游)形容词+动词:white-wash(粉刷)副词+动词:overthrow(推翻)4.合成副词:介词+副词:forever(永远)副词+名词:overhead(在上方)形容词+名词+ed+ly:whole-heartedly(全心全意地)此外还有合成代词,如:myself,somebody,everything,nobody等。10 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Tellhowthefollowingwordsareformed(说出下列词是怎样构成的):1.bloodtest2.greenhouse3.sleeping-pills4.breakwater5.handwriting6.breakthrough7.outbreak8.far-reaching9.heart-breaking10.good-looking11.heatfelt12.widespread13.high-class14.airsick15.bad-tempered16.eavesdrop17.upset18.blacklist19.absent-mindedly20.howeverⅡ.Tellthemeaningofthefollowingcompoundwords(说出下面合成词的意思):(A)handbaghandballhand-barrowhandbillhandbookhandcuffshand-grenadehandpumphandmadehandouthandshakehandwritinghandmaidhandgunhandkerchief(B)fire-bombfirebrigadefireenginefire-escapefireextinguisherfirehydrantfire-powerfirearmfire-crackerfire-flyfire-manfireproofficeplacefirewoodfirework(C)waterbirdwater-cartwater-coolerwater-closetwater-curewaterfallwater-faucetwaterfowlwater-lilywatermelonwaterpipewaterpolowater-powerwater-supplywater-towerwaterworkswater-cooledwaterproofwater-loggedwater-tight(D)good-for-nothinggoodwillgood-temperedgoodhumourgood-humouredgood-humouredlygoodnaturegood-naturedgood-naturedly11 6.句子成分(SentenceParts)句子主要有下面这些成分:1.主语(subject)———这是绝大多数句子都有的:Thisbookbelongstome.这本书是我的。Agirlinblueopenedthedoor.一个穿蓝衣服的姑娘把门打开。2.谓语(predicate)———说明主语的动作或状态:Theboyisswimming.男孩在游泳。(表示动作)Thegirlisveryclever.那女孩很聪明。(表示状态)谓语中表示主语状态等的词称为表语,如上面中的clever.3.宾语(object)———表示行为的对象或结果:ShespeaksgoodEnglish.她英文讲得很好。(行为对象)Shewroteapoem.她写了一首诗。(行为结果)4.状语(adverbial)———修饰动词、形容词或副词:Everybodyisworkinghard.大家都很努力。(修饰动词)It곰sterriblycoldtoday.今天冷得要命。(修饰形容词)Thankyouverymuch.非常感谢。(修饰副词)5.定语(attribute)———修饰名词:WeboughtacolourTV.我们买了一台彩色电视。Whosedictionaryisthis?这是谁的字典?此外还有一些成分只出现在少数句子中。1.同位语(appositive)———表示它前面的词指谁,指什么:ThisisHelen,mycousin.这是我的表妹海伦。Thehomehasfiverooms,asitting-room,threebedroomsandakitchen.这所房子有五个房间,一间客厅,三间卧室和一间厨房。2.插入语(parenthesis)———插在句中或句末的词:Thebook,Ithink,isveryinteresting.这本书我看很有意思。It곰llbeafinedaytomorrow,Ihope.希望明天能天晴。3.感叹语(exclamation)———表示说话时的情绪:Goodness,yougavemeastart!我的天,你吓我一跳!Oh,soyou곰reback!啊,你回来了!4.呼语(directaddress)———对对方的称呼。Sitdown,children!孩子们坐下。Goodmorning,MissGreen!格林小姐,早上好!12 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Tellthefunctionoftheitalicizedpartsinthesesentences(说明下面句子中斜体部分的语法作用):1.Who()said()it()?2.Noone()knew()theanswer().3.It()wasaniceday().4.Shedances()beautifully().5.Thelittle()girlisMrs.Baker곰s()daughter.6.Mother(),whereareyou?7.ThisismysisterHelen().8.Don곰tdriveso()fast().9.Hurrah!()We곰vewonthematch()!10.This,Iguess(),isyouroffice.Ⅱ.Tellthefunctionintheitalicizedphraseinthesesentences(说明下面句子中斜体短语的语法作用):Therearelotsofstreetsinourcity.Somearelongandsomeareshort.Ionlyknowsomeofthem.Therearetwomainstreets.OneiscalledNanjingRoad.TheotherisBeijingRoad.Bothareverywideandverylong.Therearetreesonbothsidesofthesestreets.Hereandthereyoufindflowerbeds.Ittakesmorethanhalfanhourtowalkfromoneendtotheother.Ilikewalkingalongthem.Therearelotsofshopsonthesetwostreets.Quiteafewdepartmentstoresarethere.Inthesestoresyoufindallkindsofthings:clothes,stationary,medicine,sewingmachines,TVsetsandrefrigerators.Thereareseveralbookshops.Ioftengotheretobuybooksormagazines.ThereisatheatreonBeijingRoad,andtwocinemasonNanjingRoad.Thereareagoodnumberofrestaurants,too.SomeserveChinesefood,someservewesternfood.Iseldomgothere,becausefoodisratherexpensiveintheserestaurants.Inthesummereveningsweoftentakeawalkalongthesestreets.Welookintheshopwindowsandenjoythelightsindifferentcolours.Ilikethesestreets.13 7.单词、短语和从句句子成分有几种表示办法,表示的东西可以是:1.单词(words):Theybuiltahouse.他们盖了一栋房子。Barkingdogsseldombite.爱叫的狗很少咬人。(谚)2.短语(phrases)———由两个或更多的词构成的词组:Shedoesn곰tknowChinese.她不懂汉语。(动词短语作谓语)WewatchTVaftersupper.晚饭后我们看电视。(介词短语作状语)I’vecometolearnfromyou.我是来向你们学习的。(不定式短语作状语)3.从句(clauses)———一个与句子结构相似的短句:I곰llcomeovertoseeyouwhenIhavetime.我有空时过来看你。(从句作状语)Shesayssheisn곰tcomingbacktoday.她说她今天不回来了。(从句作宾语)有些成分有时由两部分构成,称为复合结构,如:1.复合谓语(有些由系动词+表语构成):Shelooksveryhealthy.她看起来很健康。Hebecameateacherlastyear.去年他当了教师。healthy和ateacher说明主语的状态,称为表语(predicative)。2.复合宾语(由宾语和补语构成):Shetoldtheboytogohome.她让男孩回家。(名词+不定式)Isawamancomingup.我看见一个人走了过来。(名词+现在分词短语)Hefoundthedoorlocked.他发现门被锁上了。(名词+过去分词)togohome,comingup和locked都是补语(complement)。另外有些动词由两个或更多词构成,称为成语动词(phrasalverbs):Whoislookingafterthebaby?谁在看宝宝?I곰lltakecareofit.这事我来管。此外有些动词有两个宾语(一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语):Tellme(间接宾语)yourname(直接宾语).把你名字告诉我。Singus(间接宾语)asong(直接宾语).给我们唱一支歌。这些问题后面将作详细的讨论。14 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Tellthefunctionoftheitalicizedpartsinthesentencesandwhethertheyarewordsorphrases(说明句子中斜体词是什么成分,是单词还是短语):①②③ThisisSouthAmerica.Itisverycoldinthesouth,especiallyin④⑤⑥winter.Inthenorththereishotrainforest.Untilabout400yearsago⑦⑧⑨onlySouthAmericanIndianslivedthere.ThenEuropeanpeoplecame⑩ꊞ1andsettledthere.Theybroughttheirlanguageswiththem.Nowthereareꊞ12ꊞ13about241millionpeopleinSouthAmerica.MostofthemspeakSpanish.ꊞ14SouthAmericaisalsocalledLatinAmerica.———adaptedfromChildren곰sEncyclopediaofOurWorld担任成分是单词还是短语担任成分是单词还是短语1.8.2.9.3.10.4.11.5.12.6.13.7.14.Ⅱ.Underlinetheclausesinthefollowingsentencesandtelltheirfunctions(在下面句子中的从句下划线,并说明在句中的作用):1.Waittilltheambulancecomes.(状语)2.She곰llphoneyouassoonasshearrives.()3.Doyouthinkhe곰llbebacktoday?()4.ThatiswhyIwanttogo.()5.DoyouseewhatImean?()6.Isthisthebookyoubought?()7.Whatshesaidsurprisedus.()8.Iknewyouwereright.()9.Thestoryhetoldwasveryinteresting.()10.Thatwashowwemissedthetrain.()15 8.句子的种类(KindsofSentences)从说话意图上看句子可以分为四类:1.陈述句(statements)———说明一个事实或陈述自己的看法:Sometimeshegoesfishing.他有时去钓鱼。Hemaybeinhisoffice.他可能在办公室里。2.疑问句(questions)———提出问题:Whatareyoutalkingabout?你们在谈什么?Isthatyourhouse?那是你的房子吗?3.祈使句(imperatives)———表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等:Havesometea.喝点茶。Standinaline.排成一行。Takegoodcareofyourself.好好保重。Let곰swatchTV.咱们看电视吧。4.感叹句(exclamations)———表示惊喜、喜悦、气愤等情绪:Whatafinevoiceshehas!她嗓子真好!HowIenvyyou!我多么羡慕你!Wonderful!太好了!从结构上看句子可分为三类:1.简单句(simplesentences)———句子成分由单词或短语表示:Hewaswalkingslowlyinthepark.他在公园里缓慢地走着。Igotup,dressedandhurrieddownstairs.我起来穿上衣裳匆忙走下楼来。2.复合句(complexsentences)———句中有一个或更多成分由从句担任:Letmeknowwhenyouareready.准备好了通知我。(含状语从句)Allyouneedismorepractice。你只需要更多练习。(含定语从句)3.并列句(compoundsentences)———由两个分句构成,多由并列连词连接:Hisfatherisawriterandhismotherisanartist.他的父亲是作家,他的母亲是画家。Honeyissweet,butthebeestings.蜂蜜好喝,但蜜蜂螫人。(谚)16 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Tellwhatkindofsentencesarethefollowing(说明下列是哪种句子):1.Itisdarkwhenthereisn곰tanylight.()2.WhoshutJaneinadarkroom?()3.Yourfather곰sbrotheroryourmother곰sbrotherisyouruncle.()4.WhoseunclewasMr.Reed?()5.Twoormorehorsespulledacoach.()6.WheredidJanegoinacoach?()7.Whenyouarehappy,thecornersofyourmouthgoup.Yousmile.()8.Whydidn곰tthegirlsatLowoodSchoolsmile?()9.Anorphanisachildwhosefatherandmotheraredead.()10.Bequiet,children.()11.Whataniceday(itis)!()12.Don곰tswear,forIdislikeswearing.()13.Seeyoutomorrow.()14.Thankyouforwhatyou곰vedoneforme.()15.Allthishedid,butithadnoeffect.()16.Howkindyouare!()Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):(A)1.Don곰tbelateagain.2.Fillintheseforms,please.3.Let곰ssittogether.4.Bemorecarefulnexttime.(B)1.Howwellshesings!2.Whatagoodheartyouhave!3.Whatashametheyoungpainterissopoor!4.Howridiculous!17 9.问句类型(TypesofQuestions)问句有四种类型:1.特殊问句(specialquestions)———从疑问词开头(一般用降调):Howdidyougethere?你怎么来的?Whataretheydoing?他们在干什么?Whoiscalling,please?请问,你是谁?2.一般问句(generalquestions)———问是否有说明的情况或要不要怎样做等(一般用升调):Isthisyourdormitory?这是你们的宿舍吗?Doyoulikesports?你喜欢运动吗?CanyousaythisinEnglish?这话你能用英语说吗?3.选择问句(alternativequestions)———提出两个答案问哪个正确(一般前面部分用升调,后面部分用降调):Areyouanoldstudentoranewstudent?你是老生还是新生?(ꄽW)Shallwegobybusorbyplane?我们坐汽车还是坐飞机去?Aretheyleavingtodayortomorrow?他们今天走还是明天走?4.反意问句(disjunctivequestions)———提出情况或看法,问对方同不同意(一般前面用降调,后面用升调):ShespeaksgoodEnglish,doesn곰tshe?她英语讲得好,对吧?(Wꄽ)反意问句前面部分和后面部分在时态上要一致:SheisfromHarbin,isn곰tshe?她是哈尔滨人,对不对?(Yes,sheis.)Hewillbebacktomorrow,won곰the?他明天回来,对吧?(Yes,hewill.)Youwereallthere,weren곰tyou?你们(那天)都在那里是不是?(Yes,wewere.)Shehasmadegoodprogress,hasn곰tshe?她有很大进步,是吧?(Yes,shehas.)如果前面是否定句,后面简短问句需用肯定形式:Hedoesn곰tlivehere,doeshe?他不住这里对吧?(No,hedoesn곰t.)Theydidn곰tcome,didthey?他们没来,对不对?(No,theydidn곰t.)Shewasn곰tveryhappyaboutit,wasshe?她对此不太高兴,对吧?(No,shewasn곰t.)Thetrainhasn곰tleftyet,hasit?火车还没开,是吧?(Yes,ithas)在回答这种问句时和回答一般问句时差不多,只说yes或no,再作肯定或否定的回答。18 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Tellwhattypesofquestionstheseare(说明下面是哪种问句):1.Whogetsupearliestinyourhome?2.Whopreparesbreakfastusually?3.Whattimedoesyourfather(mother)leavehome?4.Howdoeshe(she)gotowork?5.Dotheycomehomeforlunch?6.Dotheyhavelunchinarestaurantorinacafeteria?7.Whattimedotheycomehome?8.Doyouallhavesuppertogether?9.YouwatchTVforsometimeaftersupper,don곰tyou?10.Doyousometimesgooutforawalk?11.Whatelsedoyoudointheevenings?12.Doyoudoyourhomeworkintheevening?Ⅱ.Formdisjunctivequestionsbyaddingquestiontags(加上简短问句构成反意问句)。1.YouknowChinese,?2.It곰safunnystory,?3.Shemajorsincomputerscience,?4.JanewenthomeforChristmas,?5.Youwerethenaschool-girl,?6.Shehasn곰tleftyet,?7.Shewon곰tgohomethissummer,?8.Youhavenoobjection,?Ⅲ.Formalternativequestionsbyjoiningthetwostatements(把两个陈述句连在一起构成选择问句):1.Youwentbytrain.Youwentbyplane.(Didyou...)2.Sheisfromthesouth.Sheisfromthenorth.3.Youagree.Youdisagree.4.He곰llbebacktonight.He곰llbebacktomorrow.5.Itrainsmoreofteninspring.Itrainsmoreofteninsummer.6.She곰sgonetotown.She곰sgonetothepark.19 第二章名词与冠词10.名词的分类(KindsofNouns)1.名词总的说来可分为两类,即专有名词和普通名词。专有名词是某些个人、集体、地方、机构等的专有名称,通常第一个字母要大写,如:Helen,Americans,Beijing,theGreatWall,Parliament普通名词是一类人、一样东西、一个抽象概念等的名称,如:student,computer,beauty,carelessness2.普通名词又可分为四大类:1)个体名词———表示某类人或东西中的个体:child,student,book,star2)集体名词———某些集体的名称:family,committee,police,class3)物质名词———表示无法分为个体的实物:silver,water,air,cotton4)抽象名词———表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念:love,silence,bravery,happiness3.这四类名词又可归纳为两大类。个体名词和集体名词往往是可以用数计的,称为可数名词,如:threebooks,manychildren,severalfamilies而物质名词和抽象名词一般是无法用数来计算的,称为不可数名词。归纳一下,名词的分类可以用下表表示:专有名词个体名词名词可数名词集体名词普通名词物质名词不可数名词抽象名词20 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethenounsinthefollowingsentencesandsaywhatkindofnounstheyare(在下面句子中的名词下划线,并说明是哪种名词):1.Tomisaboy.2.LookatthismapofEnglandandWales.Onitthereareseventowns,fourrivers,tworangesofhillsandthreeislands.3.Everybodywantspeaceandnotwar.4.Haveyouheardthenews?Aplanehascrashed.5.Don곰tmakesomuchnoise,children!6.Putsomesaltinthesoup,please.7.Youcanbuyteaandsugaratthatshop.8.Timeisprecious.9.Fishlivesinwater.10.Thegirlhasthesweetnessandinnocenceofachild.11.Shecaredlittleforsociallife.12.Intelligencedevelopsslowlyinthesechildren.Ⅱ.Saywhichofthenounsinthesesentencesarecountableandwhichareuncountable(说明句子中哪些名词可数,哪些不可数):1.Wegetmilkfromcows.2.Insomecountries,winterisaverycoldseason.3.Ourteachergaveussomelessonsingrammar.4.Hewasgreetedwithshoutsofjoy.5.Theytalkedforhoursaboutfreedom.6.Foodwasveryexpensiveinthosedays.7.Hestartedworkwhenhewastwelve.8.Ilikedthemusic,butthewordswereboring.9.Letmegiveyousomeadvice.10.Victorywasnowassured.11.Electricityisdangerous.12.Sheisinterestedintheeducationofyoungchildren.21 11.可数名词与不可数名词(CountableNounsandUncountableNouns)名词是否可数是一个复杂问题,有些名词很明显是可数的,如:cars,rooms,lions,countries,它们都可用于复数形式;而有些则是不可数的,如peace,liberty,bread,dust,它们都没有复数形式。但有些特殊情况:1.有些物质名词可以用作个体名词,表示可数的东西:作物质名词作个体名词glass玻璃aglass(一只)玻璃杯paper纸apaper报纸,论文iron铁aniron熨斗wood木头awood树林2.有些抽象名词间或也可用作个体名词,表示可数的东西:作抽象名词作个体名词beauty美abeauty美人youth青春ayouth青年人democracy民主ademocracy民主国家authority权威anauthority权威人士3.有些个体名词也可用作抽象名词:作个体名词作抽象名词threerooms三个房间roomforimprovement改进余地aflower一朵花beinflower正在开花achurch一座教堂gotochurch去做礼拜ahospital一家医院beinhospital在住院4.有很多名词,在一种情况下为不可数名词,而在另一种情况下却为可数名词:作不可数名词作可数名词Havesometea.It곰sawonderfultea.喝点茶。这是一种极好的茶。Iloveice-cream.Twoice-creams,please.我喜欢冰淇淋。请来两份冰淇淋。Ihateemptytalk.She곰sgoingtogiveusatalk.我讨厌空谈。她将给我们作一次报告。Igotherewithoutanydifficulty.He곰shavingfinancialdifficulties.我到这里毫无困难。他经济上有困难。因此在写一个词时要注意它是否可数,在哪些情况下可数,在哪些情况下不可数。22 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentences,andtellwhetherthenounsinboldtypearecountableoruncountable.(比较下面多对句子,说明黑体名词为可数名词还是不可数名词)1.Experienceisthebestteacher.()Itwasaweekbeforehecouldtellhisexperiences.()2.Languageisaninstrumentofcommunication.()Hecanspeakseverallanguages.()3.Howdidlifebegin?()Theygavetheirlivesfortheircountry.()4.Howisbusiness?()HehasabusinessinLondon.()5.Whilethereislifethereishope.()Parentshavehighhopesfortheirchildren.()6.Severalotherwomenexpressedagreement.()I곰msorryyoucouldnotcometoanagreement.()7.Thereisnotmuchmeatonthebone.()Manycoldmeatsaretooexpensiveforustobuy.()8.Idon곰tcareforcoffee.()Weaskedfortwocoffees.()Ⅱ.Underlinetheuncountablenounsinthefollowingsentences.(在下面句子中的不可数名词下划线)1.Knowledgeispower.2.Wehaveneithersteamheatnorrunningwater.3.Lookingafterchildrenrequirespatience.4.Theyjumpedforjoy.5.Thesethoughtsgavehimenormouspleasure.6.Iwishyouluck.7.I곰dlikesomeinformationabouttrains.8.I곰vegotalotofluggage.9.Wehaven곰tgotmuchfurniture.10.Heisfondoftravel.23 12.名词的复数形式(ThePluralFormsofNouns)1.可数名词都有复数形式,大多数以加词尾-s的方式构成。在加-s词尾时,要注意两类情况:1)以s,x,ch,sh收尾的词,要加-es:classes,boxes,matches,brushes2)以“辅音+y”结尾的词,要变y为i,再加-es:city→cities,country→countries(但boy→boys)其他直接加-s,如:girls,teachers,rooms2.但有几种特殊情况:1)有些名词有特别的复数形式(有个别名词单复同形):man—menwoman—womenfish—fishtooth—teethfoot—feetsheep—sheepchild—childrengoose—geesedeer—deermouse—miceox—oxenaircraft—aircraft2)有些外来词仍保有原来的复数形式,如:phenomenon—phenomena(现象)stratum—strata(阶层)thesis—theses[′귅i귂si귂z](论文)3)以o结尾的词,有些加-s,有些加-es:radios,zoos,studios,photos,pianos,kilos;heroes,Negroes,potatoes,tomatoes4)以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v,再加-es:leaf—leaveslife—lives个别词只加-s:roofs,chiefs3.-(e)s词尾读音方法如下:1)在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后读[s]:cups,cats,cakes,roofs.2)在[s][z][귀][t귀][d귃]等音后读[iz]:buses,ashes,peaches,ages.3)其他情况下读[z]:girls,dogs,lives,photos.24 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Givethepluralformsofthefollowingnouns(给出下面名词的复数形式):policemanchildoxwomanmousetoothgoosefootpotatoheroleafwifeshelfrooflifeknifebabybusmonkeybranchthiefcitymosquitowatchladyfoxflybrushtomatoinchhalfdayboxtoyphotoaircraftwolfkilobossclasspianolorryglassdishwishpartygascalfⅡ.Fillintheblankswithnouns(用名词填空):1.Hesawthree(sheep)inthefield.2.Aflockof(goose)areflyingoverourheads.3.Thecartwasdrawnbytwo(ox).4.Hedoesn곰tlikeeatingwith(knife)andforks.5.Theysawapackof(wolf)inthedistance.6.The(fisherman)weredrawingthenet.7.The(mouse)haveeatenthecheese.8.Mybad(tooth)aregivingmealotofpain.9.Two(policewoman)stoppedhim.10.(woman)tendtolivelongerthan(man).11.Rainandsnoware(phenomenon)oftheweather.12.Therehemetpeoplefromdifferentsocial(stratum).13.Theyshotdowntwoenemy(aircraft).14.Themanissix(foot)tall.15.Theycaughtthreesmall(fish).16.Thegrasswascoveredwith(leaf).25 13.名词所有格(ThePossessiveCaseofNouns)英语中有些名词可加“곰s”来表示所有关系,这种形式称为名词的所有格,如:mysister곰stelephonenumber我姐姐的电话号码theeditor-in-chief곰soffice总编辑室thegirl곰ssister곰shusband곰sfather这姑娘姐夫的父亲如果原词有复数词尾-s,则仅仅加一个“곰”,如:workers곰resthome工人疗养院如果是复数,但不带-s词尾,则仍然加“곰s”,如:thePeople곰sRepublicofChina中华人民共和国children곰sbooks儿童读物一般说来,名词所有格仅限用于表示人或高级动物的名词,如:ProfessorLi곰sreport李教授的报告thewriters곰association作家协会abird곰s-eyeview鸟瞰图但在下面名词后面可以加“곰s”:1.表示时间的名词:Wherearetoday곰spapers?今天的报纸在哪里?It곰sjusttenminutes곰drivefromhere.开车十分钟可到。2.某些表示人的集体名词:What곰syourgovernment곰spolicy?你们政府的政策如何?What곰sthemajority곰sview?大多数人的意见怎样?3.表示国家、城市等的名词:It곰sthecountry곰scapital.这是这个国家的首都。Itisthecity곰sbusieststreet.这是这座城市最热闹的街。4.表示某些机构等的名词:Wemetatthehotel곰sentrance.我们在旅馆门口碰头。Tellusalittleabouttheschool곰shistory.给我们谈谈校史。凡不能加곰s的名词,都可以用of构成短语表示所有关系:What곰sthecolourofherhair?她的头发是什么颜色?[注]有些名词的所有格可表示商店、教堂等:WevisitedSaintPaul곰s(Cathedral).我们参观了圣保罗大教堂。She곰sstayingatmyaunt곰s.她住在我姑姑家。26 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Thisismysister곰sdaughter.2.Whereisthegirls곰dormitory?3.Isthisamare곰smilkoranewe곰smilk?4.Shefelttiredafteraday곰swork.5.Heacceptedthejobwithoutamoment곰shesitation.6.Thefamily곰stotalincomeis＄2000.7.Thenation곰syoungstersarewellcaredfor.8.Theymakeupone-thirdoftheprovince곰spopulation.9.Aboutthreefourthsoftheearth곰ssurfaceiscoveredwithwater.10.Thisistheconcerto곰sfinalmovement.11.Lookatthebird곰snest.12.Iwentintoastationer곰stobuyanotebook.13.He곰sgonetothegrocer곰s.14.Nowyoucansingtoyourheart곰scontent.15.Ididitforfriendship곰ssake.16.Shewasatherwit곰send.Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoEnglish(把下面句子译为英语):1.这家商店售卖男女服装。2.他们售卖婴儿服装吗?3.他在看狗的牙齿。4.这是一辆女(自行)车。5.六月一日是儿童节。6.你可以在药房买阿司匹林。7.他有一个博士学位。8.春节我们有一个星期的假。9.我买了十块钱的邮票。10.我到肉铺(面包坊,理发店)去。11.我们今晚在我姑姑家吃饭。12.我到约翰家去,但他在他姐姐家里。27 14.名词在句中的作用1.名词在句子中可用作:1)主语:Thetrainisapproaching.火车正开来。2)表语:Weareallservantsofthepeople.我们都是人民的公仆。3)宾语或介词的宾语:HespeaksgoodEnglish.他英语讲得很好。Ididitforthecountry.我这样做是为了国家。4)定语:Shemadeapaperflower.她做了一朵纸花。Hereismysister곰saddress.这是我妹妹的地址。5)同位语:Theyhavegreatconcernforusstudents.他们对我们学生很关心。6)呼语:Takeaseat,MissLake.雷克小姐,请坐。7)状语(或构成短语作状语):Themeetinglastedanhour.会开了一个钟头。还可构成复合宾语(作宾语的补语)Weelectedhimourmonitor.我们把他选作了班长。2.在英语中用名词作定语时很多,如:orangejuice橘汁timetable时刻表pressconference记者招待会newsbroadcast新闻广播railwaystation火车站busterminal汽车总站researchproject研究计划familyplanning计划生育3.在没有同根形容词时,常可用名词作定语。如果有同根形容词,仍可用名词作定语,这时意思上有些差异,如:goldcoin金币goldensunshine金色的阳光hearttrouble心脏病heartywelcome热忱的欢迎silverdollar银元silveryhair银白的头发snowmountain雪山snowytable-cloth雪白的桌布28 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Tellthefunctionofthenounsinthesesentences(说出下面句中的名词起什么作用):1.Perseverancemeansvictory.()()2.Iseconomicsyourmajor?()()3.Thereisn곰tanyfoodinmybackpack.()()4.Ihadafewcookiesandamilkshake.()()5.Willyoupleasecomethisway,MissCook.()()6.TheyappointedhimambassadortoFrance.()()7.ItisanovelbytheRussianwriterTolstoy.()()()8.Theshopsareashortwayawayfromthepark.()()()9.ShetravelsinEuropeeverysummer.()()10.Hehasa10-miledriveeachdaytoandfromhiswork.()()()()Ⅱ.PuttheseintoChinese(译为汉字):(A)inquiryofficeseatbeltsafetypinidentitycardpowerpoliticsgovernmentdelegationcreditcardsavingsbanklifeinsurancefaxmachinetelephonenumbermoneyorderemergencyroomexchangeratelong-distancecallinstallmentplan(B)peacetalkspeacefulconstructioncolourfilmcolourfuldresseshistoryteacherhistoricalplaysafetynetsafeplace29 15.冠词的基本用法(TheBasicUsesoftheArticles)1.冠词有两个,一个是定冠词the,一个是不定冠词a(在元音前用an)。它们都用在名词前,帮助说明这词的意思。the读作/귆궼/,在元音前读作/귆i/:theman/귆궼mꈷn/theoldman/귆i궼uldmꈷn/;a读作/궼/:acup/궼k궾p/;an用在元音前,读作/궼n/:anapple/궼n′ꈷpl/anisland/궼n′ail궼nd/2.不定冠词的基本意思是“一个”:Romewasnotbuiltinaday.罗马不是一天建成的。(谚)She곰llbebackinadayortwo.她一两天内就回来。也可表示“某一个”:Agentlemanwantstoseeyou.有一位先生想见你。还可表示一类人或东西(这时不一定译为“一”字):Heisanarchitect.他是建筑师。Atigerisaferociousanimal.老虎是猛兽。3.the和this,that同源,也表示“这个”,“那个”,但意思较弱,常不译成“这”,“那”,多表示一个(些)特定的人或东西:CanIspeaktothemanager?我能和经理谈谈吗?Wherearethegirls?姑娘们在哪里?Putitonthedesk.把它放在写字台上。Howdoyoulikethefilm?这部电影你觉得怎样?还可表示一类人或东西:Thepeasantsdidalotforthewar.农民为这次战争做出了很大贡献。ThecompasswasinventedinChina.指南针是中国发明的。ThelionisfoundinAfrica.狮子出在非洲。有些表示独一无二东西的名词,前面常常加the:Thesunisdown.太阳已经落山。Themoonmovesroundtheearth.月亮围着地球转。Theskyisclearandcloudless.天空明净无云。定冠词还可和少数形容词连用,表示一类人或东西:Soonshewouldbeamongtheunemployed.不久她将加入失业大军。Shehassympathyforthepoor.她同情穷人。Wemustn곰tattempttheimpossible.我们不能企图做不可能的事。30 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillineachoftheblankswitha,an,orthe(在空格中填入a,an或the):1.Bostonhasaquarium(水族馆).2.Ourfamilydidn곰townVCR(录像机).3.DoyouhaveCD(compactdisk)player?4.Evenchildcananswerthisquestion.5.Let곰ssitroundtable.6.Hepickedupmagazineandbegantoread.7.Therewasoldcaroutsidedoor.8.Heishonestman.9.horseisusefulanimal.10.Thereisappleandorangeontable.11.Thereisgoodfilmonatcinema.filmisaboutorphan.12.boyslefthourago.13.Hesawmanrunningtowardshimwithknife.knifewasredwithbloodandmanwasshouting.14.Hehadbeenaloneinworld.Hehadneverhadfather,loverorfriend.15.Eventuallywefoundhouse.housewasinsmallvillage.Itwasbeautifulhouse.Ⅱ.Underlinethearticlesinthefollowingshortpassageandseehowmanyarticlesyoufindinit(在下面小段中的冠词下划线,看你一共能找到多少冠词):Agirlreceivedaveryniceringfromherboyfriend.Sheworetheringtotheofficethenextday.Nobodynoticedit.Shemovedherhandthiswayandthatway,andstillnoneoftheothergirlsintheofficenoticedthering.Atlastshesaid,“It곰saveryhotday,isn곰tit?Imusttakeoffmyring.”———from“BrighterGrammar”31 16.专有名词前冠词的用法1.除了某些特殊情况,专有名词前一般不加冠词,如:Mr.Brown,Vice-DirectorLiu,Germany,Paris,SoutheastAsia,ancientGreece,NewEngland,July,Monday,English2.但在不少情况下专有名词前要加定冠词,如:1)江河海洋的名称:theYellowRiver黄河,theEastChinaSea东海,thePacificOcean太平洋,theArctic北冰洋2)山脉群岛,海湾海峡的名称:theAlps阿尔卑斯山,TheRockyMountains洛矶山脉,thePhilippines菲律宾群岛,theTaiwanStraits台湾海峡,thePersianGulf波斯湾但单山独岛名称前不加冠词:MountOmei峨嵋山,ChristmasIsland圣诞岛3)某些国名、组织机构等名称:thePeople곰sRepublicofChina中华人民共和国,theUnitedKingdom联合王国,theUnitedNations联合国,theMinistryofEducation教育部,theStateCouncil国务院,theStateDepartment美国国务院,theHouseofCommons英国下议院(但:Congress美国国会,Parliament英国国会)4)某些建筑物:theNationalGallery国家美术馆,theMilitaryMuseum军事博物馆,theCapitalTheatre首都剧场,thePeaceHotel和平饭店,thePentagon五角大楼,theWhiteHouse白宫5)报纸、会议、条约等的名称:theWashingtonPost华盛顿邮报,theDailyMail每日邮报,theTimes泰晤士报,theNewYorkTimes纽约时报,theGenevaConference日内瓦会议,theNorthAtlanticPact北大西洋公约3.但有些专有名词前多不加冠词,如街名、广场名、大学名、节日名、杂志名:FleetStreet舰队街,RiversideAvenue滨河大道TimesSquare时代广场,OxfordUniversity牛津大学Christmas,圣诞节,MayDay五一节,Time时代周刊32 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswitharticleswherenecessary(在需要的地方填入冠词):1.ThailandisinSoutheastAsia.2.JapanandUnitedStatesareseparatedbyPacificOcean.3.MountEverestisinHimalayasontheborderbetweenNepalandTibet,whichispartofPeople곰sRepublicofChina.4.SuezflowsthroughthenorthofEgypt,connectingmediterranean,GulfofSuezandRedsea.5.WhiletheywereinLondon,theystayedatRoyalHotelinAbertStreetnearTrafalgarSquare.6.AfterwevisitedHousesofParliamentandWestminsterAbbey,wehadlunchatPekingRestaurant.7.YellowRiveroriginatesinQinghaiandflowsintoYellowSea.8.SheswamEnglishChannelwhenshewassixteen,andplannedtosailacrossAtlanticinayacht.Ⅱ.PuttheseintoEnglish(译为英语):1.人民大会堂2.清华大学3.国庆节4.工人体育馆5.红塔影院6.印度洋7.长江8.天山山脉9.银湖10.人民代表大会11.南京路12.中山公园13.天安门广场14.世界贸易组织15.联合国安全理事会16.外交部33 17.抽象名词前冠词的用法1.抽象名词前一般不加冠词:Timeisprecious.时间是宝贵的。Knowledgeispower.知识就是力量。(谚)Practicemakesperfect.熟能生巧。(谚)即使有词修饰也可不加冠词:It곰snearlybed-time.差不多是睡觉时间了。It곰scommonknowledgethathislifeisindanger.他生命垂危是人所共知的。You곰vemadegoodprogressthisyear.今年你进步很大。2.但如果一个抽象名词不是用于一般意义,而是有特别涵义时,可以加定冠词:用一般意义(泛指)用于特殊意义(特指)Shehasapassionformusic.Someofthemusicisfolkmusic.她热爱音乐。那音乐有些是民间音乐。Timetriestruth.Hedidn곰ttellmethetruth.时间检验真理。他没有跟我讲真话。Artliesinconcealingart.It곰soneoftheartsofliving.艺术在于掩盖艺术。(谚)这是一种生活的艺术。Hisjobwastocollectinformation.Theinformationwasfalse.他的任务是搜集情报。这项情报是假的。3.在一定情况下前面还可加不定冠词,如:1)表示“一种”,“一场”等:Translationisanart.翻译是一种艺术。Itwasajustwar.这是一场正义的战争。2)表示动作的一次,一例等:Hewentoutsideforasmoke.他到外面抽了一支烟。Weshouldmakeathoroughinvestigation.我们应做一次深入的调查。3)表示引起某种情绪的事:It곰sapleasuretoworkinChina.在中国工作很愉快。It곰sanhonourtomeetyou.见到你很荣幸。4)表示某一品质的人或事:Janewasagreatsuccessintheplay.简演出很成功。Insomeplaceswhitebreadisaluxury.在某些地区白面包是奢侈品。34 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswitharticleswherenecessary(在空格中填入必要的冠词):1.Tigersarenearingextinction(绝种).2.Sheroseatdawnandwenttobedatsunset.3.Justlookatwonderfulsunsetthisevening.4.Heisfondofclassicalmusic.5.Whatdoyouthinkofidea?6.It곰sinterestingidea.7.Thepartywasgreatsuccess.8.Iknowlittleabouthistoryofthecountry.9.Theskywasbrilliantblue.10.Hervoicewasfullofaffection.11.Hehadwarmaffectionforhismother.12.Heobeyedfromfear.13.suddenfearcameoverhim.14.Wouldyoudomefavour?15.Thequeensoonlostfavour.16.timeoftheplaywasthe1930s.Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Hervoicewasfullofkindness.Pleasehavethekindnesstoanswerthisletter.Aforcedkindnessdeservesnothanks.2.Theyarefullofsympathy.Hehadanaturalsympathyforthedown-trodden.Thesympathysheshowedtouchedusgreatly.3.Heshowednosignofpleasureatseeingher.It곰ssuchagreatpleasurethatyouarehere.MayIhavethepleasureofmeetingyoulater?4.Thisinvitationgavehimparticularjoy.Whatajoytohaveyouwithus!Herchildrenwerethejoyofherlife.35 18.物质名词前冠词的用法1.物质名词在用于一般意义时不加冠词:Waterboilsat100℃.水在摄氏100度沸腾。Wecan곰tlivewithoutair.没有空气我们就不能生活。Theymakehigh-qualitysteel.他们制造优质钢。Snowcoveredtheground.地上被白雪覆盖。2.指该物质特定部分时可加定冠词:Theair(intheroom)isbad.(屋里)空气不好。Thewaterisn곰tveryclean.这水不太干净。Don곰tstandintherain.别站在雨里。Wipeoffthedust.把灰尘擦掉。3.有时物质名词前还可加不定冠词,表示:1)“一种”:Marbleisapreciousstone.大理石是一种珍贵的石料。Itwasaspecialteawhichtastedofchrysanthemum.这是一种菊花茶。2)“一阵”:Whataheavyrain!多大的雨呀!Itwasbitterlycold,andaheavysnowwasfalling.天气严寒,下着一场大雪。3)“一份”:Achocolateice-creamforme!给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。Anicedcoffeeforme.给我一杯冰咖啡。有时一个物质名词可表示可数的东西:Ineedtwoyardsofcloth.我需要两码布。(不可数)Hewipedthebookswithacloth.他用一块布擦书。(可数)Theycontaincopper.它们里面含有铜。(不可数)Ididn곰thaveacopperonme.我身上一块铜板都没有。(可数)36 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswitharticleswherenecessary(填入必要的冠词):1.hydrogenislighterthanoxygen.2.Itispleasanttowalkinsoftsnow.3.Don곰teatrottenfood.4.airissobad.Pleaseopenthewindow.5.goldisfoundinrocksandstreams.6.HewongoldattheOlympicGames.7.Longjingiswonderfultea.8.woodisfairlystrongmaterial.9.fogisthesailor곰sworstenemy.10.Whenfogclosedin,wecouldn곰tseeanything.11.TheyallenjoyChinesefood.12.foodwasverybad.13.Letmehaveaglassoftomatojuice.14.orangejuiceforme.15.Thecropsneedrain.16.Therewaslightrainfalling.17.rainkeptupallday.Ⅱ.Underlinethematerialnounsandthearticlesbeforethem(在物质名词及前面的冠词下划线):1.Thedressismadeofsilk.2.Thisparceliswrappedinbrownpaper.3.Cutthepaperalongthefold.4.Iaskedhimtofetchmeaneveningpaper.5.Dr.JonesreadapaperonChineseart.6.Thisisfreshwater.7.Help!Achildhasfallenintothewater!8.Weexpectsnowbeforemorning.9.Afterawhilewe곰lltakeawalkinthesnow.10.Whenwesetoff,aheavysnowwasfalling.37 19.冠词在某些习惯用语中的用法1.在很多情况下是否加冠词及加哪个冠词,只是习惯用法的问题,常常很难解释,例如在许多类似的短语中,有的名词前加冠词,有的却不加:atdawn(noon,night)inthemorning(thedaytime)intowninthecityinfrontofatthebackoftoplaytennis(chess)toplaythepiano(theguitar)towatchTVtolistentotheradiotocatchcoldtohaveacoldasawholeonthewholeatadistanceinthedistanceatanendintheend2.有很多名词通常为可数名词,在一定情况下却是不可数名词,因此前面没有冠词:作可数名词作不可数名词Theybuiltaschool.There곰snoschooltoday.他们建了一所学校。今天不上课。Wesawachurchnearby.Whattimedoeschurchbegin?我们看到附近有一所教堂。什么时候开始做礼拜?Theyvisitedaprison.He곰sbeeninprisonforfiveyears.他们参观了一所监狱。他蹲了五年监牢。Sheboughtanewcar.Shewentbycar.她买了一辆新车。她开车去的。有些名词可构成许多习惯用语;以place一字为例,就可构成许多短语:Ihavebeenallovertheplacetofindyou.我到处找你。Ifwechangeplaces,you곰llbeabletoseebetter.如果我们互换位置,你可以看得更清楚些。Oldmethodsmustgiveplacetonew.旧方法应让位给新方法。Thatremarkwasnotinplace.那句话不恰当。Usewaterinplaceofmilk.用水代替牛奶。Inthefirstplacewemustdefineourterms.首先我们必须确定词义。Yourremarkswereratheroutofplace.你的说法有些不恰当。Takeyourplacesforthenextdance.站好,准备下一场舞。Theweddingwilltakeplacenextweek.婚礼下星期举行。Who곰stakingherplace?谁来代替她?还有序数词和形容词最高级前要加the,下面再谈。38 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswitharticleswherenecessary(填入必要的冠词):1.It곰stimeforbed.2.Heseemedtobeinhurry.3.MayIhavepleasureofdancingwithyou?4.I곰llhelpyouwithpleasure.5.Onwholewegotonverywellwithhim.6.Industrialproductionaswholeincreasedby20percent.7.Hesmokestencigarettesadayonaverage.8.Onaveragewereceive5letterseachday.9.Theplayhadrunof500nights.10.Inlongrunhe곰stheonlyhopewehave.11.Shearrivedattheplaceaheadoftime.12.AttimelikethisIdon곰tgrudgeathing.13.AttimeIthoughtyouwerestupid.14.Idofeelalittlenervousattimes.15.Weareworkingagainsttimetofinishourwork.16.Wewerepressedfortime.Ⅱ.Studythefollowingidioms(观察下面成语):不带冠词带不定冠词带定冠词inconclusionatadiscountinthehopeofoncondition(that...)atalossatthestartinrealityatastretchforthesakeoffallinlove(with)inawayforthetimebeingmakeroomfortoadegreeinthecourseofinfavourofataglanceinthelongruninhonourofatatimeonthespotinhope(s)ofinawordtothecontraryatleisureaskafavor(of...)tothepointforexamplemakeafussallthetime39 第三章时态20.一般现在时(ThePresentIndefiniteTense)英语动词有多种不同形态表示不同的时间关系,称为时态。最常用的时态之一是一般现在时,主要表示:1.现在的或一般的情况或状态:I곰msorryI곰mlate.对不起我迟到了。YouspeakgoodEnglish.你英文讲得很好。Heisverytired.他现在很疲倦。2.经常或习惯性的动作:Weoftenwritetoeachother.我们时常通信。Sheworksveryhard.她很用功。Theygojoggingeveryday.他们每天跑步。3.间或表示将要发生的情况(仅限于少数动词):WhattimedowearriveinShanghai?我们什么时候到达上海?Thetrainleavesat2∶30.火车两点半开。这个时态的肯定、否定、疑问及简短回答形式如下:I(You,They)likesports.I(You,They)don곰tlikesports.肯定句否定句He(She)likessports.He(She)doesn곰tlikesports.Doyou(we,they)likesports?I(we,they)do.I(we,they)don곰t.疑问句简短回答Doeshe(she)likesports?Yes,he(she)does.No,he(she)doesn곰t.动词be的四种形式如下:Iamastudent.Iamnotastudent.Youareastudent.Youarenotastudent.肯定句否定句He(She)isastudent.He(She)isnotastudent.We(You,They)arestudents.We(You,They)arenotstudents.Iamnot.AmIastudent?Iam.youarenot.Areyouastudent?youare.疑问句简短回答Yes,No,he(she)isnot.Ishe(she)astudent?he(she)is.we(you,they)Arewe(you,they)students?we(you,they)are.arenot.40 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Putthefollowingsentencesintotheinterrogativeandthenegative(把下面句子改为疑问句及否定句):1.Iknowthesepeople.2.Sheworksinahospital.3.Therentincludesutilities.4.Weneedtheirhelp.5.Mybackhurts.6.TheyallspeakChinese.7.Thehenlaysaneggeveryday.8.Shereadsthenewspapersintheafternoon.9.Thefarmersheregrowcorn.10.Hegoestoworkbybus.Ⅱ.Puttheverbsinbracketsintherightforms(填入括号中动词的正确形式):1.Mysister(work)inahospital.2.Myfather(teach)inacollege.3.Mybrother(wash)hiscareveryday.4.He(go)toworkinhiscar.5.He(study)accountinginanightschool.6.Helen(have)aroomonthetopfloor.7.Thebabyoften(cry)atnight.8.Shealways(try)todoherworkwell.Ⅲ.Completethefollowingtabletoshowthepronunciationofthe-sending(填好下面表格来表示-s词尾的读音):情况读法例词在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后[]helps,hates,asks,laughs在[s][z][귀][t귀][d귃]等音后[]faces,rises,washes,watches,urges在其他情况下[]plans,cries,shows41 21.现在进行时(ThePresentContinuousTense)现在进行时由“am,are,is+现在分词”构成,主要表示:1.现在正在进行的动作:I곰mwaitingforthebus.我正等公共汽车。She곰ssittinginanarmchair.她正坐在沙发椅上。Whatarethesepeopledoing?这些人在干什么?Itissnowing.在下雪。2.预计将要发生的动作(仅限于少数动词):Tomorrowthey곰regoingtoNewYork.明天他们将动身去纽约。Mycousinisarrivingnextweek.我表弟下星期到。3.现在进行时的肯定、否定、疑问及简短回答形式如下:I곰mhavinglunch.I곰mnothavinglunch.肯定句You(We,They)곰rehavinglunch.否定句You(We,They)arenothavinglunch.He(She)곰shavinglunch.He(She)isnothavinglunch.Iam.Yes,you(we,they)are.AmIhavingluch?he(she)is.疑问句Areyou(we,they)havinglunch?简短回答I곰mnot.Ishe(she)havinglunch?No,you(we,they)aren곰t.he(she)isn곰t.4.现在分词由动词原形加-ing构成。-ing词尾加法如下:情况加法例词一般情况加-inggo→goingstudy→studying以不读音的e结尾去e,再加-inglive→livingmove→moving以重读闭音节结尾,把末尾辅音字双写,sit→sittingwin→winningbegin→beginning末尾又只有一个辅音再加-ing(但open→opening)字母5.另外,begoingto结构表示“打算做某事”或“即将发生某事”:MissGreenisgoingtowearabluedress.格林小姐打算穿一件蓝色连衣裙。I곰mafraidit곰sgoingtorain.恐怕要下雨了。42 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Putthefollowingintotheinterrogativeandthenegative(把下面句子改为疑问句及否定句):1.We곰rehavinglunch.2.She곰swritinganovel.3.It곰sraining.4.They곰retravellinginEurope.5.Tomisrunninginthepark.6.Mr.Brownissmoking.7.Sheisdrinkingcoffee.8.Thegirlsaremakingpaperflowers.9.Johnisdrivingtowork.10.They곰retalkingaboutsomethingimportant.11.She곰sgoinghomebytrain.12.They곰recomingbacktonight.Ⅱ.Givethe-ingformsofthefollowingverbs(给出下列动词的-ing形式):1.move2.pack3.get4.set5.leave6.wrap7.take8.begin9.come10.smile11.spin12.hurry13.lie14.dance15.tryⅢ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(将下列句子译为汉语):1.Whereareyougoingtospendyoursummervacation?2.We곰regoingtovisitthecityinJune.3.Whatareyougoingtodotonight?4.Howareyougoingtogothere?5.She곰sgoingtohaveababy.6.I곰msureit곰sgoingtobeafineday.7.They곰regoingtotakeyoutotheemergencyroom.8.TheweddingisgoingtotakeplaceonSaturday.43 22.一般将来时(TheFutureIndefiniteTense)1.一般将来时由“shall或will+动词原形”构成,第一人称后用shall(也可用will),在其他情况下都用will,常常紧缩为“곰ll”。但在疑问句第一人称后用shall时较多,来征求对方意见:Shallwe(I)sithere?我们(我)要不要坐这里?这个时态主要表示将要发生的动作或情况:You곰llarriveat10∶30.你将于10点30分到达。Weshallsaygood-byetohim.我们将和他道别。We곰llmeetattheairport.我们将在机场见面。I곰llhavesomeorangejuice.我喝点橘汁。Shewilltakethe9∶30train.她将搭9点30分的火车。2.一般将来时的肯定、否定、疑问及简短回答形式如下:I(We)will(shall)notcome.I(We)will(shall)come.肯定句否定句You(He,She,They)willnotcome.You(He,She,They)willcome.Iwill(shall).Yes,ShallI(we)come?you(he,she,they)will.疑问句简短回答Willyou(he,she,they)come?Iwon곰t(shan곰t).No,you(he,she,they)won곰t.3.将来发生的事还可以用其他方式表示:1)一般现在时(仅限于少数动词,表示按计划或时刻表要发生的事):Theboatsailsearlytomorrow.船明天一早启航。Theplanetakesoffat12∶30.飞机12点30分起飞。2)现在进行时(仅限于少数动词,表示按计划安排要发生的事):She곰scomingbackbybus.她坐公共汽车回来。They곰reflyinghome.他们将坐飞机回家。还可以用begoingto结构表示。还有少数其他将来时态后面再谈。但在条件及时间状语从句中多用一般现在时代替一般将来时:Cometoourdinnerpartyifyouhavetime.如果你有时间请来参加我们的聚会餐。I곰llbringyouthebookwhenIcomenexttime.我下次来时帮你把那书带来。44 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Puttheverbsinbracketsintherighttense.(把括号中的动词改为适当的时态形式):1.She(do)herhomework(now).She(do)herhomeworkintheevening.She(do)herhomeworkthisevening.2.They(play)badminton.Sometimesthey(play)chesstogether.Nancy(play)againsther.3.Thechildren(get)upathalfpastsix.They(get)upnow.They(get)upinalittlewhile.4.Heoften(write)letterstohismother.He(write)aletter.He(wirte)alettertoyounextweek.5.It(rain)veryhard.It(notoftenrain)inautumn.Ihopeit(notrain)tomorrow.Ⅱ.Putthesesentencesintheinterrogativeandtheninthenegative(把下面句子先改为疑问句再改为否定句):1.I곰llbefreetonight.2.Jane곰llcometoseeusthisweekend.3.I곰llringhertonight.4.Theweather곰llbeverycoldtomorrow.5.Jimwillhelpus.6.I곰mgoingtoseemygrandmatoday.7.Tom곰sgoingtostayatahotel.8.Youwillgowithus.Ⅲ.PutthesentencesinEx.2intospecialquestions,askingabouttheitalicizedparts.(把练习Ⅱ中的句子变为针对斜体词的特殊问句)45 23.一般过去时(ThePastIndefiniteTense)1.一般过去时表示过去发生的事,动词用过去式:Wherewereyouyesterday?你昨天去哪里去了?Howlongdidyoustaythere?你在那里待了多久?Didyousleepwell?你睡得好吗?Thebabycriedallnight.宝宝哭了一夜。2.过去式有两类,一类为规则动词,它们的过去式都以现在式加-ed词尾构成,一般情况下直接加-ed,如work→worked,want→wanted。原词若以字母e结尾,则只加-d,如live→lived,free→freed,以“辅音+y”结尾的词,变y为i,再加-ed:cry→cried,marry→married,以重读闭音节结尾,末尾又只有一个辅音字母者,将该字母双写再加-ed:plan→planned,permit→permitted。另一类为不规则动词,如do→didgo→wentsee→sawhave→had。许多常用动词都是不规则动词,详见附录2:不规则动词表。这个时态的否定、疑问及简短回答的形式可表示如下:I(He,She,We,You,They)I(He,She,We,You,They)肯定句否定句wentbybus.didn곰tgobybus.DidI(he,she,we,you,they)Yes,I(he,she,we,you,they)did.疑问句简短回答gobybus?No,I(he,she,we,you,they)didn곰t.动词be的肯定,否定,疑问及简短回答形式如下:I(He,She)wasthere.I(He,She)wasn곰tthere.肯定句否定句We(You,They)werethere.We(You,They)weren곰tthere.I(he,she)was.Yes,WasI(he,she)there?we(you,they)were.疑问句简短回答Werewe(you,they)there?I(he,she)wasn곰t.No,we(you,they)weren곰t.这个时态在故事性读物中用得很多。46 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Learnthesepastformsbyheart(记住下列不规则动词的过去式):begin-beganhide-hidblow-blewbreak-brokebring-broughtbuild-builtburn-burntburst-burstbuy-boughtcatch-caughtchoose-chosecome-camecut-cutdig-dugdo-diddraw-drewdrink-drankdrive-droveeat-atefall-fellfeed-fedfeel-feltfight-foughtfind-foundfly-flewforget-forgotforgive-forgavefreeze-frozeget-gotgive-gavego-wentgrow-grewhang-hunghave-hadhear-heardhit-hithold-heldhurt-hurtkeep-keptknow-knewlay-laidlead-ledleave-leftlend-lentlie-laylose-lostmake-mademean-meantmeet-metovercome-overcamepay-paidput-putread-read[red]ride-roderise-roserun-ransay-said[sed]see-sawsell-soldsend-sentset-setshake-shookshine-shoneshut-shutsing-sangsink-sanksit-satsleep-sleptspeak-spokespend-spentspread-spreadstand-stoodsteal-stolestick-stuckstrike-strucksweep-sweptswim-swamtake-tookteach-taughttear-toretell-toldthink-thoughtthrow-threwwear-woreweep-weptwin-wonwind-woundwrite-wroteⅡ.Makesentenceswithtenofthepastforms(用十个动词的过去式造句)。Ⅲ.Putthesesentencesintotheinterrogativeandthenthenegative(把下面句子改为疑问句及否定句):1.Iknewshewasill.2.Hewasanorphan.3.Theysawthatfilm.4.Shewasup.5.Heslept(quite)well.6.Herparentswereabroadthen.7.Weoftenheardfromthem.8.Iwasverybusythatday.47 24.现在完成时(ThePresentPerfectTense)1.现在完成时由“have(has)+过去分词”构成,第三人称单数用has,其他情况下都用have:He(She,Theboy)hasgonehome.他(她,那男孩)回家了。I(You,We,They)havemadeamistake.我(你,我们,他们)犯了一个错误。2.和过去式一样,过去分词也有两类,规则动词加-ed构成,不规则动词有各自不同的形式,如do→done,find→found,see→seen,hear→heard,关于常用不规则动词的过去分词可参阅附录2。3.现在完成时主要表示:1)业已发生且对现在有影响的动作:Whohasbrokentheglass?谁把玻璃杯打破了?(杯子破了)Ihaven곰thadmybreakfastyet.我还没吃早饭。(有些饿)He곰salreadyleftfortheairport.他已动身去机场。(不在家)2)现在以前这段时间发生的情况:She곰sjustphoned.她刚来过电话。Therehasbeenanaccident.出了车祸了。Theyhaveputuphundredsoftallbuildings.他们盖了数以百计的高楼。3)持续到现在的状态:Shehasbeenherefortwoyears.她在这里已经有两年了。Themeetinghasalreadylastedforthreehours.会已经开了三个钟头了。Wehavelivedhereforovertenyears.我们在这里住了十多年了。若有表示过去时间的状语则不能使用这个时态。另外have(has)got+有特殊意义,表示“有”:Howmanybrothershaveyougot?你有多少兄弟?Hehasn곰tgotacar.他没有汽车。这个时态的肯定、否定、疑问及简短回答形式可表示如下:I(We,You,They)havedoneit.I(We,You,They)haven곰tdoneit.肯定句否定句He(She)hasleft.He(She)hasn곰tleft.I(we,you,they)have.Yes,HaveI(we,you,they)doneit?he(she)has.疑问句简短回答Hashe(she)left?I(we,you,they)haven곰t.No,he(she)hasn곰t.48 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Learntheseverbformsbyheart(记住下面这些动词形式):breakbrokebrokenbringbroughtbroughtbuildbuiltbuiltbuyboughtboughtcatchcaughtcaughtcomecamecomedodiddonefindfoundfoundhavehadhadhearheardheardkeepkeptkeptknowknewknownleaveleftleftloselostlostmakemademadepaypaidpaidputputputseesawseensellsoldsoldsetsetsetshakeshookshakenspeakspokespokenspendspentspenttaketooktakenteachtaughttaughtthrowthrewthrownwinwonwonwritewrotewrittenⅡ.Puttheverbsintherighttense(把动词改为适当时态):1.I(finish)myhomeworkalready.—Whenyou(finish)it?2.He(call)yet?—Yes,He(call)anhourago.3.I(notsee)youforages.Whenyou(arrive)?4.He(begin)workingherein1992.Sohe(work)herefortenyears.5.I(nothear)fromhersinceshe(leave).6.They(get)marriedthatsummer.They(be)marriedforsixyears.7.Thewar(break)outlastwinterand(continue)fornearlyayear.8.We(know)eachothersincewe(be)children.Ⅲ.Putthesesentencesintotheinterrogativeandthenegative(把下面句子改为疑问及否定句):1.Shehasgotwell.2.Theyhavefinishedtheirwork.3.Hehasleftforhome.4.Helenhaspassedtheexam.5.Wehavebeentothemuseum.6.Shehaswrittenashortstory.7.Ihavebeenverybusy.8.Ihavereceivedmanypresents.49 25.一些过去时态(SomePastTenses)1.除了一般过去时,还有另外几个过去时态:1)过去进行时:表示过去某时正在进行的动作:LastweekIwasn곰tfeelingverywell.上星期我感到不太舒服。Anoldladywaswaitingforthebus.一位老太太(这时)正在等车。Thesunwassetting.太阳正在西沉。Birdsweresinginginthetrees.树间鸟儿在鸣叫。2)过去完成时:表示过去某时(前)业已发生的事:WhenIsawhim,hehadbeenillforamonth.我见到他时他已病了一个月了。Hecouldn곰tseeanyone.Thethieveshadgone.他没看见什么人,小偷已经跑了。Heshowedmethebookshehadbought.他让我看了他买的书。Sheexplainedwhathadhappened.她解释了发生的情况。3)过去将来时:表示从过去看将要发生的事:Hewaseighteen.Intwoyearshewouldbetwenty.他十八岁,再过两年他就二十了。Ithoughtyouwouldwaitforme.我以为你会等我哩。DidyouknowMarywouldcome?你知道玛丽会来吗?Heassuredmethathewouldsupportus.他向我保证他会支持我们。这三个时态都常用在宾语从句(a)或间接引语(b)中:a.Hetoldmethathewaswritinganovel.他告诉我他在写一本小说。Shesaidthatshehadgoteverythingready.她说她把一切都准备好了。MotheraskedwhenIwouldbeback.妈问我什么时候回来。b.Hesaidhewascallingfromtheairport.(比较:I곰mcallingfromtheairport.)Shesaidshehadgotmyfax.(比较:I곰vegotyourfax.)IsaidI곰dbewiththemrightaway.(比较:I곰llbewithyourightaway.)would构成的谓语有时表示过去习惯性动作或倾向:EverySaturdaytheywouldgototheclub.每星期六他们都去俱乐部。Sometimeswewouldsittogetherchatting.有时我们会坐在一起聊天。Thedoorwouldn곰topen.门开不了啦。Thecarwouldn곰tstart.汽车开不动了。50 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Puttheverbsinbracketsintherighttense(把动词改为适当时态):1.Theseawascalm.Thesun(shine).2.Whenthey(arrive),thechildren(swim)3.Nancy(be)there.She(talk)tomysister.4.Bytheageof29,he(build)hisfirstcar.5.Nobody(be)inthehousebecausethey(go)toseeafilm.6.This(be)thefirsttimehe(travel)inaplane.7.He(think)he(miss)thetrain,buthedidn곰t.8.We(notexpect)we(be)sosuccessful.9.He(take)ustoseethebridgethey(build).10.We(be)gladthatourteam(win)thegamethatday.11.He(ask)whenthey(let)himgohome.12.Aswe(bring)alotoffood,we(have)anicepicnicthere.13.Helen(be)theretoo.She(wear)abeautifuldress.14.She(say)she(lose)hercarkey.15.He(promise)thathe(be)morecarefulnexttime.16.I(notknow)you(look)forme.Ⅱ.Putthesesentencesintospecialquestionsaskingabouttheitalicizedparts(把句子改为特殊问句,就斜体部分提问):1.Iwashavingabathwhenthephonerang.2.Hewastalkingtomyhusbandatthemoment.3.TheyweretravellinginSoutheastAsialastwinter.4.Wehadplanted1,000treesbytheendoflastmonth.5.Hehadworkedinthecompanyforfouryearsbeforeheresigned.6.ShehadcrossedtheAtlanticalonebeforeshewrotethenovel.7.Shewasgoingtostayatheraunt곰sinHongKong.8.Afterthattheywouldrestforafewdays.9.Thenshewouldtrytofindajob.10.Whentheyhadtimetheywouldmakesketches.51 26.一些次要的时态除了上面讲到的时态外,还有一些时态还是比较常用的,如:1.现在完成进行时(ThePresentPerfectContinuousTense):表示由过去某时持续到现在的动作,由“have(has)been+现在分词”构成:Ithasbeenrainingforthreehours.一连下了三个钟头的雨。Shehasbeenworkingthewholemorning.她工作一上午了。Wehavebeenwaitingforyou.我们一直在等你。That곰stheletterIhavebeenexpecting.这是我一直在等的信。Whathaveyoubeenarguingabout?你们在争论什么事?2.过去完成进行时(ThePastPerfectContinuousTense):表示过去某时前一直在进行的动作,由“hadbeen+现在分词”构成:Iaskedhimwhathehadbeendoing.我问他一直在干什么。Hehadbeenworkingalldayandwasverytired.他干了一天的活很累。Sheshowedmethebookshehadbeenreading.她把她看的书拿给我看。Hetoldherthathehadbeenthinkingofherallthetime.他告诉她他一直在想她。JanehadbeendoingtheworkforayearbeforeItookoverthejob.在我接手这工作前,简干了一年。3.将来进行时(TheFutureContinuousTense):表示将来某时正在进行的动作,或根据安排将要发生的事,由“will(shall)be+现在分词”构成:Besuretocomeateight.I곰llbeexpectingyou.务必八点钟来,我会等你的。I곰llbewaitingforyououtside.我将在外边等你。I곰llbeseeingthemwhenIfinishtalkingwithyou.我和你谈完就去见他们。TomorrowmorningI곰llbeseeingafriendoffattheairport.明天早上我将到机场给一位朋友送行。此外还有一些不太常用的时态,暂时可以不去管它们。52 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Changetheseintospecialquestions,askingabouttheitalicizedparts(就斜体部分提问):1.We곰vebeendiscussinganimportantquestion.2.I곰vebeenwaitingforyoufortwohours.3.Hehasbeenthinkingabouthisgirlfriend.4.I곰vebeenreadingWarandPeace.5.Shehadbeendoingthisworkforthreeyearsbeforesheleft.6.MaryhadbeenpaintingpicturesbeforeIgotthere.7.We곰llbestayingatahotelwhenweareinTokyo.8.We곰llbeseeingeachotheragainnextspring.9.JoewillbegoingwithmetoSingapore.10.We곰llbegoingtoXi곰anbytrain.Ⅱ.Putthesentencesintotheinterrogativeandthenthenegative(把下面句子改为疑问句及否定句):1.We곰vebeenplayingbridge.2.She곰sbeenstudyingtheproblemformanyyears.3.I곰vebeenworkinginthegarden.4.Georgehadbeenworryingaboutthechildren.5.Peterhadbeenstandingforalongtimebeforehegotthetickets.6.Weshallbewalkingtoschool.7.You곰llbefeelingtootiredafterthat.8.I곰llbethinkingaboutyou.Ⅲ.Fillintheblankcolumnsaftertheexamples(仿照例句填入句子):现在进行时过去进行时现在完成进行时将来进行时1.I곰mspeaking.Iwasspeaking.Ihavebeenspeaking.I곰llbespeaking.2.Sheissewing.3.Itissnowing.4.Wearestudying.5.Theyarehavingachat.6.Heisworking.53 27.时态的紧缩形式1.在口语中,很多时态有紧缩形式,这也反映在书面语中,如:Iamwaitingforyouranswer.可紧缩为I곰mwaitingforyouranswer.Ishallnotbeawaylong.可紧缩为Ishan곰tbeawaylong.从一开头就要熟悉这类形式。2.英语中主要的紧缩形式可归纳如下:紧缩形式完全形式例句곰mamI곰mreading.곰reareThey곰remyfriends.곰sis,hasShe곰sright.She곰sgotit.곰llshall,willWe곰ll(He곰ll)bebacktomorrow.곰dshould,wouldIthoughtwe곰d(you곰d)befreetoday.hadYou곰dbettergobyboat.곰mnotamnotI곰mnottired.aren곰t,곰renotarenotTheyaren곰t(They곰renot)tired.isn곰t,곰snotisnotHe곰sright,isn곰the?hasn곰t,곰snothasnotHe곰snot(hasn곰t)comebackyet.곰llnot,won곰twillnotWon곰tyoucomewithus?곰llnot,shan곰tshallnotWe곰llnot(Weshan곰t)beheretonight.곰dnot,wouldn곰twouldnotTheywouldn곰tcome.곰dnot,shouldn곰tshouldnotIshouldn곰t(I곰dnot)thinkso.곰dnot,hadn곰thadnotThey곰dnot(hadn곰t)finishedtheworkwhenIgotthere.didn곰tdidnotDidn곰tshegowithyou?don곰tdonotWhydon곰tyoudoitnow?doesn곰tdoesnotShedoesn곰tlivehere.3.情态动词的否定形式也常用紧缩形式:cannot→can곰tcouldnot→couldn곰tmustnot→mustn곰tneednot→needn곰tdarenot→daren곰tmaynot和mightnot也有紧缩形式,但用得很少。54 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Changtheitalicizedpartsintocontractedforms(把斜体部分改为紧缩形式):1.Iammakingaphonecall.2.Sheisseeingthesights.3.Wearewaitingforourturn.4.Janeisnotlivinghere.5.Theshopsarenotopennow.6.Ishallbeoverinaminute.7.Youwillgetananswerinaweek.8.Ishallnotstaytherelong.9.Hewillnotbelateagain.10.Shehasalreadygotwell.11.Ithoughtyouwouldbebacktoday.12.Iwouldnotthinkso.13.Youshouldnotdrinktoomuch.14.Shehasnotgotyourpostcard.15.Theyhavenotgotanychildren.16.Wedidnotstaytherelong.17.Idonotknowheraddress.18.Hedoesnotknowtheanswer.19.Youhadbetterhurryup.20.Shewouldnotbesocareless.Ⅱ.Makesentenceswillthefollowingcontractedforms(用下面紧缩形式造句):1.mustn곰t2.needn곰t3.can곰t4.couldn곰t5.shouldn곰t6.wouldn곰t7.shan곰t8.won곰t55 第四章被动语态28.各种时态的被动语态语态是谓语的一种形式,当主语是动作的执行者时,动词用主动语态,若主语与谓语是被动关系,则动词用被动语态:Everybodyrespectshim.大家都尊敬他。(主动语态)Heisrespectedbyeverybody.他受到大家的尊敬。(被动语态)被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成,时态由be的各种形式表现出来:1.一般现在时:Whatisitcalled?它叫什么名字?Orangesaregrownonthesehills.这些小山上种有橘子树。2.一般过去时:HewasborninShanghai.他是在上海出生的。Theywerepleasedbythesewords.听了这些话他们很高兴。3.一般将来时:Whowillbesenttoworkthere?将派谁去那里工作?Shallwebeinvitedtotheparty?要邀请我们参加晚会吗?4.现在进行时:Thecaseisbeinginvestigated.这案子正在调查。Theseproblemsarebeingdiscussed.这些问题正在讨论。5.现在完成时:Ithasbeentranslatedintomanylanguages.这书被译成了许多语言。Hasanybodybeenhurt?有谁受伤了吗?6.过去进行时:Theroadwasthenbeingwidened.那时路正在加宽。Apartywasbeingheldinthenextroom.隔壁房间正在开晚会。7.过去完成时:Hesaidthatthemeetinghadbeenpostponed.他说会议延期了。Ididn곰tknowhehadbeenfired.我不知道他被解雇了。还有一些时态用被动语态的时候比较少,有些时态没有被动语态。这些这里就不谈了。56 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Changethefollowingsentencesfromactivevoicetopassivevoice(将下面句子由主动语态改为被动语态):1.LiBaiwrotethepoem.2.Athiefstoleherring.3.Theycallthismagnolia.4.Anelectricfirewarmstheroom.5.We곰llfinishtheworktomorrow.6.WewillholdthesportsmeetonFriday.7.Theyhaveredecoratedtherooms.8.Wehavepulleddownsomeofthehouses.9.Theyarerepairingtheroad.10.Herauntislookingafterthechildren.11.Hetoldmesomeonehadcheatedhim.12.Iheardthattheyhadsenthertohospital.13.Theywereploughingthefieldthen.14.Wewerepullingdownthehouse.15.They곰llhaveclosedtheshopby7o곰clock.16.Hedidn곰texpectthattheywouldtreathimsowell.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithverbsintheircorrectforms(在空格中填入适当的动词形式):1.English(speak)allovertheworld.2.Thishouse(build)intheMingDynasty.3.Thebooks(return)toyounextweek.4.Thestudents(examine)now.5.Thewindow(break).Whodidit?6.Iheardthathisson(send)toworkinTibet.7.Hetoldmethatthecase(try).8.Theysaidthatthemachines(send)herebytrain.9.Threehouses(damage),butnoone(injure).10.Whilethefish(clean)wemadeafire.57 29.一些特殊的被动结构除了上面谈的各个时态的被动语态外,还有一些特殊的被动结构:1.带情态动词的被动结构:Thismustbedonerightaway.这事必须立即进行。Thisvitamincan곰tbestoredinthebody.这种维生素不能在体内储存。Maythesebooksbetakenoutoftheroom?这些书能携出室外吗?Youshouldbecriticizedforthat.为此你应受到批评。Thatquestionneedn곰tbediscussed.那个问题无需讨论。2.带不定式的被动结构:Thesetreeshavetobecutdown.这些树不得不砍倒。Thisoughttobedonewithcare.做这事要小心。Theseoldhousesaregoingtobepulleddown.这些旧房子将要拆掉。Whenisthebuildingtobecompleted?大楼何时完工?Thesepeoplearesuretobepunished.这些人一定会受到惩处。3.一些成语动词的被动结构:Manyworkershavebeenlaidoff.许多工人被暂时辞退。TheU.S.A.ismadeupof50states.美国由五十个州构成。Hasthedoctorbeensentfor?请大夫了吗?Hewasbroughtupbyhisaunt.他是他姑姑带大的。Suchathinghasneverbeenheardofbefore.这种事前所未闻。Suchpeoplearelookeddownuponinsociety.这种人在社会上是被人看不起的。4.带表语的被动结构:ShewascalledBigSister(表语)byeverybody.大家都管她叫大姐。Theroomsshouldbekeptclean.这些房间要保持干净。Hewasmadetheirleader.他被推选为他们的领导人。Thewallsarepaintedyellow.墙被漆成了黄色。Hewasappointeddirectorofthehospital.他被任命为医院院长。58 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Changethesesentencesfromtheactivetothepassivevoice(把下面句子由主动语态改为被动语态):1.Wemustdothiswithcare.2.Wecandiscussthisquestionlater.3.Theymayaskyoutogiveaperformance.4.Weshouldkeepthisinmind.5.Weneedn곰tconsiderthatpoint.6.Wehavetotakethesefactorsintoconsideration.7.Yououghttofillouttheseformsfirst.8.Theyaregoingtoredesignthemachine.9.TheyaretoholdtheconferenceinMoscow.10.Wearesuretodefeatthem.11.Theyoperatedonherlastnight.12.Theyhaveputoffthemeeting.13.Davidputforwardthesuggestion.14.Theyappointedherdirectorofthefarm.15.Weshouldkeepherroomwarm.16.We곰llnametheshipPrincessAlice.Ⅱ.Puttheverbsinbracketsintherightforms(把括号中动词改为适当形式):1.She(give)awarmwelcomeattheairport.2.You(ask)tosingasongattonight곰sparty.3.He(hear)tobesinginganItaliansong.4.They(say)tohaveoverfulfilledtheirtask.5.You(expect)toattendtheceremony.6.He(think)tobeaspy.7.He(find)injuredatthefootofacliff.8.Thetreaty(stillconsider)infarce.9.They(make)toworkfrommorningtillnight.10.They(oftensee)walkingtogether.59 30.“be+过去分词”结构1.“be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态,有时这个过去分词是表语,说明主语所处的状态:Butshewasn곰thurt.但她没有受伤。Thedoorislocked.门锁上了。Thelibraryisnowclosed.图书馆已经关门了。Thelakeissurroundedbytrees.湖的周围都是树。Thegroundiscoveredwithsnow.地上被白雪覆盖。2.特别是有许多过去分词几乎已成了形容词,在句中通常用作表语:Sheisveryinterestedinmusic.她对音乐很有兴趣。Theyareallveryexcited.他们都很激动。Don곰tbeworried.不要发愁。Shewasamusedtohearit.听了这话她感到很有趣。3.有时还可以用其他系动词和分词连用:Shelookeddelighted.她看起来很高兴。Heseemeddiscouraged.他似乎很泄气。Don곰tyoufeelbored?你不觉得枯燥无味吗?4.这时就不能说它们是被动语态,因为它们表示的是状态而不是被动的动作。不过在很多情况下过去分词都有被动的意思,可用作定语或表语:Hewasbadlywounded.他受了重伤。Theytookgoodcareofthewoundedsoldiers.他们很好地照顾了受伤的士兵。关于这问题可参阅第八章过去分词的用法。5.有一个“get+过去分词”的结构,虽是“系动词+表语”,却很接近被动语态:TheygotmarriedlastMay.他们是去年五月结婚的。Manypeoplegotinjuredintheaccident.在事故中许多人受了伤。Don곰tgetexcited!不要激动!Hegotdrunkthatnight.那天晚上他喝醉了。60 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepredicateinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子的谓语下划线):(A)1.Hisclothesarecoveredwithdust.2.Whereisheburied?3.Thepilliscoatedwithsugar.4.Themachineisbrokenandmustberepaired.5.Isthewindowopenorshut?6.You곰resafenow,You곰renothurt,areyou?7.You곰reseparatedfromyourwife?8.Hisdeskislitteredwithnewsreleases.(B)1.We곰reworriedaboutyou.2.I곰mextremelydisappointedwith(in)him.3.I곰msurprisedatyourattitude.4.I곰mpleasedat(with)yoursuccess.5.Shewasdelightedatthenews.6.Iwasamazedatthesight.7.Iamverydispleasedaboutthewholeaffair.8.Howlonghavetheybeendivorced?Ⅱ.Underlinethepredicateinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子的谓语下划线):1.Shelookedworried.2.Ifeelkindofdiscouraged.3.Theygotdisappointedandwenthome.4.Theyweregettingmarriedonthe19th.5.Heseemedembarrassedbythequestion.6.Isabelsoundedverypleased.7.I곰vegrownaccustomedtolookingafteryou.8.Theroomsoonbecamecrowded.61 第五章虚拟语气31.条件句(ConditionalSentences)条件句有两种,一种是真实条件句(SentencesofRealCondition),表示一个可能实现的情况:I곰llhelphimifheasksme.如果他向我提出,我可以帮助他。Ifsheisn곰tin,leaveheranote.如果她不在家,给她留一个条子。另一种是虚拟条件句(SentencesofUnrealCondition),表示一种纯然假想的情况或实现的可能性不大的情况,这时动词需用特殊形式,称为虚拟语气,虚拟条件句有两种:1.谈过去的情况,动词为:条件从句主句had+过去分词wouldhave+过去分词Ifhehadaskedme,Iwouldhavehelpedhim.如果他向我提出了,我就帮助他了。(但他没向我提出)Ifshehadleftfiveminutesearlier,shewouldhavecaughtthetrain.如果她早五分钟动身,她就赶上火车了。(她动身晚了)2.谈现在或将来情况,动词为:条件从句主句过去式would+动词原形IfIhadthemoney,Iwouldtravelroundtheworld.如果我有钱,我将做环球旅行。(但我没有钱)IwouldhelpyouifIcould.如果可能,我是会帮助你的。(但不可能)动词为be时,多用were这个形式:IfIwereyou,Iwouldacceptthejob.我要是你,我会接受这份工作。有时if可以省略,这时后面要用倒装语序:HadItaken(=IfIhadtaken)youradvice,Iwouldn곰thavemadethatmistake.如果我听了你的劝告,我就不会犯那个错误了。WereIinyourposition,Iwouldstay.我要是处在你的地位,我会留下。62 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Puttheverbsinbracketsintherightforms(在括号中填入动词的正确形式):(A)1.Ifyou(feel)hungry,you(caneat)thosecakes.2.I(do)itifI(have)timetomorrow.3.Ifwe(need)helpwe(tell)you.4.Iftheweather(be)sunnyenoughonSunday,we(hold)agardenparty.(B)1.Ifyou(be)inbetterhealth,we(let)yougowithus.2.IfI(have)themoney,I(buy)thatdictionary.3.IfI(know)heraddress,I(tell)you.4.Iwon곰tdoit.IfI(do),I(make)amistake.(C)1.Ifyou(listen)tome,you(notmake)thatmistake.2.Ifyou(work)harder,you(pass)theexam.3.Ifthepainting(be)genuine,it(be)worthalotofmoney.Unfortunatelyitwasn곰t.4.Ifhe(drink)that,it(kill)him.Ⅱ.Formsentencesofunrealconditionbasedonthefollowingsituations(根据下面的句子造虚拟条件句):1.ImakealotofmistakesbecauseIamcareless.2.Sheisstillveryweak.SoIwon곰tallowhertogotoschool.3.Idon곰tknowGerman.Ican곰treadHeine곰spoems.4.Shefeelsverysadbecauseherstepmotherdoesn곰ttreatherwell.5.Theydidn곰tsucceedbecausetheydidn곰ttryhardenough.6.Wewerethenverypoor.Sowewerenotabletogotocollege.7.Ididn곰tgetyourmessage.SoIdidn곰tcometohelpyou.8.Youdidn곰tcatchthetrainbecauseyoulefttoolate.63 32.用在某些从句中的虚拟语气在某些从句中谓语需用虚拟语气:1.由demand,suggest,propose,request,insist,order等动词引起的从句中,在美国多用动词原形,在英国用“should+动词原形”:Hedemandedthatthey(should)paythemoneyrightaway.他要求他们马上付款。Isuggestthatwe(should)cancelthetrip.我建议取消这次旅行。Sheproposedthatthemeeting(should)beadjourned.她提议休会。Theyinsistedthatthegirl(should)besenttohospital.他们坚持送女孩进医院。2.在wish,wouldrather,hadrather后的从句中,动词用相当于陈述语气过去时态或过去将来时态的形式。IwishIwereabird.我愿我是一只鸟。HowIwishitweren곰training!我多么希望现在不是在下雨!Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow.我宁愿他们明天来。Ihadrather(that)youtoldherthanIdid.我宁愿你告诉她而不是我告诉她。3.在asif(though)引起的状语从句中,谓语和wish后的从句谓语相同:I곰velovedyouasifyouweremyson.我一直爱你就仿佛你是我的亲儿子。Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenoldfriends.他们谈起话来像老朋友。Heactsasifhewas(were)theboss.他那作法就像他是老板似的。4.在it곰s(high)time后的定语从句中,谓语也需用虚拟语气:It곰stimewewenttobed.现在该睡觉了。It곰shightimewestoppedthispractice.是该停止这种做法的时候了。It곰stimethattheyweretaughtalesson.现在应给他们一个教训了。5.在suggestion,proposal,order,idea等词后的表语从句或同位语从句中,谓语形式和第一类同:Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)challengethemforafriendlycompetition.我的建议是我们向他们挑战来一场友谊赛。Isecondhismotionthatwesetupaspecialcommitteetoexaminetheproblem.我附议他的动议,成立一个特别委员会来研究这个问题。64 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswiththeproperformsoftheverbsinbrackets(用括号中动词的适当形式填空):1.Theyrequestedthatwe(send)adelegationtotheircountry.2.Heaskedthathe(give)anopportunitytoexplainhiscase.3.Thejudgeorderedthattheman(release).4.SheinsistedthatDavid(go)withher.5.IproposethatMr.Cooper(be)thechairman.6.Isuggestedthatwe(leave)earlyfortheairport.7.Sheurgedthathe(write)and(accept)thepost.8.Theydemandedthattherighttovote(give)toeveryadultman.9.Hemadethesuggestionthatthey(carry)ontheirconversationinFrench.10.Sophia곰sideawasthatthey(lock)upthehouse.11.Billmadeamotionthatthemeeting(adjourn).12.Theorderswerethatwe(stay)wherewewere.13.Itwasarrangedthatthey(leave)thefollowingweek.14.It곰srequestedthatMissBlack(give)aperformance.15.It곰sdesiredthatwe(get)everythingreadytonight.16.It곰sourwishthathe(do)whathepleases.Ⅱ.Puttheverbsinbracketsinthecorrectform(把括号中动词改为正确形式):1.IwishI(be)asstrongasyou.2.Iwish(ed)I(notforget)herbirthday.3.Youlookasifyou(notcare).4.Shefelt(feels)asthoughHelen(be)amemberofherownfamily.5.I곰dratheryou(know)thatnow,thanafterwards.6.Iwouldratheryou(notask)metospeak.7.It곰stimewe(order)dinner.8.Ithinkit곰shightimethatyou(make)upyourmind.65 33.虚拟语气的其他用法虚拟语气还可在一些其他地方使用,如:1.用于祝愿语(用动词原形):Longliveworldpeace!世界和平万岁!“Godblessyou.”saidtheoldwoman.老太婆说,“愿上帝保佑你。”“(God)damnit.”cursedtheman.那人骂道,“他妈的!”Heavenhelpus.愿老天保佑我们。2.用于由may引起的祝愿语(用动词原形):Mayyoubehappyallyourlife.祝你一生幸福。Maythereneverbeanotherworldwar!愿再也不发生世界大战!3.用ifonly引起的惊叹语中(谓语和wish后从句的谓语形式一样):Oh,ifheonlyknewhowwemisshim.但愿他知道我们多么想念他。IfonlyIhadn곰tlostit.我要是没丢失它就好了!IfonlyshewerenotsoterriblyfrightenedofAuntRuth.她如果不那么怕鲁斯姨就好了。4.用在asitwere中:Heis,asitwere,awalkingdictionary.他可说是一部活字典。在日常口语中,常可用could,might,would,should等代替can,may,will,shall等使口气显得更婉转,有人也看作是一种虚拟语气,如:Couldyouleaveyourtelephonenumberwithus?你可否把你的电话号码给我们留下?(比用can显得客气一些)MightIhaveyourpenforaminute?我可否借你的钢笔用一下?Whatwouldyouadvisemetodo?你看我该怎么办?Ishouldbegladtotalktohim.我愿和他谈谈。Wouldn곰titbebettertodoitourselves?我们自己来干是否更好一点?Youmightaswelldoittoday.你不妨今天就做。Thesituationcouldstillberemedied,Isuppose.我看这情势也许还有挽救余地。这样看也有一定道理,因为它们都是过去形式,都用来谈现在情况,有些句子甚至可说是一种含蓄条件句。66 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheverbsinthesubjunctivemoodinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的虚拟语气动词下划线):1.Godbewithyou.2.Godforbidthatthedambreakandfloodthevalley.3.Sufficeittosaythatthewholeaffairwasanutterdisaster.4.Sobeitthen.5.Mayallyourdreamscometrue.6.Ifonlythatphotographweren곰tmissing.7.Ifonlyhehadarrivedintime!8.Itisn곰tasifIwererich.9.Itisn곰tasifshewereugly.10.Heismybestfriend,mysecondself,asitwere.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithcould,might,wouldorshouldtomakethesentencesmorepolite(用could,might,would或should填空,使句子显得较客气):1.youcometomorrowafternoon?2.Weaswellputthemeetingoffforacoupleofdays.3.youtellmehowtogettothezoo?4.Whenitbeconvenientforyoutobegin?5.Papanotallowit.6.Ibegladtotalktohim.7.Ithinkyourapproachiscorrect.8.Iborrowyourcomputer?9.Icomeearlier,ifnecessary.10.Ihavealittlebrandy?11.Shestayedathomeforafewdayssothatshetakecareofhermother.12.Hebewaitingforyou.13.TherearealotofthingsIhavelikedtoaskyou.14.youliketocomewithus?15.I곰msurehenotmindyourgoing.16.Londonnotsuither.67 第六章动词分类34.英语动词的分类英语动词可分为下面五类:1.及物动词(TransitiveVerbs,缩写为vt.)———后面通常都跟宾语:Whatdidyousay?你说什么?I곰mtranslatingapoem.我在翻译一首诗。2.不及物动词(IntransitiveVerbs,缩写为vi.)———后面不跟宾语:Who곰scalling?谁在打电话?I곰mlookingformykey.我在找我的钥匙。3.系动词(LinkVerbs,缩写为link-v.)———后跟表语,与它构成合成谓语:He곰smyroommate.他是我的室友。It곰sgettingcold.天冷起来了。4.助动词(AuxiliaryVerbs,缩写为aux.v.)———和动词原形或分词一道构成谓语,表示时态,语态等:Whenwillyoubefree?你什么时候有空?What곰sthegirldoing??这女孩在干什么?ThisvideocamerawasmadeinChina.这台录像机是中国制造的。5.情态动词(ModalVerbs,缩写为mod.v.)———和动词原形构成合成谓语:Whocananswerthisquestion?谁能回答这个问题?Youmayreturnittomorrow.你可以明天还回来。这些构成谓语的动词称为动词的限定形式(FiniteFormsofVerbs),也有人称作谓语动词。与之相对,动词还有些形式除用在谓语中外,还可用作其他成份(如定语、状语、主语、表语等),称为动词的非限定形式(Non-FiniteFormsofVerbs),也有人称为非谓语动词。这类非限定形式,不受主语限制,不必在人称数上和主语一致,主要有四类:1.动名词:Shelovesjogging.她喜欢跑步。(作宾语)2.不定式:Ihopetoseeyousoon.希望不久见到你。(引起短语作宾语)3.现在分词:Hecamerunningtowardsus.他向我们跑来。(作状语)4.过去分词:HetalkedwiththeminbrokenEnglish.他用蹩脚的英语和他们谈话。(作定语)68 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Tellwhatkindofverbstheitalicizedonesare(说出斜体的词属于哪类动词):1.Whatareyoudoing?()Howareyoudoing?()2.Heheardfootstepsbehindhim.()Ineverheardofsuchathing.()3.Toknoweverythingistoknownothing.()Iknowofahotelwhichmightsuityou.()4.Thechairmanranthemeetingwell.()Werantohelphim.()Thelittlepondrandry.()5.Theriverturnssouthatthebridge.()Heturnedthekeyinthelock.()Sheturnedpaleatthethought.()6.Thoseplantsaregrowingwell.()Wegrowvegetables.()Truthnevergrowsold.()Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithsuitablelinkverbs(在空格中填入适当的系动词):1.Shehopestoanartist.2.Fathertoldustoready.3.Thelittlegirlhasprettierthanever.4.Pleaseseated!5.Thattunefamiliartome.6.Themilkhassour.7.He(tobe)quitehappy.8.Youmustcalmunderallcircumstances.9.Mybloodcoldatthewords.10.Herhairgreyinafewweeks.69 35.及物动词与不及物动词绝大多数动词既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词,其中有几种情况:1.通常作vi.,偶尔作vt.:Helivedtotheageofseventy.他活到了七十岁。(vi.)Theyarelivingahappylife.他们过着幸福的生活。(vt.)Shesmiledwhenshesawus.她见到我们时笑了起来。(vi.)Shesmiledherthanks.她微笑表示感谢。(vt.)2.通常作vt.,偶作vi.:Youcannotseethewoodforthetrees.你是见树不见林。(vt.)It곰sdark,Ican곰tsee.天很黑,我什么也看不见。(vi.)Thearrowhitthetarget.箭击中了靶。(vt.)Hehitatme,butmissed.他设法打我,但没打着。(vi.)3.有不同意思,有时作vt.,有时作vi.(多数动词都如此):It곰shardtopleaseall.要使大家都高兴不容易。(vt.)Comewheneveryouplease.你爱什么时候来就什么时候来。(vi.)Herwordsmovedmedeeply.她的话深深感动了我。(vt.)Shemovedgracefully.她的动作很优美。(vi.)4.有时意思不变,但宾语可省略:SeewhatImean?懂我的意思吗?(vt.)Yes,Isee.是的,明白了。(vi.)Rememberyourappointment.记住你的约会。(vt.)Don곰tforgettopostmyletter.Pleaseremember.别忘了发我的信,请记住。只有少数动词通常只用作vi.,如appear,exist,happen,occur,vanish,ache,bleed,blush,faint,shiver,tremble,cough,cry,weep,scream,snore,yawn,gleam,shine,vibrate,arrive,come,depart,fall,flow,go,kneel,pause等。但在个别情况下也可跟宾语,如weepbittertears,coughblood,dieaheroicdeath,sighone곰srelief。另外有少数动词通常只用作vt.,如have,raise,carry,catch,cover,destroy,use,admire,enjoy,frighten,hate,interest,like,love,need,prefer,surprise,trust,accept,correct,discuss,expect,thank,warn等,只偶作vi.,如Shefightenseasily.Comeifyoulike.70 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Tellwhichoftheverbsaretransitiveandwhichareintransitive(说出哪些动词为及物动词,哪些为不及物动词):1.Happytomeetyou,Mr.Johnson.()Thecommitteemetforfourhours.()2.Stopthebus,Iwanttogetoff.()Afterawhilethetrainstopped.()3.I곰llcallyouwhenhecomes.()DidanyonecallwhenIwasout?()4.I곰vechangedmyaddress.()Heseemstohavechangedalot.()5.Hehurthisbackwhenhefell.()Doesyourlegstillhurt?()6.IranasquicklyasIcould.()Hismotherrunsagrocerystoreintown.()7.Jamesisstudyingtobeadoctor.()Whatsubjectishestudying?()8.Don곰tdrinkanddrive.()Canyoudriveacar?()Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithverbs(用动词填空):1.Iaverynicedreamlastnight.2.Heastrangesmile.3.Sheatragicdeath.4.Theytherosedancetogether.5.Theyoungheiressalifeofluxury.6.Hethepeacefulsleepoftheyoung.7.Hehissayandsatdown.8.Sheclosedhereyesandawish.9.Aliceascornfullaugh.10.happythoughtsandyou곰llfeelbetter.71 36.双宾动词、反身动词和相互动词在及物动词中有下面几种值得注意:1.双宾动词:有不少动词可跟两个宾语,即一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语,如:主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语Shesentmeapostcard.她寄给我一张明信片。Showusyourpassport.请出示你的护照。Heboughtmeanice-cream.他给我买了一份冰淇淋。Singusasong.给我们唱一支歌。关于直接宾语和间接宾语详见第九章。2.反身动词(ReflexiveVerbs):有些动词常跟反身代词作宾语,如:Ihopeyou곰llenjoyyourselves.希望你们玩得高兴。Helpyourselftomoresoup.再喝一点汤。Shebusiedherself(in)tidyingupherdesk.她忙于整理她的写字台。Ican곰texpressmyselfwellinEnglish.我不能很好用英文表达意思。关于这种结构后面还要讨论。3.相互动词(ReciprocalVerbs):有些动词后面可用相互代词作宾语:Theyembracedeachother.他们相互拥抱。Wehaveknowneachothersincewewerechildren.我们从小就认识。Ithinkwehavemisunderstoodeachother.我想我们相互有误解。Youcanhelponeanother.你们可以彼此帮助。有些动词虽然不跟相互代词,也表示相互动作:Wefirstmet(eachother)inHarbin.我们第一次是在哈尔滨见面的。Theirchildrenarealwaysfighting(witheachother).他们的孩子们老打架。Theykissedandparted.他们亲吻后分别了。还有一些动词本身没有明显的意思,都和名词一道表示动作,如:haveachat(awash,arest,atry,aquarrel,etc.)takeawalk(arisk,alook,anaction,atrip,etc.)giveahug(akiss,akick,aring,awelcome,etc.)makearemark(apromise,suggestion,inquiries,progress,etc.)72 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Drawalineunderthedirectobjectandadoublelineundertheindirectobject(在直接宾语下划线,在间接宾语下划双线):1.Hepassedherthebread.2.Billofferedmeasandwich.3.Bringmeacupofcoffee.4.Ilefthimsomemoney.5.I곰lllendyoufivedollars.6.Hetoldusaveryinterestingstory.7.Icanfindyousomethingtodo.8.Thatwillsaveusalotofmoney.9.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.10.Playussomethinghappy.Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下列句子译为汉语):1.Shepridesherselfonhercooking.2.Hequicklyavailedhimselfoftheopportunity.3.Ibusiedmyselfinansweringletters.4.Hededicatedhimselftothecauseofscience.5.Don곰ttroubleyourselfaboutthat.6.Manystudentsabsentedthemselvesfromtheclass.7.You곰llhavetoaccommodateyourselftothesituation.8.Hecouldnotreconcilehimselftofailure.Ⅲ.Makesentenceswiththegivenverbsandnouns(用所给动词及名词造句):1.have:a.talkb.lookc.washd.swime.quarrelf.smokeg.bathh.rest2.take:a.napb.lookc.walkd.bathe.breakf.actiong.showerh.trip3.make:a.studyb.changec.suggestiond.proposale.speechf.decisiong.answerh.apology4.give:a.washb.shockc.ringd.welcomee.consentf.supportg.pushh.shout73 37.系动词(LinkVerbs)英语中有相当多的系动词,都可跟一个表语,与之构成复合谓语。最常用的系动词有三类:1.表示特征或状态的系动词,如:be,feel,look,sound,taste,smell,seem,appear:Heis(seems)verytired.他(似乎)很累。Shelooksalittlenervous.她看起来有点紧张。Doesthesouptastegood?这汤味道好吗?Itsoundsagoodidea.听起来这是一个好主意。2.表示状态转变的系动词,如:become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come,run等:Ourdreamshaveatlastcometrue.我们的梦想终于实现了。Thecountryisgettingmoreandmoreprosperous.我们的国家日益繁荣。Shehasgrownastallashermother.她长得和她妈妈一般高了。Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.树叶变黄了。3.表示保持某种状态等的系动词,如:remain,continue,keep,stay,prove,turnout:Sheremainedquitecalm.她保持冷静。Let곰skeepquiet.咱们保持安静。Theweathercontinuedfineforseveraldays.好几天天气都很好。Theshopstaysopentillseveno곰clock.这家商店开到七点。有少数动词偶尔用作系动词,如:Theaffairrestsamystery.这件事一直是一个谜。Heflushedcrimsonwithanger.他气得满脸通红。Oneofthetigersbrokeloose.有一只老虎跑了出来。Hispromiserangfalsetome.他的诺言听起来不诚恳。Thesnowlaythickontheground.地上积雪很深。Thecarpetiswearingthin.地毯磨得很薄了。74 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethelinkverbsinthesesentences(在下面句子里的系动词下划线):1.Don곰tgettootired.2.Shefeltabitworried.3.Heappearedperplexed.4.Rosessmellsweet.5.Theskybecamesuddenlyovercastwithclouds.6.Soonweallfellasleep.7.Didanythinggowrong?8.Thingswillcomerightintheend.9.Ihaverunshortofmoney.10.Herstoryprovedfalse.11.Heturnedtraitorduringthewar.12.Itwascloudythismorning,butitturnedoutfine.Ⅱ.Tellwhatcomesafterthelinkverbs(说出下面系动词后跟什么):1.Yoursentencedoesn곰tsoundright.()2.Helookedveryagitated.()3.Youcanrestassuredthatwewilldoallwecan.()4.Itturnedoutafineday.()5.Shefeltslightlyputoutbythesequestions.()6.Ihaverunoutoftoothpaste.()7.Theideasoundsinteresting.()8.Pleasestayseated.()9.Sheseemedanidealpersontolookafterthem.()10.Thisisyours,notmine.()11.Thefactisthatwecan곰tgototheparty.()12.Itseemsthatnobodyknewwhathadhappened.()13.Itappears(that)theplanedidnotlandatRome.()14.Helookedinsplendidhealth.()15.Shecontinuedinofficeforanotherthreeyears.()75 38.成语动词(PhrasalVerbs)有很多动词可以和一个介词或别的词构成成语,意思和一个单一的动词差不多,如:Thiscallsfor(=requires)quickaction.这要求快速行动。Thepartyhasbeencalledoff.(=cancelled).晚会取消了。这种动词称为成语动词。英语中的成语动词主要有下面五类:1.动词+副词(不跟宾语):Warbrokeoutin1939.战争于1939年爆发。Igivein;Ican곰tsolvetheriddle.我放弃;这个谜我猜不着。Howdidthatcomeabout?这事怎样发生的?2.动词+介词(跟宾语):Sheaskedafterhisfather.她向他父亲问好。Whoislookingafterthechildren?谁在看孩子?I곰llcallonmynewneighborstomorrow.我明天去看望我的新邻居。3.及物动词+副词(跟宾语,宾语短时可夹在中间):Putawaythosedishes.(Putthemaway.)把盘子取走。Hepointedoutmymistake.(Hepointeditout.)他指出了我的错误。Heturnedontheradio(turnedtheradioon).他把收音机打开了。4.及物动词+宾语+副词:Shelovedtoorderpeopleabout.她喜欢对人发号施令。Ican곰ttellthemapart.我不能把他们区分开。Ifyou곰regoingtothecinema,countmein.如果你们去看电影,算我一个。5.动词+副词+介词:Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyou.我盼望见到你。Watchoutforpickpockets!小心扒手!I곰lltrytocatchupwiththerestoftheclass.我要设法赶上班上其他人。另外还有下面两类也可说是成语动词:1.动词+名词+介词:takecareof照顾payattentionto注意giveriseto引起putanendto结束2.be+形容词+介词:befondof喜欢befamiliarwith熟悉beusedto习惯于besuitablefor适合76 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethephrasalverbsandtelltheirmeanings(在成语动词下划线,并说出它们的意思):1.Hisillnesshadaddedtothedifficulties.2.Webotharrivedatthesameconclusion.3.Theirmarriagehasbrokenup.4.Calmdown,everythingwillbeallright.5.Hecarriedouttheplansuccessfully.6.ThisbookdealswithmethodsofteachingEnglish.7.Nightdrewonanditwassoonquitedark.8.Ifyouwanttogetahead,youmustworkhard.9.Igetalongverywellwithhim.10.I곰mgoinginforthe1000metresrace.11.Haveyouanythingonthisafternoon?12.Don곰trun—Ican곰tkeepupwithyou.13.Heranguptotellmethenews.14.Wewenttotheairporttoseeheroff.15.Ithankedhimforstandingupforme.16.Ican곰tputupwithallthisnoise.Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把句子译为汉语):1.Wehaveanursetolookafterthekids.2.Let곰slookaheadtonextmonthandconsiderwhattodothen.3.Shehasalwayslookeddownonusfornothavingacar.4.She곰slookingforherhandbag.5.She곰slookingforwardtotheChristmasholidays.6.IdecidedtolookinonCarolonmywayhome.7.Themanagerisgoingtolookintotheircomplaint.8.Ilookonmyauntasmymother.9.Shewaslookingoutforhimandsawhimlongbeforehesawher.10.Haveyoulookedovermynotes?11.I곰velookedthroughyourreportandmadeafewnotesonit.12.Youshouldlookthewordupinadictionary.77 第七章助动词与情态动词39.助动词be与haveⅠ.be作为助动词可以:1.构成进行时态(be+现在分词):Iamseeingafriendoff.我在给一个朋友送行。Shewastellingusastory.她在给我们讲故事。Hewillbeleavingtomorrow.他明天走。Whathaveyoubeendoingthesedays?这些时候你都在干什么?2.构成被动语态(be+过去分词):Thesebookswerepublishedlastyear.这些书是去年出版的。Riceisgrownchieflyinthesouth.水稻主要在南方种植。Thehousesarebeingrebuilt.这些房子正在重建。Theplanhasbeenapproved.计划已批准。此外还可以和不定式构成复合谓语表示打算做或应该做的事:Wherearewetomeet?我们在哪里碰头?Whoistopay?谁付钱?You곰retobebacktonight.你今晚得回来。Theworstwasstilltocome.最糟糕的情况还在后头。Ⅱ.have作为助动词可以:1.构成完成时态(have+过去分词):Whathashappened?出了什么事?HetoldmeJanehadleft.他告诉我简已经走了。Shewillhavearrivedbythistimetomorrow.明天这时她就会到了。Howlonghaveyoubeenthere?你在那里待了多久?2.构成完成进行时态(have+been+现在分词)Wehavebeentryingtocontactyou.我们一直试图和你联系。Shehasbeenteachingthereforthirtyyears.她在那里任教达三十年。Thatwasthebookhehadbeenlookingfor.这是他一直在找的书。另外,have(got)to还可构成谓语,表示“不得不”:Wehave(got)tobecareful.我们得小心。Youdon곰thavetoworry.你不必忧虑。78 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheauxiliaryverbbeinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的助动词be下划线):1.Whatareyouarguingabout?2.Whoisstandingthere?3.Herheartwasbeatingviolently.4.Whathaveyoubeendoingsince?5.I곰llbethere.I곰llbehelpingthem.6.Smokingisnotpermittedinthisrestaurant.7.You곰llbepunishedforwhatyouhavedone.8.Andwhat곰sbeingdone?Zero,absolutezero.9.Iknowhehatesbeinginterrupted.10.WhoistoplayJuliet?11.IamalsotoeditavolumeofIrishFairyTales.12.Theyweretohavebeenmarriedlastyear,butshefellill.Ⅱ.Underlinetheauxiliaryverbhaveinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的助动词have下划线):1.Haveyoueverbeenabroadbefore?2.Ihadnotseenhimatleasttendays.3.HasanyonecalledwhenIhavebeenout?4.She곰llhavearrivedbytomorrowmorning.5.Whathaveyoubeendoingalltheseyears?6.IhadnotbeenreadinglongwhenIheardfootstepsoutside.7.Yououghttohavenoticedit.8.Youshouldn곰thavedonethat.9.Havingbeenthereonce,Iknewtheplacequitewell.10.Iapologizeforhavinghurtyourfeelings.11.Onehastobecarefulinhandlingsuchthings.12.Wehadtohurrytocatchthebus.13.We곰vegottobecautious.79 40.助动词do助动词do可以用来:1.构成疑问句:DoesheknowChinese?他懂汉语吗?Howdoyouliketheweatherhere?你觉得这里的天气如何?Didyougobytrainorbyplane?你是坐火车还是坐飞机去的?Shelikesthefood,doesn곰tshe?她喜欢这个菜,对吧?2.构成否定句:Don곰tbothertoanswertheletter.不要烦你回信了。Wedon곰tseemuchofeachother.我们不常见面。Hedoesn곰tcareforfish.他不爱吃鱼。Ididn곰tknowyouwerehere.我不知道你在这儿。3.表示前面所说动作,以避免重复:Doyouworktogether?—Yes,wedo.你们在一起工作吗?是的。(我们在一起工作)Youdon곰twanttobelate.Neitherdoesshe.你不想迟到,她也不想迟到。You곰redoingbetterthanyoudidlastterm.你这学期比上学期表现好。Isaidhewouldfail,andhedid.我说他会失败,他真的失败了。4.加强语气(起强调作用):Idothinkyou곰reright.我确实认为你是对的。Shedoesfeelthatway.她确实有这种感觉。Shedidsaythat.她确实这样说的。Dobecareful.千万小心。do在更多情况下用作实意动词,用法很灵活,可表示许多意思,如:Martinhavedoneanexcellentarticle.马丁写了一篇精采的文章。HehasdoneaportraitofLilly.他画了一张丽丽的画像。Wearedoingthedishes.我们在洗碗。Haveyoudoneyourteeth?你刷牙了吗?HehasdoneHoraceintoEnglishverse.他把荷雷斯的作品译成了英文诗。80 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheauxiliaryverbdointhefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的助动词do下划线):1.Whendowemeetagain?2.Idon곰tcarewhatshethinks.3.Didn곰thesingwell?4.Hedidn곰tgoandneitherdidshe.5.Doyousmoke?—Yes,Ido.6.Hedidn곰tcome,didhe?7.YouspeakbetterthanIdo.8.Hewasalwaysmeaningtobuyone,butneverdid.9.Iknewyou곰dwin,andyoudid.10.Idohopeyou곰llstayforlunch.11.Shedoesdancewell!12.Soyoudidcomeafterall.13.Dobequietamoment.14.Dobefrankwithme.Ⅱ.Tellthemeaningofdointhesesentences(说出do在下面句子中的意思):1.Shedidsomeprettysketches.()2.Shehasdoneaveryoriginalplay.()3.Goanddoyourhair.()4.Theydofishverywellinthatrestaurant.()5.Whenhewentin,hefoundherdoingtheflowers.()6.He곰sbeendoingengineeringatSheffieldUniversity.()7.Hestillhastodohismilitaryservice.()8.Thechildquicklylearnedtodosums.()9.Thegroupisdoing‘Macbeth’.()10.Wedidtwoconcertslastweek.()11.HaveyoudonetheBritishMuseumyet?()12.Hedidtenyearsforarmedrobbery.()81 41.助动词shall和willⅠ.助动词shall:1.shall主要用来构成将来时态,用于第一人称:Weshallarrivetomorrowmorning.我们明天早上到达。Ishalloftenbecominghere.我会常常来的。Ishan곰t(等于shallnot,读作/귀궻귂nt/)beherelong.我不会待太久。这是英国用法,在美国都用will,现在英国用will的人也越来越多。2.在问句中,shall常用在第一人称后,征求对方的意见:ShallIturnonthelight?我要不要开灯?Shallwesithere?咱们要不要坐这里?3.在英国shall还可用于各人称表示许诺,命令,决心等:Youshallhearfromusnextweek.下星期你会收到我们的信。(许诺)Shallhebeheretomorrow?—Yes,heshall.要不要他明天来?—要他来。(命令)Thatdayshallcome.那一天一定会到来。(决心)Ⅱ.助动词will:1.will主要用来构成将来时态,用于第二、三人称,也可用于第一人称:Hewillbeherethisevening.他今晚到这里来。Youwillgetwetifyougooutwithoutanumbrella.你出去不打伞身上会湿的。Iwillletyouknowthedayaftertomorrow.我后天通知你。Sowewillcatchthe6o곰clocktrain.所以我们将坐六点钟的火车。常可紧缩为곰ll,否定式多紧缩为won곰t:I곰ll(he곰ll)letyouknowtonight.我(他)今晚会通知你的。Iwon곰tdothisagain.我再不会这样做。2.可用于第二人称的疑问句中,表示请求:Willyoutypethis,please?请把这打一下好吗?Ifyouwanthelp,letmeknow,willyou?如果你需要帮助可通知我,好吗?Won곰tyousitdown?请坐下好吗?3.可用于各个人称,表示愿望,倾向,决心,揣测等:Amanwhowon곰tworkisnogood.不愿工作的人没出息。(愿望)Boywillbeboys.男孩子总是男孩子。(倾向)Thiswillbethebookyou곰relookingfor.这想必是你找的书。(猜测)82 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheauxiliaryverbsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的助动词下划线):1.I곰llbethereat3o곰clock,shallI?2.Let곰sgototheconcert,shallwe?3.IshalloftenbecomingtoPisa.4.Youshall(will)heareverythingdirectlyyoucome.5.Thislawshall(will)haveeffectinScotland.6.Thatdayshall(will)come.7.Eachcompetitorshall(will)wearanumber.8.Wedemandthattheyshall(should)payforus.9.Imustgo.Theywillbewaitingforme.10.Wewillneverbeseparated.11.Willwebelate?12.Shewon곰tbeawaylong.13.“Whowillbeondutyatsixo곰clock?”“Iwill.”14.We곰llgetalongsomehow.15.Wherewill(shall)Iseeyou?16.Bringthefruituptothedining-room,willyou?17.Won곰tyoutakeoffyourcoat?18.Gowhereyouwill.19.Adrowningmanwillcatchatastraw.(Prov.)20.Iwon곰tlethimdowninanyway.Ⅱ.Completethefollowingsentences(完成下面句子):1.ShallI...2.Shallwe...3.Willyou...4.Won곰tyou...5.I(We)shan곰t...6.Iwon곰t...83 42.助动词should1.should作助动词主要用于过去将来时,用于第一人称:ItoldhimthatIshouldseeheronFriday.我告诉他星期五我会见到她。IthoughtIshouldneverseeyouagain.我还以为再也见不到你了。Hehopedthatweshouldsupporthim.他希望我们支持他。2.在更多情形下表示“应该”,“应当”,用于各个人称,作用接近情态动词:Whattimeshouldwemeet?我们应当在什么时候碰头?Youshoulddoitforyourowngood.为了你自己你应该这样做。Sheshouldn곰tleavesosoon.她不应当这么快就走。should后面有时可用完成或进行形式:Ishouldhavethoughtofit.这一点我是应该想到的。(但我没想到)Theyshouldhavetoldme.他们应当告诉我。(但没这样做)Youshouldn곰tbesittingheredoingnothing.你不应当坐在这里什么也不干。3.用在某些从句中(详见第32节):HesuggestedthatsheshouldcometoParis.他建议她到巴黎来。ItwillbebetterthatheshouldbeoutofFrance.他最好离开法国。Iwasanxiousthatourplanshouldnotfail.我亟盼我们的计划不失败。4.用在某些从句(甚至主句)中表示惊异、不以为然等情绪:It곰sdreadfulthattheyshouldbesomiserable.真可怕他们竟然这样悲惨。Whyshouldyoutalktomelikethat?你怎么竟然和我这样讲话?It곰sunfairthatthisshouldhappentous.我们竟然发生这样的事,这是不公平的。5.用在虚拟条件句中,用于第一人称后(这时用would时更多一些):IshouldneverhavedoneitifIhadn곰tbeensohardup.要不是我处境这样困难我绝不会这样做。Weshouldn곰thavewonwithoutyou.要不是你我们不会获胜。ShouldIbefree,Iwillcome.如果我有空我会来的。6.用在某些句子中使口气显得比较婉转(a)或用来表示揣测(b):a.Ishouldliketohaveatry.我想试一试。(比Ilike...更委婉。)Ishouldthinkso.我想是这样的。(比Ithink...更委婉。)b.Theyshouldbetherebynow.现在他们想必已到达。Thebookshouldcomeoutinamonth.这书一个月后估计可出版。84 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把这些句子译为汉语):1.IsaidIshouldhopeso.2.Theweatherreportsaidthatweshouldhaverain.3.WhyshouldIpayyou?4.Theyshoulddoitfortheirowngood.5.Youshouldn곰tcometosuchadecisionhastily.6.Youshouldhavewashedthewound.7.Theyshouldn곰thavecome.8.Youshouldn곰tbereadinganovel.Youshouldbereadingatextbook.9.HesuggestedsheshouldgotoParis.10.Itwasarrangedthatheshouldleaverightaway.11.Ifyoushouldbepassing,docomeandseeus.12.Ican곰tthinkwhysheshouldhavesaidthat.13.It곰soddthattheyshouldnothaveinvitedyou.14.Idon곰tthinkitwillhappen,butifitshould,whatshallwedo?15.Here곰ssomemoneyincaseyoushouldneedit.16.Ishouldbegladtotalktohim.17.Ishouldthinkyouwouldbeabovedoinganythinglikethat.18.Itshouldn곰tcostmorethantwodollars.19.Thisyoungmanshouldgofar.20.Sheshouldhaveheardofit.Ⅱ.Completethesesentences(完成下面句子):1.(IfIwereyou)Ishould...2.Ishouldliketo...3.Ishouldthink...4.Ishouldbegladto...5.WhyshouldI(we)...6.Youshouldhave...7.Heshouldn곰thave...8.Ishouldhavethought...85 43.助动词would1.would主要用来构成过去将来时(可用于各个人称):Iknewyouwouldagree.我知道你会同意的。Ithoughttheywouldbewaitingforus.我以为他们会等我们的。HeaskedifIwouldjointhem.他问我要不要参加他们的活动。Itoldherthatwewouldmeetatthestation.我告诉她我们将在车站碰头。常可紧缩为“곰d”:Ithoughthe곰dbesleeping.我以为他会在睡觉的。wouldnot可紧缩为wouldn곰t:Ithoughtyouwouldn곰tcome.我还以为你不会来哩。2.用于条件句,表示假想的情况(可用于各个人称):IwoulddoitifIcould.要是我有能力我是会这样做的。IfIwereyou,Iwouldn곰tagree.我要是你我不会同意。Iftheyhadleftearlier,theywouldhavecaughtthetrain.他们要是动身早一点就赶上火车了。Iwouldhaverefusedifhehadaskedme.如果他问我我是会拒绝的。3.用来表示过去习惯性动作或倾向:Occasionallyhewouldcometoseeus.他偶尔会来看望我们。Everyafternoontheywouldplaytogether.他们每天下午都在一起玩。Nowandthenabirdwouldcall.不时有鸟叫。Thewoundwouldn곰theal.伤口老不能愈合。4.用在日常生活中,用来提出请求,看法等,使口气显得更婉转:I곰dlikeatickettoHangzhou.我想买一张到杭州的票。Londonwouldn곰tsuither.伦敦对她不合适。(比won곰t婉转)Wouldyouliketohavedinnerwithmetonight?你今晚愿意和我一道吃晚饭吗?You곰dlikesometea,wouldn곰tyou?你想喝点茶是吧?5.(用于过去情况)表示“愿意”,“肯”等(相当于will的过去式):Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotsayaword.不管发生什么情况,他一句话也不肯说。Hewouldneverenterthathouseagain.他再也不愿进那个家。6.也可表示猜测:Ithoughtyouwouldhavefinishedthisbynow.我想你现在已经干完了。Thepersonyoumentionedwouldbeyourfather.你提到的那人想必是你父亲。86 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheauxiliaryverbsinthesesentences(在下面句子中的助动词下划线):1.Ithoughtyou곰dbesleeping.2.IthoughtSophiawouldhavetoldyoueverything.3.Iaskedifhewouldcomeandmendmytelevisionset.4.IsaidthatI곰dbewithherinhalfanhour.5.Ifhewereintownhewouldhelpus.6.Shewouldhavesaidmoreifhehadnotwalkedaway.7.IwouldhavewrittenbeforebutIhavebeenill.8.Butforyourhelpwewouldhavebeenlate.9.Wouldyoupleaselookovermyessay?10.Whatwouldyoulike,Chris?11.I곰msurehewouldn곰tmindyourgoing.12.Iwouldaskyoutocollaboratewithmeonthatplay.13.Nowandthenhewouldgoandpaintlittlepictures.14.Iwishyouwouldbequietforaminute.15.Mycarwouldn곰tstartthismorning.16.I곰dloveacoffee.17.He곰dalwaysbethefirsttooffertohelp.18.Iwouldimaginethejourneywilltakeaboutanhour.19.Hewouldn곰tletthedoctortakehisbloodpressure.20.Theyhadtoobeywhethertheywouldornot.Ⅱ.Completethefollowingsentences(完成下面句子):1.Wouldyou(kindly)...2.Wouldyoulike...3.I곰dlike(to)...4.Iwouldn곰t...5.Wouldyoumind...6.Occasionallyhewould...87 44.情态动词can和couldⅠ.情态动词can可以用来:1.表示“能够”:Twoeyescanseemorethanone.两只眼睛比一只眼睛看得清楚。(谚)CanyousaythisinEnglish?你能用英文表达这个意思吗?I곰msorryIcan곰thelpyou.对不起我没有能力帮助你。2.表示“可以”:Youcansithere.你可以坐这里。Wecancomeovertofetchyou.我们可以过来接你。CanIcomein?我可以进来吗?3.(用在疑问及否定句中)表示惊异不可能等(后面有时可跟完成及进行形式):Shecan곰tbeserious.她不可能是当真的。Howcanyoubesosilly?你怎么这样傻?Wherecanhehavegone?他能到哪里去了呢?Whatcanshebedoingnow?她现在能在干什么呢?Ⅱ.情态动词could可以用来:1.作为can的过去时,表示:1)能够:Nobodycouldanswerthatquestion.没人能回答那个问题。Itwassodark,wecouldn곰tseeanything.天那样黑我们什么也看不见。2)可能,可以:Hesaidhecouldn곰tcome.他说他不能来。Isaidwecouldgobyboat.我说我们可以坐船去。2.可以用来代替can,比较委婉地提出请求看法等(a)或是表示惊异不相信等(b):a.Couldyoudomeafavour?你能帮我一个忙吗?Wecouldsendtheparcelbyairmail.这包裹可以航空寄去。b.Howcouldhebesorude?他怎么这样粗鲁无礼?Theycouldn곰thaveleftsosoon.他们不可能走得这么早。此外could还可用在条件句中,表示假想的情况:IwouldhelpyouifIcould.我要是能够是会帮助你的。Ifyoutriedyoucoulddothework.如果你试试,你是可以做这工作的。88 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethemodalverbcanorcouldinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的情态动词can,could下划线):1.Ablindmancannotjudgecolours.(Prov.)2.Youcangonow.3.Whatcanhemean?4.Shecan곰thaveleftsosoon.5.Hecan곰tbesleepingnow.6.Hecouldrunveryfastwhenhewasaboy.7.HeaskedwhetherIcouldswim.8.Sheaskedwhethershecouldtakethatseat.9.IwonderedwhereIcouldfindsomethingtodrink.10.Icouldcomeearlierifnecessary.11.Couldyoustayforsupper?12.Couldshebeyourdaughter?13.Shecouldn곰tbestillwaitingatthestation.14.Wecouldhavecaughtthetrainifwehadleftalittleearlier.15.Ifhehadtakenouradvice,hecouldhavedonebetter.16.Wherecouldshehavegoneatthistimeofnight?Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithcanorcould(用can或could填空):1.youtype?2.youdomeafavour?3.Icomein?4.Iuseyourphone?5.Whatonearthhebedoing?6.Youhavebeenmoreconsiderate.7.Ihavelentyouthemoney.Whydidn곰tyouask?8.Icallforyouatnine.9.hestillbealiveafteralltheseyears?10.Themoneyhasdisappeared.Whohavetakenit?89 45.情态动词may和mightⅠ.may可以用来表示:1.(可不)可以:MayIaskyouaquestion?我能问你一个问题吗?Youmaygonow.你现在可以走了。2.可能,或许:Shemaynotbeathomenow.她可能不在家。Hemayhavegoneabroad.他可能出国了。也可以用在表示目的等的状语从句中(a)或用来表示祝愿(b):1)Writetohersothatshemayknowouraddress.给她写封信让她知道我们的地址。2)Mayyouhavealongandhappylife!祝你幸福长寿!Ⅱ.might可用作may的过去式表示:1.可以:Heaskedwhetherhemightuseourphone.他问可否用我们的电话。Hethoughthemighthaveatry.他想他可以试一试。2.可能,或许:Ithoughtmothermightliketheidea.我想妈可能会赞成这个想法。Shewasafraidhemightnotagree.她担心他或许不赞成。也可用来代替may,使口气显得更委婉或不肯定,表示:1)可以:MightIhaveacupofcoffee?我可否要一杯咖啡?Youmightsitbymyside.你可以坐我旁边。2)可能,或许:Thepapersaysthatitmightrain.报纸说可能要下雨。Shemighthaveforgottenaboutit.她或许忘了这件事。此外还可用在某些从句中(a)或条件句中(b):a.Hediedsothatothersmightlive.他死了使别人能活下来。b.IfIwereher,Imightagree.如果我是她我可能会同意。90 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethemodelverbmayormightinthesesentences(在下面句子中的情态动词may或might下划线):1.I곰llborrowthisbookifImay.2.Youmaysithereifyoulike.3.Nancymayknowhisaddress.4.Hemaybeinbednow.5.Howeverhardhemaytry,hecan곰tdoit.6.Mayallyourdreamscometrue!7.ShesuggestedafewbooksImightbuy.8.IwonderedwhetherImightenter.9.Hemighttryhisluck,hethought.10.Shemightnotbeinatthemoment.11.Youmightjustgivemehalfacup.12.Theymightstillbelookingforyou.13.Youmighthavesomefever.14.Shestayeduplestshemightbeneeded.15.Thisideamightinterestyou.16.Youmighthaveletmeknowbefore!Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithmayormight(在空格中填入may或might):1.Ileavethiswithyou?2.IwishyouwereherethatIthankyouinperson.3.Afoolgiveawisemancounsel.(Prov.)4.Tryasshe,shecouldn곰tpersuadehimtogo.5.Ibegoinghomethisfall.6.Ifyousaidthat,shebeangry.7.Godblessyou!8.Ifithadn곰tbeenforMary,Ihavebeeninjured.9.Writetohimatoncesothatheknowintime.10.Wehavesucceededifwehadn곰tmadethatmistake.11.Comewhat,we곰llsupporttheplan.12.IstillthinkIhavemadeagoatit.91 46.情态动词must和oughtⅠ.must主要用来表示:1.必须,一定要:Wemustbecareful.我们必须小心。Youmustshowconcernforothers.你应关心别人。Mustweleavesoearly?我们一定要这么早动身吗?2.一定是(表示肯定的揣测):Thismustbeyourroom.这一定是你的房间。Hemusthavemissedthetrain.他准是误车了。Shemustbeworryingaboutit.她一定在为这事发愁。must的否定式为mustnot,常紧缩为mustn곰t[곱m궾snt],表示“一定不要”:Youmustn곰tbelateagain.你一定不要再迟到了。Wemustn곰tmakesomuchnoise.我们不要这样吵。在回答带must的问题时不要用mustn곰t,而要用needn곰t:MustIdoalltheseexercises?这些练习都要做吗?No,youneedn곰t.不,不必。Ⅱ.ought必须和to连用,表示:1.应该(意思和should差不多,但口气稍重一些):Weoughttohelpeachother.我们应当互相帮助。Oughtn곰twetotryagain?我们难道不该再试试吗?“Oughthetogo?”“Yes,heought.”“他应该去吗?”“应该。”有些可用于被动结构,也可跟不定式的完成或进行形式:Heoughttobecriticized.他应受到批评。Ioughttohavehelpedthem.我本该帮助他们的。Itisn곰twhatIoughttobedoing.这不是我现在该做的事。2.较肯定的揣测:Sheoughttobeupnow.她应当已经起床了。Heoughttohavereceivedmyfax.他应当已经收到我的传真了。92 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethemodalverbmustoroughttointhefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的情态动词must或oughtto下划线):1.Youmustmakeaplan.2.Wemustgettherebeforeten.3.Hemustbeoverseventy.4.Oh,youmustbeMary곰shusband.5.Wemusthavetakenthewrongroad.6.Thearticlemusthavebeenwrittenbyawoman.7.Theplantsmusthaveplentyofsunshine.8.Youmustn곰tworksohard.9.Itmusthavebeenalongjourney.10.Youhaven곰teatenforawholeday,youmustbestarving.11.Sheoughttoknowhowtoanswerthequestion.12.Thatoughtnottobetoodifficult.13.Theyoughttohavearrivedyesterday.14.Yououghttohavetakenataxi.15.Yououghtn곰ttobesoselfish.16.Somethingoughttohavebeendoneaboutit.17.Sheoughttobesittinginthetrainnow.18.Yououghtn곰ttohavewrittensocarelessly.Ⅱ.Completethesesentences(完成下面句子):1.Wemust...2.Youmustn곰t...3.Shemusthave...4.Mustwe(I)...5.Weoughtto...6.Oughtweto...7.Weoughtn곰tto...8.Sheoughttobe...9.Heoughttohave...93 47.情态动词need和dareⅠ.情态动词need:need只有在疑问句和否定句中可用作情态动词,表示“需要”:Needweanswerthisletter?这封信我们需要回吗?SoIneedn곰ttellhim,needI?所以我无需告诉他,对吧?Weneedn곰tworry.我们无需发愁。Youneedn곰thavementionedit.这事你是不必提到的。NeedIcome?—Yes,youmust.我需要来吗?—你一定要来。但need也可用作及物动词,这时可和不定式连用,可用于肯定句、疑问句和否定句:Weneedtomakepreparations.我们需要作准备。Doessheneedtobenotified?需要通知她吗?Youdon곰tneedtodoityourself.这事你不必亲自去做。Ⅱ.情态动词dare:dare只在极少数情况下用作情态动词,主要用在疑问句、否定句及条件从句中,表示“敢”:Dareyougohomealone?你敢一个人回家吗?Shedaren곰tevenlookatme.她甚至不敢看我。Howdaredtheydosuchathing?他们怎么敢干这样的事?Noonedaredspeakofit.没人敢谈起这件事。Iwon곰tallowyoutodoitevenifyoudaredoit.就是你敢做我也不让你这样做。在多数情况下它都用作及物动词,和一带to的不定式一起用:Wemustdaretoact.我们要敢干。Thegirldidnotdaretogohomealone.这姑娘不敢一个人回家。Noonedaredtosuspecthim.没人敢怀疑他。Whodarestojumpoverthestream?谁敢跳过小溪?间或有人把两种结构糅和在一起,说出这样的句子:Ididnotdarelookup.我不敢抬起头来。94 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethemodalverbneedinthesesentences(在下列句中的情态动词need下划线):1.Soyouneedn곰thurry.2.That곰sallsettled.Itneedn곰tbetalkedabout.3.Still,sheneedn곰thaverunaway.4.Theyneednothavebeenpunishedsoseverely.5.Idon곰tthinkyouneedtakeittooseriously.6.Idon곰tseewhyweneeddiscussitfurther.7.Butyouneedhavenoanxiety,onmyaccount.8.Hewastoldthatheneedn곰tdoit.9.Needhedoitallatonce?10.Needtheyhavedoneityesterday?11.Iaskedhimwhetherheneedgo.12.IwonderifIneedbringmymosquitonet.Ⅱ.Underlinethemodalverbdareinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的情态动词dare下划线):1.HedarednotgonearRuth곰sneighborhoodinthedaytime.2.Idaren곰taskyoubecauseIthoughtImustbewrong.3.Iscarcelydarethinkofit.4.Howdareyouaskmesuchathing?5.HowdareshesayIamaliar?6.Dareyouaskhimaboutit?7.Iwonderifshedaredcomehome.8.Shedarenot(daren곰t)saywhatshethinks.9.Idaren곰thavedoneityesterday,butIthinkIdarenow.10.Ineverdaredstaylong.11.Idaresay(=guess)youarefromHongKong.12.HowdareyousuggestthatIcopiedyournotes!95 第八章动词的非谓语形式48.不定式的句法作用1.除了构成谓语外(如与情态动词构成复合谓语),不定式还可在句中用作:1)主语:Togoornottogoisaquestion.去还是不去是一个问题。ItisnoteasytolearnEnglishwell.学好英语是不容易的。2)宾语:Hedecidedtogiveupthejob.他决定放弃这项工作。Tellmehowtodoit.告诉我该怎样做。3)表语:Myjobistolookafterthebaby.我的工作是照顾宝宝。4)定语:Ihavealotofthingstodo.我有很多事情要做。5)状语:Heoftencomestoseeus.他常来看我们。还可构成复合宾语(即作宾语的补语):Shetoldmenottogoout.她让我别出去。2.不定式有时不带to:Isawamanentertheroom.我看见一个人走进屋来了。3.有时还有被动(a)完成(b)及进行形式(c):a.Shelikestobepraised.她喜欢受人赞扬。Iwasgladtohavebeeninvited.受到邀请我很高兴。b.I곰msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.对不起给你添了这么多麻烦。c.Sheseemedtobetalkingwithsomebody.她似乎在和人谈话。96 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Tellthefunctionoftheinfinitiveinthefollowingsentences(说出不定式在下面句子中的作用):1.Tolearngrammarisnotaneasything.()2.UncleTomdecidedtogiveMaryabicycle.()3.Hewantseverybodytobehappy.()4.Iliketowalkalongthesea-shore.()5.Let곰sjointheminthegame.()6.Nancyfeltherheartbeatwithexcitement.()7.Ihopetoseethemagain.()8.Yourjobistodrythedishes.()9.Motherwenttotowntodosomeshopping.()10.I곰llteachyouhowtodothejob.()11.Ihadlittletosayinthisregard.()12.Shewasgladtoseeusback.()13.Thebestthingistosaynothing.()14.Wehavecometohelpyou.()15.Givemesomethingtoread.()16.Itgavemegreatpleasuretoseetheirhappyfaces.()Ⅱ.Underlinethepredicateinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的谓语下划线):1.Whereareyougoingtocamp?2.Weusedtoworkinthesameoffice.3.Areyouabletogetintouchwithher?4.Yououghttogoandseetheplace.5.Shedidn곰tknowshewastobeourteacher.6.Sheseemstobeinahurry.7.You곰resuretosucceed.8.Youappeartohavetravelledalot.97 49.不定式作主语1.不定式(短语)常可用作主语,如:Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。Toactlikethatisfoolish.这样做是愚蠢的。Toerrishuman,toforgivedevine.犯错误是人之常情,宽恕才难能可贵。(谚)2.但在很多情况下,我们都把不定式往后移,前面用先行词it作形式上的主语,这样句子结构会显得更平稳。这时谓语可以是:1)be+形容词:Itisn곰trighttotalklikethat.这样说是不对的。It곰sdifficulttomasterEnglish.精通英语是不容易的。2)be+形容词+for引起的短语:It곰shardformetoanswer.我很难回答。Itisn곰trightforustostophalfway.我们半途而废是不对的。3)be+形容词+of引起的短语:It곰skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.难得你为我们这样着想。(=youarekindto...)It곰sgoodofyoutocometomeetus.非常感谢你们来接我们。4)be+名词:It곰sourdutytodothat.这样做是我们的职责。It곰samistakenottohelpthem.不帮助他们是错误的。5)其他形式的谓语:Howlongdoesittaketogetthere?到那里需要多少时间?Howmuchdiditcostyoutosendthepackage?寄这包裹花了多少钱?98 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethesubjectinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子的主语下划线):1.Toreadagoodbookisoneofthejoysoflife.2.Tomakeamistakelikethatisverycareless.3.Tosmokesomanycigarettesisbadforyourhealth.4.It곰snicetobewithyou.5.Isitpossibletogetthereintwohours?6.It곰simpossibleformetostaysolong.7.Isitgoodforhertodothiskindofwork?8.It곰sniceofthemtobesoconsiderate.9.It곰sunwiseofhertoactlikethat.10.Itwillbeapleasuretovisityourcountry.11.Itwouldbeapitytorefuse.12.Itmadeherangrytohearthat.13.Ithasn곰tbeendecidedwhentostartthework.14.Howlongwillittaketogettotheairport?15.Itwasn곰trightforhimtobepunishedlikethat.16.Itwasquitebeyondmetohelpher.Ⅱ.Completethesesentences(完成下面句子):1.It곰sdifficult(nice,easy)to...2.It곰sapleasure(apity,ourduty)to...3.It곰snice(kind,good)ofyouto...4.Howlongdoesittaketo...5.Howmuchwillitcostto...6.It곰sagainstmyprinciple(thelaw)to...7.Itwasunwiseofthemto...8.It곰sagreathonourformeto...9.Itmadeherveryangryto...10.Ithasn곰tbeendecidedwhetherto...99 50.不定式作宾语1.以不定式(短语)作宾语的时候极多,如:Heofferedtohelpus.他提出要帮我们的忙。Shecan곰taffordtobuyacomputer.她买不起电脑。Whendidyoubegintoworkthere?你什么时候开始在那里工作的?Theydecidedtodroptheplan.他们决定放弃这项计划。We곰llcontinuetosupportyou.我们将继续支持你。Sheisleaningtoswim.她在学游泳。Welovetolistentofairytales.我们喜欢听童话故事。Hepromisedtoreturninanhour.他答应一小时后回来。能以不定式作宾语的动词常见的有want,like,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer,start,forget,promise,mean,pretend,intend,begin,attempt,decide,learn,desire,agree,care,choose,determine,undertake,expect等。2.有些动词(如tell,advise,show,teach,findout,discuss,learn,forget等)后面可跟一个带有连接副(代)词的不定式作宾语:Theywillteachushowtotype.他们将教我们怎样打字。Shedidn곰tknowhowtoanswer.她不知如何回答是好。He곰lladviseyouwhattodo.他会帮你出主意怎么办。Youmustdecidewhethertogowiththem.你必须决定是否要和他们一道去。3.有时还可以用it作形式上的宾语,把不定式放到后面去:Shefounditimpossibletofinishtheworksosoon.她发现不可能这样快完成这项工作。Idon곰tthinkitnecessarytodothat.我想这样做不必要。Hefeltithisdutytopointthatout.他感到有责任指出这一点。Weregarditasanhonourtobeinvited.我们认为被邀请很荣幸。间或可以见到下面这样的句子:Ihavelonghaditinmindtoansweryourletters.我一直想给你回信。Shetookitonherselftoapologizeforme.她亲自出面替我道歉。100 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Completethesesentenceswithaninfinitiveoraninfinitivephrase(用不定式或不定式短语完成下面句子):1.Ishouldlike...2.Sheoffered...3.Theydecided...4.Sheagreed...5.Hepromised...6.I곰lltry...7.Ididn곰texpect...8.Doyouwish...9.Finallywemanaged...10.Helenwillshowyou...11.Ididn곰tknow(how)...12.Sheconsidered(how)...13.Wewerediscussing...14.Youcanlearn...15.Theywillteachyou...16.Thebookexplains...Ⅱ.Underlinetheobjectoftheverbsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的动词宾语下划线):1.Theyconsidereditbetternottogo.2.Shefeltitherdutytotakecaseofthechildren.3.Ithoughtitunnecessarytoarguewithhim.4.HemadeitaruleonlytospeakEnglishinclass.5.Heregardsitasimportanttohelphisfriends.6.I곰dthinkitwellworthwhiletogothere.7.Ifindithardtogetonwithher.8.Youmustn곰ttakeituponyourselftodoallthat.101 51.不定式构成复合结构1.在不少动词后面可用不定式和一个名词(代词)一起构成复合宾语:Sheaskedmetocallagain.她让我再去一次电话。Hewantsyoutocallhimbackat11.他要你十一点钟给他回电话。I곰llgetsomeonetorepairtherecorderforyou.我去找人帮你修录音机。Theyencouragedhimtotryagain.他们鼓励他再试一次。2.在make,let,have,see,hear,watch,notice,feel等动词后的复合宾语中不定式不带to:Inaminuteyou곰llseethesunrise.一会儿你可以看到太阳升起。Thenheheardthebellringagain.后来他又听到铃声响了。I곰llhavehimcallyourightback.我让他马上给你回电话。Hewatchedthepeoplegoby.他看着人们从旁边经过。在help这个字后的不定式可加to,也可不加to:Cananyonehelpme(to)doit?谁能帮我做这事?We곰llhelpyoulook.我们来帮你找。3.但这种句子在变为被动结构时,不定式必须带to:Shewasoftenseentoacklikethat.人们常常看到她这样做。Theyweremadetoworkdayandnight.他们被迫日夜干活。Someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs.听见有人走上楼来。第1段中所谈句子也常可用于被动结构:Theyareencouragedtotakepartinthecontest.鼓励他们参加比赛。Shewasaskedtoreciteapoem.大家要她朗诵一首诗。wasaskedtorecite等可说是复合谓语。关于这一点,详见第十七章的复合谓语。4.下面句子也包含由不定式构成的复合谓语:Heissaidtobefromapeasantfamily.据说他是农民出身。Sheislikelytowelcometheidea.她可能欢迎这个想法。Weareboundtomeetwithdifficulties.我们一定会碰到困难。102 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethecomplexobjectinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的复合宾语下划线):1.Ididn곰texpectyoutoarrivesoearly.2.Wouldyoulikeustogowithyou?3.Hisconsciencecompelledhimtotellthetruth.4.Hetoldustomakeadequatepreparations.5.I곰dadviseyoutotalkthisoverwithher.6.Hewarnedthemnottoskateonsuchthinice.7.Hemadethemworklonghours.8.Didyounoticeanyoneenter?9.Letmecarrythisforyou.10.Suddenlyhefelttheatmospheregrowtense.11.Iwon곰thavehimcheatme.12.I곰msorrytoseeyouleavesosoon.Ⅱ.Underlinethecompoundpredicateinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的复合谓语下划线):1.Youarerequestedtosingasong.2.Shewastoldtobecautious.3.WeareencouragedtospeakmoreEnglishinclass.4.Youwon곰tbeallowedtotouchthemoney.5.Wearerequiredtogettherebefore8o곰clock.6.Shewaswarnednottogothere.7.Hewasoftenheardtosingthissong.8.Hewasmadetorewritethewholething.9.Heissaidtoknowfivelanguages.10.Thousandswerereportedtobeworkingasslavesthere.11.Theplanisboundtosucceed,we곰reboundtowin.12.AreyonlikelytobeinLondonthisyear?103 52.不定式作定语1.不定式(短语)作定语的时候很多,特别是在某些句型中:Doyouhaveanythingmoretosay?你还有什么话要说吗?Shewantedtogetsomethingtoread.她想找点书看。Hewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.他是第一个产生这个想法的人。There곰snothingtobeworriedabout.没有什么事值得发愁。Weneedsomeonetohelpwiththetyping.我们需要人帮助打字。She곰sanicepersontoworkwith.她是一个好共事的人。2.有些名词后常可跟不定式作定语:It곰stimetostartspringsowing.现在是开始春播的时候了。That곰sthebestwaytosolvetheproblem.这是解决这问题的最好办法。Thiswillbeagoodopportunitytoexchangeexperience.这将是交流经验的好机会。Youhavenorighttotalklikethat.你没有权利这样讲话。I곰dliketohaveachancetoseemoreofhim.我愿意有机会多见见他。3.有些动词和形容词后面常跟不定式,它们的同源名词也常跟不定式作定语:Youhaven곰tkeptyourpromisetowriteusregularly.你没有遵守给我们经常写信的诺言。(比较:Youpromisedto...)Shemadenoattempttotakeamedicaldegree.她没有企图拿医学学位。Wecouldseeheranxietytosettlethethingherself.我们看得出她很想自己来解决这个问题。(比较:Shewasanxiousto...)Hiseagernesstogowithuswasobvious.他显然想和我们一道去。4.有些不定式(短语)可作定语,相当于一个定语从句:Perhapsinyearstocome(=whicharetocome)weshallmeetagain.或许在未来的岁月中我们还会见面。Youareinvitedtoaparty(whichis)tobeheldonWednesdayinourclub.邀请你参加星期三在俱乐部举行的晚会。间或还有带关系代词的不定式短语用作定语:Itwasabadseasoninwhichtohaveoutings.这是一个不适合郊游的季节。104 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheinfinitive(phrases)usedasattributesinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中作定语的不定式或不定式短语下划线):1.Ihavealotofthingstodotonight.2.Therearetwoletterstobetyped.3.Let곰sgoandgetsomethingtodrink.4.That곰sprobablytheonlythingtodonow.5.Heisnotamantobowbeforedifficulties.6.Theyarealwaysthefirsttobearhardships,thelasttoenjoycomforts.7.Shehasalotofthingstoattendto.8.Let곰sfirstfindaroomtoputourthingsin.9.Thereisnoneed(forus)toworryatall.10.Ihaven곰thadchancetothinkyet.11.Ihavearighttoknow.12.Ihadnotthecouragetotellyou.13.Shewasquietfordaystocome.14.Whatareyougoingtotalkaboutinthelecturestofollow?15.Allowmeoneminuteinwhichtochangemycostumes.16.Shehadalittlemoneyinthebank,withwhichtohelphermother.Ⅱ.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentences(比较下面各对句子):1.Theymadesomechangesintheirplantoopenupmorericefields.Theyplanndtoopenupmorericefields.2.Wefailedinourattempttoclimbthemountain.Sheattemptedtogoonwithherwork.Butshecouldnot.3.Idon곰ttrusthispromisetosupportus.Hehadpromisedtoseeherhome.4.Nell곰sanxietytosucceedledhertoworkhard.I곰mreallyanxioustoseehim.5.Shewasdistressedtoseehiseagernesstogoaway.Hewasofcourseeagertoseeme.105 53.不定式作状语不定式常可用作状语,表示:1.目的:Hewentouttobuyapaper.他出去买报纸去了。We곰vecometolearnfromyou.我们是来向你学习的。They곰reworkinghardtofulfiltheplan.他们在努力完成计划。Tosucceed,wemustmakegoodpreparation.要取得成功必须做好准备。2.结果:WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangry?我说了什么话使你这样生气?Heleft,nevertoreturn.他走了再也没回来。Shelivedtobeninety.她活到了九十岁。Thecurtainparted,torevealamarketscene.幕开了,露出了集市场景。3.原因:Iamsorrytohearit.听了这我很难过。Shewassurprisedtoseehim.看到他她很吃惊。WeareproudtobeyoungpeopleofChina.作为中国青年我们感到自豪。Theyjumpedforjoytohearthenews.听到这消息他们高兴得跳了起来。4.在某方面等:Sheisalwaysreadytohelpothers.她总是乐于帮助人。Wewereeagertotakepartinthework.我们都亟于参加这项工作。Becarefulnottocatchcold.当心别感冒。Thegirliseasytogetalongwith.这姑娘很容易相处。另外还可在某些句型中使用:Shewastooyoungtounderstandthat.她年纪太小不能理解这个。Wehadenoughfoodtolastaweek.我们有足够的食物维持一礼拜。Let곰swalkfastersoastocatchthebus.咱们走快点好赶上车。Wewentbycarinordertosavetime.我们坐车去以节省时间。还可修饰全句,说明说话人的态度:Tobefrank,Idon곰ttrusthim.坦白说我不信任他。Totellyouthetruth,Idon곰tliketheplan.说老实话我不喜欢这个计划。106 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheinfinitive(phrase)usedasadverbialsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中作状语的不定式或不定式短语下划线):1.Theyranovertowelcomethedelegates.2.Todoagoodjob,wemusthavetherighttools.3.Hemadealongspeechonlytoshowhisignoranceofthesubject.4.Theyparted,nevertomeetagain.5.Weallrejoicedtohearofyoursuccess.6.Sheshudderedtothinkofherbitterpast.7.I곰msorrytohearit.8.Theyareeagertotakepartinthework.9.Theroomiscomfortabletolivein.10.Hewaseasytogetalongwith.11.Shewasunwillingtotakethejob.12.I곰minclinedtoagreewithher.13.Tobefair,heisnotabadman.14.Tobefrank,Idon곰tquiteliketheidea.15.Amongwritersofthisage,hewas,sotospeak,agiantamongdwarfs.Ⅱ.Underlinetheinfinitive(phrases)usedasadverbialsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中作状语的不定式或不定式短语下划线):1.Nevertoooldtolearn.2.Itwastoolatetodoanythingnow.3.Iamsureyouarefartooclevertohavedonethat.4.Ihadnotenonghconfidencetogoahead.5.Wehaven곰ttimeenoughtocatchthetrainnow.6.Onemadactionisnotenoughtoproveamanmad.7.Goinquietlysoasnottowakethebaby.8.Ruthwouldn곰tbesocarelessastoforgetthat.9.Hehadsacrificedsomuchinordertoavoidpain.10.Inordertofollowthebuffalo,theyhadtomovetheircamps.107 54.动名词的句法作用1.动名词起名词的作用,在句中可作:1)主语:Smokingisprohibited.禁止吸烟。2)表语:Myfavouritesportisskating.我最喜欢的运动是滑冰。3)宾词或介语宾语:Isuggestedgoingbyboat.我建议坐船去。Theyinsitedongoingbyplane.他们坚持坐飞机去。4)定语:Givememyshoppingbag.把购物袋给我。Thisisyourboardingpass.这是你的登机证。在很多情况下构成合成词:singingcompetition歌咏比赛swimmingpool游泳池openingspeech开幕词dining-car餐车waiting-room候车室milling-machine铣床sleeping-pill安眠药片coughingdrops咳嗽糖deep-ploughing深耕close-planting密植weightlifting举重family-planning计划生育2.有些动名词已名词化,前面可以加冠词,可以用定语修饰,甚至有复数形式:Youshouldgivetheroomagoodcleaning.你应该把房间好好打扫一下。Whodidtherecording?是谁录的音?Ihavesomeshoppingtodo.我得去买些东西。Theworkneedscarefulplanning.这工作需要周密计划。Pleasetakeourgreetingstohim.请向他问好。这种动名词可称为名词化的动名词。3.有些动名词已完全成为名词:Let곰sbringinthewashing.咱们去把洗的衣服收进来。Thestoryhasahappyending.这故事有一个愉快的结局。108 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethegerundinthefollowingsentencesandtellitsfunctioninthem(在下列句子中的动名词下划线,并说明它在句中的作用):1.Swimmingdevelopsthemuscles.()2.Theonlythingthatinterestsherisdancing.()3.Shecan곰thelpcryingatasadmovie.()4.Ilikereadingbooksofthiskind.()5.Theychargedhimwithneglectinghisduties.()6.Whatcanyoulearnbywatchingsuchmovies?()7.Weshouldpraiseherinsteadofcriticizingher.()8.Doyouthinkmygoingtherewillbeofanyhelp?()9.Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.()10.Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?()11.Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.()12.Mary곰sgrumblingannoyedhim.()13.Iapologizefornothavingkeptmypromise.()14.Hediditwithoutbeingasked.()15.Sobeingkilledbysharkswasacommonoccurrence.()16.Thequestionisfarfrombeingsettled.()Ⅱ.PutthesecompoundnounsintoChinese(把下面合成名词译为汉语):1.parking-lot2.parkingspace3.drawing-board4.drawing-pin5.living-room6.livingstandard7.washing-powder8.washing-machine9.reading-room10.hearing-aid11.diving-board12.drillingplatform13.shoplifting14.sightseeing15.window-shopping16.job-hunting17.handwriting18.air-conditioning19.newspapercutting(s)20.tap-dancing109 55.作主语和表语的动名词Ⅰ.作主语的动名词:动名词(短语)有时可用作主语:Drawingpictureswillbefun.画画会很有意思的。Smokingmaycausecancer.吸烟可能致癌。Runningismyfavouritesport.跑步是我最喜欢的运动。Meetingyouhasbeenagreatpleasure.见到你非常高兴。Talkingmendsnoholes.空谈无济于事。(谚)也可以在下面结构中用作主语:1.由先行词it引起的句子(作主语的动名词移到句子后部):It곰snousedoingthat.这样做没有用。It곰snogoodwaitinghere.在这里等没有好处。It곰snicetalkingtoyou.和你谈话很高兴。It곰sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.辩论这事是浪费时间。2.由thereisno引起的句子:Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.这种事开不得玩笑。Thereisnoknowingwhatwillhappennext.没法知道以后将发生什么事。Therewasnotellingwhathewasgoingtodo.没法判断他会怎样干。Therewasnoarguingwithher.没法和她争辩。Ⅱ.作表语的动名词:动名词(短语)也可用来作表语:Herjobisraisingpigs.她的任务是养猪。Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。Tokeepthemoneyyouhavefoundisstealing.捡到钱不交出来等于偷窃。Theproblemisraisingenoughfund.问题是筹集足够的资金。[注]动名词和不定式都可用作主语和表语。一般说来表示一般行为时多用动名词,表示具体某次动作时多用不定式:Smokingisprohibited.禁止吸烟。Itisn곰tgoodforyoutosmokesomuch.你抽这么多烟对你身体不好。Theirjobisbuildinghouses.他们的工作是盖房子。Ourtasknowistoincreasefoodproduction.我们现在的任务是增产粮食。110 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethegerundsorgerundialphrasesinthefollowingsentencesandtelltheirfunctioninthem(在下面的动名词或动名词短语下划线,并说明其作用):1.Cryingwon곰thelpmatters.()2.Denyingthiswillbeshuttingone곰seyestofacts.()()3.Dancingboredhim.()4.Herhobbyispainting()5.ReadingFrenchiseasierthanspeakingit.()()6.Breathingbecamedifficultonthesummits.()7.Talkingtohimistalkingtoawall.()()8.Speakingalanguageeverydayisthebestwayoflearningit.()()9.Swimmingisaveryenjoyableexercise.()10.What곰stroublingthemistheirnothavingenoughmachinetools.()11.Nothingisworsethanourbowingbeforedifficulties.()12.Thereisnoknowinghowlonghemightbeaway.()13.Butfromnowonwardstherewasnolookingback.()14.Therewasnomistakinghisintentionsthistime.()15.Oncehestartstalking,therewasnostoppinghim.()()Ⅱ.Underlinetherealsubjectinthesesentences(在下面句子的真正主语下划线):1.It곰snousesayinganymoreaboutwhatIthink.2.It곰shopelessarguingaboutit.3.It곰sbeenalotoffunmeetingyou.4.It곰spleasantandcomfortablesittingthere.5.It곰sterriblytiringworkinglatelikethis.6.It곰sawonderseeingyou.7.Itdoesn곰tmatterthrowingthataway.8.Whatisitlikebeingmarried?9.Ithasbeenagreathonouryourcomingtovisitme.10.Itseemssostrangeyourgoinglikethis.11.Itdoesn곰tmakeanydifferencemybeingthere.12.It곰sawasteoftimeyourtalkingtohim.111 56.动名词作宾语1.在许多动词后,可跟动名词作宾语:Haveyoufinishedpaintingthewindows?窗子漆好了没有?Wouldyoumindshuttingthedoor?劳驾把门关上好吗?Heavoidedtalkingaboutthis.他避免谈这事。Shecan곰thelplaughingatthewords.听了这话,她不禁笑了起来。Ienjoyedworkinghere.我在这里工作很高兴。Ourhouseneedspainting.我们的房子需要油漆。能跟这种宾语的常见动词有suggest,stop,admit,delay,practise,excuse,deny,remember,hate,like,finish,begin,start,mind,fancy,miss,prefer,continue,propose,regret,deserve,can곰thelp,leaveoff,putoff等。2.有些动词可以用动名词作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,意思没有太大差别:playingDoyoulikechess?你喜欢下棋吗?toplaytalkingTheybeganaloutsomethingelse.他们开始谈别的事。totalk有时两者意思上有些差别:Irememberseeingyousomewhere.记得在哪里见到过你。Remembertoposttheletter.记得把信发掉。Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice.我后悔没听你的劝告。IregrettosayIwon곰tbeabletojoinyou.我遗憾地说我不能和你们一道去。3.在like,hate,prefer等词后,表示一般倾向时多用动名词,如指某次行动,用不定式时更多一些。Ilikereadingbooksofthiskind.我喜欢看这种书。I곰dliketoreadthattook.我想看那本书。Ipreferwalkingtocycling.我情愿走路,不愿骑车。Iprefertostayathometoday.今天我宁愿待在家里。4.间或可用先行词it作宾语,而把宾语移到句子后部去:Shefoundituselessarguingwithhim.她发现和他争论没有用。Doyouconsideritanygoodourgoingthere?你认为我们去有帮助吗?112 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethegerundorgerundialphrasesusedasobjectinthefollowingsentences(在下列句子中用作宾语的动名词或动名词短语下划线):1.Ihatelosingmytemper.2.Billdoesn곰tlikesingingverymuch.3.Headmittedtakingthemoney.4.Wouldyouconsidersellingthehouse?5.Hedetestswritingletters?6.Shedreadsgettingold.7.Heenjoysteaching.8.Fancymeetingyouhere!9.Shekeptcomplaining.10.Ican곰tunderstandhisleavinghiswife.11.Hedidn곰twanttoriskgettingwet.12.Shenarrowlyescapedbeingrunover.13.Hedislikedmyworkinglate.14.Heresentedmybeingpromotedbeforehim.15.Forgivemyringingyouupsoearly.16.Iappreciatebeinggiventhisopportunity.Ⅱ.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentences(比较下面各对句子):1.Iremembertellingyouabouther.Remembertomeetmetonight.2.IshallneverforgetseeingtheAlpsforthefirstfime.Iforgottoaskhimaboutit.3.We곰vealwaysregrettedsellingthefarm.Iregrettotellyouthatmyfatherisill.4.Shetriedskiingbutneverlikedit.I곰lltrytoimprove.5.Yourcoatwantsbrushing.Somebodywantstoseeyou.6.Hewillneedlookingafter(tobelookedafter).Youdidnotneedtoarrivesoearly.113 57.动名词作介词宾语1.动名词作介词宾语的时候很多,特别是用在某些成语后面:I곰mthinkingofvisitingthesecities.我在想游览这些城市。Shewastiredofdrawing.她画画已经画厌了。Areyouinterestedingoingtotheshow?你有兴趣去看演出吗?Haveyousucceededinconvincingthem?你成功地说服他们了吗?I곰vebeenlookingforwardtocomingtoBeijing.我一直盼望来北京。He곰sfondofswimmingindeepwater.他喜欢在深水中游泳。2.动名词还可和许多介词一起构成介词短语作状语:Afterplayingchess,wewatchedTV.下过棋之后我们看电视。Givemeaphonecallbeforeleavinghome.离家前给我打个电话。Thanksforcoming.谢谢你来。Hefeltagreatdelightinhelpingothers.帮助别人他感到很高兴。Insteadofgoinghome,hewenttoseeafilm.他没回家而是去看了一场电影。Sheleftearlyforfearofmissingthetrain.她动身早以免误车。3.还可和介词构成短语作定语(a)或表语(b):a.Shehasn곰tgotmuchexperienceinlookingafterbabies.照看婴儿她没有多少经验。Ilikeyourmethodofdoingthework.我喜欢你做这工作的方法。Doyouhaveanyobjectiontomygoingthere?我去那里你有反对意见吗?That곰stheirwayofdoingthings.这是他们行事的方法。b.I곰mallforgoingbybus.我完全赞成坐公共汽车去。Whoisagainstchangingtheplan?谁反对改变计划?Itwaslikefindinganeedleinahaystack.这简直是大海捞针。4.用在介词后的动名词还可用被动或完成形式:Theyinsistedontheirbeingtreatedasequals.他们坚持对他们要平等相待。Shewasfuriousatbeingdeniedadmittance.不让她进去她很生气。Ihavenoideaoftheirhavingdonesuchathing.我不知道他们做过这样的事。Onlythencanweregardourselvesashavingdoneourduty.只有这时我们才能认为自己尽到了责任。114 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethegerundsorgerundialphrasesusedasobjectsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中用作宾语的动名词或动名词短语下划线):1.I곰vealreadygotusedtoworkingonthenightshift.2.I곰mproudofhavingafriendlikeyou.3.Hedidn곰tsucceedinpassingtheexam.4.Idon곰tfeellikeeatinganything.5.Sheisfondofreadingpicturebooks.6.Whoisresponsiblefororganizingthegardenparty?7.Idon곰tobjecttotakingoverherduties.8.Whydoyoupersistinwritingsuchthings.9.HeinsisteduponherstayinginLondon.10.Sheaccusedhimofhavingbrokenhisword.11.Ineverdreamofitshurtingyou.12.Hewaskeenongoingabroad.Ⅱ.Underlinetheprepositionalphrasesinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的介词短语下划线):1.Youwon곰tdoanygoodbycrying.2.Shewaspraisedfordoingherworkneatly.3.Youcan곰tlivewithouteating.4.You곰llonlysucceedbytryinghard.5.Idon곰twanttoforceyouintodoingsomethingagainstyourwill.6.SincereturningtoXi곰an,he곰sbeenawfullybusy.7.Hestartedonseeingher.8.Theyweresurprisedatyourdoingthat.9.Hefeltuncomfortableaboutacceptingthegift.10.Hisvoicewashoarsefromshouting.11.Sheleftwithoutsayinggood-byetous.12.Whathashedonebesidesreadingthepaper?13.Shehurriedbacktoschoolforfearofmissingtoomanylessons.14.Wedidthiswithaviewtoraisingourefficiency.115 58.现在分词的句法作用1.现在分词在句中可构成各种进行时态:It곰sraininghard.雨下得很大。Whathaveyoubeendoingalltheseyears?这些年来你在干什么?2.除了构成谓语外,现在分词在句中还可:1)用作表语:Thesituationisencouraging.形势令人鼓舞。Thefoodlookedinviting.菜看起来很诱人。2)用作定语:Chinaisadevelopingcountry.中国是发展中国家。Itwasapressingmeetingandallmembershadtoattend.那是一次紧急会议,所有成员都得参加。3)用作状语:Hewasbusyansweringletters.他在忙着回信。Theywalkeddownthestreet,lookingfortheirlittlesister.他们沿着那条街走,找寻他们的小妹妹。4)用来构成复合宾语(也就是作宾语的补语):Wesawaboyrunningtowardsus.我们看见一个男孩向我们跑来。Wefoundhimwaitingtoreceiveus.我们发现他在等着接见我们。3.现在分词作表语:有不少现在分词可用作表语,表示主语的特征:Thewaterisquiterefreshing.这水使人神清气爽。Oneofthegirlsismissing.有一个女孩不见了。Thedaywassocharming.天气十分怡人。Whathesaidsoundedquiteconvincing.他的话听起来很有说服力。Itfeelsquiterefreshingtotakeabathafterwork.干完活洗个澡很解乏。能这样用的分词很多,如:amusing,charming,encouraging,confusing,disappointing,discouraging,exciting,interesting,inviting,missing,misleading,obliging,pressing,promising,puzzling,astonishing,amazing,shocking,refreshing,surprising等,其中有些已成为形容词。116 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheparticiplesorparticipialphrasesinthefollowingsentencesandtelltheirfunctions(在下面句子中的分词或分词短语下划线,并说出它们的作用):1.Listentothatsingingbird.()2.Isawthemanwalkingdownthestreet.()3.Theboycamerunningoutofthehouse.()4.Thespeedofthehorseswassimplyamazing.()5.Iseehimpassingmyhouseeveryday.()6.Hedoesn곰tspendmuchtimepreparinghislessons.()7.Herodeawaywhistling.()8.Thesituationwasmorepuzzlingthanever.()9.Icaughtthemstealingmyapples.()10.I곰mgoingshoppingthisafternoon.()11.Hefired,woundingoneofthebandits.()12.Hesaidhehadseenaflyingsaucer.()Ⅱ.Underlinetheparticiplesusedaspredicativeinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中用作表语的分词下划线):1.Ofcoursehewasveryamusing.2.Hisstorywasamazing;wehadneverheardanythingsostrange.3.Itisastonishingtomethatheshouldbeabsent.4.He곰salwaysveryobliging.5.Foreignpressreportsareratherconfusing.6.Thepictureisnotaltogetherdiscouraging.7.Skiingismoreexcitingthanskating.8.Herphotographwasmissing.9.Yourfather곰sviewsareshockingtome.10.Somefilmsaremisleading.11.Isthematterpressing?12.Itissurprisinghowusefulthissimpletechniquecanbe.117 59.现在分词作定语1.现在分词作定语时很多,有时单独作定语放在所修饰的词前面(a),有时引起短语放在所修饰词的后面(b):a.Heisapromisingyoungman.他是个很有培养前途的青年。Itisafascinatingcity.它是一座迷人的城市。Theyarevisitinginaneighbouringtown.他们在邻近的一座城市访问。Hewasoneoftheleadingcomposersofthetime.他是那时最卓越的作曲家之一。b.Annadrewagirlwhowasstandingonherhands.安娜画了一个倒立的姑娘。There곰ssomeoneknockingatthedoor.有人敲门。Webuiltahighwayleading(whichled)intothemountains.我们修了一条通往山里的公路。Wemetagroupofchildren(whowere)returningfromschool.我们碰到一群放学回来的孩子。2.这类定语都相当于一个定语从句。即使单独的现在分词也如此:apromissingyoungman=ayoungmanwhoispromising这也是作定语的动名词和现在分词的区别。现在分词作定语时多表示所修饰名词的动作,常可改为一个定语从句:flyingfish(=afishthatcanfly)飞鱼everlastingfriendship(=friendshipthatlastsforever)永恒的友谊workingpeople(=peoplewhowork)劳动人民而动名词作定语时却没有这种情况,如:sleepingcar(=acarforpassengerstosleepin)卧车workingmethod(=methodofworking)工作方法readingroom(=aroomforpeopletoreadin)阅览室另外,现在分词还可构成合成形容词,如:hard-workingpeople(=peoplewhoworkhard)勤劳的人民oil-bearingcrops(=cropsthatbearoil)油料作物118 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheparticiplesorparticipialphrasesusedasattributesinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中作定语的分词或分词短语下划线):1.Therunninghorsegallopeddowntheroad.2.Whoknowsthemissingwordinthissentence?3.Idon곰tliketoseesingingbirdsincages.4.Themanledadancingbearonachain.5.Iwaskeptawakebyabarkingdog.6.Theteachertoldusanamusingstory.7.Theretreatingarmytookuppositions.8.Chinastretchesacrossavastareacoveringthecold,temperateandtropicalzones.9.Wearebrotherssharingwealandwoe.10.Thevillageismadeupof490familiesbelongingtofivenationalities.Ⅱ.Tellwhetherthe-ingformsareparticiplesorgerunds(说明下面的-ing形式是分词还是动名词):1.theapproachingtrain()2.thelivingstandards()3.atouchingstory()4.abuildingsite()5.runningwater()6.arunningmate()7.awaitingcar()8.thewaiting-room()9.asleepingchild()10.asleeping-car()11.flyingsaucers()12.aflying-suit()13.workingpeople()14.workingmethod()15.astandingcommittee()16.standingovation()17.therulingclass()18.atrainingcollege()19.awalkingdictionary()20.awalking-stick()21.hard-workingpeasants()22.atime-consumingjob()23.far-reachingeffects()24.fine-soundingwords()119 60.现在分词作状语1.现在分词常可用作状语,表示:1)同时发生的另一动作(多为伴随的动作):Mr.Brownsatinaboatfishing.布朗先生坐在一条船上钓鱼。Someleftthehallstillweeping有些人离开大厅时还在哭泣。FollowingTom,theystartedtoclimb.他们跟着汤姆开始往上爬。2)原因:Notknowingheraddress(=Aswedon곰t...),wecouldn곰tgetintouchwithher.由于不知道她的地址,我们没法和她联系。Manyofus,beingsoexcited,couldnotgotosleep.我们很多人是那样激动,没法睡着。Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice(=Asshehadalreadyseen...),shedidn곰twanttoseeit.这电影她已看过两遍,不想再看了。3)时间:Turningaround(=Asheturnedaround),hesawanambulancedrivingup.他转过身看到一辆救护车开了过来。Hearingthenews(=Whentheyheard...),theyalljumpedwithjoy.听到这消息他们都高兴得跳起来了。Havingfinishedherwork(Whenshehadfinished...),shestartedtoreadthenewspaper.她干完工作,开始看报。2.有时现在分词短语可由when或while引起:Becarefulwhenyouarecrossingthestreet.过街要小心。Igotengagedtoherwhentravellinglastwinter.去年冬天旅游时我和她订了婚。Don곰tmentionthiswhile(youare)talkingtohim.和他谈话时别提此事。Whiledoingsohehurthisleg.这样做使他腿受了伤。3.一般说来,现在分词表示的是句子主语的动作,这从上面句子中可以看出。但在下面这类句子中,现在分词表示说话人的态度,可以不表示主语的动作:Supposingwelosewhatshallwedo?假定我们输了怎么办?Ithascost,roughlyspeaking,＄500.这事大致花了500美金。120 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheadverbialsexpressedbyparticiplesorparticipialphrases(在由分词或分词短语表示的状语下划线):1.Travellingbyjeep,wevisitedanumberofcities.2.Wecouldn곰thelpthem,beingsopoorourselves.3.Comingdownthemountain,theymetTomontheway.4.Hespentalotofmoneymodernizingthehouse.5.Wewastedawholeafternoontryingtorepairthecar.6.Shewentout,slammingthedoor.7.Ifell,strikingmyheadagainstthedoorandcuttingit.8.Fearingthatthepolicewouldrecognizehim,heneverwentoutindaylight.9.Notknowingthelanguage,hefoundithardtogetwork.10.Relyingonourownefforts,weovercameallthedifficulties.11.Themanagerapproachedussmiling.12.Havingfailedtwice,hedidn곰twanttotryagain.13.Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.14.ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.15.Generallyspeaking,boysaremoreinterestedinsuchactivitiesthangirls.16.Strictlyspeaking,youhavenorighttodothat.Ⅱ.Changetheitalicizedpartsintoparticiplephrases(把斜体部分改为分词短语):1.Ashewasastudent,hewasnaturallyinterestedinmuseums.2.Whenwewalkedthroughthepark,wesawalotofdaffodils.3.Afterhetookakeyoutofhispocket,heopenedthedoor.4.Aswedidn곰tknowheraddress,wecouldn곰tgetintouchwithher.5.Whenshesawnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.6.Theysentustheirstatementandhopedtogetoursupport.7.Whensheturnedaround,shesawamanfollowingher.8.Whentheyheardthenews,theyfeelabitpuzzled.121 61.现在分词构成复合结构1.在不少动词后可用现在分词构成复合宾语(即作宾语的补语):IsawTomwavingtome.我看见汤姆向我挥手。I곰msorrytokeepyouwaiting.对不起让你久等了。Iheardsomeoneenteringthehouse.我听见有人进屋来。Shenoticedamanbehavingstrangely.她发现一个人行动很诡异。Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.这番话立即逗得大家笑了起来。Hefoundatreelyingacrosstheroad.他发现一棵树拦在路中间。IlefthimtalkingtoBob.我留下他和鲍勃谈话。2.在see,hear,feel等动词后,可以跟现在分词构成的复合结构,也可以跟不带to的不定式构成的复合结构,在表示动作完成时用不定式,在表示动作正在进行时用现在分词,如:Wesawhimleavethehouse.我们看见他离开了这房子。(动作已完成)Wesawhimstandingatthedoor.我们看见他在门口站着。(动作在进行)Delightedtohearyousaythat.很高兴听见你这样讲话。(动作完成)Iheardthewindblowing.我听见在刮风。(动作正在进行)有时两种结构差别不大:Ioftenheardhimsing(-ing)thissong.我常常听他唱这首歌。Hewatchedthesunset(-ting)behindthetrees.他望着太阳在树后西沉。3.这类结构也可改为被动形式:Wehavebeenkeptwaitingforalongtime.他们让我们等了很长时间。Hewasoftenseenworkinginthefields.人们常常看见他在地里干活。Shewasneverheardsingingthatsongagain.人们再也没有听她唱这首歌了。这时现在分词就构成了复合谓语。4.介词后间或也可以跟复合宾语:ShelistenedtoDavidplayingthepiano.她听大卫弹钢琴。Thomaslookedathimwaitingthere.托马斯瞧着他等在那里。Iwon곰tbeabletogoonholidaywithmymotherbeingill.我母亲病了,我没法去度假了。Youcan곰tdoanythingherewithouteverybodyknowing.在这儿你做什么大家都会知道。122 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethecomplexobjectinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的复合宾语下划线):1.Iwatchedthemrehearsingtheplay.2.IwentforMissCooperandfoundhercookingsupper.3.Hefeltthehouseshaking.4.Whenitisquietwecanheartheriverflowing.5.I곰llhaveyouallspeakingEnglishwellwithinayear.6.Hisquestionhassetmethinking.7.Theteachercaughttheboycheating.8.Ididn곰tnoticeyoucarryingapackwhenyoucamein.9.Hisletterleftmefeelingprettyhumble.10.Hetriedtostarttheenginerunning.11.Doyousmellsomethingburning?12.Itriedtokeepthingsgoingbyalittleteaching.Ⅱ.Underlinethecompoundpredicateinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的复合谓语下划线):1.Voiceswereheardcallingforhelp.2.Theywerecaughttrespassingonprivateland.3.I곰vebeenkeptwaitingfortwohours.4.Shewasseenhavingatête-a-têtewithherhusband곰semployer.5.Hewasfoundfightingwithanotherboy.6.Thepaperswereleftflyingaround.7.Iwassetwonderingbytheremarkthatheletfall.Ⅲ.Underlinehecomplexobjectafterprepositions(在介词后的复合宾语下划线):1.Ishouldthankyouinsteadofyouthankingme.2.Justlookattherainpouringdown!3.Thisisapictureofsomeyoungpeopledancingthewaltz.4.Hewaslikeanoldtreeblossomingagain.5.ThisstoryisaboutagirlsailingaccosstheAtlanticsingle-handed.6.Welistenedtothebandplayinginthepark.7.Withwintercomingon,it곰stimetobuywarmclothes.8.Icouldleavethehousewithoutanyoneseeingme.123 62.过去分词的句法作用1.过去分词在句子中的作用大致与现在分词相似,也可以用作:1)表语:Nowmyhandisswollen.现在我的手肿起来了。2)定语:I곰vegotabrothercalledJack.我有一个弟弟叫杰克。3)状语:Greatlyinterested,Iaskedmanyquestions.我大感兴趣,问了很多问题。也可构成复合宾语:You곰dbetterhaveyourshoesmended.你最好请人把鞋补一下。过去分词多有被动的意思,如:Ifoundtheglassbroken.(比较:Theglassisbroken.)Theyfoundthestolenbicycle.(比较:Thebicyclewasstolen.)2.过去分词作表语:过去分词作表语时很多,多和be构成谓语(a),也可和其他系动词构成谓语(b):a.Sheisneverbored.她从不感到厌烦。Katewasscared.凯特很惊慌。Thelockisbroken.锁坏了。Itseemstobeinfected.它似乎感染了。b.Mysistergotmarriedlastweek.我姐姐上星期结婚了。You곰llfeelrelaxedandhappy.你会感到轻松愉快。Shelookeddisappointed.她显得很失望的样子。Heseemeddelightedattheidea.他听了这想法很高兴。“be+过去分词”这种结构和被动语态很相似,差别是作表语时表示状态,而被动语态表示(被动)动作,试比较:带表语的结构(表示状态)被动语态(表示动作)Thecupisbroken.Itwasbrokenbyme.杯子破了。是我打破的。Thelibraryisclosed.Whenwasitclosed?图书馆关门了。什么时候关的?Hewasinjuredintheleg.Hehasbeeninjuredtwice.他的腿受了伤。他受过两次伤。Thegardenissurroundedbyawall.Theyweresoonsurrounded.花园有墙围着。他们不久就被包围了。124 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepastparticiple(phrases)inthesesentencesandtelltheirfunctions(在下面句子中的过去分词下划线,并说明它们的作用):1.Therewassomebrokenglassontheroad.()2.Sheentered,accompaniedbyhermother.()3.Thosearestolengoods.()4.Istheroomfurnished?()5.Tom,horrifiedatwhathehaddone,couldatfirstsaynothing.()6.HeonceheardthesongsunginItalian.()7.Brightlycolouredpictureshungonthewall.()8.Yourshoelaceshavecomeundone.()9.Hewasinjuredintheback.()10.Convincedthattheyweretryingtopoisonhim,herefusedtoeatanything.()11.Stunnedbytheblow,Peterfellheavily.()12.Hewasaskedtosendinawrittenreport.()Ⅱ.Underlinethepastparticipleusedaspredicativeinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中作表语的过去分词下划线):1.Shewasterriblyupset.2.Shelookeddisappointed.3.Don곰tgetexcited.4.Theyfeltinsulted.5.Shewasbecomingannoyedwithme.6.Hegotengagedtoherlastwinter.7.AfteratimeIgrewdissatisfiedwiththework.8.Heseemedembarrassedbythequestion.9.Sheappearedperplexed.10.Thestringcameuntied.11.Allthemenheregoarmed.12.Thedoorremainedlocked.125 63.过去分词作定语1.过去分词作定语的时候也很多,有时单独一个词放在所修饰的词前面(a),或引起短语放在所修饰的词后面(b):a.Ipassedthewrittentest.我的笔试通过了。Sheboughtapoundofgroundbeef.她买了一磅牛肉末。Twobarbecuedchickens,please.请给我两只烤鸡。Howmuchistheimportedcheese?进口奶酪怎么卖?Estimatedtimeofarrivalis11∶30a.m.预定到达时间是上午十一点半。Sheisoneofthemostqualifiedcandidates.她是最合格的候选人之一。b.Isthereanythingplannedfortonight?今晚有什么活动?They곰reproblemsleftoverbyhistory.这些是历史遗留下来的问题。What곰sthelanguagespokenthere?那里讲的是什么语言?Thisissomethingunheardofinhistory.这是史无前例的事。WhatdidyouthinkoftheplayputonbyClassTwo?二班演的剧你觉得怎样?Awomandressedinbluecameintotheroom.一个穿蓝衣服的女子走进屋来。有时单独的过去分词也可放在修饰的词后面:Westillhavesomebreadleft.我们还剩一些面包。Doyouknowthenumberofbooksordered?你知道不知道订购了多少书?2.过去分词还可构成合成词作定语:asimply-furnishedroom一间陈设简单的房间aclear-cutanswer明确的答复heartfeltthanks衷心的感谢awell-knownmusician著名的音乐家3.过去分词有时插在句子中间,作用接近同位语:NewYorkCity,(whichwas)foundedin1653,isanoldcity.1653年建成的纽约市是座古老的城市。Thebook,writtenin1957,tellsofthestruggleofminers.这本书是1957年写的,讲的是矿工的斗争。126 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepastparticiple(phrases)inthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的过去分词或过去分词短语下划线):1.Thesewordsareusuallyusedinthewrittenlanguageandnotinthespokenlanguage.2.Thiswasanunexpecteddevelopment.3.Abanquetwasgiveninhonourofthedistinguishedguests.4.Itisalsocalled“TheUnfinishedSymphony”.5.Wherearethereservedseats?6.EnglandandScotlandunitedtobecometheUnitedKingdom.7.Theconcertgivenbytheorchestrawasagreatsuccess.8.We곰vealreadymetthetargetsetintheprogramme.9.WhatdoyouthinkoftheplanputforwardbyMr.Davidson?10.Thespeedrequiredofthemachinewastoohigh.11.Theexperiencegainedwillbeofgreatvaluetous.12.Theyurgedallconcernedtotakeanactivepartinthemovement.Ⅱ.PutthephrasesintoChinese(把这些短语译成汉语):1.guidedmissiles2.armedforces3.cannedfood4.purifiedwater5.steamedbread6.smokedfish7.mashedpotatoes8.friedchicken9.strickenarea10.importedgoods11.qualifiedteachers12.unitedfront13.fallenleaves14.retiredprofessors15.returnedstudents16.escapedprisoners17.fadedflowers18.departedfriends19.hand-madegoods20.highly-developedindustry21.abadly-lightedroom22.well-cultivatedland23.newly-marriedcouple24.man-madesatellites127 64.过去分词作状语过去分词有时也可在句子中用作状语,表示:1.动作发生的背景或情况:Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.他们很欣赏她的工作,让她当了总经理。Builtin1192,thebridgeisover800yearsold.这座桥是1192年修的,已经有800多年的历史了。Depressed,hewenttoseehismother.他情绪低落,跑去找他的妈妈。2.表示原因(相当于表示原因的状语从句):Bornintoatenantfamily(=Ashewasborn...),hehadonlytwoyearsofschooling.由于出身雇农家庭,他只上了两年学。Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.在他事迹的影响下,他们做了无数的好事。Hesoonfellasleep,exhaustedbythejourney.由于旅途劳顿,他很快就睡着了。3.表示时间(相当于表示时间的状语从句)Seenfromthehill(=Whenitisseen...),thetownlooksmagnificent.从山上看(时),这座城市非常美。Drivenbeyondendurance,theyroseinstruggleagainsttheiroppressors.他们忍无可忍,起来和压迫他们的人作斗争。Enemiesoncediscoveredwerecompletelywipedout.一旦发现敌人,就把他们彻底歼灭。4.表示假设的情况(相当于条件从句):Comparedwithyou,westillhavealongwaytogo.(如果)和你们相比,我们还有很大差距。Givenbetterattention,thecropscouldhavegrownbetter.如果管理得好一些,庄稼还能长得更好。Unitedwestand,dividedwefall.团结则存,分裂则亡。(谚)这种句子主要用于书面语,在口语中较为少见。128 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheparticiplephrasesusedasadverbialsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中作状语的过去分词短语下划线):1.Arousedbythecrash,heleapttohisfeet.2.Weakenedbysuccessivestorms,thebridgewasnolongersafe.3.Absorbedinthework,heneglectedfoodandsleep.4.Thusencouraged,theymadestillbolderplans.5.Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework.6.Tonight,litbycountlesselectriclights,allthehallswereasbrightasday.7.Touchedbytheirsincerity,weacceptedthepresents.8.Facedwithsuchanarduoustask,wemustredoubleourefforts.9.Urgedbyhunger,hestolealoafofbread.10.Frustrated,hewentbacktohishomevillage.11.Depressed,shewenttoseehereldersister.12.HereturnedtoGuangdong,disguisedasamerchant.13.“He곰sright.”shesaid,pleased.14.Mr.Cooper,deeplymoved,thankedhimagainandagain.15.Shewenthomeexhausted.Ⅱ.Turntheadverbialclausesintoparticiplephrases(把状语从句改为分词短语):1.AsIwasgreatlyinterested,Iaskedhertoplaysomeofhernewworks.2.Asshewasconfinedtobed,sheneededtobewaitedonineverything.3.Whentheywereconfusedbybulletsflyingatthemfromallsides,theywithdrewintothewoods.4.Thismethod,whenitwastriedinthatarea,resultedinmarkedriseinproduction.5.Whenitiskeptinarefrigerator,thedrugshouldremaineffectiveforatleastthreemonths.6.Ifshewascomparedtomanywomen,shewasindeedveryfortunate.129 65.过去分词构成复合结构1.过去分词也可在某些动词后构成复合结构(作宾语的补语):I곰verecentlyhadmyappendixremoved.我最近割了盲肠。We곰llgetherX-rayed.我们将让她去透视一下。I곰veheardhimcriticizedmanytimes.我听见他受过多次批评。Thescentsmadeherdrunk.这些香味让她陶醉。Ifeltagreatweighttakenoffmymind.我感到心头轻松了许多。Hefoundthedoorclosed.他发现门关上了。Keepyourmouthshutandyoureyesopen.少说话多观察。(谚)RarelyhadIseenhimsoworkedup.我很少看到他这样激动过。Ishouldlikethismattersettledimmediately.我愿这件事立即解决。Hewantedhiseggsfried.他想吃煎鸡蛋。这类句子间或也可变为被动结构。Oneoftheglasseswasfoundbroken.有只玻璃杯被发现破了。Theyshouldbekeptinformedofwhatisgoingonhere.应让他们经常知道这里的情况。2.have和get两个词后常可跟这种结构,多表示让别人做某事:I곰vehadthestovelighted.我已(让人)把炉子生好了。HavethisnotesenttoMrs.Patterson.把这条子送给派特逊夫人。Imustgetthecurtainswashed.我得找人把窗帘洗一洗。I곰mtryingtogetitpublished.我正设法请人出版它。有时表示遭遇到的情况:Hehadhispocketpicked.他遭到扒手扒窃。Thepilothadhisplanehijacked.飞行员遭遇劫机。Hehasgothiswristbroken.他的手腕骨折了。You곰vegotmeallmuddledup.你把我都弄糊涂了。有时自己也可能参与这个动作:LastmonthIhadahundreddollarssaved.上个月我存了一百美元。Didyougetthepicturefinishedallright?你把画画好了吗?Robbiesaidhe곰dhaveallhisaffairswoundupinacoupleofdays.罗毕说他将在一两天内结束他的事务。Ican곰tgetthecarstarted.这辆车我起动不了。130 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepastparticiplesinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的过去分词下划线):1.Hehadfelthimselfcompelledtobringthisacton.2.Theyfoundthemselvesstrandedattheairport.3.She곰shavinghereyestested.4.Ihavehearditsaidthatheisamiser.5.Whatmadeyousofrightened?6.Hehatedtoseeanybirdkilled.7.Ican곰tgetthecarstarted.8.Suchapolicykeptthelabormovementdivided.9.Howwouldyoulikeit(yourhair)cut,sir?10.WewanttheworkfinishedbySaturday.Ⅱ.PutthesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译成汉语):(A)1.Shemightjusthaveherhairwaved.2.Ihadthatdoorpaintedonlylastweek.3.Whydidn곰tyouhavethatsuitcleaned?4.IintendedtohavemydaughtereducatedinEngland.5.I곰vejusthadsomenewphotostaken.6.Pa곰sjusthadhishandsburned.7.Shehadherwatchstolen.8.Iwon곰thaveanythingsaidagainsther.(B)1.Goandgetyourhaircut.2.You곰llhavetogetthattoothfilled.3.Ioughttogetmyshoesshinedthisafternoon.4.Letusgetthismatterclearedup.5.Ialwaysmeantogetthisplacetidiedup.6.I곰lltrytogetitactedbyamateurs.7.Theefforttogetmyplayfinishedhastiredmeout.8.Shegotherfingerscaughtinthedoor.131 第九章动词句型66.概说1.在一个句子中,动词可说是核心,它决定整个句子的结构,不同动词会引起不同的结构,这也就决定了整个句子的基本结构,也可称为基本句型。大体说来英语有五种基本句型:1)主语+不及物动词:Thelittlegirlsmiled.小姑娘笑了。2)主语+及物动词+宾语:DoyouknowFrench?你懂法语吗?3)主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语:Tellmeyourname.告诉我你的名字。4)主语+系动词+表语(也称补语):Sheseemsquitepleased.她似乎很高兴。5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语:Thismadehimveryangry.这使他很生气。2.一个成分有多种表示法,以宾语为例,就有多种形式。Watchme.瞧我。(代词)Lookattheflower.瞧这花。(名词)Iwantthree.我要三个。(数词)Stoptalking.不要讲话了。(动名词)Itriedtoconvinceher.我设法说服她。(不定式)Sheaskedmetostay.她让我留下。(复合结构)Ithinkyou곰reright.我想你是对的。(从句)Fortunefavorsthebrave.命运垂青勇敢的人。(名词化的形容词)Hedoesn곰tknowhowtoanswer.他不知应如何回答。(连接副词+不定式)这样一来就形成更多的句型(大约有四十多个)。3.而且还有多种修饰语(如定语、状语等),句式就更加丰富。不过动词句型仍起着树干的作用,多种修饰语有如枝叶,两相配合,就使语言更加生动丰富。132 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheverbsorverbphrasesinthefollowingsentencesandseewhatcomeafterthem(在下面句子的动词或动词短语下划线,观察它们后面跟着什么):1.Theyarefeedingthebirds.2.Mothertoldmetogotobed.3.Thewaterfeelswarm.4.Maylaskaquestion?5.Hedecidedtostayforanotherday.6.Theychattedgailywhiletheydressed.7.Sheseemsquitepleased.8.Thenewsmadehersad.9.Thesunisshiningbrightly.10.Shebroughtmesomethingtodrink.11.Iwishyousuccess.12.Letmehelpyou.Ⅱ.Underlinetheattributesandmodifiers(在定语和修饰语下划线):1.Nodifficultywhatsoevercanstopouradvance.2.Hiswordsmovedeveryonepresent.3.What곰syourgovernment곰spolicyinthisregard.4.Therearealotofthingstobedone.5.There곰sagrowingneedforcomputers.6.Isthereanygoodfilmon?7.They곰regettingonnicely.8.Ithankyoufromthebottomofmyheart.9.Iwasverypleasedtomakeyouracquaintance.10.Theyallrushedover,eagertohelp.11.Putthemedicinewherechildrencan곰treachit.12.Wewaitedhoursforananswer.133 67.第一类句型———主语+不及物动词1.英语中有大量这样结构的句子:Thesunisrising.太阳正在升起。Thisproblemcanwait.这问题可以等等再说。I곰llconsider.我要考虑一下。Italldepends.这得看情况。YoupushIpull.你推我拉。Will￡5do?五英镑够吗?2.在不少情况下后面有状语:Didyousleepwell?你睡得好吗?Willyoudancewithme?你愿和我跳舞吗?YougofirstandIwillfollowbehind.你先走,我随后就来。She곰stremblingallover.她浑身发抖。Sheswimslikeafish.她游起泳来像条鱼。Don곰tdrivesofast.车别开得这么快。3.谓语有时由成语动词(动词+副词)构成:Thebombblewup.炸弹爆炸了。Howdidtheaccidentcomeabout?事故是怎样发生的?Theplanegotoffontime.飞机及时起飞了。Mygrandpapassedawaylastmonth.我祖父上月去世了。Whendidthewarbreakout?战争什么时候爆发的?Hisangerhascooleddown.他的怒气消了。4.有些动词用于主动形式,却有被动意思:Whereisthefilmshowing?电影在哪里放映?Thetheatrefilleduprapidly.剧场很快坐满了人。Shephotographswell.她很上相。Theapartmentrentsfor＄700amonth.这套房子每月租金七百美元。Thisdressfastensattheback.这件连衣裙是从后面扣的。Proteindigestsslowly.蛋白质消化得很慢。Thedoorblewopen.门被风刮开了。Thematerialwasheseasily.这料子很好洗。Isthebooksellingwell?这书销售得好吗?134 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepredicateinthesesentences(在下面句子的谓语下划线):1.It곰sraining.2.It곰ssonoisyhereIcan곰tthink.3.Thestaindoesn곰tshow.4.Haveyoubid(叫牌)(yet)?5.Idon곰tthinkIcandoitbutI곰lltry.6.Itmightrain—younevercantell.7.Sheweptbitterly.8.Theplaneflewlow.9.Theywalkedleisurelyinthepark.10.Shedrewbeautifully.11.Hewasbreathinghard.12.Comeoverhere.Ⅱ.Underlinethephrasalverbs(在成语动词下划线):1.Don곰tanswerbackit곰snotpolite.2.Aftermidnightthepartybrokeup.3.Theforestfireburntawayfordays.4.Toourdelightthesunburstforth.5.Thehandlehascomeoff.6.Mysisterdroppedbylastnight.7.Thepuppetregimesoonfellapart.8.Theworkisgettingonsplendidly.9.Thegunwentoff.10.Whenthejudgebecameill,hehadtostepdown.Ⅲ.PutthesentencesintoChinese(把句子译为汉语):1.Thelampblewout.5.Themarkswon곰truboff.2.Letthemeatcookslowly.6.Silkstainseasily.3.Cheesecutseasily.7.Thepoemsdon곰ttranslatewell.4.Thedoorlocksautomatically.8.Thewindowwon곰tshut.135 68.第二类句型———主语+及物动词+宾语(1)1.“主+谓+宾”可能是英语中最常见的句型。在多数情况下宾语都用名词或代词表示:Imustsaygoodbyenow.我得告辞了。He곰schangedhismind.他改变了主意。You곰vedoneagoodjob.你干得很好。Didhesayanything?他说什么话了吗?Don곰tdothatagain.再不要这样做了。2.有时动词和名词构成一种习惯用语,有其特别意思:Ioftencatchcold.我常常感冒。Makehaste,orwe곰llmissthebus.赶快,否则我们赶不上汽车了。Heoftenplayedtruant.他常常逃学。Thelawwillsoontakeeffect.这条法律即将生效。TheconcerttakesplacenextFriday.音乐会下星期五举行。3.宾语可以是自身代词:Don곰tdeceiveyourself.不要骗你自己了。Heoftencontradictshimself.他常常自相矛盾。Letmeintroducemyself.让我介绍一下我自己。Don곰toverworkyourself.你不要过于劳累。Pullyourselftogether.Holdyourheadup.你振作起来,抬起头来。4.有些动词后可以跟同源宾语(即以同源的名词作宾语):Hedreamedasweetdream.他做了一个美梦。Shesmiledawarmandfriendlysmile.她温存友好地笑了笑。Helivedalonglifeanddiedanaturaldeath.他活得很长,最后寿终正寝了。Hesleptthepeacefulsleepoftheyoung.他睡得象年轻人那样安稳。Hesaidhissayandsatdown.他说完他的话就坐下了。Thinkhappythoughtsandyou곰llfeelbetter.想高兴的事,你会感到好些。Sheclosedhereyesandwishedawish.她闭上眼睛许了一个愿。Alicelaughedascornfullaugh.艾丽丝鄙夷地笑了笑。136 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheidiomsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的习惯用语下划线):1.Thistheorydoesn곰tholdwater.2.Hesoweddiscordamonghisenemies.3.Youtaketheleadandwe곰llfollowsuit.4.Theyopenedfire,andkilledtwogangsters.5.Don곰ttakeoffence.6.Theenemybeataretreat.7.Theydownedtoolsthatafternoon.8.Don곰tpullmyleg.9.Shesetthetablefortenpeople.10.Everyonesingshispraises.11.Takeyourtime.12.Iwillspeakmymind.Ⅱ.Underlinetheverb+self-pronounconstruction(在动词+自身代词的结构下划线):1.Ihopeyou곰llbothenjoyyourselves.2.Soonshecomposedherself.3.Threestudentsabsentedthemselvesfromclass.4.Helpyourselftomoremeat.5.Shepridedherselfonhercooking.6.Theyseatedthemselvesroundthetable.7.Thechildcriedhimselftosleep.8.Takegoodcareofyourself.9.Shedistinguishedherselfasagreatlawyer.10.Imustexcusemyselffromcomingtotheparty;Iamill.11.Thechildrenconductedthemselveswellattheparty.12.Pleasebehaveyourself!137 69.第二类句型———主语+及物动词+宾语(2)一类常见的结构是“成语动词+宾语”,跟宾语的成语动词大体上分为六类:1.及物动词+副词:Handinyourexercisebooks.把练习本交上来。Youmustcarryoutyourpromise.你必须履行你的诺言。Wemustcarryforwardthattradition.我们必须发扬这个传统。有时可把副词放到宾语后面:Putyourhandsup!举起手来!I곰llthinkeverythingover.我要把一切好好想一遍。2.不及物动词+介词Shewillabidebyherpromise.她将遵守她的诺言。Theyalllaughedattheidea.他们都嘲笑这个想法。We곰lllookintothematter.我们将调查此事。3.不及物动词+介词+名词:Thetraincametoastop.火车停了下来。Presentlytheycametoblows.不久他们打了起来。Herosetohisfeet.他站起身来。4.不及物动词+副词+介词Peoplelookeddownuponthem.人们看不起他们。Shecamedownwithinfluenza.她患上了流感。Hedidn곰tfeeluptothejourney.他感到不能做这次旅行。5.及物动词+名词+介词:Catchholdoftherope.抓住这根绳子。Hehaslosttouchwithher.他和她失去了联系。Takegoodcareofyourself.好好保重。6.及物动词+自身代词+介词短语:Hededicatedhimselftothecauseofscience.他献身科学事业。Don곰ttroubleyourselfaboutthat.不要为这费事了。You곰llhavetoaccommodateyourselftothesituation.你得适应形势。138 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethephrasalverbsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的成语动词下划线):1.Pleaseputdownthefollowingfacts.2.Hehadtobringforthnewevidence.3.Wehavecarriedonacorrespondanceforyears.4.Thepolicemannoteddowneverywordlsaid.5.Thetreesareputtingforthleaves.6.Theyputoffthepicnicbecauseoftherain.7.Finallytheyputouttheblaze.8.Thegovernmentsetupmanyhospitalsforthem.9.Ileftmysuitcasebehind.10.Putyourcoaton!Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithsuitableprepositions(在空格中填入适当介词):1.Theriveraboundfish.2.Shewillneveragreethat.3.Heoftendreamthishome.4.Icalledherthismorning.5.SheoftenthoughtSophia.6.Haveyousentthedoctor?7.Thepresentgovernmentcamepowerlastyear.8.Aftermuchtalk,theycameanagreement.9.Ihopehe곰llsooncomehissenses.10.Youmustcarryonyourwork.11.Ishouldbreakawaysuchhabits.12.ShetempledatesbacktheTangDynasty.13.IcaughtsightFredinthecrowd.14.She곰smakingpreparationshermarriage.15.Hiswordgaveriseaconsiderableamountofspeculation.16.Hequicklyavailedhimselftheopportunity.139 70.第二类句型———主语+及物动词+宾语(3)1.有大量动词后面可以跟不定式作宾语:LesterdecidedtomovetoChicago.莱斯特决定迁往芝加哥。Hedemandedtoseemypassport.他要求看我的护照。Hetriedtokilltwobirdswithonestone.他设法一箭双雕。Shethreatenedtokillherself.她威胁要自杀。Hedeservedtobesenttoprison.他应当被送进监牢。关于不定式作宾语的情况可参阅第50节。2.有些动词可用“连接副(代)词+不定式”作宾语:Shedidn곰tknowhowtoanswer.她不知如何回答是好。Youmustlearnhowtobepatient.你应学会有耐心。Heforgotwhattosay.他忘了该说什么了。Iwaswonderingwheretospendtheweekend.我正想知道周末去哪里过。Heexplainedhowtousetheparachute.他解释怎样使用降落伞。3.有不少动词后面常可用动名词作宾语:Sheavoidedansweringtheirquestions.她避免回答他们的问题。Wouldyoumindwaitingamoment?你可否等一会儿?Hekeptlookingather.他不断瞧她。Ifinishedreadingthebooklastnight.这书我是昨晚看完的。Ithasstoppedraining.雨已经停了。关于用动名词作宾语,可参阅第56节。4.有些动词后面既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词,有时两者意思差别不大:doingWhatdoyouproposenext?下一步你打算怎样做?todohearingIcouldn곰tendureaboutit.我不忍心听这件事。tohearstartedraining.It开始下起雨来了。isstartingtorain.有时又有差别,关于这问题可参阅第56节。140 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheinfinitivesinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的不定式下划线):1.Shedidn곰tcaretogowiththem.2.Hechosetosaynothing.3.Theydeterminedtotravelnofurtherthatnight.4.Doglasconsentedtohelpus.5.Icouldnotaffordtobuyacar.6.Theymanagedtoovercomethedifficulties.7.Heundertooktopayoffourdebts.8.Sheclaimedtoknoweverything.9.I곰llrememberhowtodothisinfuture.10.Hewillsoonfindouthowtooperatethemachine.11.Icouldn곰tthinkwhattogivethechildrenforChristmas.12.Iwaswonderingwheretostaythatnight.Ⅱ.Underlinethegerundsinthesesentences(在下面句子中的动名词下划线):1.Shecouldn곰thelpenvyingLily.2.Shecouldn곰tresistlaughingatthesight.3.Whyhaveyoudelayedansweringourletter?4.Heconsideredgivinganewcourse.5.Isuggeststartingoffat9o곰clock.6.Fancyseeingyouhere!7.Ican곰timaginelyinginbedalldaylikethat.8.SheenjoyedspeakingEnglishinclass.9.Idon곰trecommendreadingsuchbooks.10.Hedeniedsayinganythinglikethat.11.Sheadmittedhavingdoneit.12.Idon곰trememberhavingsaidanythinglikethat.141 71.第二类句型———主语+及物动词+宾语(4)1.有大量动词接that引起的从句作宾语(that有时省略):Iguesswe곰llleavenow.我想我们得走了。Theyprovedthattheworldwasround.他们证明地球是圆的。IhopethatIhavesaidnothingtooffendyou.希望我没说什么得罪你的话。Sheneverdoubtedthatshewasright.她从未怀疑她是对的。Heclaimedthathesawtheaccident.他声称他亲眼看到这次事故。IfeltIhadlittleenergyleft.我感到一点力气都没有了。关于哪些动词后可跟这种宾语,可参阅第173节。2.在某些动词后作宾语的从句中要用动词原形(美国)或“should+动词原形”(英国)作谓语:SheinsistedthatI(should)bepresent.她坚持要我出席。I곰drecommend(that)youseeasolicitor.我建议你去找律师。Herequestedthattheyfreethehostages.他请求他们释放人质。ThesituationrequiresthatI(should)bethere.形势要求我待在那里。Mrs.Godwinurgedthatheseeher.戈德温夫人敦促他去见她。3.有不少动词后接连接副(代)词引起的宾语从句:DoyouseenowwhyIdidit?你现在明白我为什么这样做了吗?Idon곰trememberwhenthathappened.我不记得这事是什么时候发生的了。Shedescribedhowallthishadhappened.她描述了这一切是怎样发生的。Idon곰tcarewhattheysay.我不在乎他们怎么说。Youcandiscusswhichishisbestpoem.你们可以讨论哪一个是他最好的诗。4.也有动词可以接由连词whether或if引起的从句:I곰llseewhetherIcanfindtimetodoit.我来看看我可否找到时间做这事。I곰llfindoutifshe곰sinterstedingoing.我要了解一下她是否有兴趣去。Iwonderwhether(if)you곰llbefreetonight.不知你今晚是否有空。5.由关系代词型的what及whatever等引起的从句也可用作宾语:Ididn곰tbelievewhathesaid.我不相信他说的话。Showmewhatyou곰vebought.把你买的东西拿给我看看。Iwilldowhateveryouwish.我将做你要我做的任何事。Shecanmarrywho(m)evershechooses.她愿嫁谁就嫁谁。142 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheobjectclausesinthesesentences(在下面句子中的宾语从句下划线):1.IheardthattheywereshortlyleavingforAfrica.2.IlearnthatthisboyisinbusinessinBoston.3.Wehavetoadmitthathe곰sahighlycompetentman.4.Iestimatethatthevaseis3,000yearsold.5.Ithinkyouareright.6.Heproposedthatwegointothecitytoseeher.7.HeaskedthatthemessagebegiventoMadameimmediately.8.Hecommandedthatthey(should)attackatonce.9.Thegeneraldirectedthattheyshouldbesetfree.10.Hepreferredthatsuchcommentsshouldcease.11.Imovethatweaccepttheproposal.12.Heasksthathebegivenanopportunitytoexplainhiscase.Ⅱ.Underlinetheobjectclausesinthesesentences(在下面句子中的宾语从句下划线):1.Doyouknowwhodidit?2.WatchcloselywhatIdo.3.I곰llfindoutwherehelives.4.Sheaskedwhattimeitwas.5.Thatshowshowlittleyouknow.6.Idon곰trememberwhenIsawherlast.7.Idon곰tknowwhetheryouliketheseflowers.8.I곰llseeifhewantsanything.9.Pleaserepeatwhatyou곰vejustsaid.10.Shereportedwhatshehadseentothepolice.11.I곰lljustsaywhatevercomesintomyhead.12.Buywhicheverischeapest.143 72.第三类句型———主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语1.有些动词后面可跟两个宾语,一个间接宾语,一个直接宾语,这类动词称为双宾动词:主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语1)Shegavemeabook.她给我一本书。Billofferedherasandwich.比尔给她一块三明治。Heleftussomemoney.他给我们留了一点钱。Thebankloanedhim￡5,000.银行贷给了他五千英镑。2)HeorderedusaTV-set.他给我们订购了一台电视机。I곰llbuyyousomeclothes.我去给你买些衣裳。Singusasong.给我们唱一支歌。I곰llcutyouapieceofcake.我去给你切一块蛋糕。3)Shekissedhermothergoodbye.她吻别了她的母亲。I곰vecometokeepyoucompany.我来给你作伴。Theyfinedhim＄25.他们罚了他25美元。Thenewsdealtmeaheavyblow.这消息给了我沉重的打击。2.这类句子中的间接引语有的可改为to引起的短语(如a类句子),有的可改为for引起的短语(如b类句子),有的则不能改为短语(如c类句子):Shegaveabooktome.(a)Singasongforus.(b)3.有些双宾动词可接that引起的从句(a)或连接副(代)词或whether或if引起的从句,这些从句在句中作直接宾语:a.Shetellsmethatyou곰vebeenunwell.她告诉我你近来身子不太舒服。SheconvincedmethatHowardwasinnocent.她让我相信霍华德是无辜的。Hewarnedmethattheroadswereicy.他警告我路上结了冰。Shenotifiedhimthatshewascomingtoseehim.她通知他她要来看他。b.Showmewhereyourleghurts.告诉我你的腿哪儿疼。Writeushowyougothome.来信告诉我们你怎样到家的。PleaseadvisemewhetherIshouldtakethejob.请帮我出主意我是否应接受这份工作。IaskedherifImightcallandseeher.我问她我是否可以去看她。144 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Changetheindirectobjectintoaprepositionalphrase(把间接宾语改为介词短语:)(A)1.Hepassedherthebread.2.Pleasebringmeacupofcoffee.3.Theyaccordedhimawarmwelcome.4.WeawardedJohnthefirstprize.5.She곰llforwardyoutheparcelrightaway.6.HowmuchdoIoweyou?7.Willyousellmeyourbike?8.Canyourecommendmeagooddoctor?(B)1.Nancymadehimasandwich.2.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.3.Let곰sgetthechildrensomethingtodrink.4.ShallIpouryousometea?5.Thatwillsaveusalotofmoney.6.Choosemeagoodone.7.I곰llbuyyousometoystomorrow.8.PlayusasonatabyBeethoven.Ⅱ.Underlinetheobjectclausesinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的宾语从句下划线):1.MayIremindyouthattheplaneistakingoffinfiveminutes?2.Iassureyouthatthismedicinecannotharmyou.3.HewrotemethathewouldbearrivingonThursday.4.You곰vegottopromiseusthatyouwon곰tdothatagain.5.I곰lltellyouwhatI곰vebeenthinking.6.Hetaughtthechildrenwhytheyshouldlovetheircountry.7.Heseizedtheopportunitytoinformherwhohewas.8.Tellmewhatyouhaveinmind.145 73.第四类句型———主语+系动词+表语(1)1.这类句型最常见的结构是“主语+系动词+形容词”:She곰sbeenillforoveramonth.她病了一个多月。Ifeltabitdizzy.我头有点晕。Rosessmellsweet.玫瑰有香味。Theseorangestastenice.这些橘子味道很好。Hegrewthinnerandthinner.他越来越瘦了。Soonitgotdark.不久天黑了。Thechildsoonfellasleep.孩子不久睡着了。Heturnedpaleatthethought.想到这儿他脸色变得苍白。2.有时可用现在分词或过去分词作表语:Manyofhisideaswereamusingtoher.他的许多想法她感到很有趣。Thecakelookstempting.那块蛋糕很诱人。Theteasmellsinviting.那茶清香扑鼻。Theirplightisappalling.他们的困境令人吃惊。Helookedannoyed.他显出不高兴的样子。Don곰tgetlost.别迷路了。Pleaseremainseated.请不要站起来。Shefeltdrawntohim.她感到受他吸引。关于这类结构可参阅第58节及62节。3.有时表语由名词或代词表示:Thatpoorgirlwasme.那个可怜的姑娘就是我。Itprovedagreatsuccess.结果很成功。Hesoundedamodestman.他听起来是一位谦虚的人。Itappears(tobe)atruestory.这好像是个真实的故事。Itremainedacompletemystery.这一直完全是一个谜。Sheseemedanunusuallyclevergirl.她似乎是一个聪颖过人的姑娘。4.有些作表语的名词意思接近形容词:They곰rethesamesize.它们同样大小。She곰salltears.她泪流满面。Hewasallattention.他聚精会神地听着。Lannywasalltendesnessandkindness.莱尼非常温存和蔼。Atthemomenthewasallenergy.这时他浑身是劲。146 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepredicativeinthesesentences(在下面句子的表语下划线):1.Shelookedrathernervous.2.Howsweetthemusicsounds!3.Sheseemedalittletired.4.YouappearedallrightwhenIleft.5.Whathehadhopedatlastcametrue.6.Hisadviceprovedsound.7.Aswimincoldwaterisinvigorating.8.Theteacherisbothgentleandencouragingtowardsme.9.It곰sastonishingtomethattheyshouldbothopposetheidea.10.Theresultsoftheexplosionwereappalling.11.Heseemedembarrassed.12.Wewereallworriedaboutyoursafety.13.Igrewexcitedandalittlefrightened.14.Thebankerappearedtakenaback.Ⅱ.Underlinethepredicativeinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子的表语下划线):1.Helooksanicereliableyoungman.2.It곰sbecomingaseriousproblem.3.Hehasturnedpolitician.4.Sheisn곰tfeelingquiteherselfthismorning.5.Ifellapreytoevildreams.6.Itturnedoutadisaster.7.Nuclearpowerseemedtheanswer.8.Itsoundsagoodidea.9.Heprovedaveryusefulfriend.10.Thelaborshortageremainedaproblem.11.Shewasallsweetness.12.Hewasallsmiles.147 74.第四类句型———主语+系动词+表语(2)1.动词be有时可跟副词作表语:Ihavebeenoutforawalk.我出去散步去了。I곰llseeifheisaround.我去看他在不在附近。Shehadbeenawayonalongtrip.她出远门去了。Summerisover—itisautumn.夏天已经过去———现在已是秋天。Whenwillyoubeback?你什么时候回来?2.有些其他系动词也可跟这种表语:Ifeeldowntoday.我今天情绪很低落。You곰dbetterkeepawayfromthatchap.你最好避开那家伙。Idon곰tfeeluptoalongwalk.我没有走远路的力气了。Helooksawfullydown.他看来情绪很低沉。3.介词短语作表语时更多一些:Parisisamongthelargestcitiesintheworld.巴黎是全世界最大的都市之一。Iwasatalosswhattosay.我不知说什么好。Shewasbesideherselfwithjoy.她高兴得要命。Themobilephoneisingreatdemand.这种手机需求量很大。She곰soffsmokingnow.她戒烟了。Lotsofpeopleareoutofworkatpresent.目前失业的人很多。4.一些其他系动词后也可跟这种表语:Helookedinsplendidhealth.他看来身体很好。Keepoffthegrass.请勿践踏草地。Ithasgrownoutofdate.这已经过时。Theyranoutofcoal.他们的煤用完了。5.这类表语后有时还跟另一介词短语:Heisinchargeoftradeunionwork.他负责工会工作。Theyareinfavourofreform.他们赞成改革。Wemustgetintouchwithher.我们必须与她取得联系。Soonhefellinlovewithher.不久他爱上她了。Shewasatalossforananswer.她不知如何回答是好。148 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepredicativeinthesesentences(在下面句子中的表语下划线)1.IsMr.Greenin?2.I곰vegottobeoffnow.3.Ifhe곰snotherehe곰saboutsomewhere.4.I곰llbedownimmediately.5.Thetelevisionwasstillon.6.Whenwillyoubethrough(withyourwork)?7.Shewasupallnightwithasickchild.8.Thecherrytreesareout.9.Thesunwasoutandthedaywasbright.10.Themoonisdown.11.Thepriceofmeatwasup.12.Time곰sup.Ⅱ.Underlinethepredicativeinthesesentences(在下面句子中的表语下划线):1.Thepostofficeisjustacrosstheroad.2.Thedarkesthourisbeforethedawn.(prov.)3.Theyarefullybehindhiswelfarepolicy.4.Todothiswasquitebeyondmypower.5.Shewasforabandoningtheproject.6.ThismusicisfromoneofMozart곰soperas.7.Theworkersareonstrike.8.She곰sbeenthroughalot(ofhardships).9.Nancyiswithchildagain.10.Thetaskisnotwithinmypower.11.TheIndiansremainedindeeppoverty.12.Sheseemedonthewatchtocontrolherself.13.Hisactionsarenotinkeepingwithhispromises.14.Hewasonthepointofleavingthehousewhenthephonerang.149 75.第四类句型———主语+系动词+表语(3)1.有时表语可用不定式表示:Heraimwastodotwoyears곰workinone.她的目标是一年干两年的工作。Myjobistotypeletters.我的工作是打信。Myonlywishistodowhat곰sbestforyou.我唯一的愿望是做对你最好的事。Hisstrategyistowinthewarwithairpower.他的战略是以空军制胜。Myadvicetoyouistospeakthetruth.我对你的忠告是说真话。Butworsewastofollow.但更坏的情况还在后头。2.有时不定式可用被动形式:Somebooksaretobereadforpleasure.有些书是看着玩的。That곰snottobetakentooseriously.这不可看得太认真。Thesepillsaretobetakenthreetimesadayaftermeals.这些药丸每天吃三次,饭后吃。Surelyshewastobetrusted.她肯定是值得信任的。3.有时主语和表语都用不定式表示:Todothatistoruinyourself.这样做是毁掉你自己。Todothisistocutthefoottofittheshoe.这样做是削足适履。Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。4.有的表语可以用动名词表示:Oneofmyweaknessesissmokingtoomuch.我的缺点之一是抽烟太多。Ourproblemisnothavingsufficientrawmaterial.我们的问题是原料不足。Hisjobistuningthepiano.他的任务是给钢琴调音。Herhobbyiscollectingstamps.她的爱好是集邮。5.有时主语和表语都用动名词表示:Doingthatwouldbeplayingwithfire.那样做是玩火。Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。Buyingsuchawhiteelephantissimplywastingmoney.买这样大而无用的东西完全是浪费金钱。150 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepredicativeinthesesentences(在下面句子的表语下划线):1.Thepurposeofthemeetingistoelectanewcaptain.2.Mydutyistoprotectmysisters.3.Hisgoalistobeadoctor.4.Myobjectiveistogetacollegeeducation.5.Herambitionwastobeacinemaactress.6.TheirplanwastotravelfromLyontoParis.7.Father곰shopewastoretiretoCornwall.8.Theproblemwastofindtheplacequickly.9.Thethingistogetahead.10.Thebesttacticistoconfessandaskherforgiveness.11.Nobodyistoblameforit.12.Theseroomsaretolet(tobelet).13.Hisplanistokeeptheaffairasecret.14.Ouraimistomakethestudents곰speechcomprehensible.15.Theonlythingtodonowistotakeacab.16.Myideaistogothererighttoday.Ⅱ.Underlinethegerundinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的动名词下划线):1.Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthecustomers.2.Tokeepmoneyyouhavefoundisstealing.3.Themajordifficultyisfindingtherightkindofinsulatingmaterial.4.Myhobbyiscollectingantiques.5.Herfavoaritesportiswind-surfing.6.Yourjobislookingafterthebaby.7.Histwogreatinterestsinlifearemusicandpainting.8.Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.9.What곰stroublingusisournothavingenoughmanpower.10.Readingislearning,butapplyingisalsolearning.151 76.第四类句型———主语+系动词+表语(4)1.表语有时由从句表示,特别是that引起的从句(that有时省略):Thetroublewithyouisyouwon곰tlisten.你的问题是不听别人的话。Myopinionisthatyououghttogotogether.我的意思是你们应当一道去。MysecrethopewasthatonedayIshouldbecomeanauthor.我暗中希望我有一天成为作家。WhatsurprisedmewasthatshespokeEnglishsowell.使我惊奇的是她的英语讲得这么好。Hisonlyworrywasthatshemightdosomethingdesperate.他唯一的忧虑是她可能做出不顾后果的事。Sophia곰sideawasthattheyshouldlockupthehouse.索菲亚的意见是他们应把房子锁上。2.也有时可以是由连接代(副)词或whether引起的从句:Theproblemiswhocanbeputinchargeofthework.问题是能派谁来负责这项工作。That곰swherewediffer.这就是我们的分歧所在。That곰swhyIcameround.这就是我来的原因。Apriliswhenthelilacsbloom.四月是丁香花开的季节。Thepointiswhetherweoughttorecommendhim.问题是我们是否应当推荐他。Thequestioniswhatyouaregoingtodonext.问题是下一步你准备怎么办。3.间或表语可以由关系代词型的what引起:That곰swhatIoughttodo.这是我的本分(该做的事)。That곰sexactlywhatIhope.这正好是我希望的。Poweriswhattheyareoutfor.他们想谋求的是权力。Iwanttobeateacher.That곰swhatIwanttobe.我想当老师,这就是我的志愿。Timesaren곰twhattheywere.时代不同了。152 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepredicativeclausesinthesesentences(在下面句子中的表语从句下划线):1.Thereasonwas(that)hewasafraid.2.Myviewisthattheschemeseemsunworkable.3.Yourgreatestfaultisthatyou곰recareless.4.Thetroublewastheycouldn곰tagreeamongthemselves.5.Myguessisthatthejobwilltakefourhours.6.Theexpert곰sestimateisthatthepaintingisworth＄2,500.7.Whatamazedhimwasthatsomecountriesshouldexpressindignationatit.8.Myideaisthatweshoulddoourbesttohelpthem.Ⅱ.Underlinethepredicativeclausesinthesesentences(在下面句子中的表语从句下划线):1.That곰showIlookatit.2.Thecoatiswhereyouleftit.3.WhatIwanttoknowiswhenallthishappened.4.Myquestioniswhenwecangeteverythingready.5.That곰swhyIopposetheidea.6.Theproblemiswhocanbesenttoworkthere.7.HisfirstquestionwaswhetherHolmeshadarrivedyet.8.Thepointiswhetherhecanbetrusted.Ⅲ.Underlinethepredicativeclausesinthesesentences(在下面句子中的表语从句下划线):1)Profitiswhattheyareafter.2)Fameforthemselvesiswhattheyareoutfor.3)Thatwaswhatcameoftryingtohelpotherpeople.4)Yourmother곰shealthisnotwhatitusedtobe.5)That곰swhatIwanttoemphasize.6)That곰swhatIshouldaskyounottodo.153 77.第四类句型———主语+系动词+表语(5)英语中还有一种常见的句型,即主语+系动词+形容词+其他东西,共有下面几类:1.主语+系动词+形容词+介词短语Weareshortoffund.我们缺乏资金。Sheisfondofclassicalmusic.她喜欢古典音乐。Theywerepleasedwithhispaintings.他们很喜欢他的画。I곰mnotequaltothejob.我不能胜任这项工作。You곰llgetusedtoit.你会对此变得习惯起来。Shedidn곰tfeelcapableofdoingit.她感到做不了这事。Heseemeddelightedwiththeresult.他似乎对结果很满意。Shebecameverykeenonphotography.她变得对摄影很有兴趣。2.主语+系动词+形容词+不定式:We곰resogladtoseeyouback.看到你回来我们很高兴。Hewaseagertovisitus.他很想来看望我们。She곰salwaysreadytohelpothers.她总是乐于助人。I곰minclinedtoagreewithyou.我倾向于同意你的意见。He곰sliabletocatchcold.他很容易感冒。Heseemedwillingtoconsidertheidea.他似乎很愿意考虑这个意见。3.主语+系动词+形容词+that引起的从句(that有时省略):I곰msorryI곰mlate.对不起我来晚了。Shewasafraidhermotherwouldn곰tcomeback.她害怕她妈妈不回来了。I곰mstillhopefulthathewillcome.我仍然希望他会来。Iwasworriedthatyouwouldn곰tfindme.我担心你会找不到我。Wewerefearfulshemightharmherself.我们害怕她会伤害自己。4.主语+系动词+形容词+连接代(副)词或whether引起的从句:I곰mnotsurewhereshelives.我不肯定她住在哪里。I곰mquiteclearwhatIoughttodo.我很清楚我该怎么办。Shewasn곰tawarehowcolditwas.她不知道天有多冷。I곰mnotcertainwhethertheywillcome.我不肯定他们是否要来。154 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswithprepositions(在空格中填入介词):1.Hisviewsaresimilarmine.2.Hewasconscioushisshortcomings.3.Youmustbemoreattentiveyourstudies.4.Johnissickhisjob.5.Areyouinterestedgoing?6.I곰mworriedyou.7.Thetreatyissubjectratification.8.Hewasbentmakingushappy.9.He곰swellqualifiedthejob.10.Iwasamazedthesight.11.Steeliscomposedironandanumberofotherelements.12.Yourexamresultsfellshortmyexpectations.Ⅱ.Completethefollowingsentenceswithaninfinitivephraseoraclause(用一个不定式或从句完成下面句子):1.Hewasdetermined...2.I곰mreallyanxious...3.Areyouwilling...4.Sheisreluctant...5.I곰mverypleased...6.I곰msure...7.I곰mconfident...8.I곰mnotcertain...9.She곰sdoubtful...10.Hewasglad...11.Iwasdelighted...12.Hewasregretful...155 78.第五类句型———主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语(1)1.这是一种非常常见的句型,最常见的是“主语+及物动词+宾语+形容词”:Whatmadeyousoangry?什么事使你这样生气?Mostpeopleconsideredhiminnocent.多数人都认为他是无辜的。Iwanttheletterreadytomorrow.我要这封信明天就准备好。Thenhedeclaredtherallyopen.然后他宣布大会开始。Haveyouticketsready.把票准备好。Shedyedthecurtainpurple.她把窗帘染成了紫色。Theydecidedtosethimfree.他们决定释放他。2.有时可以用it作形式上的宾语,而把真正的宾语放到句子后部去:Ifeltitnecessarytospeakaboutmyshortcomings.我感到有必要谈谈我的缺点。Ithinkitbestthatyoushouldstayhere.我认为你留在这里最好。Ihavetomakeitclearthatmyfamilyispoor.我得说清楚我家里很穷。3.有时可用名词作宾语的补语:TheyelectedhimPresident.他们选他当了总统。Heappointedherdirectorofthefarm.他任命她为农场场长。WenamedthechildJanet.我们给孩子取名杰妮特。Ithoughtitgoodadvice.我认为它是好意见。Wemustkeepthematterasecret.这事我们必须保密。Theyconsideredhimasuperbtennisplayer.他们认为他是一位球艺精湛的网球手。4.这类句子有时也可用先行词it作宾语而把真正的宾语放到句子后部去:Hefeltithisdutytomentionthistoher.他感到有责任向她提及此事。Iconsideritaprivilegetoworkhere.我认为在这里工作很幸运。Shemadeitaruletogojoggingeveryday.她规定自己每天要跑步。5.这两类句子有时可用于被动结构:Thedoorwaspaintedyellow.门被漆成了黄色。Finallytheyweresetfree.最后他们被释放了。Hewascalled“LittleTiger”.他被称作“小老虎”。TheshipwaschristenedtheQueenMary.这艘船被命名为玛丽皇后号。156 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethecomplexobjectinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的复合宾语下划线):1.Everyonesupposeshimpoorbuthe곰sreallyquitewealthy.2.Hefoundtheroomempty.3.Keepthedooropen.4.Hefelthimselfveryignorant.5.Youshouldcountyourselfluckytohaveescapedseriousinjury.6.Ilikemyteastrong.7.Thepainnearlydrovehimmad.8.Icuthimshortinthemiddleofhisexplanation.9.Theybeathimunconscious.10.Theymadehertheirleader.11.Don곰tbeformal,callmeJack.12.Jenniethoughtthisgoodadvice.13.Ineversupposedhimahero.14.TheydeclaredNewtonPresidentoftheRoyalSociety.15.TheyjudgedtheirLondonvisitasuccess.16.Shecountedherselfafortunatewife.Ⅱ.Underlinemerealobjectinthesesentences(在下面句子中的真正宾语下划线):1.Theyjudgeditbettertostartatonce.2.Wedon곰tconsideritpossibletosetbacktheclockofhistory.3.Hedeemeditunwisetorefusetheoffer.4.Shefoundithardtoanswerthatquestion.5.Idon곰tthinkitnecessarytogooveritagain.6.Shehasn곰tmadeitclearwhensheisleavingforhome.7.Ifeelitmydutytotakegoodcareofthechildren.8.Hemadeitaruletospeakinparliamentatleastonceeverysession.9.Iconsideritaprivilegetostudyyourmethodofworking.10.Hefeltitaterriblethingthathismothershouldhavetoworksohard.157 79.第五类句型———主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语(2)1.在某些动词后,可用介词短语作宾语补语:Wefoundherintears.我们发现她泪流满面。Theyallheldhimingreatesteem.他们都很尊敬他。Thiswillbringusallintoharmony.这会使我们大家都和睦起来。Theysoongotthefireundercontrol.他们很快把火势控制住。Healwaysconsidershimselfintheright.他总是认为自己对。Shecriedherselftosleepatlast.她哭着哭着最后睡着了。2.这类句子可以用于被动结构(下面黑体部分可说是复合谓语):Thesethingsshouldbekeptingoodorder.这些东西要保持整洁。Theconstitutionwasneverputinforce.这部宪法从未实施过。Iwasleftwithoutarayofhope.我被弄得失去了一切希望。Someoftheprisonersweresetatliberty.有些囚犯被释放了。Thetreatyisstillconsideredinforce.条约仍然被认为有效。3.有时宾语补语可以用副词表示:Didyoufindherin?你发现她在家吗?Whydidyouleavethelighton?你为什么让灯开着?Thedoctorsoonbroughtherround.医生很快使她苏醒过来。Congressvotedthebilldown.国会否定了这项法案。Sheslepttheheadacheoff.她睡了一觉头疼好了。Motherwillexpectyouintonight.今晚妈会期待你留在家里的。4.在少数情况下,这类句子也可用于被动结构(黑体部分为复合谓语):Whywasthelightlefton?为什么没关灯?Thebillwasvoteddown.法案被否决了。Myfearswerefinallyexplainedaway.最后经过解释我的疑虑消除了。Georgefainted,butwassoonbroughtround.乔治晕倒了,但很快被救醒了。FinallyTanzania-Ugandawarwasdeclaredover.最后坦桑尼亚和乌干达之间的战争宣布结束。158 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswithsuitableprepositions(在空格中填入适当的介词):1.Acoldkepthimbed.2.Theunionshouldputitsaffairsorder.3.Theydeclaredthemselves(反对)theplan.4.Mymotherleftmetheircharge.5.Youhaveplacedusaverydifficultposition.6.Don곰ttakeallthisgranted.7.Thenewsofhersafearrivalsetmymindrest.8.Theytalkedhim(放弃)hisresolution.9.Hepronouncedhimselffavouroftheproposal.10.Isupposedthembothschoolthismorning.11.Thethiefwasfoundpossessionofthejewels.12.Itwastakengrantedthattheywouldsupportus.13.Theforestfirewassoonbroughtcontrol.14.Theserulesarestillconsideredforce.15.Thelawnhasbeenputorder.Ⅱ.Underlinethecomplexobjectinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的复合宾语下划线):1.Wewishedthelongjourneyover.2.Whoaccomplishedit?Thatwomanbroughtitoff.3.Countmeinifyou곰regoingswimming.4.I곰mcountingonyoutohelpmethrough.5.Let곰sturntheTVon.6.Hewon곰tletyoudown,he곰sreliable.7.You곰dbetteraskherroundhere.8.Theboysalllaughedtheirheadsoff.9.Theexamplesheuseddrovehisargumenthome.10.Hebowedthemout.159 80.第五类句型———主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语(3)1.有大量动词后可以跟由不定式构成的复合宾语:Heaskedmetogetintouchwithher.他要我和她取得联系。Theyencouragedhertotryagain.他们鼓励她再试试。Ilikepeopletotellthetruth.我喜欢人讲真话。Youmustgethertosignthat.你必须让她在这上面签字。Theraincompelledustostayindoors.下雨迫使我们留在家里。Iwishyoutobehappy.我希望你快乐。Istronglyadvisedhimnottodoso.我极力劝他别这样做。Irecommendyoutotakeaholiday.我建议你休一次假。2.在某些动词后,只能用tobe引起的不定式短语构成复合宾语:Ishouldsupposehimtobeaboutfifty.我想他大约五十岁。Imagineyourselftobeinherplace.设想你处于她的位置。Hefoundthepatienttobeasmallboy.他发现病人是一个小男孩。Theysuspectedhimtobealiar.他们疑心他是一个爱撒谎的人。但却可用不定式的完成形式和进行形式:Iconsiderhimtohaveacteddisgracefully.我认为他行为不光彩。Hebelievedhertobetellingthetruth.他相信她讲的是真话。3.这类句子常可用在被动结构中:Shewasobligedtoabandontheidea.她被迫放弃这个想法。Hewasthoughttobeaspy.他被认为是间谍。Shewastoldtobehomebyten.他们让她十点以前回家。Hewaswarnednottogothere.有人警告他不要到那里去。4.在某些动词后作宾语补语的不定式不带to:Whatmadeyouthinkso?什么使你这样想?Iwon곰thaveyoucheatme.我不能让你骗我。Isawherfacegopale.我看见她的脸变得苍白。Delightedtohearyousaythat.听你这样讲我很高兴。但这种句子变为被动结构时,不定式仍需加to:Hewasseentopickitup.有人看见他把它捡起的。Shewasheardtogodownstairs.有人听见她下楼。160 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethecomplexobjectinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的复合宾语下划线):1.Shetoldmenottowait.2.Idon곰twantthatsortofthingtohappenagain.3.Youcan곰texpectustoapproveofit.4.SherequestedhimtobringJennietoseeher.5.Iwon곰tforcehimtodoit.6.IbegyounottosayanythinglikethattoAnn.7.Thiswillenablethemtogetoverthedifficulty.8.Hangerpromptedhimtosteal.9.Whopersuadedyoutojointhesociety.10.Heinstructedhisagenttosellhisproperty.11.Iknowthistobeafact.12.Wewouldn곰tconsiderhimtobeaselfishman.13.Ibelievedhertohavedonethisonpurpose.14.Theyconsideredhimtohaveacteddisgracefully.15.Theysuspectedhimtobedying.16.Theythoughthimtobehidinginthewoods.Ⅱ.Underlinethecompoundpredicateinthesesentences(在下面句子中的复合谓语下划线):1.IwasaskedtolectureonIrishfolklore.2.Wewereexpectedtospeakatthemeeting.3.Shewasdiscoveredtobepregnant.4.Theyarerequiredtoshowtheirticketsatthegate.5.Intheendtheywereforcedtosurrender.6.Youarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.7.Hewaswarnednottogonearthehouse.8.MayIbeallowedtouseyourfaxmachine?9.Shewasmadetoworkonthenightshift.10.Hewasseentodriveawayinsomeoneelse곰scar.161 81.第五类句型———主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语(4)1.在某些动词后可用现在分词构成复合宾语:AtthismomentshenoticedPaulcomingin.这时她看到保罗走了进来。Hewatcheduseating.他瞧着我们吃饭。Shecaughthimsmokingacigarette.她撞见他在抽烟。Shedoesn곰tlikemelivinghere.她不喜欢我住在这里。Thesmokestartedhercoughing.烟使她咳嗽起来。Hehatespeopleaskinghimformoney.他讨厌别人向他要钱。Ifoundhimworkinginthegarden.我发现他在花园里干活。Idon곰trememberfathersayinganythinglikethat.我不记得父亲说过这样的话。2.这类句子也可用于被动结构(斜体部分可说是复合谓语):Shewasseenchattingwithsomeoneatthedoor.有人看见她在门口和人聊天。Voiceswereheardcallingforhelp.有人听见求救声。Oneofthekidswasreportedmissing.据报导有一个孩子失踪了。Theywerefoundalllivinginoneroom.人们发现他们所有的人都住在一间屋里。3.还有一些动词后面可以跟由过去分词构成的复合宾语:We곰llgetyouX-rayed.我们要让你去透视。I곰vejusthadaphotographtaken.我刚照了一张像。Youshouldalwaysmakeyourselfunderstood.你应经常让人了解你的意思。Hefelthimselfcompelledtotakeaction.他感到自己不得不采取行动。Theyacknowledgedthemselves(tobe)defeated.他们承认自己被击败。Idon곰twantanythingsaidagainsther.我不愿意人说她的坏话。这类句子用于被动结构时很少。162 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethecomplexobjectinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的复合宾语下划线):1.I곰mgladtoseeyoualllookingsohappy.2.Iheardsomeonesinginginthenextroom.3.Didyounoticeanyonecomingin?4.Shefeltthethoughtweighingheavilyonhermind.5.I곰llhaveyouallspeakingEnglishwellwithinayear.6.Don곰tleaveherstandingoutside.7.Hisquestionhassetmethinking.8.Ican곰timagineyoudoinganythinglikethat.9.Ican곰tunderstandJohnleavingsosuddenly.10.Theywatchedtheboatleavingtheharbour.11.Lookattherainpouringdown.12.Welistenedtothebandplayinginthepark.Ⅱ.Underlinethecomplexobjectinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的复合宾语下划线):1.Iheardhimcriticizedmanytimes.2.RarelyhadIseenhimsoworked-up.3.Wewatchedhimcarriedawayonastretcher.4.Hefoundoneofthewindowssmashed.5.Inoticedanambulanceparkedoutside.6.Wedon곰twantanythingsaidaboutthis.7.Hedidn곰twishthismentioned.8.We곰llkeepyouinformedofwhat곰shappeninghere.9.Shedidn곰ttrytomakeherviewsknown.10.Weallconsidereditgreatlyimproved.11.Heorderedthecaptivesexecutedrightaway.12.IdeclareMr.Schiffelected.163 第十章代词82.代词的分类(KindsofPronouns)代词可以分为下面九类:1.人称代词:Sheismyaunt곰sdaughter.她是我姑姑的女儿。2.物主代词:Theyareourneighbours.他们是我们的邻居。3.反身代词:Takegoodcareofyourself.望保重。4.相互代词Weshouldhelpeachother.我们应互相帮助。Weoughttolearnfromoneanother.我们应相互学习。5.指示代词:Whoarethosepeople?那些人是谁?6.疑问代词:Whatdidyousay?你说什么来着?7.关系代词:ShemarriedTonyHarper,whoisalsoastudent.她嫁给了托尼·哈勃,他也是一个学生。8.连接代词:Idon곰tknowwhodidit.我不知道这是谁干的。9.不定代词:Henevergivesanythingtoanybody.他从不把任何东西给任何人。代词是非常活跃的词,日常口语中用得尤其多。有些代词,尤其是不定代词,比较难用,对它们不可掉以轻心。164 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepronounsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的代词下划线):1.WhereisSally?—She곰sinthegarden.2.Thedog곰sinthegarden.It곰srunningafteracat.3.What곰sthisyoungmandoing?He곰sdoingsomeexercises.4.Thereisnothinggoodonatthemoment.Let곰sdosomethingdifferent.5.Whatwasthedateyesterday?ItwasJune15th.6.Youcangetquitecheaperones.Someofthemareverygood.7.Howmuchwerethetickets?—Ionlypaidtwodollarsformine.8.What곰sthat?It곰salampshade.9.Haveyounoticedanydifferencebetweenyourcountryandours?10.Wehaveknowneachotherformanyyears.11.Foryearstheylookedafteroneanother.12.Wasanybodyhurt?—No.Fortunatelynobodywashurt.Ⅱ.Underlinethepronounsinthefollowingconversation(在下面对话中的代词下划线):A.Couldyoutellmehowtousethiscassetterecorder?B.OK.Firstofallyouhavetoplugitintothepowersupply.Onceyou곰vedonethat,youdon곰tneedtoswitchonanything.A.Howdoyouopenit?B.Well,youhavetopressthelittlebuttonthatsayscassette.A.Thisonehere?B.That곰sright.That곰sit.A.Likethat?B.Yeah.Afteryou곰vedonethat,youloadthecassette.Thenyoupressthestartbutton...thatonethere.A.Thatoneontheright?B.Yeah,that곰sit.That곰sallyouhavetodo.Becarefulnottopresstherecordswitch,becauseifyoudoyou곰llwipeoffwhateverisonthetape.165 83.人称代词(PersonalPronouns)1.英语有下面这些人称代词:数单数复数人称一二三一二三格主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem2.人称代词作主语时用主格:I(We)haveaquestion.我(们)有一个问题。Canyouanswerit?你(们)能回答吗?Whereishe(she)from?他(她)是哪儿人?3.作宾语或介词的宾语时需用宾格:Tellmeyourname.告诉我你的名字。Iamproudofhim(her,them).我为他(她,他们)感到骄傲。Doitrightnow.这事马上就办。4.作表语时用宾格较多,如:Who곰sknockingatthedoor?———It곰sme.谁敲门?———是我。IfIwereher,Iwouldn곰tdoit.如果我是她,我不会这样做。在下面结构中都常用主语:Itwashe(she)whodidit.这事是他(她)干的。(但:Itwasustheyweretalkingabout.他们谈的是我们。)5.在than后常用宾格,若后面有别的词,仍以用主格为好:Sheistallerthanme.她比我高。SheworkedharderthanIdid.她比我用功。人称代词还有一些特殊用法,例如we,you可泛指一般人,they可泛指某些人:Weareallapttobelievewhatwewishtobelieve.我们(人们)常常相信我(他)们愿相信的东西。Youhavetobecarefulwithpeopleyoudon곰tknow.和不认识的人打交道要小心。Theysayit곰sgoingtobeanothercoldwinter.据说今年冬天又很冷。此外,she可代表国家、船只等,it可指天气、时间等。这从下面练习的句子中可以看出。166 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswithpersonalpronouns(用人称代词填空):1.Tellhowtogetthere.(她/他/我/我们)2.Puthere.(它/它们)3.Whoisthere?It곰s.(我)4.IfIwere,Iwouldapplyfor.(他/它)5.Itwaswhodid.(我/它)6.It곰sweshouldrelyon.(他们)7.TherewasonlyJohn,Billandintheroom.(我)8.Joeisseveralyearsolderthan(am).(我)9.Shesingsbetterthan(does).(他)10.Shedoesn곰tworkashardas(do).(我)11.Whattimeis?곰s4∶30.(时间)12.Howfaristothezoo?(距离)13.issohottoday.(天气)14.isveryquietroundhere.(环境)Ⅱ.Observetheuseofpersonalpronounsinthefollowingsentences(观察下面句子人称代词的用法):1.Youshouldkeepcalmevenwhenyouareindanger.2.Theysayshe곰sveryclever.3.Wehavetobecautionsundersuchcircumstances.4.Theydon곰tallowustosmokehere.5.Ourcountryhasdonewhatshepromisedtodo.6.Sheisafineship.7.Itseldomsnowshere.8.Itwilltakeyoutwohourstogetthere.9.She곰sthefarmer곰sbestcow:shegiveslotsofmilk.10.What곰swrongwiththecar?Shewon곰tstart.11.It곰sdampandcold.Ithinkit곰sgoingtorain.12.It곰slovelyinthegardentonight.13.Whatabeautifulbaby!Isitaboy?14.It곰smyturn.167 84.物主代词(PossessivePronouns)1.英语中主要有下面这些物主代词:词类义我的你的他(她,它)的我们的你们的他们的型形容词型的物主代词myyourhis,her,itsouryourtheir名词型的物主代词mineyourshis,hers,itsoursyourstheirs2.形容词型的物主代词只能用作定语,如:Thisismy(our)roomandthatoneishis(their)room.这是我(们)的房间,那是他(们)的房间。What곰sher(your,its)name?她(你,它)叫什么名字?在汉语中“我的”、“你的”等词有时可以省掉,在英语中却常需加物主代词:Don곰tputyourhandsinyourpockets.不要把手揣在口袋里。Closeyourbooks.把书合上。Heopenedhiseyesandlookedaround.他睁开眼睛往周围望了望。3.名词型的物主代词相当于“物主代词+名词”,在句子中可用作:1)表语:Thispenismine,nothis.这是我的笔,不是他的笔。Thisumbrellaisyoursandthatoneishers.这把伞是你的,那把伞是她的。2)主语:Oursisahappyfamily.我们家是一个幸福的家。Their(Our)apartmentisbiggerthanours(theirs).他(我)们的住房比我(他)们的大。3)宾语:Let곰scleanhis(their)roomfirst,andmine(ours)later.咱们先打扫他(们)的房间,再打扫我(们)的房间。Ilikeyourplanbetterthanhis(theirs).我更喜欢你的计划,胜过他(们)的计划。此外还可与of连用作定语:Heisaclosefriendofmine(ours).他是我(们)的一位亲密朋友。Thatdanghterofhis(hers)isverycute.他(她)的那个女儿非常可爱。yours还常用在书信末尾:Yourssincerely(或Sincerelyyours)你诚挚的朋友168 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.PutthesesentencesintoEnglish(把句子译为英语):1.把眼睛闭上,把手放在膝盖上。2.把练习本交上来。3.我把车钥匙丢了。4.把手伸出来,把这握在手中。5.她家在三楼,我们家在八楼。6.这是我的雨伞,那是他的雨伞。7.她的语音比我强。8.她把宝宝抱在怀里。9.他手上拿着花。10.这是你的大衣,那件是她的。11.他的一位老朋友刚生了一个孩子。12.我们的这个立场是无可非议的。Ⅱ.Underlinethepossessivepronounsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的物主代词下划线):1.Isthisyourschool?—No,it곰stheirs.2.Herfatherisanarchitectandmineisanengineer.3.Youmayusemypen.I곰llusehers.4.Hiswasthecleverestremarkofall.5.Iborrowedatieofhis.6.Thisisn곰tmycar;mineisbeingrepaired.7.Hisviewsoflifeareverydifferentfrommine.8.Isthecoatyoursorhis?9.What곰syoursismine,andwhat곰smineismyown.(Prov.)10.We곰llhavetoseparateoursfromyours.11.That곰saparticularfavouriteofmine.12.SimonssaysthatessayofmineisamongthebestthingsIhavedone.13.Oursistheonlygardeninthelanethathasoaktreesinit.14.Ilikeoursbetterthantheirs.169 85.反身代词(Reflexivepronouns)1.下面这些为反身代词:单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves2.它们在句中可用作:1)宾语或介词宾语:Ican곰texpressmyselfproperlyinEnglish.我不能正确地用英语表达自己的意思。Takegoodcareofyourself.好好保重。Sheistooyoungtolookafterherself.她太小,不能照顾自己。2)表语:Iamnotquitemyselfthesedays.近来我身体不大舒服。He곰llbehimselfagaininnotime.他不久就会好的。3)主语或宾语的同位语:Thetheoryitselfisallright.这理论本身没有问题。We곰dbetteraskthepresidenthimself.我们最好问校长本人。反身代词有时可放在句末,作用接近状语:Heofferedtocoachushimself.他提出亲自辅导我们。Youcangoandaskheryourself.你可以自己去问她。反身代词间或也可用作主语:Shewasaseagertogoasmyself.她和我一样急于想去。3.反身代词还可与动词构成某些成语,如:Ihopeyou곰llenjoyyourself.希望你玩得好。Don곰toverworkyourselves.你们不要过份劳累。Sheseldomabsentedherselffromclass。她很少缺课。Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish.请吃点鱼。也可和某些介词构成成语:Theymadethemachineallbythemselves.这机器完全是他们自己制造的。You곰llhavetojudgeforyourself.你得自己来判断。Thisisnotabadideainitself.这想法本身不坏。170 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswithreflexivepronouns(用反身代词填空):1.Heblamedfornotpayingattention.2.Here곰sthemoney,goandbuyanice-cream.3.I곰mashamedoffordoingthat.4.Iaskedthemtotellusalittleabout.5.Thetownwassosmall,itonlyhadafewstreets.6.Didthegirlsmaketheflowers?7.Wewerecertainwecouldmanageby.8.Maryannouncedthenews.9.Shethinksmoreofothersthanof.10.Ilaterlearntthatthepoorgirlwas.11.Wemustmakeininvestigation.12.Bothmysisterandstudiedatthatschool.13.Thisrefrigeratordefrosts.14.I곰mannoyedwith.15.Shetoldthechildrentobehave.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsthatcontainreflexivepronounsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中包含反身代词的习惯用语下划线):1.Ididitbymyself,noonehelpedme.2.Shesatthereallbyherself,noonewaswithher.3.Tomhelpedhimselftothecakes.4.Theyhadaheateddiscussionamongthemselves.5.Shehadaroomtoherself.6.Allthisisbetweenourselves.7.Shepridesherselfonherknowledgeofhomedecorating.8.Hepretendedtobusyhimselfwriting.9.Iquicklyavailedmyselfoftheopportunity.10.Shehasarighttodecideforherself.11.Heisnotbadinhimselfbuthe곰ssoirritable.12.I곰mnotquitemyselfthesedays.171 86.指示代词(DemonstrativePronouns)指示代词主要是this,that,these,those,在句中可以用作:1.主语:That(This)iswhatIwanttoemphasize.这是我想强调的。Isthisthebuswewant?———Yes,that곰sit.这是我们要上的车吗?———是的。Thesearethetopicswearegoingtodiscuss.这些是我们要谈的问题。2.宾语:Weshouldalwayskeepthisinmind.我们应经常记住这一点。Betterputthatontheuppershelf.最好把那放在上面一格内。Putthese(those)inyourbag.把这(那)些放在你书包里。3.表语:Myideaisthis.我的意思是这样的。Themajordifficultiesarethese.主要困难是这些。Winnersarethosewhotrainedhard.优胜者是那些辛苦锻炼的人。4.定语:Howdoyouthinkofthis(that)idea?你觉得这(那)个想法怎样?Forthese(those)reasonswedecidedtostay.为了这些(那些)原因我们决定留下。These(Those)peoplearealwayscomplaining.这(那)些人老是在抱怨。[注]在作定语用时,这些词有的字典标作形容词,有的字典标作限定词(determiner),究竟怎样标好,尚需研究。为了方便,我们一并放在这里讲。that和those有时可用来代表前面刚提到过的名词以避免重复这个词:ThebestcoalisthatfromNewcastle.新堡的煤质量最好。TheseTV-setsarebetterthanthoseweturnedoutlastyear.这些电视机比我们去年出的好。另外those还可用下面这类句子中表示“人”(后面多有一定语修饰):Thosewhowishtogomaysignuphere.想去的人可在此签名。Thoseabletoworkweregivenjobs.能工作的人都分配了工作。172 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethedemonstrativepronounsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的指示代词下划线):1.Thisplacedusinadifficultposition.2.IsthisyourfirstvisittoBeijing?3.Arethesewhatyouwant?4.Iwanttoknowthis:hasthisMrs.Jonesbeenherethewholemorning?5.Thisismysister,Maria.6.Whoisthatinthegarden?That곰smybrother.7.Thesearemuchbetterthanthose.8.Thatwastwentyyearsago.9.Thesearemine.Thosearehers.10.WasthatPaulonthephone?11.ThisiswhatIwanttosay:Ididn곰tdothat.12.I곰mtiredout.That곰swhyI곰mgoinghomeearly.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswiththatorthose(在空格中填入that或those):1.Hisseatisnexttoofthemayor.2.CompareChopin곰swaltzeswithoftoday.3.Heisconsiderdaprogressivewithviewsclosetoofthesocialists.4.Thepotatocropin1993wasinferiortoof1992.5.TheobjectivesofthisgroupwerenotsodrasticasoftheSocialistParty.6.Hadtheyfailed,theirfatewouldhavebeenofRobespierre.7.Theoiloutputin1999wasmuchhigherthanof1990.8.HowdothesecarscomparewithimportedfromJapan?9.Weseehimwhenhecomestotown,butisn곰toften.10.VanGoghsucceededinsellingonlyonepaintinginhislifetimeandtohisbrother.173 87.疑问代词(InterrogativePronouns)1.疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which,都是用来构成特殊问句的。who和whom表示“谁”,who用作主语,用作宾语时用whom这个形式:Whoiscalling?谁来的电话?Whoaremakingthesenoises?谁这么吵?Whomdoyouwanttospeakto?你想找谁讲话?但在口语中用who作宾语时也不少:Whodidyoumean?你指的是谁?Whoareyoutalkingabout?你们在讲谁?直接跟在介词后面时只能用whom:Withwhomdidyoucome?你和谁一道来的?(口语中说“Whodidyoucomewith?”时更多一些。)2.其他三个疑问代词可用作:1)主语:What곰syouraddress?你地址怎样写?Whoseisbetter?谁的好一些?Whichofthebooksisyours?哪一本书是你的?2)宾语:Whatdoyoumean?你是什么意思?Whichdoyoulikebetter?你更喜欢哪一个?Whoseareyougoingtoborrow?你准备借谁的?3)表语:What곰syourfather?你父亲是干什么的?Whoseisit?这是谁的?Theyaresoalike,youcan곰ttellwhichiswhich.他们是那样相像,你都分不出谁是谁了。4)定语(这样用时,有些字典标作形容词):Whattimeshallwemeetagain?我们什么时候再见?Whichtrainareyougoingtotake?你准备搭哪一班火车?WhoseIDcardsarethese?这些是谁的身份证?174 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheinterrogativepronounsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的疑问代词下划线):1.Whodoyouthinkisthebestplayerthisyear?2.Who(m)shouldIreportto?3.Who(m)didyoumeet?4.TowhomshallIspeak?5.Whodidyouchoosefortheteam?6.Whodidyougiveitto?7.Whatdidshesay?8.Whathappenednext?9.Whichofthemistheeldest?10.Whichdoyouprefer,vanillaice-creamorchocolateice-cream?11.Whosearethese?12.Whosefaultisitbuthers?Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下列句子译为汉语):1.What곰syourplan?2.What곰sthat?Herefusestocome?3.Whatcanwedoaboutit?4.Whatdoesitmatter?5.What곰sallthisabout?6.Butwhatelsecouldwehavedone?7.Whatareyoutalkingabout?8.What곰sup?9.Whoareyou?Whatareyou?10.Nowwhatishe—yourhusband?11.Let곰sgoforawalk.Whatdoyousay?12.Whatmoreistheretobesaid?13.Whatwasshelike?14.What곰sthebestwaytogetthere?175 88.关系代词(RelativePronouns)1.关系代词有who,whom,whose,that和which,是用来引起定语从句的。who和whom代表人,在从句中作主语时用who,作宾语时一般用whom:Heisagoodphysicianwhocureshimself.能给自己治病的是好大夫。(谚)Isthereanyonewhoopposestheidea?有谁反对这个意见?HeisthemanwhomImetonthetrain.他就是我在火车上碰到的那个人。2.whose表示“他(她)的”,在从句中作定语:DoyouknowanyonewhosefamilyisinQingdao?你认不认识什么人家在青岛?Sheisthegirlwhosepaintingwonthefirstprize.她就是那个画作赢得头奖的姑娘。3.which代表事物,在从句中可以作主语(a)或宾语(b):a.Hetoldusastorywhichmovedusdeeply.他讲了一个故事使我们深受感动。Didyouseetheletterwhichcamethismorning?今天来的那封信你看到了吗?b.ThisisthebookwhichItoldyouabout.这就是我和你谈到的那本书。Thisisafactorwhichwemustconsider.这是我们必须考虑的一个因素。4.that代表事物的时候较多(a),有时也可以代表人(b):a.Haveyougoteverythingthatyouneed?你需要的东西都带了吗?Theylivedinahousethatwasbuiltin1600.他们住在一栋1660年盖的房子里。b.Whoisthemanthat곰ssittingbyherside?坐在她旁边的那个人是谁?5.定语从句分限制性的和非限制性两种(详见第十九章第177和178节)。在限制性定语从句中,当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,常常可以省略,特别是在口语中:ThesearetheticketsIboughtforyou.这是我替你买的票。Isthereanythingyouwanttosay?你有什么话要说吗?在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词不能省略,而且不能用that。176 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetherelativepronounsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的关系代词下划线):1.Themanwhorobbedhimhasbeenarrested.2.ThegirlwhomIsawtoldmetocomebacktoday.3.Peoplewhoserentshavebeenraisedcanappeal.4.Thisisthepicturethat(which)causedsuchasensation.5.Thecarwhich(that)Ihiredbrokedown.6.Ilikedthesong(that)Margaretsang.7.I곰veinvitedHelen,wholivesinthenextflat.8.Sheintroducedmetoherhusband,whomIhadn곰tmetbefore.9.ThisisPeter,whoseclassyouwillbetaking.10.Thehousewasfullofchildren,mostofwhomwerehisgrandchildren.11.The6∶30train,whichisusuallypunctual,waslatetoday.12.Hishouse,forwhichhepaid＄100,000,isnowworth＄300,000.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithrelativepronouns(在空格中填入适当的关系代词):1.Thegirlspokeatthemeetingisourmonitor.2.Isthatthegirlyoutalkedaboutyesterday?3.ThisistheboybicycleIborrowed.4.ThisisthetrainbyIcame.5.ThemanfromIgottheinformationisajournalist.6.Nancy,motherlivesinBeijing,sentusthesepictures.7.ShewasannoyedbysomethingIhadsaid.8.ThemanfromIboughtittoldmehowtooperateit.9.Thefilmisaboutaspywifeinformsagainsthim.10.ThisisthebesthotelIknow.11.Joe,hadbeendrivingallday,suggestedstoppingforarest.12.Hersons,bothofworkabroad,arecomingbacktoseeher.13.Chinahashundredsofislands,thelargestofisTaiwan.14.Wearrivedatnoon,bytimethedemonstrationwasover.177 89.连接代词(ConjunctivePronouns)1.疑问代词引起从句时称为连接代词,可以用来引起主语从句(a)、宾语从句(b)和表语从句(c):a.Whathappenedthatnightremainsamystery.那天夜里发生了什么事,一直是个谜。Ithasn곰tbeendecidedwhowillbesentthere.派谁去还没有决定。b.Idon곰tknowwhodidit.我不知道这是谁干的。Iwonderedwhathemeanttodo.我不知道他打算干什么。c.Theproblemiswhocanheadthedelegation.问题是谁能带领这个代表团。Thequestioniswhatweshoulddonext.问题是下一步我们该怎么办。2.另外,what可用于特殊意义,表示thethingwhich(⋯⋯的东西),可作:1)主语:Whatshelacksisexperience.她缺的是经验。WhatIsaygoes.我说了算。2)宾语或介词的宾语:Showmewhatyoubought.把你买的东西拿给我看看。Iwasmuchimpressedbywhatshesaid.她说的话给我留下很深的印象。3)表语:That곰swhatweoughttodo.这是我们应该做的。ThiswaswhatIheard.这是我听到的情况。这种what,由于仿佛带有一个关系从句,称为关系代词型的what(Relativewhat)。3.此外who(m)ever,whatever,whichever也是连接代词,分别表示“不管是谁”,“不管什么”,“不管哪个”,在句中可引起从句,作:1)主语:Whatevershedidwasright.她做的一切都是对的。Whoevermakesmistakesmustcorrectthem.谁犯了错都应改正。2)宾语:Theseanimalswilleatwhatevertheycanfind.这些动物找到什么吃什么。Takewhicheverseatyoulike.你愿意坐哪个座位就坐哪个座位。178 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheclausesintroducedbyconjunctivepronouns(在连接代词引起的从句下划线):1.Didhetellyouwhichcitieshe곰sgoingtovisit?2.Ithasn곰tbeendecidedwho곰stobethecaptain.3.Idon곰tcarewhatshethinks.4.Iaskedhimwhomhesaw.5.SheaskedmewhichofthegalleriesIlikebestinFlorence.6.Idon곰tknowwhohegaveitto.7.Hebegantothinkaboutwhatheoughttodo.8.ThetwinsaresomuchalikethatIcan곰ttellwhichiswhich.9.Idon곰tknowwho(m)youmean.10.YouhavenoideawhatIsuffered.11.Askhimwhichhewants.12.ItwassodarkIcouldn곰ttellwhowaswho.Ⅱ.Underlinetheclausesintroducedbyrelativewhatinthesesentences(在下面句子中由关系代词型what引起的从句下划线):1.Whatshesaidmademethink.2.Youshouldneverpretendtoknowwhatyoudon곰tknow.3.That곰swhatIhope.4.Shebegantocriticizewhathehaddone.5.Whatshesawgaveheralittlefright.6.Hegaveadescriptionofwhathehadseen.7.Hecouldnotexpresswhathefelt.8.I곰lldowhatIcan.9.Theydidwhattheycouldtoconsoleher.10.Don곰tpokeyournoseintowhatdoesn곰tconcernyou.11.Whatwillbe,willbe.(Prov.)12.Thatwaswhatcameoftryingtohelpotherpeople.13.Timesaren곰twhattheywere.14.Itwasasmallplacethencomparedtowhatitisnow.179 90.不定代词(IndefinitePronouns)(1)1.英语中不定代词很多,主要有:1)both,either,neither;2)all,every,everybody,everyone,everything,each;3)one,everyone,someone,anyone,noone,none,no,nobody,nothing;4)some,any,somebody,anybody,something,anything;5)little,few,much,many;6)other,another.它们多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,有些只能作主语、宾语、表语(如somebody),而every,no只能作定语。作定语时有些词典把它们标作限定词(determiner)。2.both,either和neither:这几个代词都谈两者的情况:both表示“两者都⋯⋯”,either表示“两者中随便哪一个(都⋯⋯)”,neither表示“两者中哪个都不⋯⋯”。它们可以用作:1)主语:Both(ofthem)aregood.(它们)两个都很好。Either(ofthetwobooks)willdo.(两本书)随便哪一本都可以。Neither(oftheanswers)iscorrect.(两个回答)哪一个都不对。2)宾语:I곰lltakeboth(ofthem)withme.两个我全带去。Youmaytakeeitherwithyou.(两者)你可以随便带哪个去。Iagreewithneitherofyou.你们两人的话我都不同意。3)定语(在这样用时,有的字典标作形容词,有的标作限定词):Both(the)seatsaretaken.两个座位都有人占了。Youmaytakeeitherroad.两条路你走哪一条都行。Therearetreesonneitherside.两边都没有树。both还可用作同位语:YouandIarebothtoblame.我们两人都有错。Theybothagreedtostay.两人都同意留下。either...or和neither...nor可起连词作用:Sheknewthismustbeeitherawhaleoraship.她知道这不是一条鲸鱼就是一条船。Hehadneitherwifenorchildren.他既没有妻子也没有儿女。180 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheindefinitepronounsinthesesentences(在下面句子中的不定代词下划线):1.Bothoftherestaurantsareexcellent.2.Eitherofthemcouldhavedonethejob.3.Neitherofhisparentsisalive.4.Bothcameforwardtointroducethemselves.5.Forseveralminutesneitherofthemspoke.6.Bothshirtsaretoosmall,soIcan곰tweareither(ofthem).7.Whynotuseboth?8.Neitherisabletodefeattheother.9.Both(Neither)ofthemareinAsia.10.I곰mproudofyouboth.11.Shehasneverlovedeitherofus.12.Webothlikehoney.Ⅱ.PutthesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Holdthedishwithbothhands.2.Youmayhaveeitherone.3.Neitherwomanspoke.4.Bothchildrenwonprizes.5.Neithertheoryiscorrect.6.Eitherwasacceptable.7.Bothherparentshadalreadyleftforwork.8.Sitoneitherchair.9.Bothactressesgaveexcellentperformances.10.Inreality,neitherpartywasenthusiasticaboutit.11.Neitherthreatsnorargumenthadanyeffectonhim.12.Oneithersideofhimwerewallsofrock.13.Youcanhaveeithersouporfruitjuice.14.Therearehousesoneithersideoftheroad.181 91.不定代词(2)1.all:all可以用来谈可数的东西(包括人),表示“所有的⋯⋯(都)”,可用作:1)主语:Allofusarefondofsports.我们全都喜欢运动。Allareforgoingbyboat.所有的人都赞成坐船去。2)宾语(包括介词宾语):Iwantallofyoutodowell.我要你们所有的人都好好干。Thereareseatsforall(ofus).(我们)全有座位。3)同位语:Theyallagreedtostay.他们都同意留下。Sheknowsusall.我们所有的人她都认识。4)定语(这样用时,有的字典标作形容词,有的字典标作限定词):AllroadsleadtoRome.条条大路通罗马。(谚)Allchildrenliketoys.所有的孩子都喜欢玩具。2.all也可以谈不可数的东西,表示“一切”,“全”,可用作:1)主语:Allisgoingwell.一切进行顺利。Nowallwaschanged.现在一切都变了。2)宾语:I곰vesaidallIwanttosay.想说的话我都说了。Graspall,loseall.什么都抓,什么都抓不到。(谚)3)表语:That곰sall.(要说的话)就这些。Isthatall?———That곰sall.就这么多?———就这么多。4)定语(这样用时,有的字典标作形容词,有的字典标作限定词):Allhopehasgone.一切希望都破灭了。Heateallhisfood.他把食物都吃完了。间或用作同位语:Heateitall.他把它全吃掉了。182 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Allofthemhavebecomescientists.2.Iboughtallofthem.3.Weareallfromthesamecity.4.Notallofthemliketheplace.5.Iwantallofthefacts.6.Sheisfondofusall.7.Soallisgoingwell.8.Wegaveourall.9.PardonmeforallIhavedonetoyou.10.AllshecouldthinkaboutwasStuart.11.Timhaspromisedtobuyallwewant.12.Allshehadtodowastochoosetherightmoment.13.All(that)shelackedwastraining.14.That곰sallIknow.15.You곰veseenallthereistosee.Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Wevisitedalltheschools.2.Allchildrenshouldcompletethesecourses.3.Allbooksmustbereturnedwithintwoweeks.4.Alltraveller곰schequesmustbesignedanddated.5.Allluggagemustbecheckedatthesecuritydesk.6.Hesoonlostallhopeofbecomingafilmstar.7.Don곰teatallthatbread.8.Theytalkedallafternoon.9.It곰sbeyondalldoubt.10.Notallfoodisgoodtoeat.11.Mr.Whiteisallattention.12.Lannywasalltendernessandkindness.13.Dodgewasallcordiality.183 92.不定代词(3)1.every只能用作定语,有些字典标作形容词,有些字典标作限定词,表示“每一个”:Everystoryhetoldwasinteresting.他讲的每个故事都很有意思。Wewentjoggingeveryday.我们每天都跑步。Everyroomwascleanandtidy.每个房间都很整洁。还可表示“每隔”:TheGameswereheldeveryfouryearsattheendofJune.运动会每隔四年开一次,在六月底举行。Thepapercameoutonceeverytwoweeks.这份报纸两星期出一次。还可用于everynowandthen(不时,每隔一些时候),everyother(每隔)等:HeonlycomesuptoLondoneverynowandthen.他只是隔一段时间才来伦敦一次。Baird곰ssystemwasusedeveryotherweek.贝尔德的系统隔周使用一次。2.every可构成everybody,everyone和everything这些合成代词,在句中用作:1)主语:Ihopeeverybodyenjoystheparty.我希望晚会上大家都玩得高兴。Everyonelikesthefilm.谁都喜欢这部影片。Everythinggoeswell.一切进行顺利。2)宾语或介词宾语:Youcan곰tpleaseeverybody.你不可能让人人都高兴。Hegetsonwellwitheveryone.他和谁都相处得很好。Toknoweverythingistoknownothing.样样都懂,样样稀松。(谚)3)表语,呼语等:Moneyisn곰teverything.金钱不是一切。Ithinkthat곰severything.Anycomment?我想说的就这些,有什么话要说吗?Goodnight,everybody.大家晚安。Everybody곰sbusinessisnobody곰sbusiness.人人都管等于没人管。(谚)Hurryup,everyone.大家赶快。andeverything可表示“等等”:Ijustdroppedintoseehowyouwereandeverything.我只是进来看看你情形如何等等。184 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把句子译为汉语):1.Everydaysomethingpleasanthappened.2.EveryafternoonPierrewentdowntothedock.3.Igothereeverythreedays.4.Therearebusestothestationeverytenminutes.5.Writemeapostcardeverynowandthen.6.Buteverynowandagainthemoonshoneout.7.Shespoketoeverypersonattheparty.8.Youhaveeveryreasontofearhim.9.WehaveEnglishlessonseveryotherday.10.Writeonlyoneveryotherline.11.Igothereeverythirdday(threedays).12.Sheisontheaireveryfivedays.Ⅱ.Underlinetheindefinitepronounsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的不定代词下划线):1.Everybodywantedtowatchthematch.2.How곰severybodyathome?3.Silence,everybody!4.EveryonebutJessicalaughed.5.Everyonesanganddanced.6.Icannotreadorwriteandeveryonecheatsme.7.Hetoldeveryonethathewasopposedtotheidea.8.Sooneverythingwasready.9.Don곰tworry;I곰lltakecareofeverything.10.Thankyouforeverything.11.Shemustknoweverything.12.Thenewsmeanseverythingtous.13.Howiseverything?14.Shewasworriedabouthercourseandeverything.15.Istillthinkhe곰sincrediblycuteandeverything.185 93.不定代词(4)1.each也是“每一个”的意思,把一些东西或人一个个加以考虑时可以用它。在句中它可用作:1)主语:Eachofushassomethingtosay.我们每个人都有些话要说。Each(ofthem)canonlyspeakforfiveminutes.每人只能讲五分钟。2)宾语或介词宾语:Hegavetwotoeach.他给了每人两本。Adictionarywaspresentedtoeachoftheteachers.送给每位老师一本字典。3)同位语:Weeachhadabrush.我们每人有一把刷子。Givethemtwoeach.给他们每人两个。4)定语(这样用时有些字典标作形容词,有些字典标作限定词):Eachstudenthasastudentcard.每个学生有一张学生证。Eachspeakerwilltalkfortenmiutes.每个发言的人讲十分钟。2.one:one有时可作代词,代表前面刚提到的一样东西或一个人:Whohasgotaraincoat?———I곰vegotone.谁有雨衣?———我有。Whichpersondoyoumean?Theonewithglasseson?你指的是哪个人?是那个戴眼镜的吗?这样用时可加定语,甚至用复数形式:Yourquestionisnotaneasyone.你的问题不容易。Thelargeronesare100yuaneach.大号的要一百元一个。有时它可以用来表示“一种人”:Heisnotonetobowbeforedifficulties.他不是一个向困难低头的人。还可用来泛指人:Modestyhelpsonetogoforward.虚心使人进步。one还可构成everyone,someone,anyone,noone等合成词,可参阅有关every,some,any,no各节。186 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Eachoftheroomscanaccommodatetwopeople.2.Shespentafewminuteswitheachofherguests.3.Eachoftheseaircraftcostaround＄20million.4.Hereisaflashlightforeachofyou.5.Eachshouldbetakendaily.6.Tompoureduseachaglassofwine.7.Theseatsare￡2.50each.8.Eachmanhasapistol.9.Cometoseemeeachevening.10.Eachlargetownhasitsownconcerthall.11.Theywoulddoanythingforeachother.12.Theyhadfoughtsidebysideandeachhadsavedtheother곰slife.Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Youcantrytochooseoneyoureallywant.2.I곰llbuyyouone.3.IwrotealonglettertoChrisandthenonetoLaura.4.It곰soneofthegreatestindustrialcountriesintheworld.5.He곰stheonewho곰stakencareoftheproject.6.Jessicawasneveronetohideanopinion.7.Onewhodoesn곰tworkhardcan"thopetoaccomplishmuch.8.Doyouneedapen?———No,thanks.I곰vegotone.9.Thefilmisnotasgoodastheonewesawlastweek.10.Oneshouldconstantlythinkofone곰sweaknesses.11.Idon곰tlikecolouredenvelopes.Ilikewhiteones.12.Onemustbecarefulwhencrossingtheroad.13.Shegavemetwobigones.14.Theseswordswerespecialones.15.OnecanflytoAmericainConcordeinthreehours.16.Wedon곰thavetokeepsecretsfromoneanother.187 94.不定代词(5)1.nonenone用于否定的意思,表示“没有一个人(东西)”。在句中可用作:1)主语:NoneofmyfriendsknowEnglish.我的朋友都不懂英语。Noneofthesubjectsinterestsme.这些问题我都没有兴趣。Anoldcarisbetterthannone.旧车也比没车好。2)宾语:Ilikenoneofthebooks.这些书我全不喜欢。Afriendtoallisafriendtonone.滥交者无友。(谚)Howmanyfishdidyoucatch?—None.你钓到多少鱼?———一条也没钓到。3)同位语:Wenoneofussaidanything.我们谁也没说话。Wenoneofushavemuchinterestinthat.我们谁对此也没有多大兴趣。2.none有时指不可数的东西:“Youhavenomoney?”“None,sir.”“你没钱?”“是的,先生。”Shehasnoneofhersister곰sbeauty.她没有她妹妹那样漂亮。It곰snoneofyourbusiness.这不关你的事。3.no主要用作定语,构成否定句:Shemadenocomment.她没发表什么意见。Timeandtidewaitfornoman.岁月不等人。(谚)Thereisnofirewithoutsomesmoke.有火就有烟。(谚)(比较:无风不起浪。)它的意思等于notany。有的字典标作“形容词”或“限定词”。4.它可以构成nobody,noone,nothing等合成代词,在句中用作:1)主语:Nobodycananswerthequestion.没人能回答这个问题。Thereisnooneintheroom.房里没人。Thereisnothinginthebox.盒子里没有东西。2)宾语:Isawnobodythere.在那里我没看到谁。Ihavenothingtosay.我无话可说。Hehadnoonetoplaywith.没有人和他一道玩。188 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Noneofuspaidmuchattentiontoher.2.Theybothlongedtohavechildrenbuttheyhadnone.3.Howmanyticketshaveyougot?—None.4.Itriedallthekeysbutnonewouldfitthelock.5.Evenanoldcarisbetterthannone.6.Noneofushasbeeninvited.7.Perhapsnoneofusreallyknow.8.NoneofthisisMary곰sfault.9.Itbroughtthemnohappinessandcertainlynonetoher.10.Alittlemoneyisbetterthannoneatall.11.Shelookedforsomecake,buttherewasnoneleft.12.Noneofusareperfect.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithnoornobody,noone,nothing(用no或nobody,noone,nothing填空):1.Themoonhassurfacewaterandlife.2.Shehadfatherormother.3.otherpersoncouldhavedoneit.4.parking.5.Heiscoward.6.Thiswillbeeasytask.7.wastherebutMissWhite.8.Therewastohelpher.9.Mosesdied,buteverfoundhisbody.10.There곰sformetoworryabout.11.Isaidseemedtobotherher.12.Igotthebicyclefor.13.SamandIhavetodowitheachother.14.doubtSusanwasthesmartestgirlinherclass.15.wondertheyscreamed.Abear!189 95.不定代词(6)1.some和any作定语:这样用时有些字典标作形容词,有些字典标作限定词。它们表示“一定数量”,相当于“一些”,“几个”等,some用于肯定句(a),any用于疑问句(b)或否定句(c),可用来修饰可数名词:a.Sheborrowedsomemagazines.她借了几本杂志。Weinvitedsomefriendstotheparty.我们邀请了一些朋友来参加晚会。b.Doyouneedanyreferencebooks?你需要什么参考书吗?Didyoubuyanyapples?你买苹果了吗?c.Shedidn곰tmakeanymistakesinherhomework.她作业没出错。Hehasn곰tgotanypicture-books.他没有什么小人书。也可用来修饰不可数名词:a.Sheatesomeice-cream.她吃了一些冰淇淋。Iopenedthewindowtoletinsomefreshair.我打开窗子放进一些新鲜空气。b.Didmothersendyouanymoney?妈给你寄钱了吗?Shallwebuyanyfruit?我们要不要买些水果?c.Hedidn곰tbuyanyorangejuice.他没买橘汁。Wehaven곰thadanyrainthismonth.这个月没下过雨。2.some还可用作代词,在句中用作主语(a)或宾语(b):a.Some(ofus)arefromGuangzhou.(我们)有些人是广州人。Somesingorplaytheguitar.有些人唱歌或是弹吉他。b.Letmehavesome.给我一点。Wehavetogetsome.我们得去弄点来。3.any也可这样用,在句中作主语(a)或宾语(b),主要用在疑问句(a)和否定句(b)中:a.Isthereanyleft?还有剩的吗?Doesanyofthemknowtheanswer?他们有谁知道答案吗?b.Thanks,Idon곰twantany.谢谢,我不要了。Idon곰tthinkanyofushasseenit.我想我们没有人看到过它。190 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswithsomeorany(在空格中填入some或any):1.Therearepeoplewaitinginthequeue.2.Gotothesupermarketandbuytomatoesandmeat.3.Haveyouquestions?4.Wedidn곰tplantfruittreesthisyear.5.Helpyourselftocoldmeat.6.Hedidn곰thavebeer.7.Dowehavehopeofwinningthegame?8.girlsaredancing,othersaretalking.9.Idon곰thavemoneyatthemoment.10.Wewaitedtime,buthedidn곰tcome.11.Idon곰tseehopeoffinishingtheworktoday.12.Havebiscuits.13.Ihavehardlysparetime.14.Hecrossedthefrontierwithoutdifficulty.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithsomeorany(在空格中填some或any):1.oftheseapplesaregreen.2.Doyouwant?3.Didofthephotoscomeoutwell?4.learnatschool,othersstudybythemselves.5.Doyouknowofthem?6.Weneedsomecarbonpaper.Haveyougot?7.Pleasetry.8.Butnobodywanted.9.Shedecidedtoseeifofhisstaffwerein.10.weshallkeepforourselves.11.ofthestaffcanspeakJapanese.12.Is(Are)thereleft?13.Idon곰texpecttoseeofthematthemeeting.191 96.不定代词(7)1.some和any还可构成合成代词:用法主要用于肯定句主要用于疑问句及否定句意思somebodyanybody某人someoneanyone某物somethinganythingsomebody,someone,something主要用于肯定句(a),anybody,anyone,anything用于疑问句(b)或否定句(c):a.Somebody(Someone)isusingthephone.有人在用电话。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.我有事要告诉你。b.Didanybody(anyone)callthismorning?今天早晨有谁来电话了吗?Didshesayanything?她说什么话了吗?c.Shedidn곰tbuyanythingthere.她没在那里买什么东西。Shedidn곰tfindanyoneintheoffice.在办公室里她没发现什么人。2.这些代词在句中可用作:1)主语:Someoneisaskingtoseeyou.有人要求见你。Isthereanythingwrong?有什么毛病吗?Didanyonecomelastnight?昨晚有人来吗?2)宾语:Iknowsomeonewhocandoit.我知道一个人可以干这事。Theydidn곰tfindanybodyintheroom.他们没发现谁在屋里。Let곰sgetsomethingtodrink.咱们找点什么喝。3)表语:That곰ssomething,isn곰tit?这算是一点收获,对吧?Itwasn곰tanythingserious.这不是什么严重的事。3.另外,anybody,anyone还可表示“任何人”,anything可表示“任何东西”:Anybodycantellyouwhereitis.任何人都可以告诉你它在哪儿。Foryou,hewoulddoanything.为了你他什么都可以做。Henevergivesanythingtoanybody.他从不给任何人任何东西。any也表示“任何(人)物”:Anyofuscandothatforyou.我们任何人都可以为你做这件事。Takeanyofthebooksyoulike.你可以拿任何你喜欢的书。192 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswithindefinitepronouns(在下面空格中填入不定代词):1.knockedatthedoor.2.I곰vetoshowyou.3.Hasseenmypen?4.Istherewecandotohelpyou?5.Iknowwholivesnearyou.6.Didseetheaccident?7.Youshouldeat,Rose.8.(Does)wantanice-cream?9.Ididn곰tsay.10.hadputflowersontheteacher곰sdesk.11.That곰stobeproudof.12.Hewaswaitingimpatientlyfor.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithany,anybodyoranything(在空格中填入any,anybody或anything):1.Youmaytakeofthebooks.2.willtellyouthewaytothestation.3.Theycandotheylike.4.Takeyoulike.5.Idon곰twanttowaste곰stime.6.candoit.7.Wecouldtalkabout.8.Idrink.9.timeyouwantme,justsendforme.10.Theywon곰ttellme.11.Hewantedajob,sortofajob.12.Comedayyoulike.13.Wedon곰thavetobedependenton.14.isbetterthannothing.193 97.不定代词(8)1.下面这些都是表示数量的代词,用法大体上可以归纳如下:很多,许多没多少,很少(否定)有一些,有几个(肯定)用于可数名词manyfewafew用于不可数名词muchlittlealittle这些词作定语时较多(a),有时也可作主语(b)或宾语(c):a.Manyhandsmakelightwork.人多好办事。(谚)Thereisn곰tmuchdifferencebetweenthem.它们之间没多大差别。Fewwordsarebest.少说话最好。(谚)CouldIhaveafewwordswithyou?我能和你说几句话吗?Justgivemealittlevinegar.给我一点醋。Hegaveuslittlehelp.他给我们的帮助很少。b.Many(ofthem)areadults.(他们)许多人是成年人。Thereisnotmuchtodohere.这儿没多少事要做。Few(ofus)haveeverbeenthere.(我们)很少人到过那里。Afewofthemarefromthesouth.他们有几个人是南方人。Thereislittleleft.没剩多少了。Thereisstillalittle.还剩一点。c.Howmany(much)doyouwant?———Adozen(catty).你要多少?———一打(一斤)。Iknowlittle(don곰tknowmuch)aboutit.这事我不太了解。I곰llgetafew(bottles).我去买几瓶。Ihavegotalittle.我有一点。间或用作表语:Howmuchisit?多少钱?Thanks,it곰stoomuchforme.谢谢,太多了。2.many,much主要用于疑问句和否定句,肯定句中多用alotof:Alotofstudentswanttotakethecourse.很多学生想修这门课。We곰vegotalot(ofthings)todotoday.今天我们有很多事要做。many常可在肯定句中作主语或修饰主语,也可修饰宾语:Manyplayvolleyballinourschool.我们学校很多人打排球。Manymen,manyminds.人多主意杂。(谚)Shelaidmanyeggs.她下了好多蛋。194 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Therearemanysheepandgoats.2.Abusyfarmerhaslittletime.3.Atthattimeveryfewpeoplecouldread.4.OnlyafewevergotbacktoAthens.5.Manycamewhowerenotinvited.6.Doeshehavemuchworktodo?7.There곰ssomuchherethatIcanwriteabout.8.Fewwereattheseasidebecauseitrained.9.Spiderslayasmanyasfiftyorevenahundredeggsatonetime.10.Thereareafewbottlesonthisshelf.11.LittleisknownofRaphael곰schildhood.12.IntheNetherlandsmuchofthelandwasonceunderwater.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithmany,much,(a)few,(a)little(在空格中填入many,much,(a)few,(a)little):1.Europehasmountains.2.Heeatstoomeat.3.ofthemareanygood.4.I곰mbusy.Ihavetimetoread.5.Shehassothingstodo.6.Hedidn곰tsay.7.Whynotinviteofyourfiends?8.peoplesurvived,butdied.9.Putsaltinthemeat.10.We곰llhavetotalkabout.11.MayIhaveofthatcake?12.Takeasasyoulike.13.IhavebeeninFranceforsixmonths.IcanspeakFrench.14.Socamethatwewereunabletoholdthemeeting.15.Westillhavetolearn.195 98.不定代词(9)1.other:other可用作定语(这样用时有些字典标作形容词,有些标作限定词):表示“另外那个”(a)或“其他的”,“别的”(b):a.Hewalkedacrosstheroadtotheotherside.他过马路到街的那一边。Isleepinthisroom,andmybrothersleepsintheotherroom.我在这间房睡,我弟弟在另外那间房睡。b.Haveyouanyotherproblemstodiscuss?你们还有什么别的问题要讨论?Theotheronesmymotherthinksareokay.其他几个我母亲认为不错。还可用作代词表示“另外那个”(a),“其他的人”,“别的⋯⋯”(b)a.OnewasanEnglishmanandtheotherwasanAmerican.一个是英国人,另外那个是美国人。Onegirlistall,buttheotherisshort.有个姑娘高,而另一个矮。b.AndothersfledbacktoAustria.其他的人都逃回奥地利去了。Whichothersdoyouwant?你还要哪些别的?2.another:也可用作定语(这样用时有些字典标作形容词,有些标作限定词),可表示“另一个”(a)或“再一个”(b):a.Theshopisclosedtoday,sowe곰llcomeanotherday.商店今天关门,我们改天再来。Thisdresswasdirty,soshehadtochangeintoanotherone.这件连衣裙脏了,她得另换一件。b.MayIhaveanothercupoftea?我能再喝一杯茶吗?Icouldtellyouanotherjoke.我可以再给你讲一个笑话。还可用作代词,表示“再一个”,“另一个”:IfyoufinishthebookIcangiveyouanother.这本书如果看完我可再给你一本。Oneboywasreading;anotherwaslisteningtotheradio.一个男孩在看书,另一个男孩在听收音机。196 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Wherearetheotherguests?2.Letmegiveyouanotherexample.3.Thisstoryismoreinterestingthantheothertwo.4.Onewasalawyer.Anotherwasapilot.5.Heputtheotherinthenextroom.6.Ihadonedrink,andthenorderedanother.7.Othersmaynotliketheidea.8.Shehadmoreconcernforothersthanforherself.9.Wherearetheothers?10.Twochildrenwent,andtheothersstayedhome.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithother,othersoranother(在空格中填入other,others或another):1.Twoofthemwereboysandthewasagirl.2.Shetoldtheallhernews.3.Wouldyoulikeorange?4.Youshouldseesomeofhis.5.Hewaslookingforhisglove.6.Ofcourse,that곰smatter.7.Inyearshegoestoschool.8.Hehadthingshewantedtodo.9.Drinkglassofmilk.10.TheygototheU.S.everyyear.11.Thethreeboysenjoyplayingwithone.12.I곰llcometoseeyousometimeor.13.Idon곰tlikethisone,showme.14.Sayingisonethinganddoing(is).15.Isawhimjusttheday.16.Theyallgotcoldsoneafterthe.197 第十一章数词99.基数词(CardinalNumeral)1.英语中表示数目的词为基数词,基数词中最基本的是下面这些,所有其他基数词都可以由这些构成:ⅠⅡⅢⅣ1one11eleven1002two12twelve20twentyahundred3three13thirteen30thirty1,0004four14fourteen40fortyathousand5five15fifteen50fifty1,000,0006six16sixteen60sixtyamillion7seven17seventeen70seventy1,000,000,0008eight18eighteen80eightyabillion9nine19nineteen90ninety10ten2.其他基数词的构成方式归纳如下:1)21—99:先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字号:38—thirty-eight96—ninety-six2)101—999:先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数,或末位数:217—twohundredandseventeen809—eighthundredandnine3)1,000以上的数,先从后往前数,每三位加“,”,第一个“,”号前为thousand,第二个“,”号前为million,第三个“,”号前为billion(十亿)。然后一节一节地表示(hundred,thousand等词都用单数形式):2,003—twothousandandthree9,945—ninethousand,ninehundredandforty-five174,300—onehundredandseventy-fourthousandandthreehundred4,500,000—fourmillionandfivehundredthousand1,300,000,000—onebillionandthreehundredmillion40,000,000,000—fortybillion198 Exescises(练习)Ⅰ.ReadoutthefollowingnumbersinEnglish(用英语读出下面数字):9199040503911121529317811040350466691299910042002200830004900807310,00021,00044,00050,20182,30099,500100,000240,889405,7035,000,0006,500,0001,300,000,00060,000,000,000200,000,000,0009,000,000,000,000Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Thereisapictureofitonpage44.2.Thebookhasthreehundredandfiftypages.3.Ithasatotalareaof8,000squarekilometres.4.Chinaisalandwithanareaof9,600,000squarekilometres.5.Ithasapopulationofabout1,300,000,000.6.By1995itspopulationhasfallento35,400,000.7.TheIndiansnumberedfrom14millionto40millioninColumbus곰stime.8.Thebooksinthelibrarynumberabout260,000.9.Thesizeofthepoolis30by50feet.10.Thevisitorstotaled47,200onthefirstday.11.Wehavesalestotallingover￡450million.12.Thevalueoftheindustrialoutputdroppedfromabout70billiondollarstoslightlymorethan45billion.13.Cementoutputnextyearwouldbe510m.tons.14.Thevalueofthechurchpropertywasestimatedat4,000,000,000francs.15.Rockefeller곰spersonalfortunewasestimatedatbetween＄200millionand＄250million.16.Ahumanadulthasabout100billioncells.199 100.基数词的句法作用基数词在句子中主要用作:1.定语:Fortythousandpeoplewatchedthegame.4万人观看了球赛。TheUnitedStatesismadeupoffiftystates.美国由50个州组成。2.主语:Therearefourofusinall.我们总共是四个人。Two(ofthem)aregirlsandfourareboys.两个是女生,四个是男生。3.宾语或介词宾语:Howmanydoyouwant?—Five,please.你要多少?—我要5个。Thecityhasapopulationoftwelvemillion.这座城市有1200万人口。4.表语:Wearealtogetherfourteen.我们总共是14个人。Fiveplussevenistwelve.五加七等于十二。5.同位语:Isthereroomforustwo?有我们两人的座位吗?Wethreetookcareofthechildren.我们三个人看孩子。基数词可以表示岁数,点(钟)等:IlostmymotherwhenIwasten.我十岁时妈妈去世了。Theplanetakesoffat4∶30.飞机四点半起飞。Hewasbornin1984.他出生于1984年。基数词还可用于复数形式:Hundredsofbuildingshavebeenputupherethisyear.今年这里盖了数以百计的大楼。Theyarrivedintwosandthrees.他们三三两两地来了。Thousandsuponthousandsofpeoplecometovisitthecityeveryday.每天成千上万的人来访问这座城市。Millionsofpeoplewerekilledinthewar.在这场战争中死了数以百万计的人。Hewasinhisearlythirties.他三十一二岁。Thistookplaceinthe1930s.这事发生在(20世纪)30年代。200 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Tellthefunctionofthenumeralsinthefollowingsentences(说出数词在下面句子中的作用):1.Sixteenouncesmakeonepound.()2.Heburiedhalfamillionpoundsthere.()3.Happilythethreeclimbedtothetopofthehill.()4.Fiveisanoddnumber.()5.Fourplustwoissix.()()()6.DadhadboughtitwhenIwasfour.()7.Willyoumeetmeatmyofficeatfive.()8.I곰llhelptheotherthree.()9.Thenthethreeofthemsetoff.()10.Haveyoutwohadlunch?()11.Sheisinhersixties.()12.Millionsofpeoplewouldlosetheirjobs.()Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Theyhavelivedthereforhundredsofyears.2.TheIndiansbegantodieintheirthousands.3.Therearethousandsofseabirdsthere.4.Millionsofstarstwinkledintheblacknightsky.5.Theworkersthrewdowntheirtoolsandlefttheirtasksbythemillions.6.Forthisgametheplayershavetoarrangethemselvesintwo곰s.7.Allthingsontheeartharemadeupofmillionsuponmillionsofatoms.8.He곰sinhisearly20곰s.9.She곰sinher(late)sixties.10.Theirmother,nowinherfifties,satnearthestove.11.Theyleftintwosandthrees.12.Thishappenedinthe1980곰s.201 101.序数词(Ordinalnumerals)1.表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词大多数由基数词加_th构成:fourth(第四),tenth(第十),thirteenth(第十三)但有些序数词有特别的形式:1)first(第一),second(第二),third(第三)2)fifth(第五),eighth(第八),ninth(第九),twelfth(第十二)3)以y结尾的词变y为i再加_eth;如:twentieth(第二十)fortieth(第四十)4)两位数的词,十位数不变,个位数用相关的序数词,如:twenty-third(第二十三),thirty_first(三十一)forty-second(第四十二),ninety_ninth(第九十九)2.序数词主要用作定语,前面一般加定冠词:Sheisthethirdchild.她是第三个孩子。Theirofficeisonthetwelfthfloor.他们的办公室在12楼。序数词有时用缩写形式:Theytooktheelevatortothe85thfloor.他们坐电梯来到85层楼。Wecelebratedthe50thanniversaryofthefoundingoftherepublic.我们庆祝了共和国成立五十周年。3.日期都用序数词表示:May23(rd)五月二十三日读为May(the)twenty_thirdJuly1(st)七月一日读为July(the)firstSeptember12(th)九月十二日读为September(the)twelfth4.在谈编了号的东西时,常可以基数词来表示顺序:partone第一部分channel26第二十六频道chapterfive第五章Flight705第705号航班Room201(two-oh-one)201号房间page650第650页147NanjingRd.南京路147号5.常可用number(缩字为No)+基数词表示顺序:Hehasroomnumberfour.他住4号房。MandyranintoNumberEightElmRood.曼迪跑进榆树街8号。It곰ssuitenumberthreeonthesecondfloor.它是二层楼3号套房。busNo.10第10路公共汽车No.17platform第十七号站台MyroomisNo.6.我的房间是6号。202 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheordinalnumeralsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的序数词下划线):1.ThefirstboywhocameinwasJames.2.Peruisthethirdlargestcountryofthecontinent.3.Todayisthetwenty-secondofJanuary(Januarythetwenty-second).4.ElizabethⅡ(theSecond)wasbornin1926.5.ThusEuropewasatpeaceforthefirsttimeintenyears.6.Wearenowinthe21stcentury.7.In2001wecelebratedthe80thanniversaryofthefoundingoftheChineseCommunistParty.8.Africaandtherestofthethirdworldmustbefreedfrompoverty.9.WhenIsatdown,afourthmanrosetospeaking.10.Thenshechoseathirdbook.11.Iwillnevergiveup,notevenonthe1,000thor10,000thtry.Ⅱ.PutthefollowingintoEnglish(把下列词组译为英语):(A)1.三月八日2.八月一日3.十二月二十五日4.十月一日5.四月十二日6.九月三十一日7.六月二十一日8.七月三十日(B)1.1949年2.2008年3.1804年4.1600年5.公元前658年6.公元前两千年7.公元后720年8.2010年(C)1.第三部分2.第六十七节3.第十二章4.第四册5.第108航班6.第5号车厢7.103路公共汽车8.二十三频道(D)1.上午八点2.九点一刻3.两点半4.五点三刻5.一点差五分6.早上七点7.下午两点一刻8.晚上十一点零五分(E)1.2194-07302.3720-22773.009分机4.137分机203 102.分数词(FractionalNumerals)1.表示“几分之几”的词称为分数词。分数词是由基数词和序数词合成的,基数词代表分子,序数词表示分母,除了分子为1的情况外,序数词都用复数:12one-fourthtwo-thirds4333three-fifths1oneandthree-fourths54另外还有下面表示法:11a(one)halfa(one)quarter2431three-quarters2twoandaquarter442.分数词在句中可用作:1)主语:Aquarteroftheworkersarewomen.四分之一的工人是女工。Overnine-tenthsofChina곰sinhabitantsbelongtotheHannationality.中国居民的十分之九以上为汉族人。2)宾语或介词宾语:Theyusedone-fifthofthemoneyforcapitalconstruction.他们用五分之一的钱进行基本建设。Theyaccountforone-sixthofthepopulation.他们占人口的六分之一。3)同位语或表语:Some565millionpeople,abouttwo-fifthsofourpopulation,liveinthisarea.占我国人口五分之二的5.65亿万人居住在这个地区。Thecropthatyearwasonlyone-thirdoftheusualamount.这年的收成只是正常年景的三分之一。3.偶作定语(a)或状语(b):a.It곰sone-twentieththethicknessofahumanhair.它相当于人头发丝的二十分之一(那样粗细)。b.Chinaisone-sixthlargerthantheUnitedStates.中国比美国大六分之一。204 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethefractionalnumeralsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中分数词下划线):1.Halfofsixisthree.2.Hesavedhalfofit.3.Forestscoverthreequartersoftheland.4.Themoonisaboutaquarterthesizeoftheearth.5.There곰saquarterofamilliondollarsinit.6.Nearlyone-fourthofPolandiscoveredbyforests.7.Africa곰sareaisone-fifthofallthelandontheearth.8.Atleastaninthofthechildrenareill.9.LessthanonetwentiethofMexico곰stotallandareaisusedforgrowingcrops.10.Thissubstancereactsone-tenthasfastastheotherone.11.Themassofanelectronis1/1850thatahydrogenatom.12.Itproducespowerat1/8ththecostinathermalpowerplant.13.Chipsuseverylittlepower—lessthan1/100thofalightbulb.Ⅱ.Readthefollowingword-groupsaloud(读出下面词组)1.halfayear2.anhourandahalf3.aquarterpasttwo4.threequarterspasteleven5.aquarterofanhour6.three-fifthsoftheland7.a(one)tenthofthestudents8.seven-tenthsoftheinhabitants9.twoandaquartermiles10.half(of)myearnings11.one-fourthofhersalary12.three-eighthsofitsmembers13.seven-tenthsofitssurface14.a(one)millionthofasecond15.a(one)hundredth(100th)partofagram16.1000thofalitre205 103.小数及百分数1.小数的读法如下:7.8—Sevenpointeight0.4—zero(或nought)pointfour0.03—(nought)pointnoughtthree或zeropointzerothree603.09—sixhundredandthreepointohnine2.小数作定语时较多:Ourgrainoutputisnow2.4timesthatof1990.现在的粮食产量是1990年产量的2.4倍。Itstotaloutputvaluewasup5.6timesintheseyears.在这些年里它的工业总产值增长了5.6倍。3.百分数由percent(美作percent)表示,多和by连用,作状语:Itsoutputofcottonwentupby20percent.它的棉花产量增长了百分之二十。Thepricewasreducedby18percent.价格降低了百分之十八。也可单独作状语:Itsgrainoutputwas16.5percenthigherthanin1995.它的粮食产量比1995年增长了百分之十六点五。Theoutputvalueofchemicalfertilizerwas18percentabovethatofthepreviousyear.化肥产量比头一年增长百分之十八。4.有时可用作主语(a),宾语(b),定语(c)或状语(d):a.40percentofthestudentsarewomen.百分之四十的学生是女生。b.Blacksconstitutetenpercentofthepopulation.黑人占人口的百分之十。c.TheMarchfigureforoutputvalueregistereda17percentincreaseoverFebruary.三月份产值比二月份增长百分之十七。d.Ithinkit곰sninetypercentprobable.我看有百分之九十的可能性。206 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Readthefollowingfigures(读出下面数字):10.958.044.763.14161.00250.4920.08405.43Ⅱ.TranslatethesentencesintoChinese(把句子译为汉语):1.Ourindustrialoutputvaluewasup2.4timesduringthatperiod.2.Itscapacitywas7.3timesasgreatasin1980.3.Itsdiameteris1.4millionkm.4.Hissalarywasincreasedby10percent.5.Onlyabout2percentofthecountryisincrops.6.Itincludesatenpercenttaxandservicecharge.7.Itsgrainoutputwentup13.5percentlastyear.8.Stainlesssteelcontainabout12percentofchromium.9.Morethan60percentofthelandinPeruisownedbyonly2percentofthelandowners.10.Tenpercentofthepupilsareabsenttoday.11.Ipayhimfourpercentinterest.12.12is1percentof1200.13.Itstotaloutputvalueincreased11.5percentoverthepreviousyear.14.I곰mnotahundredpercentconvincedmyself.15.Priceshaverisen0.6percentinthepastyear.16.Oversixtypercentofallfamiliesthereown(s)atelevision.207 第十二章形容词104.形容词在句子中的作用1.形容词在句子中主要用作:1)定语:It곰sabigindustrialcity.这是一座巨大的工业城市。Itwasabrilliant,cloudlessday.这是一个阳光灿烂天空明净无云的日子。2)表语:Theiractingwassuperb.他们的演技十分精湛。Don곰tfeelbad.Everythingwillbeallright.别难过,一切都会好的。3)宾语补语(构成复合宾语):Wholeftthedooropen?谁让大门开着?Shefoundthepeoplethereveryfriendly.她发现那里的人很友好。4)状语:Theycameover,eagertohelp.他们跑了过来,亟于帮忙。Afraidofthehardships,theystoppedhalf-way.由于惧怕艰苦,他们半途停了下来。2.间或用作同位语(a)或独立成分(b):a.Hereadallkindsofbooks,ancientandmodern,Chineseandforeign.他看了各种各样的书,古今中外都有。b.Strangetosay,hedidpasstheexamafterall.说也奇怪,他考试竟然及格了。3.大多数形容词,既可作定语,也可作表语,但有少数形容词通常只作表语,如aloud,afraid,alike,alert,aware,alive,ashamed,unable。有些形容词作表语时较多,间或可用作定语(常有特别的意思),如:Herfondparentsweretheretowatchherperform.深爱她的父母在那里看她表演。Hewasasorrysightinhisdirtyoldclothes.穿着他肮脏的旧衣服他那模样很糟糕。[注]关于形容词作状语的用法,可参阅第20章第182节。208 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheadjectivesinthefollowingsentencesandtelltheirfunctions(在下面句子中的形容词下划线并说明它们的作用):1.Shehadabeautifulvoice.()2.Thebabyisfivemonthsold.()3.Hedidn곰tknowwhethertofeelgladorsorry.()()4.Ofthe20peoplepresent,Iknewonlyone.()5.Yournephewisanicelittleboy.()()6.Hissightispoor.()7.Theyfoundithardtomakealiving.()8.Itwouldmakemehappytocookforyou.()9.People,oldandyoung,cameouttowelcomethedistinguishedguests.()()10.Sureenough,theycametoseeme.()11.Muchinterested,heagreedtogiveitatry.()12.Hesaidnothing,butsatsilentsmoking.()Ⅱ.Underlinetheadjectivesinthefollowingpassageandtelltheirfunctions(在下面短文中的形容词下划线,并说明它们的作用):Onacold,frostydaytheantsbegandryingthegraintheyhadstoredduringthesummer.Agrasshopper,half-deadwithhunger,camebyandaskedthediligentantsforamorseltosavehislife.“Whatdidyoudothispastsummer?”respondedtheants.“Oh,”saidthehungrygrasshopper,“Ikeptmyselfbusybysingingalldaylongandallnight,too.”“Wellthen,”remarkedtheantsastheylaughedandshutthestorehouse,“Sinceyoukeptyourselfbusybysingingallsummer,youcandothesamebydancingallwinter.”———adaptedfromAesop곰sFables209 105.形容词的比较级和最高级(1)1.在英语中在表示“比较⋯⋯”和“最⋯⋯”时,形容词要用特别的形式,称为比较级和最高级,与之相对,原来的形容称为原级:a.原级比较级最高级a.young年轻younger较年轻youngest最年轻2.形容词比较级和最高级的构成方法如下:a.单音节词和少数双音节词以加词尾-er和-est的方法构成:原级比较级最高级old老older较老oldest最老clean干净cleaner较干净cleanest最干净的在加词尾时要注意下面情况:情况加法举例一般情况直接加词尾smallsmallersmallest以-e结尾的词加-r,-stlargelargerlargestbusybusierbusiest以辅音加y结尾的词变y为i,再加-er,-esthappyhappierhappiestthinthinnerthinnest以一个辅音字母结尾的词将这字母双写,再加-er,-estbigbiggerbiggestb.其他词都在前面加more,most构成:原级比较级最高级importantmoreimportantmostimportantdifficultmoredifficultmostdifficultinterestingmoreinterestingmostinterestingusefulmoreusefulmostuseful210 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Learnthecomparativeandsuperlativedegreesofthefollowingadjectives(学会下列形容词的比较级和最高级):原级比较级最高级1.talltallertallestquickquickerquickestoldolderoldest2.largelargerlargestfinefinerfinestnicenicernicest3.hothotterhottestbigbiggerbiggestthinthinnerthinnest4.prettyprettierprettiestheavyheavierheaviesteasyeasiereasiest5.dangerousmoredangerousmostdangerousvaluablemorevaluablemostvaluableconvenientmoreconvenientmostconvenientⅡ.Givethecomparativeandsuperlativedegreesofthefollowingadjectives(给出下面形容词的比较级和最高级):1.bright2.lazy3.fat2.funny5.safe6.careful7.wide8.high9.dirty10.beautiful11.wet12.close13.lucky14.sad15.long16.brave17.silly18.prosperous19.early20.interesting211 106.形容词的比较级和最高级(2)1.有几个词有特殊的比较级和最高级形式:原级比较级最高级good,wellbetterbestbad,illworseworstmany,muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther,furtherfarthest,furthestoldolder,elderoldesteldest2.双音节词中,除了以“辅音+y”结尾的词外,还有以ow,er,le结尾的词和个别其他双音节词,可以加词尾的办法构成比较级和最高级:原级比较级最高级narrownarrowernarrowestsimplesimplersimplestcommoncommonercommonestclevercleverercleverest3.也有少数单音节词常以加more和most的办法构成比较级和最高级:原级比较级最高级pleasedmorepleasedmostpleasedtiredmoretiredmosttiredgladmoregladmostglad[注]elder和eldest用来表示兄弟或子女的长幼顺序:myeldersister我的姐姐myeldestbrother我的大哥theireldestson他们的长子further除表示较远外,还可表示“进一步的”,而farther仅表示距离:Thefartherplanetsaretoocold.更远的行星太冷。Doyouneedanyfurtherhelp?你还需要进一步的帮助吗?212 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Givethecomparativeandsuperlativeofthefollowingadjectives(给出下面形容词的比较级和最高级):1.common2.bad3.good4.simple5.far6.narrow7.old8.little9.merry10.many11.glad12.tired13.quiet14.much15.pleasedⅡ.Fillintheblankswiththesuitableformsofthegivenadjectives(在空格中填入所给形容词的适当形式):1.Sheisthanme.She곰sthegirlintheclass.(young)2.BillisthanTom.He곰stheofthethree.(old)3.Paulismybrother.Heistheofthesixchildren.(old)4.Johnistheboyintheclass.(clever)5.Theweatheristodaythanitwasyesterday.(fine)6.CairoisthecityinEgypt.(big)7.Herbicycleisthanmine.(good)8.Mycoldistodaythanitwasyesterday.(bad)9.TokyoisfromBeijingthanfromShanghai.(far)10.Thisquestionisthanthatone.(simple)11.ItisinHongKongthanitisinKunming.(hot)12.CharlesgotmarksthanNancy.Hegotthemarksinthewholeclass.(bad)13.Helenisasingerthanme.Sheisthesingerinourschool.(good)14.ThisstreetisthanNanjingRoad.It곰sactuallythestreetinthewholecity.(narrow)15.ThehigheryouriseabovetheEarththepressurethereis.(little)16.Whichshirtcoststhemoney.(little)17.￡10—that곰sthanIcanpay.(much)18.Wearetohaveyouwithus.(pleased)213 107.包含形容词比较级的句子1.包含形容词比较级的句子多带有一个由than引起的从句,表示和谁或什么相比(从句中有些词会省略掉):Sheistallerthanhereldersister.她比她姐姐高。Thissentenceiseasierthantheotherone.这个句子比另外那个容易。I곰mstrongerthanyou.我比你壮。TheyarebetterthanEnglishfilms.它们比英国电影好。Lifewasmuchharderthanitistoday.那时生活比现在苦得多。EuropehaslesslandthanCanada.欧洲的面积不及加拿大大。Theyareallyoungerthanme.他们都比我年纪小。ManchesterisfartherfromLondonthanOxford.曼彻斯特比牛津离伦敦更远。2.有时状语从句可以省略:Theweatheriswarmerhere.这里的天气要暖和一些。Themealsaremoreexpensiveinarestaurant.在饭店吃饭要贵一点。Areyoufeelingbetter?现在你觉得好一些了吗?I곰llbemorecarefulinfuture.我将来要更仔细一点。Haveyougotalargersize?有大一点的吗?Ihadneverseenabetterfilm.我没看过(比这)更好的电影。3.比较级前有时可有一状语修饰:Mysisteristwoyearsyoungerthanme.我妹妹比我小两岁。Ourroomisslightlybiggerthantheirs.我们的房间比他们的房间稍大一点。Thiscarisabitmoreexpensive.这辆车稍稍贵一点。Youareaninchtallerthanhim.你比他高一英寸。Yourpronunciationismuchbetterthanmine.你的发音比我的发音好多了。4.比较级的形容词还可在某些句型中:Manycitiesaregettingbiggerandbigger.许多城市越来越大。Iboughtmorethantenbooks.我买了十几本书。Wecanflyaroundtheworldinlessthan50hours.我们不到五十个钟头就能绕地球飞行一圈。Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.他越忙越高兴。214 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswiththecomparativeofthegivenadjective(在空格中填入所给形容词的比较级):1.Thenewtowerblocksaremuchthantheoldbuildings.(high)2.Hemakesmistakethanyoudo.(few)3.HeisthanIexpected.(strong)4.ItwasthanIthought.(expensive)5.Ihaveneverdrunkbeer.(good)6.It곰sonly50percentthanourMoon.(large)7.ElizabethwasfourminutesthanJessica.(old)8.Shadisfouryearsthanme.(young)9.I곰matEnglishthanatgeography.(bad)10.latethannever.(good)11.Jackwasillbuthe곰snow.(well)12.Itcouldn곰tbe.(easy)13.Thedaygrew.(hot)14.Benexttine.(careful)15.It곰soutside.(quiet)Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Swedenhasmorethan7,000,000people.2.Iseemtospendmoreandmoremoneyonfoodeveryweek.3.Shewasprobablynomorethaneighteen.4.ThisismybetterhalfMary.5.Herboyfriendsareworseoffthansheis.6.Ifoundmyselflessandlessinterestedinbeingalonewithhim.7.Isawatinyman,lessthansixincheshigh.8.Nolessthanathousandpeoplecame.9.Theweatherisgettingcolderandcolder.10.Thesmallerthehouseis,thelessitwillcosttoheat.11.Tellyourfriendtocomeagain—thesoonerthebetter.12.IfyoucanfinsihtheworkbyWednesday,thatwillbeallthebetter.215 108.带as(so)...as的结构1.在表示“和⋯⋯一样⋯⋯”时可用“as...as”结构(前面的as后要用原级):Heisasbusyasbefore.他还是和以前一样忙。We곰llgiveyouasmuchhelpaswecan.我们将尽量帮助你。Hishandsareascoldasice.他的手冰冷。Theairportwasascrowdedasever.机场还像平常那样拥挤。2.在表示“不像⋯⋯那样⋯⋯”时可用“notas(so)...as”:ItisnotascoldasinGeneva.这里不像日内瓦那样冷。Jackisn곰tas(so)oldashelooks.杰克不像他看起来那么老。I곰mnotso(as)experiencedasyouthink.我不像你想的那样有经验。Sheisnotsotalkativeasbefore.她不像以前那样爱说话了。3.这种结构中也可包含一个状语:Thewhalewastwiceaslongasherboat.那条鲸鱼有她的船两倍长。MycommandofEnglishisnothalfsogoodasyours.我英文掌握得还不及你一半儿好。Theirhouseisaboutthreetimesasbigasours.他们的房子有我们房子三倍大。We곰veproducedtentimesasmuchcottonthisyearaswedidtwentyyearsago.我们今年生产的棉花是二十年前的十倍。4.在这类结构前还可以加almost,just,nearly或quite这些副词:Hewasalmostasdiligentashissister.他几乎像他姐姐一样勤奋。Marywasjustasbusyasbefore.玛丽还是像以前那样忙。Shewasnearlyastallashermother.她几乎像她妈一般高了。Thehotelwasnotquiteasgoodastheyhadexpected.那家旅馆完全不像他们预料的那样好。5.as...as还可用在许多固定说法中:asbraveasalionasbrightasdayasbusyasabeeascheerfulasalarkasclearascrystalascunningasafoxasfatasapigasgentleasalambasvainasapeacockastoughasleatherblackaspitchsoftasvelvetstubbornasamuleeasyasABCsharpasaneedlestrongasahorse216 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把句子译为汉语):1.YouareasgoodasingerasJohnyBuch.2.Moderncomputerscanbeassmallasabook.3.Ridingahorseisnotaseasyasridingamotorcycle.4.Thefoodwasn곰tasgoodasyesterday.5.Sheisnotascleverassheappearstobe.6.HeisnotsooldasIthought.7.Hisbrainwasjustfullofknowledgeastheirs.8.Heconsideredheropinionasvalubleasanyofours.9.Hewasalmostaswelloffasmyself.10.Wavesofredlightareabouttwiceaslongaswavesofbluelight.11.Theirmilitarybudgetin1950isthirtytimesaslargeasthatof1936.12.They곰reasfirmasonecouldexpect.13.Hewasasmuchinterestedinmusicasever.14.TherethetuberculosisrateistentimesashighasinNorthCarolina.15.Theyhaveproducedtwiceasmuchsugarasinthepreviousseason.16.Sheisascleveras(sheis)beautiful.Ⅱ.PuttheseintoChinese(把下面短语译为汉语):1.aslightasafeather2.asloudasthunder3.asobstinateasamule4.aspatientasanox5.asproudasapeacock6.asquickaslightning7.asredasacherry8.asroundasanapple9.assharpasaneedle10.assillyasagoose11.asslipperyasaneel12.assourasvinegar13.asstrongasahorse14.asstupidasadonkey15.assweetashoney16.asswiftasanarrow17.astameasacat18.astimidasahare19.asuglyasatoad20.aswhiteassnow217 109.形容词最高级的用法1.形容词最高级有时单独使用,但前面需加定冠词:What곰sthebesttimetogothere?什么时候去那儿最好?Expressmailisthefastestwaytosendaletter.快递是寄信的最快办法。It곰sthelatestfashionfromParis.这是巴黎来的最新式样。Theoldestisonlynine.最大的才九岁。ThehighestmountaininJapanisFuji.日本最高的山是富士山。InWestesnEuropeGermnyhasthemostpeople.在西欧德国人口最多。2.有时跟有一个短语或从句说明在哪个范围内如此:ItisthelargestislandinEurope.它是欧洲最大的岛。Yesterdaywasthehottestdayoftheyear.昨天是今年最热的一天。TheYangtzeisthebiggestriverinourcountry.长江是我国最大的河流。Itwasthecheapesthotelwecouldfind.这是我们能找到的最便宜的旅馆。Thisisthebestbeer(that)Ihaveeverdrunk.这是我喝过的最好的啤酒。Itwastheworstfilmhehadeverseen.这是他看过的最糟的电影。3.形容词前有时有定语或状语修饰:ItssecondlargestcityisOsaka.它的第二大城市是大阪。ThethirdlargestcityisLosAngeles.第三大城市是洛杉矶。Shewasbyfarthemostactivememberinourgroup.她是我们小组最积极的成员。4.形容词最高级有时表示“非常”的意思,这时前面可加不定冠词或不加冠词:It곰samosttouchingstory.这是一个非常动人的故事。Itwasmoststupidtoactlikethat.这样做是非常愚蠢的。Youaremostkindtoacceptourinvitation.你接受我们的邀请太好了。5.形容词最高级还可用于某些短语中(这时常转化为名词):Thepeonywasatitsbest.牡丹花开得正盛。YoushouldstudyEnglishatleastthreetimesaweek.你一星期至少应学三次英文。Sheistenyearsoldatmost.她至多十岁。We곰lldoourbest.我们将尽力而为。218 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.ThisistheoldesttheatreinLondon.2.TokyoisJapan곰slargestcity.3.Shewasthemostdiligentpersonintheclass.4.Hewasthekindestman(that)Ihaveevermet.5.Hewasthemostdangerousmaninthecountry.6.Paulisthestrongestofthem.7.Theyoungestofthefamilywasthemostsuccessful.8.That곰sthebestgameI곰veseenforyears.9.ItwasbyfartheworsthospitalIhadeverseen.10.CairoisthebiggestcityinAfrica.11.Georgeistheeldestofoursixchildren.12.That곰sonlytheleastofmyproblems.13.Hismannerwasmostkindandfriendly.14.He곰samostremarkableman.15.Plutoisthefurthest(farthest)planet.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的习惯用语下划线):1.She곰scertainlymadethebestuseofheropportunities.2.Hemustweigh200pounds,atleast.3.Ididnottrusthimintheleast.4.Helooked16at(the)most.5.Hedidhisbesttowintherace.6.Shetriedherbestnottosmile.7.Thegardenisatitsbestthismonth.8.Wehavetomakethebestofthesituationforthepresent.9.I곰lldoittothebestofmyability.10.Tothebestofmyknowledgeheisn곰tthere.11.Atbestwecanonlydohalfasmuchaslastyear.12.WhatIdidwasforthebest.219 110.名词化的形容词(SubstantivizedAdjectives)1.有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人,这可以称为名词化的形容词:Theseseatsareforthedisabled.这些座位是给残疾人的。Thepoorgetpoorer;therichgetricher.穷人越来越穷,富人越来越富。They곰regoingtobuildaschoolforthedeafandtheblind.他们准备盖一所聋哑人和盲人的学校。Shewasalwaysgoodwiththeunfortunate.她对不幸的人总是很好的。2.定冠词还可与-ch、-sh,、-ese等结尾表示国家的形容词连用,表示这些国家的人:TheFrenchliketoeatwell.法国人喜欢吃得好。TheChinesewereahighlycivilizedpeoplelongbeforetheEuropeanswere.早在欧洲人之前中国人已是一个有高度文化的民族。theDutch荷兰人theSpanish西班牙人theWelsh威尔士人theBurmese缅甸人theJapanese日本人theSwiss瑞士人3.有些形容词还可和the连用,表示抽象的事物:Don곰texpectthemtodotheimpossible.不要指望他们做不可能的事。Theiraimwastodiscoverthegood,thebeautifulandthetrue.他们的目的是寻求真善美。Sheadmiredthemystical.她喜欢那些神奇古怪的东西。Thiswasnothingoutoftheordinary.这没有什么特别之处。4.在某些习惯用语中也包含名词化的形容词,如:Areyouleavingtheplaceforgood?你离开这里不再回来了吗?Shetookleaveofthepartyintheliveliestofspirits.她兴致很好地和大家告别了。IwillgiveyouadefiniteanrweronFridayatthelatest.我至迟在星期五将给你一个肯定的答复。上节第五段中的习惯用语也属于这一类。220 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethesubstantivizedadjectivesinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中名词化的形容词下划线):1.Healwayssideswiththeoppressedandtheexploited.2.Gorkyhadgreatsympathyforthepoorandthedown-trodden.3.Takecareofthewoundedandthedying.4.Soonhewasamongtheunemployed.5.Theinnocentareoftendeceivedbytheunscrupulous.6.Thustheprivilegedasawholenumberedlessthan600,000.7.Thewell-to-dohadtheircaresalso.8.Fortunefavoursthebrave.(Prov.)9.Theoldandtheyoungshouldbeabletolivetogether.10.TheEnglishhaveawonderfulsenseofhumour.11.ScotlandisthelandoftheScotch.12.TheChinesewerethefirstpeopletomakeporcelain.13.TheJapanesearealsoskilledinlacquerwork,caremicsandcarving.14.TheBritishdrinkagreatdealoftea.Ⅱ.Underlinethesubstantivizedadjectivesinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中名词化的形容词下划线):1.Hehasastrongdislikeforthesentimental.2.Hewasfondofwritingabouttheunusual.3.Onemusttaketheroughwiththesmooth.4.Iwasweak,afraidtoventureintotheunknown.5.Thenewministrysentwordthatitwouldbowtotheinevitable.6.Thedifficultwedoatonce.Theimposssibletakesalittlelonger.7.Theperformancewasnothingoutoftheordinary.8.Doyoubelieveinthesupernatural?9.Wemustbereadytocopewiththeunexpected.10.Severaloftheaccusedwerefoundguilty.11.Thelivingaremoreimportantthanthedead.12.Thesickandthewoundedweresenthome.221 第十三章副词111.副词的分类(KindsofAdverbs)(1)1.副词可以根据它们的意思分为下面几类:a.时间副词b.地点副词c.方式副词d.程度副词e.疑问副词f.连接副词g.关系副词h.其他性质的副词2.时间副词包括:1)表示某时间的副词:now,then,yesterday,today,tomorrow,tonight,lately,ago,before,justnow,sofar等。2)表示频度的副词(可称为频度副词):always,often,usually,sometimes,occasionally,seldom,never,generally,frequently,constantly,continually,rarely等。3)其他时间副词:already,yet,late,early,soon,long,since,atonce,(at)first,(at)last,finally,presently,shortly,immediately,rightaway等。3.地点副词可分为:1)表示地点的副词:here,there,home,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere,abroad,elsewhere等。2)表示位置关系的副词(这些多和介词同形):above,over,below,down,up,out,in,across,back,along,round,around,away,near,off,on,inside,outside,past等。4.方式副词一般都是用来描绘动作的,其中绝大部分由形容词加词尾-ly构成,如:anxiously,badly,bravely,fluently,gratefully,intentionally,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,patiently,politely,proudly,properly,rapidly,sadly,suddenly,successfully,angrily,mildly,merrily,happily,slowly,softly,willingly,warmly等。有些是由分词加-ly构成:admiringly,threateningly,hurriedly,unexpectedly,也有一些不带-ly词尾,如well,slow,quick,hard,alone,high,straight。222 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheadverbsoftimeinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的时间副词下划线):1.I곰llgoimmediately.2.Wehaven곰tseenmuchofherlately.3.Theysometimesstayupallnight.4.Haveyoueverriddenacamel?5.Theynevereatmeat.6.Youmentionedthisbefore.7.Sheoccasionallytakesafewbooksfromthisroom.8.Thesunhadalreadyrisenwhenhesetout.Ⅱ.Underlinetheadverbsofplaceinthesesentences(在下面句子中的地点副词下划线):1.Helivesabroad.2.Ilookedforiteverywhere.3.She곰swaitingdownstairs.4.Theydecidedtosendhimaway.5.Herecomesthebus.6.Shownaboveisaliving-roomofthefuture.7.Putyourcasedownonthefloor.8.Andhewalkedoffwithoutsayinggoodbye.Ⅲ.Underlinetheadverbsofmannerinthesesentences(在下面句子中的方式副词下划线):1.Shedancedbeautifully.2.Hepaidthebillreluctantly.3.Helookedatmesuspiciously.4.Theysecretlydecidedtoleavethetown.5.Ifoolishlyforgottobringmypassport.6.Theyraisedthemoneysomehow.7.Thetripwaswellorganized.8.Heangrilydeniedthathehadstolenthedocuments.223 112.副词的分类(2)1.程度副词:常见的有much,(a)little,abit,very,so,too,enough,quite,rather,pretty,fairly,extremely,considerably,entirely,greatly,completely,awfully,terribly,definitely,perfectly,amazingly,deeply,immensely,nearly,almost,hardly,scarcely,partly,half,slightly,notatall等。这类副词多数都用来修饰形容词(a)或副词(b):a.Herpronunciationisvery(quite,rather,pretty,fairly)good.Hehasbeenextremely(awfully,terribly)busythesedays.b.Shesingsquite(pretty,extremely,notatall)well.Heworksterribly(awfully,quite,very)hard.有些可修饰动词:Thankyouverymuch.Icanhardlyagreewithyou.2.疑问副词:常见的有how,where,when,why等,都用来引起特殊问句:Howareyoudoingatschool?你在学校情况怎样?Whereshallwestayforthenight?今晚我们在哪儿过夜?Whenshallwemeetagain?我们什么时候再见面?Whyareyousoworried?你为什么这样发愁?how还可与许多其他词一起用,如:Howlonghaveyoubeenthere?你在那里待了多久?Howsoonisshecomingback?她多久能回来?Howoftendoyoumeet?你们多久见一次面?3.连接副词:疑问副词可用来引起从句,这时称为连接副词。在句中可引起:1)主语从句:Whenshe곰llbebackdependsontheweather.她什么时候回来得看天气。Itwasamysteryhowshegotwellsosoon.她如何痊愈得这样快是一个谜。2)宾语从句:Theydidn곰tsaywheretheyweretostay.他们没说要在哪里住。Nobodycantellwhyherefusedtocome.没人知道他为什么拒绝来。3)表词从句:Thatwashowtheyovercamethedifficulty.他们就是这样克服困难的。That곰swhyIdon곰tagreewithyou.这就是我不同意你的意见的原因。224 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheadverbsofdegreeinthesesentences(在下面句子中的程度副词下划线):1.Youareabsolutelyright.2.Shenearlyfell.3.Tomisfairlyclever,buthisbrotherisratherstupid.4.Youarequitewrong.5.Theboxisn곰tbigenough.6.Ithardlyrainedatalllastsummer.7.Itwasaprettyseriousaccident.8.Iamdeeplysorryforwhathashappened.9.Shewasimmenselypleasedtohavethatjob.10.VenusisonlyslightlysmallerthanEarth.11.Janewasperfectlyatherease.12.AfteragoodsleepIfeltmuchbetter.ⅡFillintheblankswithaninterrogativeadverboraconjunctiveadverb(在空格中填入疑问副词或连接副词):1.areyoucomingagain?2.aboutspendingtheeveningwithme?3.tallareyou?4.Ican곰timagineshecoulddosowell.5.Youneversaidyouwereworking.6.Icametoseeyouare.7.Nooneknowstheyovercameallthesedifficulties.8.Thatwaswestayedlastsummer.9.Youknowwebothfeelaboutit.10.Canyoutellmeyouopposetheidea?11.That곰sIwantyoutoworkwithus.12.It곰samysterytomeitallhappened.225 113.副词的分类(3)1.关系副词:关系副词主要有where,when,why三个字,它们都可引起定语从句:ThisisthevillagewhereIwasborn.这就是我出生的村子。Alibraryisaplacewherewecanborrowbooks.图书馆是我们可以借书的地方。Wetookthepicturelastyear,whenwewereonholidaythere.这张照片是我们去年在那里休假时照的。Thishappenedin1990,whenIwasnotten.这事发生在1990年,那时我还不到十岁。Isthatthereasonwhyyoudidn곰ttaketheexam?这就是你不参加考试的理由吗?2.其他性质的副词:另外还有下面三类副词:1)句子副词(对整个句子进行说明或解释):Frankly,areyouinterestedingoing?你说实话,有兴趣去吗?Seriously,Iwishtoworkthere.说正经的,我愿意到那里工作。此外还有personally(就我个人来说),obviously(显然),roughly(粗略地说),generally(一般说来),undoubtedly(毫无疑问),luckily(幸好)等。这类副词与句子主要部分相对来说关系不十分紧密,因此常和其他部分用逗号分开。其作用介乎状语与独立成分之间。(可参阅第21章第190节。)2)有连接上下文作用的副词,如:Besides,wehaveotherthingstoconsider.此外我们还有别的问题要琢磨。This,however,isnotyourfault.但这不怪你。其他如:likewise(同样地),therefore(因此),lastly(最后),nevertheless(尽管如此)等。这些副词可以帮助使这个句子和前面句子联系更紧密,也常用逗号和句子的其他部分分开。3)表示方面的副词:Theoreticallythisisagoodplan.从理论上讲这是一个好计划。Culturallythetwocountriesarecloselylinkedtogether.在文化上这两个国家联系很紧密。这类副词还比较多,如historically(从历史上),economically(在经济上),politically(在政治上),industrially(在工业上),psychologically(在心理上),geographically(在地理上),physically(在身体方面),mentally(在脑力上),morally(在道德上),intellectually(在智力上),socially(在社会上),ideologically(在思想意识上)等。226 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswitharelativeadverb(用关系副词填空):1.Thereweremanydaystheyateonlyonemeal.2.ShewasborninIndia,herfatherworked.3.ThereasonIbecameateacheristhatIlikechildren.4.Thedaywillcomewe곰lllookbackonitandlaugh.5.ImustfindaplaceIcansleeptonight.6.TheSpaceAgebeganin1957,theRussianslaunchedasatellite.7.Isthatthereasonyourejectedtheiroffer?8.YoucanseetheschoolShakespearewaseducated.Ⅱ.Underlinethesentenceadverbsinthesesentences(在下面句子中的句子副词下划线):1.Honestly,Tomdidn곰ttakethemoney.2.Frankly,I곰mworried.3.Personally,Idon곰tapproveoftheidea.4.Luckily,shewasn곰tinjured.5.Roughly,theyfallintofourgroups.6.Obviously,youdidn곰treadit.7.Clearly,swimmingandrowingwereveryimportanttothem.8.Thistime,fortunately,allwentwell.Ⅲ.Underlinetheadverbsinthesesentences(在下面句子中的副词下划线):1.Therefore,wemustn곰tgiveuphalfway.2.Lastly,Iwanttostressco-ordination.3.Nevertheless,wemustn곰tloseheart.4.Likewise,you곰llneedwarmclothes.5.Firstletmethankyouforyourhelp.6.Idon곰tgooutmuchsocially.7.Theoretically,it곰smyjob,butinfactIdon곰tdoit.8.IwasmentallycomposingwhatIwouldwriteinmydiary.227 114.副词在句中的作用副词的主要作用是作状语,可用来修饰:1.动词:Don곰tdrivetoofast.开车不要太快。Theywerewarmlyreceived.他们受到热情的接待。2.形容词:Youdon곰tknowhowgratefulwearetoyou.你不知道我们多么感激你。Hereyeswerewideopen.她的眼睛睁得大大的。3.副词:Howgracefullytheyaredancing!他们跳得多美呀!Wearegoingtooslowly.我们进展太慢。4.整个句子:Frankly,Idon곰tthinkhecansucceed.坦白地说,我不相信他会成功。Obviously,thereisstillmuchroomforimprovement.显然还大有改进余地。此外副词还可用作:1.表语:Marywasdownwithfever.玛丽发烧了。Thedaffodilsareout.水仙花开了。许多表示位置的副词(如up,about,around,behind,in,round,back,away)都可以这样用。2.定语:Imetheronmywayhome.我是在回家的路上碰见她的。Thiswasmyfirstdayup.这是我下床后的第一天。有不少副词(如here,there,around,off,then)可以这样用。3.复合宾语的一部分(即作宾语补语):Willyouhavehimin?请让他进来好吗?I곰mgladtoseeyouback.看你回来我很高兴。228 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheadverbsinthesesentencesandtelltheirfunctions(在下面句子中的副词下划线,并说出在句中的作用):1.Weshouldconstantlyreviewourlessons.()2.We곰requitesurewe곰llwinthegame.()3.Ican곰trunasfastasyou.()4.Honestly,Suzy,we곰rehappyyou곰rehere.()5.Imustbeoffnow.()6.Isthereanythingontonight?()7.Idon곰twanttokeepyouupsolate.()8.Ihaven곰tevereatensnails.()9.Everydayhequeuedpatientlyatthebusstop.()10.It곰sfarbettertosaynothing.()11.Atlastthesummerwasover.()12.Isthereanysoupover?()13.I곰mgladIfoundyouin.()14.He곰sbeenoutallday.()15.Tomdidn곰tlikeitmuch,butIreallyenjoyedit.()()16.Naturally,It곰sokay.Shelikestoseeyou.()Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithanadverbfromthebox(用所给副词填空):inoverbackdownonupbehindaroundoutaway1.Yourtimeis.2.Shehasn곰tbeenmuchsinceshecameback.3.Thetrainisn곰tyet.4.There곰sanewmovieatthetheater.5.Bloodpressureistofortyovertwenty.6.I곰llbeifyouneedme.7.TherainisandImustbegoing.8.Heonlygothomeat10o곰clock.9.Hewasinhispayments.10.Theseaisabouttwokilometers.229 115.副词在句中的位置(1)1.副词在句子中各有不同位置,归纳一下可有下面几种情况:1)多数动词都放在所修饰动词后面(a),若修饰的是及物动词,则放在宾语后面(b):a.Everythingwentsmoothly.一切进行顺利。Youmustwritecarefuly.你要仔细写。b.Shedidn곰tdoitintentionally.她不是故意这样做的。Haveagoodresttonight.今晚好好休息。2)频度副词位置比较特殊,一般放在所修饰动词的前面(a),如果句中有情态动词、助动词或动词tobe,就放在这类动词(第一个)的后面(b):a.Sheoftendoesthis.她常常这样做。Isometimesgothereonbusiness.我有时到那里出差。b.Youmustalwayskeepthisinmind.你要经常记住这一点。Heisseldomill.他很少生病。Hehasneverbeenlate.他从不迟到。2.还有一些副词,如already,(not)yet,once,nearly,almost,just,really,suddenly,certainly,still,soon,surely等也可放在这样的位置,如:1)Ialmostforgotaboutit.我差点忘掉这事了。Shesuddenlyfellill.她突然生病了。2)Youmustreallybecareful.你真的要小心。We곰llsoonletyouknow.我们不久会通知你。上面所谈副词中也有少数可以放在谓语后面,如:Suchthingsdohappensometimes.这种事的确有时会发生。She곰llbebacksoon(shortly).她不久就回来。3.另外,表示方式的副词有时也可以放在动词前面:Hequietlylefttheroom.他悄悄地离开了房间。Wegladlyacceptedtheirinvitiation.我们高兴地接受了他们的邀请。230 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheadverbsinthesesentences(在句子中的副词下划线):1.I곰veseenthatmansomewhere.2.Heansweredthequestionsfoolishly.3.Seeyoutomorrow.4.Healwaysworkslikethat.5.Shewouldoccasionallydropusanote.6.Hecertainlydidtherightthing.7.I곰vejustreceivedafaxfromher.8.I곰mreallyworried.9.Doesshecomehereoften?10.TheysecretlydecidedtogotoAustralia.11.Hegenerouslypaidforusall.12.Somehowtheymanagedtogetoutofthecity.13.Apparentlyheknewthetownwell.14.Frankly,I곰mnotinfavoroftheplan.Ⅱ.Puttheadverbsinbracketsintherightposition(把括号中的副词放在适当位置):1.Igotothetheatre.(often)2.Sheisinahurry.(always)3.Youhavebeentoldnottodothat.(often)4.Youcanparkyourcarneartheshops.(usually)5.Youshouldcheckyouroilbeforestarting.(always)6.Computersmakemistakes.(seldom)7.ManycreaturesinAfricaareseenanywhereelse.(seldom)8.Hetravelledinthisarea.(rarely)9.VitaminsCandEareundersupplied.(frequently)10.Shecomestovisitus.(occasionally)11.IgotoHongKongonbusiness.(sometimes)12.Hecanunderstandthat.(never)13.ShehasbeentoChina.(never)231 116.副词在句中的位置(2)1.疑问副词,连接副词和关系副词都放在句子或从句的开头,如:Howdidyoulikethatfilm?你觉得那个电影怎样?That곰swhereyouarewrong.这就是你不对的地方。Istillrememberthedaywhenwefirstmet.我还记得我们第一次见面的日子。此外一些修饰整个句子的副词也多放在句首:LuckilyPeterwasthere.幸好彼得在那里。EvidentlyIamtoblameforit.显然这事得怪我。另外一些时间副词也可放在这个位置:Occasionallywegotoconcertstogether.偶尔我们一道去听音乐会。Sometimestheyquarreledtoo.有时候他们也吵架。2.程度副词一般都放在它们所修饰的词前面:Iamawfullysorryforit.这事我非常抱歉。Wemeetfairlyoften.我们见面的时候相当多。Idon곰tquiteagreewithyou.我不完全同意你的意见。enough通常放在它所修饰的词后面:Ididn곰tworkhardenough.我工作不够努力。3.有少数副词位置非常灵活,例如only(a),even(b)和perhaps(c):a.OnlyhespeaksFrench,weallspeakEnglish.只有他说法语,我们都讲英语。Hecanonlyread.Hecan곰tspeak.他只能阅读,不能开口。HespeaksonlyFrench,Hedoesn곰tspeakEnglish.他只讲法语,不会讲英语。Hespokeonlyfortwominutes.他只讲了两分钟。b.Eventheteacherdoesn곰tknowthisword.连老师都不认识这个字。Hecan곰tevenunderstandit,nottosaytranslateit.他连懂都不懂更不用说翻译了。Evenatnightheseldomrelaxed.连晚上他也很少休息。c.Perhapsyouareright.Youareperhapsright.或许你是对的。Youarerightperhaps.232 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheadverbsinthesesentences(在下面句子中的副词下划线):1.Eventuallythecoupleworkedouttheirdifficulties.2.Oftenshewouldweepwhenalone.3.Apparentlyhewantedtobeclosetothepeople.4.Fortunatelyhedidnothavetowaitlong.5.Luckily,shewasinwhenIcalled.6.Unfortunately,weneverfoundoutthetruth.7.Unhappily,weneversawheragain.8.Ironically,hebecameillonthedayofhismarriage.Ⅱ.Underlinetheadverbsinthesesentences(在下面句子中的副词下划线):1.She곰sawfullyclever.2.Ifeltterriblyembarrassed.3.Theyareindangerofbecomingmentallyill.4.Theoldmanisstillphysicallyfit,butmentallyratherconfused.5.Theprocessesthemselvesarefairlysimple.6.Theclimateisratherdry.7.That곰saprettystrangename.8.Shewasamazinglycourageous.Ⅲ.Puttheadverbsinasuitableposition(把副词放在适当位置):1.Goorgeseemedalittledoubtful.(only)2.Icanstayalittlewhile.(only)3.Therearefourpeopleaheadofhim.(only)4.Iwoulddoitwithpleasure,Iamtoobusy.(only)5.Achildcanunderstandthebook.(even)6.Shehelpedustodopropagandaworkamongwomen.(even)7.Therearespotsonthesun.(even)8.Heiswilling,eagertodoit.(even)9.Hecan곰tanswertheeasiestquestions.(even)10.Thismadeherfeelmoreconfident.(even)233 117.副词的比较级和最高级(1)1.有些副词和形容词一样也有比较级和最高级,例如:Heworkshard.他工作努力。Youworkharderthanhim.你工作比他努力。Sheworks(the)hardestofall.她工作最努力。2.副词的比较级和最高级大多以加more和most的方式构成:原级比较级最高级successfullymoresuccessfullymostsuccessfullyhappilymorehappilymosthappilycarefullymorecarefullymostcarefully少数单音节副词(如quick,fast,slow和early),以加-er和-est的方式构成:原级比较级最高级quickquickerquickestfastfasterfastestearlyearlierearliest3.副词的比较级和最高级还有少数不规则的形式:原级比较级最高级wellbetterbestbadlyworseworstmuchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther(further)farthest(furthest)4.副词比较级的用法和形容词一样,用副词比较级时也多带than引起的从句,表示和什么相比:Shegetstoworkearlierthantheothers.她上班比别人都早。Ilikedthefirstitembetterthanthesecondone.第一个节目比第二个节目我更喜欢些。ItrainsmoreofteninShanghaithaninBeijing.上海下雨(的次数)比北京多。Hebehavedevenworsethanusual.他比平时表现更糟。有时也可以不跟than引起的从句:Writemorecarefullynexttime.下一次写得再仔细点。Trytoworkfaster.想法干得再快一点。234 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Givethecomparativeandthesuperlativeoftheseadverbs(给出下面副词的比较级和最高级):1.fast2.early3.easily4.slowly5.quick6.well7.soon8.hard9.badly10.little11.often12.warmly13.far14.fluently15.much16.late17.wisely18.beautifully19.clearly20.seriouslyⅡ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.HeeatsmorequicklythanIdo.2.Heplayedbetterthantheotherboys.3.TheyarrivedearlierthanIexpected.4.Sheobjectedmorestronglythantherestofus.5.I곰llaskhimwhenIknowhimbetter.6.HerunsfasterthanTom.7.Shewasreceivedmorewarmlythanshehadexpected.8.Icanthrowtheballfartherthanyoucan.9.Peopletendtosleepmoreinwinter.10.Youshouldspeaklessandlistenmore.11.Pleasedrivemoreslowly.12.Trytodoyourworkmorecarefullynexttime.13.Ihopetodobetterinfuture.14.Wegotthereanhourearlierthantheothers.15.YoudidtheworkmuchbetterthanIdo.16.YouspeakfarmorefluentlythanTom.17.Pleasewalkalittlemoreslowly.18.Ilikethispoemfarbetterthantheotherones.19.Itisn곰tsafetogoanyfurtherinthisfog.20.Shewaslessseriouslyinjuredthanhersister.235 118.副词的比较级和最高级(2)1.as(so)...as结构:在表示“和⋯⋯一样⋯⋯”时,也可用as(so)...as结构(前面的as和so后要用原级)。肯定句(或疑问句)中都用as...as结构(a),否定句中用as...as或so...as都可以(b):a.HecouldspeakEnglishasfluentlyasanEnglishman.他英语说得和英国人一样流利。Shelovedhimasmuchasherownchild.她爱他像爱她自己孩子一样深。Wemustarrangeeverythingaswellaswecan.我们要把一切尽量安排好。b.Ican곰trunso(as)fastasBetty.我跑得没有贝蒂快。Ididn곰tdomyworkas(so)wellasIshould.我的工作没干得我应干的那么好。Shedidn곰tsingas(so)wellassheusuallydoes.她唱得没平常那样好。这种结构中也可用一个表示程度的状语:Idon곰tspeakEnglishhalfsowellasyoudo.我的英文讲得不及你一半好。“Icanruntentimesasfastasyou,”saidthehare.野兔说,“我可以跑得比你快十倍。”2.副词最高级的用法:在用副词最高级时,多跟一短语说明比较的范围:Ofallhisnovels,Ilikethisonebest.在他所有小说中我最喜欢这一本。Amongthethreegirls,sheworksthehardest.三个姑娘中她最用功。有时也可不跟这类短语:Whocanthrowitfarthest?谁能把它扔得最远?Let곰sseewhosingsbest.咱们看谁唱得最好。在副词最高级前用或不用定冠词都可以,不用时更多一些。236 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Didyoufinishtheworkassoonasyouhadplanned?2.Hedoesn곰tsnoreas(so)loudlyasyoudo.3.Thingsdidn곰tgoso(as)smoothlyaswehadhoped.4.Sheplaysthepianoaswellashersister.5.HegotasfarasIndiawithhistroops.6.Sherandownthestairsasquickasarabbit.7.Imyselffeltasbadlyashedid.8.IsawhimasrecentlyaslastMarch.9.Shecanrunasfastas20milesanhour.10.Shetypesthreetimesasfastastheothergirls.11.Hedoesn곰tlikeplayingtennisasmuchasheusedto.12.Youdon곰tworkashardasyoudidlastyear.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswiththesuperlativeoftheadverbsinbrackets(在空格中填入括号中副词的最高级):1.Ofalltheboys,hereads.(distinctly)2.Hewent(the)oftheexplorers.(far)3.Helikesswimmingofall.(well)4.Let곰sseewhoruns.(fast)5.ShelivesfromthehousewhereIwasstaying.(far)6.Hebehaved.(generously)7.ItaffectedJulia.(seriously)8.Heobjectedtotheidea.(strongly)9.Ofthefourofus,Isangthe.(badly)10.Thechildactswhenthereiscompanyabout.(badly)11.Of(all)yourrecords,Ilikethatone.(little)12.Thosewhoworktheoftengetpaid.(much,little)13.Idothankyoufordoingthisjobforme.(warmly)14.Weshallgiveaprizetothepupilwhoreads.(well)15.Everybirdlikesitsownnest.(much)237 第十四章介词119.介词的分类介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一。许多介词搭配力特别强,和其他词连用可以表示各种不同的意思。大部分的习用语,都是由介词和其他词构成的。翻开一页书,我们可以找到大量介词。因此掌握好介词是学好英语的关键之一。英语中最常用的介词有下面这些,可分为三类:1.简单介词:about,across,after,against,among,around,at,before,behind,below,beside,besides,between,beyond,but,by,despite,down,during,except,for,from,in,like,of,off,on,over,near,past,round,since,though,till,to,forward(s),under,until,up,with,per,via.2.合成介词:inside,into,onto,outof,throughout,outside,upon,within,without.3.成语介词:accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,becauseof,bymeanof,infrontof,inspiteof,insteadof,inaccordancewith,onaccountof,onbehalfof,dueto,owingto,togetherwith,upto,withregardto,nextto,priorto等。其中最重要的是第一类。第三类成语介词和介词的成语的界限不是很清楚的。大体上说来,意思上和作用上相当于一个介词的,就可称作成语介词,如:infrontof接近beforeinadditionto接近besidesinspiteof接近despitebecauseof接近for238 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheprepositionsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的介词下划线)。1.Thetrainstartsat8∶20,sowehadbetterbeatthestationby8∶00.2.Atthebeginningofabookthereisoftenatableofcontents.3.Hewasstillinneedofmoney,andhecouldn곰tevenpayforhisfood.4.Atatime,asaresultofthelackoffood,hebecameill.5.Intheend,hecametothehouseandaskforhismoney.6.Therewasabigpotofwateronthetopofthestove.7.Herushedintotheroomandshoutedinanexcitedvoice,“thehouseisonfire!”8.Hewasillforaweek,andduringthatweekhestayedallthetimeinbed.9.Sheworkedintheworkshopfromfivetillten.10.Igottothestationjustintimeforthetrain.Ⅱ.Underlinetheprepositioninthefollowingpassage(在下文中的介词下划线):APicnicintheCountryLastweekwewenttothecountrysidetohaveapicnic.Wemadesomesandwichestotakewithusforlunch.Weleftquiteearlybeforetherewastoomuchtraffic.Afterabouttwohourswecametoaniceplace.Itwasnearariver,withsomelargetreesbesideit,soweparkedthecarunderthetreesandwentforaswim.Itwasaveryhotdayandthewaterwasveryrefreshing.Afterhavingaswim,wehadlunchinthecoolshadeunderthetrees.Thenwewentforawalk.Wesawsomebeautifulbirdsandbutterflies.Afterwalkingforaboutanhour,wereturnedtothecar.Butwecouldn곰tgetthecartostart.Finallywegotthecartostartbypushingit.———adaptedfromGuidedWritingThroughPictures239 120.介词宾语(PrepositionalObject)1.介词不能在句中独立充当一个成分,而需和一个名词或与之相当的东西构成短语,在句中充当一个成分。和介词一道构成短语的那个部分,称为介词宾语(也有人称之为介词补足语)。能作介词宾语的有下面这些:1)名词:Thereisacoffeetablebeforethesofa.长沙发前有一张茶几。Thankforyourhelp.谢谢你的帮助。2)代词:HowmuchluggagecanItakewithme?我能带多少行李?Wedidallthisfornothing.这些我们都白干了。3)动名词:Sheisfondofsurfing.她喜欢冲浪运动。Thanksforcalling.谢谢你打电话来。4)由连接代(副)词引起的从句或不定式短语:Iamthinkingofhowwecangetthereintime.我在想我们如何能及时赶到那里。Hegavealessononhowtoimprovesoil.他讲了一堂如何改良土壤的课。2.间或在介词后可以跟下面几种宾语:1)另一个介词短语:Ataxicamealongfrombehindme.从我后面开来一辆出租车。Shewon곰tgohomeuntilaftertheexam.她要到考试后才回家。2)that引起的从句:Heisagoodstudentexceptthatheisoccasionallycareless.他是一个好学生,只是偶尔有些粗心。Mendiffersfrombrutesinthattheycanthinkandspeak.人不同于兽类的地方是他们能思维、能讲话。3)形容词或副词:Hispronunciationisfarfromperfect.他的语音远不是完美无疵的。Iheardsomeonecallingmefrombelow.我听见下面有人叫我。4)复合结构:IhavenoobjectiontoXiaoLijoiningourgroup.我对小李参加我们组没有意见。Theytookapictureofusboatingonthelake.他们照了一张我们在湖上划船的照片。240 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheprepositionalobjectinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的介词宾语下划线):1.Anhouraftergoingtobed,Mollywasstillawake.2.ElizabethtappedonJessica곰sdoorbeforeopeningit.3.Thankyouforbringingit.4.Heranoffonseeingthepolice.5.Indoingwelearn.(Prov)6.Byhelpingthemwearehelpingtosaveourselves.7.Theyaretiredoutfromplantingthecornyesterday.8.ShehadlearnedagreatdealsincecomingtoOslo.9.Heseldomspokewithoutthinking.10.Besidesmanagingtheshop,healsoteachesintheevening.11.Insteadoftalkingtothepolice,hejustranaway.12.Iamfondofpainting.Ⅱ.Underlinetheprepositionalobjectinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的介词宾语下划线):1.Hebegintothinkaboutwhathewoulddo.2.BillsaidsomethingtoCohnaboutwhattodo.2.Thishasbeenmyidealsincelongago.4.Idon곰tcareaboutmoneyoraboutwhatpeoplecallposition.5.Hegaveadescriptionofwhathehadseen.6.Hewasasleepwithhisheadonhisarms.7.Hesatwithhisarmsclaspedroundhisknees.8.Thedaywasbright,withafreshbreezeblowing.9.Ican곰tmoveinMilanwithouteveryoneknowing.10.Afresscanmosteasilybetakenfromwithin.11.Theyweremostlyelectedfromamongtheworkers.12.ShehadnoideawhereCorhStreetwas,exceptthatitwasnearBondStreet.13.Thebudgetisunrealisticinthatitdisregardsincreasedcosts.14.Booiewasfarfromhappy.241 121.介词短语的作用1.介词短语在句中主要用作:(1)状语:Hegoeshomeat5∶00.他五点回家。Annacameoutofthedoor.安娜从门里走了出来。ThereisanItalianrestaurantbehindthebank.银行后面有一家意大利餐馆。(2)定语:Mostoftheproductsondisplayarenewones.展出的产品大多是新产品。TheyarewatchingthenewsonTV.他们正在看电视新闻。Thenaladyinblackcameforward.这时一位穿黑衣裳的女郎走向前来。(3)表语:Hewasinhisearlytwenties.他当时二十出头。Sheisofmiddleheight.她中等身材。Itwasagainstthelaw.这是违法的。2.有时可以用来构成复合宾语:Healwaysconsidershimselfintheright.他总是认为自己正确。Wefoundthemapoutofdate.我们发现地图已经过时了。Hethoughtitbeneathhimtodosuchathing.他认为自己不屑于做这种事。3.在很多情况下介词和形容词或过去分词构成习惯用语:beafraidof害怕befondof喜欢becapableof能够beashamedof为⋯⋯感到羞愧beinterestedin对⋯⋯有兴趣beusedto习惯于bekeenon热衷于(某事)bepreparedfor为⋯⋯做好准备beabsordedin聚精会神bepleasedwith对⋯⋯感到高兴4.介词也可构成成语动词:dreamof梦见objectto反对longfor渴望persistin坚持(干某事)attendto处理,照顾insiston坚持(某⋯⋯)relyon依靠consistof包括believein信仰,相信有occurto突然想起lookforwardto盼望lookoutfor提防liveupto按照⋯⋯行事lookdownupon看不起242 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheprepositionalphrasesinthesesentencesandtelltheirfunction(在下面句子中的介词短语下划线,并指出它们的作用):1.Iarrivedattheconcerthallingoodtime.()()2.Atfirstheopposedthemarriage,butintheendhegavehisconsent.()()3.Thehouseisonfire!()4.Hethoughtitbeneathhimtotellalie.()5.Weliveinthehouseontheroad.()()6.Ifoundmyselfinfullagreementwithhim.()()7.Twominuteslaterweweresafelyinsidethehouse.()8.ThedecisiononSpainandAfricawasnotaneasyonetotake.()9.Thetelephoneboxisjustoutsidethehotel.()10.ThebankisjustacrosstheHighStreet.()11.Thismessageisforyou.()12.Herillnesskeptherinhospitalforthreeweeks.()()Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithsuitableprepositions(在空格中填入正确的介词):1.Sheisfrightenedthedark.2.Theyareverykeengolf.3.Driversexceedingthespeedlimitareliableafine.4.Hewasabsorbedhisbook.5.Heisgoodchess.6.Heisashamedwhathehaddone.7.Themanagerisnotfithisposition.8.MrsMarchwaspleasedherpresents.9.Doyoubelieveghosts?10.Itneveroccurredmetoinsurethehouse.11.Theypersisteddefyingthelaw.12.Hehasn곰tcompliedtheregulations.13.Heleninsistedcomingtotheairporttoseeusoff.14.Whenargumentsfailed,heresortedthreats.15.Icanliveverylittlemoney.16.Didthefilmliveupyourexpectations.243 122.about和above的用法1.about:1)关于(常有较活的译法):Whathaveyoubeenbusyabout?你一直在忙什么?He곰sveryhappyaboutit.他对此非常高兴。WhatshallIdoabouttheluggage?行李怎么办?WhenIfirstsawyoutogether,Iwassohappyaboutit.我开始看到你们在一起时,我是那样高兴。2)在周围:Westoodallabouthim.我们在他周围站着。Everythingaboutmewassobeautiful.我周围的一切都那样美。3)在某范围内(随便活动):Hewalkedrestlesslyabouttheroom.他在屋里不安地来回走着。Iwanderedaloneaboutthetown.我一个人在城里逛。4)用于某些成语:Whenshallwemeet?HowaboutFriday?什么时候碰头?星期五如何?What(How)aboutgoingbybike?骑自行车去怎样?I곰llseeaboutthetickets.票的事我来想办法。Thenhesetabouthispacking.于是,他开始整理行装。Doyouknowhowtogoaboutit?你知不知道这事该如何进行?2.above:1)在⋯⋯上方:Asatelliteflieshighabovetheclouds.一颗卫星在云层上方高处飞行。AboveithunganoilpaintingbyRaphael.在它上方挂着一张拉斐尔的油画。2)在⋯⋯以上(之上):Themountainis1,000feetabovesealevel.这座山海拔一千英尺。Thetemperaturewasonlyadegreeabovezero.气温只有零上一度。3)用于某些成语:Thechildren,aboveall,needlove.孩子们首先需要爱。Heisabovedoingsuchathing.他不会做出这样的事来。Williamisabovemeanness.威廉不会做出卑鄙的事。Aclockmustaboveallbeexact.钟首先要走得准。244 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Whatareyoutalkingabout?2.WhatwasTomupsetabout?3.Idon곰tknowanythingaboutherbeingsick.4.Hestoodupandwalkedabouttheroom.5.Heheldmyhandasweranabouthisyard.6.Theystudiedtheworldaboutthem.7.Therewasanecklaceaboutherwhitethroat.8.ShewasverymuchlikeMaximabouttheeyesandjaw.9.WhataboutourgoingtoTiantsinforaweek?10.Howaboutsendinghimacopy?11.I곰llseeaboutit.12.Andrewsetaboutwritingthereport.13.Hewentaboutthejobhalf-heartedly.14.Wewereveryanxiousabouthim.15.I곰mstrictaboutsuchthings.16.Sheknowsnothingaboutmusic.Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把句子译为汉语):1.Themoonwasnowabovethetreesintheeast.2.Theflowersformedanarchwayabovetheirheads.3.Asascholar,heisfaraboveme.4.Itwasabovemymeans.5.Asoldiershouldvaluehonorabovelife.6.Allchildrenabovesixyearsofagemustgotoschool.7.Heisreallyunselfishandabovesmalljealousyandhatred.8.Doyouthinkheisabovereproach?9.HewasaboveallagreatMaxistthinker.10.ButabovealltellmequicklywhatIhavetodo.11.WhatIneed,youknow,aboveallthings,iscriticism.12.Hisbookisaboveme.245 123.across和after的用法1.across:1)穿过,跨过:Iwalkedacrossthepark.我从公园穿了过去。Therearelittlebridgesacrossthecanal.在运河上有许多小桥。2)在⋯⋯对面:Theschoolwasacrossthestreet.学校在街对面。Helivesacrosstheriver.他住在河对面。3)用于下面成语:Wheredidyoucomeacrosshim?你在哪里碰到他的?Iranacrosshimyesterday.我是昨天碰到他的。2.after:1)在⋯⋯之后:Itiseasytobewiseaftertheevent.当事后诸葛亮是容易的。(谚)Aftersayinggoodbyetoher,Ireturnedhome.和她道别后我就回家了。I곰llcometoseeyouthedayaftertomorrow.我后天来看你。2)在⋯⋯后面:Shutthedoorafteryou.随手关门。Afteryou,sir.先生,你先走。3)仿照:Makesomesentencesafterthismodel.仿照这个句型造句。Weactafteryourfashion.我们照你的方法行事。4)用于某些成语:Theyaskedafteryou.他们向你问好。I곰lllookaftertheluggage.我来照看行李。Soyoudidcomeafterall!你到底还是来了!Productionhasbeenincreasingyearafteryear.生产年复一年地增产。Theyroseoneafteranotherandwalkedout.他们一个接一个站起身走出去。WhywouldOliviabeafterJeffrey?奥利薇亚为什么要追杰弗莱?Theyjumpedofftheboatandranafterthemen.他们跳下船去追那些人。246 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Alonelygullflewacrossthesky.2.HehurriedacrossthebridgetoWaterloo.3.Thereisnobridgesacrosstheriver.4.Thebusstopisjustacrosstheroad.5.Iliveacrossthebay.6.Isawyoufromacrossthestreet.7.Hesatwithhisarmsacrossthechest.9.SheranacrosshimfirstintheCarltononeJulyevening.10.Thetwolinescutacrosseachother.Ⅱ.Underlinetheprepositionafterinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的介词after下划线):1.Justafterseventherainbegantofall.2.Whatshallwedoaftergraduation?3.Afterstandinginthequeueforhours,wegotgoodseats.4.Afterwhathadhappenedhecouldnotcontinuetoworkthere.5.Afteryou,madam.6.Theboywasnamedafterhisuncle.7.ThisisapaintingafterVermeer.8.Morrison곰spolicyprevailedafterall.9.Youshallnotgooutafterdark.10.Mr.Smithisamanaftermyownheart.11.Everyafternoonhecalledtoaskafterher.12.Dayafterdaypassedwithoutalinefromhim.13.Thedogswentafterthewoundeddeer.14.Lookafteryourself,Nancy.15.Thenindependencewasproclaimedinonecolonyafteranother.16.HeheardWatsonwasrunningafterher.17.Theboytakesafterhisfather.18.Hewillreturnthedayaftertomorrow.247 124.against和along的用法1.against:1)反对(有较活的译法):Theyfoughtbravelyagainsttheaggressors.他们和侵略者做了英勇的斗争。Wearenotprejudicedagainstyou.我们对你没有偏见。Noonehasgotanythingagainstyou.没人对你有意见。2)靠着:Thedressercouldgoagainstthewall.梳妆盒可以靠墙放。Heleanedagainsttherailing.他靠着栏杆站着。3)用于某些成语:Guardagainstarrogance.力戒骄傲。JackplayedagainstTom.杰克和汤姆进行对抗赛。(Is)Anybodyagainstit?有谁反对吗?It곰sagainsttherule.这是违反规定的。Wecouldn곰tkeepthemhereagainsttheirwill.我们不能违反他们的意愿,强留他们在这里。2.along:1)沿着:TheystrolledawaytogetheralongPeaceRoad.他们一道沿着和平路走去。Theareasalongtheserailwaysarerichinnaturalresources.这几条铁路沿线地区自然资源丰富。Therewassomedangerousplacesalongtheriver.沿这条河有一些危险的地段。2)在(一条线)上(旁边):Thereisarestaurantalongthisstreet.这条街上有一家餐馆。ThecountyliesalongtheFuchunRiver.这个县位于富春江畔。3)用于引申意义:Shethoughtmoreandmorealongthatline.她沿着这个思路想了很多很多。Hereareafewsuggestionsalongthisline.这儿有几个沿这条思路提出的建议。248 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Theywouldriseagainsttheircapitalistoppressors.2.Theyarediscriminatedagainstinvariouscountries.3.Theirwholelifeisafightagainstpovertyandunemployment.4.Iwon곰tlistentoanythingagainsthim.5.Whyareyousobitteragainstmyfather?6.Alittlepianostoodagainstthewall.7.Sheclaspedthechildtightagainstherbody.8.Wearealltakingmedicineagainstthedisease.9.Hewaselectedbyamajorityof20votesagainst10.10.Thegirlwasmarriedagainstherwill.11.Iknewshewasagainstus.12.It곰sagainstyourconscience;butstillyoudoit.13.They곰reupagainstallsortsofdifficulties.14.I곰mnottogoagainstmyownfamily.15.Almosteverythingwasagainsthim.16.Thepuritanswereagainsttheking.Ⅱ.TranslatethesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Wewalkedalongtheroad.2.Therearetreesalongtheriverbanks.3.Theytravelledalongthewestcoast.4.IlookedalongtheshelvesforthebookIwanted.5.Flowersgrowalongthesideofthewall.6.They곰veputupafencealongChurchLane.7.Wefoundwildstrawberriesgrowingalongthedisusedrailway.8.Thebathroomisjustalongthecorridorfrommyroom.9.Thereisawaitingroomwithbenchesalongthewall.10.Theyoungmanledmealongacorridor.249 125.among和around的用法1.among:1)在⋯⋯中间:Thetownliesamongthemountains.这座市镇位于群山之中。Therewasdiscontentamongworkers.工人中间有不满情绪。Dividethecakeamongthefourofyou.这块蛋糕你们四个人分。2)是⋯⋯中间的一(几)个:Hewasamongthefirsttoarrive.他是第一批来的人。Shelleyisamongtheworld곰sgreatestpoets.雪莱是世界上最伟大的诗人之一。Theseareamonghismostimportantworks.这些是他最重要作品的一部分。3)(若干人)相互间:Themembersweredividedamongthemselves.成员间意见有分歧。Chinastandsforequalityamongallnation,bigorsmall.中国主张大小国家一律平等。4)(若干人)共同:Thethreemenhad＄300amongthem.这三个人共有300美元。Amongthem,theycollectedoverahundredpounds.他们共同筹集了一百多英镑。有时用amongst这个形式:Thefoodwasdistributedamongstthepoor.这批食品在穷人间分配了。2.around:1)在⋯⋯周围,环绕:Wealldrewupcloselyaroundhim.我们都紧紧站到他周围。Theysatinacirclearoundtheirteacher.他们围着老师坐成一圈。2)在⋯⋯范围内:Let곰swalkaroundtheexhibition.咱们在展览会到处看看。Letmeshowyouaroundthetown.我带你到城里逛逛。3)在拐角处:Thesupermarketisaroundthecorner.超级市场在拐角处。Howfarisitfromhere?—Justaroundthecorner.离这儿远吗?———拐弯就到。4)绕过,克服:Let곰sgoaroundthetown,notthroughit.咱们从城旁绕过去,而不是从城里穿过去。250 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheprepositionamonginthesesentencesandtellitsmeaning(在下面句子中的介词among下划线,并说明其意义):1.Thehousestandsamongtrees.()2.Thebirdsbuildtheirnestsamongleaves.()3.TheAmazonisamongthemostfamousriversintheworld.()4.Shewasamongthefirsttenapplicants.()5.Hedividedthesweetsamongthechildren.()6.Theyhaddistributedthelandsamongthepeasants.()7.InaweekortwoI곰llbeamongtheunemployed.()8.Thethreegirlsdiscussedthematteramongthemselves.()9.Thetroublewasthattheycouldn곰tagreeamongthemselves.()10.Youmustsettlethemattersamongyourselves.()11.Adozenofthemwasdischarged,myfatheramongthem.()12.SomeonesaysthatessayofmineisamongthebestthingsIhavedone.()13.Babbitsqueezedamongthem.()14.Chooseonefromamongthese.()15.Theyconcealedthemselvesamongstthebushes.()16.AmongstthesecapturedwashisdaughterRoxana.()Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下列句子译为汉语):1.TheEarthismovingaroundthesun.2.Therewasafencearoundtheyard.3.Peoplestoodallaroundthespeaker.4.Shelookedaroundthelibrary.5.Theywalkedaroundthetown.6.Let곰sspendaweektouringaroundthestate.7.HelivessomewherearoundLondon.8.Itravelledaroundtheworldforafewyears.9.Thesceneryaroundhereisverybeautiful.10.Theyclaimedthatrecoveryisjustaroundthecorner.11.Hestudiedaroundtheclockforhisexams.12.Shewentaroundthecornerat80mph.251 126.at的用法1.at:1)在(某地点):IliveatNo.403BootRoad.我住在布特路403号。Let곰smeetatthestation.咱们车站见。2)在(某场合):Hewasataconference.他在参加一个会议。Imethimataparty.我是在一个晚会上见到他的。3)在(某时间,时刻):Dinnerwasatoneo곰clock.午饭一点钟开始。Hejoinedupatfifteen.他十五岁参军。4)向(某方向,目标):Letmehavealookatthetimetable.我来瞧瞧时刻表。Whatareyoulaughingat?你们笑什么?5)对⋯⋯(说明引起某种情绪的原因):Helookedsurprisedatseeingus.他看到我们显出很惊异的样子。Shefeelgladatwhathesaid.听了他的话她感到很高兴。6)在(号召,邀请,请求)下:Hewroteitatourrequest.他是在我们的请求下写的。TheycametoChinaatourinvitation.他们是应我们邀请来华的。7)处于(某种状态),进行(某种活动):Theazeleawasatitsbrightest.杜鹃花开得正盛。Thetwocountrieswerethenatwar.那时两国正在交战。8)在(某方面):Hewasverycleveratdrawing.他画画很有灵气。Shewasn곰tmuchatletter-writing.她不太善于写信。9)表示价格、速度、数量等。Thiswassoldat＄20apound.它的售价是二十美金一磅。Theybuilttheplantattopspeed.他们以最高速度建厂。还可用于某些成语(见练习Ⅱ)。252 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Abusstoppedatthetownsquare.2.Sheworksatacomputercompany.3.Atnoon,heeatsasandwichforlunch.4.Hegoeshomeat5∶30.5.Wemust“shootthearrowatthetarget.”6.Atthenewstheywerequitealarmed.7.Atthecall,weheldfact-findingmeetings.8.Sheknewhewasnotatease.9.Sowemustbegoodatlearning.10.Theinterestisat9percent.11.Westartat＄5.20perhour.12.Jet-poweredaeroplaneshaveflownatmorethan1500milesanhour.13.Shewasatherhappiestwiththem.14.Don곰tshoutatme!Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsformedwithatinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中由at构成的习惯用语下划线):1.Iwasatalossofwhattosay.(不知所措)2.Onecangetataxihereatamoment곰snotice.(在一会儿之内)3.Thistimehetalkedfortenminutesatastretch.(一连)4.Heranupthestepstwoatatime.(一次⋯⋯)5.Hewilldoyounoharmatall.(一点儿不会)6.Heintendedtosavehereyesightatallcosts.(不惜一切代价)7.AtalleventshewouldnothearofPhilipleavingthem.(不管怎样)8.Thatproved,atanyrate,thatthechildwasnotheartless.(不管怎样)9.Thesergeantgavehismenthecommand“Atease!”(稍息)10.Wedislikeditatfirst.(开始时)11.Itwasloveatfirstsight.(一见钟情)12.Springwasathand.(即将来临)13.Youmayreadthebookatyourleisure.(从容地)14.Sherecognizedhimatonce.(马上)253 127.before和behind的用法1.before:1)在⋯⋯前面:Wehaveagoodday곰sworkbeforeus.我们还有一整天的工作要做。Hewantedtoshowoffbeforeher.他想在她面前卖弄一下。Pridecomesbeforeafall.骄傲就会摔交。(谚)2)在⋯⋯之前:Thedarkesthourisbeforethedawn.最黑暗的时刻过了就是黎明。(谚)Beforestartingthework,theyhadagooddiscussion.工作开始之前他们好好讨论了一次。Thathappensin400B.C.(beforeChrist).这是公元前400年发生的。3)用于某些成语:Beforelong,theirworkbegantoshowresults.不久他们的工作就见成效了。Wegottherebeforetime.我们提前到达那里。Theyarrivedthedaybeforeyesterday.他们是前天到的。2.behind:1)在⋯⋯后面:Shestandsbehindthecounterallday.她整天站(在)柜台(后面)。Thegarageisbehindthehouse.车库在房子后面。Thereisanorchardbehindtheschool.学校后面有一座果园。2)比⋯⋯晚:Thetrainisbehindtime.火车晚点了。Youareanhourbehindyourappointedtime.你比约定的时间晚了一个钟头。Fatherwasbehindtime.爸爸来晚了。3)用于某些成语:Don곰ttalkbehindpeople곰sbacks.不要在背后议论人。Hehasbeenbehindthescenes.他一直在幕后操纵。Sorry,butwe곰rebehindtheschedule.对不起,我们落在计划后面了。Youarebehindthetimeswithyourinformation.你了解的情况都过时了。You곰rebehindthetimes.你落在时代后面了。Theairplanewasbehindtime.飞机晚点了。254 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Hemadeaspeechbeforealargeaudience.2.Yournameisbeforemineonthelist.3.Shewastherebefore8o곰clock.4.Onlyfourdaysremainedbeforetheexamination.5.Healwaysputtheinterestsofothersbeforehisown.6.Wemustputthepeople곰swelfarebeforeallelse.7.HehadcometoEuropebeforetheoutbreakofthewar.8.Basswaitedalittlewhilebeforemakingupthemind.9.Ishallseeyouagainbeforelong.10.Iamboforemytime.Iamsorry.11.Iseebythepaperofthedaybeforeyesterdaythatthebookisout.12.Thishappenedtheweekbeforelast.Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Heheardstepsbehindhim.2.Thedogwasrunningbehindthemaster곰sbicycle.3.Fearlaybehindhershowofbravery.4.Whatarehisreasonsbehindhisresignation?5.Thesenatorsarefullybehindhiswelfarepolicy.6.Hewasbehindtheothersinability.7.Allourdifficultiesarebehindus.8.NewYorkistwelvehoursbehindBeijingintime.9.Heisbehindhisusualtime.10.Sayittohisface,notbehindhisback.11.Owingtotherecentbadweather,theworkisseveralweeksbehindschedule.12.Helikedtoactbehindthescenesandpullwires.13.Theclockisbehindtime.14.Hisideasareallbehindthetimes.15.Thetrainisbehindtime.16.Wearebehindtimeinpayingtherent.255 128.below,beside和besides的用法1.below:1)在⋯⋯下面:Thelakeis400metresbelowsealevel.湖面在海平面下400米处。Waterwasfoundtenfeetbelowthesurface.在地面下十英尺处找到了水。Thetemperatureis15℃belowzero.气温是摄氏零下十五度。2)比⋯⋯低,不到:Hewasbelowherinintelligence.他的智力比她低。Hecan곰tbemuchbelowsixty.他离六十(岁)不会很远。Thecostisbelow￡20.花费还不到20镑。2.beside:1)在⋯⋯旁边:Puttheteapotbesidethemilkjug.把茶壶放在牛奶罐旁边。There곰sroombesideme.我旁边还有空。Shedrewupachairbesidethebed.她把一张椅子拉到床边。2)和⋯⋯相比:Youaresmallbesideyourbrother.和你哥哥相比你个子是小的。Myworkispoorbesideyours.我的作品和你的相比就太差了。Ifeltsoweakanduselessbesidethem.和他们相比我感到自己脆弱无用。3)用于某些成语:Hewasbesidehimselfwithjoy.他高兴得不得了。That곰sallbesidethepoint.这都不关正题。3.besides:除去,除了Thereweresixmembersonthecommitteebesideshim.除了他还有六位委员。WhatothercoursesdoyoutakebesidesEnglish?除了英语你还学什么别的课程?Whatelsedidyoudobesideswritingtheletter?除了写那封信你还干了什么?Besidesyourcoat,youshouldbringyourumbrella.除去大衣,你还应带雨伞。256 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.TheDeadSeaisbelowsealevel.2.Thetemperatureisbelowfreezing.3.Heisbelowthestandardheightforasoldier.4.Signyournamebelowmineonthisdocument.5.Minersworkbelowthesurfaceoftheearth.6.Inboxingitisafoultohitbelowthebelt.7.Hewasbelowherinsocialstanding.8.Hispositioninthefirmwasbelowhisbrother곰s.9.Thatremarkisquitebelowmynotice.10.Thereisnothingintheshopbelow50p.Ⅱ.Underlinetheprepositionbesideorbesidesinthesesentencesandtellitsmeaning(在下面句子中的介词beside或besides下划线,并说出它的意思):1.Comeandsitbesideme.()2.Ilivebesidetheriver.()3.Ourhouseisjustbesidethepark.()4.Nellseemsdullbesidehersister.()5.Hisworkwastheimportantthing;besideitallelsewastrivial.()6.Hewasbesidehimselfwithgrief.()7.Jimmiewasbesidehimselfwithexcitement.()8.Whenshesawthis,shewasbesideherselfwithrage.()9.Iwanttodoitinanycase;thecostisbesidethepoint.()10.Allyouaresayingisbesidethemark.()11.Besidesyou,nooneisqualified.()12.Hehadotherpeopletotakecareofbesidesthechild.()13.Haveyounoclothesbesidesthese?()14.Thereareninepoundsleft,besidessomepennies.()15.BesidesknowingsomeGreek,shewasfluentinItalian.()16.Besidesbeingwrong,yourproposedactionisalsounwise.()257 129.between,beyond和but的用法1.between:1)在(两者)之间:IsatbetweenSmithandJane.我坐在史密斯和简之间。Comebetweennineandteno곰clock.在九、十点之间来。2)在三个以上的人或东西间:Thethreechildrensaved￡100betweenthem.三个孩子一起存了100英镑。Theydon곰tknowthedifferencebetweenwheat,oatsandbarly.他们分不清小麦、燕麦和大麦。3)用于某些成语:Justbetweenourselves,Idon곰tthinkhedidright.咱们私下里说说,我觉得他做得不对。Hecouldreadbetweenthelines.他能在字里行间看出问题。We곰llsharetheroombetweenus.这间房咱们合住。2.beyond:1)在⋯⋯外边,在⋯⋯那一边:BeyondthetwocottagesstoodLi곰shouse.那两间草房的那一边是李家的房子。Thelakeisbeyondthathill.湖在小山的那一边。2)超出:It곰sexpensiveandbeyondtheirreach.这东西很贵,超出他们的购买力。Todothiswasquitebeyondmypower.办这事完全超出我的能力。3)无法⋯⋯:Thesceneryisbeautifulbeyonddescription.风景美得无法形容。Shewastouchedbeyondwords.她被感动得无法用言语形容。3.but:1)除了(多和nobody,nothing,who等代词连用):Ihaven곰ttoldanybodybutyou.除了你我没告诉任何人。Whobutafoolwoulddosuchathing?除了傻瓜谁会干这种事?2)用于某些成语:Helivesinthenexthousebutone.他住在隔壁过去一家。Hewasthelastbutonetoarrive.他是倒数第二个来的。258 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Thepostofficeishere,betweenthehospitalandthetheatre.2.ShefeltthattherewassomethingbetweenElizaandCharles.3.TheplanefliesbetwenLondonandEdinburgh.4.Heisamanbetweenfifthandsixty.5.Ithinkthecoatcostsbetween￡20and￡30.6.Ican곰ttellthedifferencebetweenbutterandmargarine.7.Youmaysharethesweetsbetweenyou.8.Wecouldfinishitbetweenus.9.Thisisjustbetweenus.10.Justbetweenourselves,Idon곰tthinkmuchofhim.11.Ineverwanttocomebetweenyouandyoursister.12.Don곰tletsuchatrivialmatterasthiscomebetweenus.Ⅱ.Fillinblankswithbeyondorbut(用beyond或是but空填):1.Notfaritwecametoalevelarea.2.Thereistheriver,thatisthefield.3.EveryonesmiledJessica.4.Noonecouldtellwhatwasthemountains.5.Theworkistheirskill.6.Ihavenevercookedforanyonemyself.7.AstronomershavefoundnoplanetsPluto.8.Goodadviceisprice.9.Charleseatsnothingfruit.10.TheresultwasanythingColumbuscouldhaveexpected.11.Physiciansbelievedthemtobehelp.12.Sheseemedtocarefornooneherself.13.Thisisinevitableandalldoubts.14.Youhavenobodyyourselftoblame.15.It곰shumanpower.16.Johnwasthelastonetocomeoutoftheroom.259 130.by的用法1.by:1)在⋯⋯旁边,从⋯⋯旁边:Comeoverhereandstandbyme.过来站在我旁边。Heputitonthetablebythewindow.他把它放在窗口的那张桌子上。Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme.他从我身旁走过,但是没看到我。2)到(某时候):Perhapsshehasrecoveredbynow.现在她或许已经痊愈了。Thesunhadsetbythistime.到这时太阳已经落山了。Justbeherebyeight.八点前到这里。3)由(被)(某人干的):Thepostmanwasbittenbythedog.邮差给狗咬了。Whoisthatbookby?这书是谁写的?Theplaywaswrittenbyastudent.这个剧本是一个学生写的。4)以(某种方式):Welearntoswimbyswimming.我们在游泳中学游泳。Pleaseletmeknowbytelegram.请以电报通知我。Don곰tjudgeamanbyhisclothes.不要以衣着判断人。5)乘坐(车、船等):Icamebybus(subway).我是坐公共汽车(地铁)来的。Wearegoingbythe9∶30train.我们坐九点三十分的火车去。Iprefertogobyplane(boat).我宁愿坐飞机(船)去。6)在(本性、职业)上:Sheisgenerousbynature.她天生很慷慨。Hewastolerantbytemperament.他性格很宽容。Iamnotanactorbyprofession.我不是职业演员。7)表示程度、尺寸等:Totalcommoditystocksgrewby4.5percent.商品总库存量增长了百分之四点五。Fareshavebeenincreasedby10%.票价上涨了百分之十。Theroomisthirtyfeetbytwenty.这间房长三十英尺,宽二十英尺。还可用于某些成语(可参阅练习Ⅱ)。260 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Ourhouseisbytheriver.2.Pleasestandbymyside.3.Hepassedbymewithoutspeaking.4.Igobythathouseeveryday.5.We곰llbebackbytwo.6.Bythen,youwerenearlythree.7.ThistimeIleftbythebackdoor.8.Thoseshoesweremadebyhand.9.Didyoucomebytrainorbyplane?10.Thetemperaturefellby7℃.11.Hetookherbythehand.12.Icaughthimbytheshoulder.13.Wecrossedthestreambyalittlebridge.14.Hemusthavereturnedbynow.15.Shewaswrongbytheirstandards.16.Bygoodfortune,Isucceededthefirsttime.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsformedbytheprepositionbyinthesesentences(在下面句子中由介词by构成的习惯用语下划线):1.Oursocialistconstructionhasadvancedbyleapsandbounds.(飞速地)2.Electricitycanbetransmittedbymeansofwires.(藉助)3.Hepickedupthewronghatbymistake.(全错)4.Hewasbynomeansahardman.(绝不是)5.Dinnywalkedhomebyherself.(独自一人)6.Bytheway,doyouintendtogototheflowershow?(顺便问一句)7.Shesaidthisbywayofanapology.(作为)8.HewentfromNewYorktoSanFranciscobywayofChicago.(经由)9.Thepupillearnedmanypoemsbyheart.(背熟)10.Whatdidyoumeanbysuchconduct?(是什么意思)11.Littlebylittle,herevealedhisambition.(一点一点地)12.Theywalkedsidebysideforatime.(并肩地)261 131.down,during和except的用法1.down:1)沿着⋯⋯往下:TheytravelleddowntheRiverCongo.他们沿刚果河顺流而下。Togetherwewalkeddownthestairs.我们一道走下楼来。GoingdownthehillshemetTom.在下山时她碰到汤姆。2)由近往远处,向市中心区:Shebadeusgood-nightandhurrieddowntheroad.她和我们说了再见,顺着马路匆匆走掉。Theywentdowntowntogetherthatafternoon.那天下午他们一道进城了。IwasdownFordStreetdoingabitofshopping.我刚才到福特街买东西去了。2.during:1)在(某段时间)内:Shewokemanytimesduringthenight.夜里她醒了好几次。Weoftenworkedthereduringthevacation.假期中我们常在那里工作。Duringthefirstfewmonthseverythingwentsmoothly.头几个月一切进行得很顺利。2)在(进行某活动)的时期内:Theydidn곰tsayawordduringthemeal.吃饭时他们一句话都没说。Hecameinduringthefilm.在放电影时他进来了。Hefellasleepduringthelesson.上课时他睡着了。3.except除去,除了:1)跟名词或代词:HecamehereeverydayexceptSunday.除了星期天他每天都来这儿。NoneofuscouldspeakEnglishexcepthim.除了他我们谁也不会讲英语。2)间或跟介词短语、不定式等:Ilookedeverywhereexceptinthebedroom.除了卧室我哪儿都找了。Ithadnoeffectexcepttomakehimangry.这除了使他生气别无其他作用。3)用于exceptfor除了(有):Exceptforoneoldlady,thebuswasempty.除了有一位老太婆车子是空的。EveryonewastiredexceptforJohn.除了约翰大家都很累。262 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblanksinthefollowingsentenceswithsuitableprepositions(在下面句子的空格中填入适当的介词):1.Tearsofhappinessrantheircheeks.2.Asmilingstewardesswalkedtheplane.3.Theyswimeverydaytheholidays.4.Shehasnooneherfather.5.HewasanofficerinFrancethewar.6.Shefloatedthestreaminthesunshine.7.Theybicycledoverthreetimesourstay.8.Itgrewveryhottheafternoon.9.IcantakemyholidaysatanytimeinAugust.10.Sheclimbedtheothersideofthewall.11.AllColumbuswereanxiousandafraid.12.Itwasthemakingofthepicturethattheyhadfalleninlove.13.Elizabethhurriedthecorridor.14.Shewasstillachildwithpigtailsherback.15.Hecalledtoseememyabsence.16.JimlivesfurthertheroadthanDuncan.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的习惯用语下划线):1.Hebeganwalkingupanddowntheroom.(来回地走)2.Everyoneatthetablelaughed,exceptforJessica.(除了)3.Theydidnothingexceptreadnovels.(只是⋯⋯)4.Theboatssailedupanddowntheriver.(来回地)5.Shehadnothingtodoexceptdraw.(只能⋯⋯)6.Yourpictureisgoodexceptforsomeofthecolors.(除去⋯⋯不合适)7.Theroomwasbareoffurnitureexceptforafewchairs.(除了有)8.Exceptforyou,Ishouldbedeadnow.(要不是有⋯⋯)9.Hehasnospecialfaultexcept(that)hesmokestoomuch.10.Thissuitfitsmewellexceptthatthetrousersaretoolong.263 132.for的用法(1)1.for:1)为了(某个目的):Attwelve,shegoeshomeforlunch.十二点她回家吃午饭。Canyoucomeforaninterviewat10?你十点钟能来面谈吗?Thisisforreducingyourtemperature.这是为你退烧的。2)为(某人或某事):Heplannedtowritesomestoriesforchildren.他计划为儿童写些故事。WhatcanIdoforthiscough?我有什么办法治这咳嗽?Forlongdistancecalls,dial1first.打长途电话先拨1。3)想找(某人),想得到:Someoneisaskingforyouonthephone.有人找你接电话。Soweturnedtoworkersforadvice.因此我们向工人们求教。Wehavetosendintheplanforapproval.这计划我们得送上去批。4)表示原因:Thankyouforyourwarmhospitality.谢谢你们的热情招待。Sheapologizedforbeinglate.她为迟到表示了歉意。I곰msosorryforwhathashappened.发生了这件事我非常抱歉。5)对⋯⋯:Wewerefilledwithadmirationforhiscourage.我们对他的勇敢充满崇敬之情。Takeit.It곰sgoodforyou.吃掉吧,这对你有好处的。Heexpressedsympathyforthecommonpeople.他对平民百姓表现了同情。6)给(某人的):IsthisthemoneyorderforRobert?这是给罗伯特的汇票吗?Thereisafaxforyou.有你一份传真。Handingmetheletter,hesaid,“It곰sforyou.”他送给我一封信说,“这是你的。”7)供⋯⋯用的:Doyouhaveanapartmentforrent?你的单元房出租吗?Itisageneralhospitalforthatdistrict.这是那个区的综合医院。Haveyouroomforusthere?那儿有我们坐的地方吗?(待续)264 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.That곰sforyou.2.Yououghtbehappyforme!3.Allforone,andoneforall!4.That곰swhatwe곰reherefor.5.Theycametotheriverforwater.6.Thesugarisbadforyourteeth.7.Hehasgreatrespectforhisfather.8.Thisknifeisforcuttingbread.9.Wewentforaswim.10.Eggsaregoodforyou.11.Ialwayswriteformyownpeople.12.Wemustcampaignforlowerpricesandrents.13.Theymadehergotohospitalforacheck-up.14.Willyoucomeforastroll?15.ShewenttoFranceforholiday.16.Iaskedthemforanenvelope.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsformedwithforinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中由for构成的成语下划线):1.Theywilllivethereforever.(永远)2.Gold,forexample,isvaluable.(例如)3.Iwantyoutostay—forgood.(长期地)4.Justcoffeefornow,thanks.(暂时)5.Youaretooyoung,foronething.(一个问题是⋯⋯)6.I곰lldoeverythingforhissake.(为了⋯⋯)7.Ifyoudon곰tbelieveme,goandseeforyourself.(自己去⋯⋯)8.They곰llcapturehimforsure.(一定)9.Hedidn곰tknowforcertainwhichbustotake.(肯定)10.He곰swillingtoworkfornothing.(白干)265 133.for的用法(2)8)表示一段时间:Theystoodquietlyforawhile.他们静静地站了一会儿。Hehasworkedasajournalistfortenyears.他当了十年的新闻记者。Iwenttoschoolforfiveyears.我上了五年学。9)表示距离:Ifollowedhimforsomedistance.我跟了他一段路。Thatafternoonwewalkedformilesalongtheriver.那天下午我们沿河走了好些英里。Formilesandmilesyouseenothingbuttrees.多少英里你看到的只是树林。10)到(开往)某地:TheyleftLondonforhomeonFriday.星期五他们离开伦敦回国(家)了。ThisisthetrainforGuangzhou.这是开往广州的火车。TheshipwasforNewYork.这艘船是开往纽约的。11)赞成(引起短语作表语):Areyouforthemotion,oragainstit?这项建议你赞成还是反对?Howmanyofyouarefortheidea?你们多少人赞成这个意见?Theyareallforgoingbyplane.他们都赞成坐飞机去。12)作为:I곰llkeepitforasouvenir.我要把它留作纪念。Whatshallwehaveforlunch?我们中饭吃什么?Thehousesarenowusedforoffices.这些房子现在用做办公室了。13)表示价格、工资等:Hesoldthecamerafortenpounds.这个照相机他卖了十英镑。Theblouseisonsale,foronly＄10.这件女式衬衫减价卖,只要十美金。Theyworkedontheplantationsfor75dollarsperweek.他们在种植园干活,每周工资75美元。14)引起短语作不定式逻辑上的主语:Thebestthingisforyoutodoityourself.最好是你自己去干。I곰vegotsomepicturebooksforyoutolookat.我有一些连环图画给你看。Hestoodasideformetopass.他站到旁边让我过去。还可构成许多成语(可参阅练习Ⅱ)。266 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Shehasbeenwaitingforhalfanhour.2.Forcenturiesscientistshadtriedtofindouthowtofly.3.Theyranfortenmiles.4.Hehasdonewellforabeginner.5.Thankyouforcoming.6.Whenshesawthemsheweptforjoy.7.Shehadanaturalgiftforteaching.8.Heexpressessympathyforthecommonpeople.9.IstartforSanFranciscoinacoupleofdays.10.Thesunwassinkingandweturnedforhome.11.I곰mfordoingnothingtillthepolicearrive.12.You곰reaChristian.You곰vegottoreturngoodforevil.13.TheeditorpromisedMartinfiftydollarsforthepoem.14.Shegaveher￡50foraweddingpresent.15.Itwouldbebestforyoutowritetohim.16.Thesimplestthingisforhimtoresignatonce.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsformedwithforinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中由for构成的成语下划线):1.Forallhiswealth,hewasunhappy.(尽管)2.Taketheirpresentcase,forinstance.(以⋯⋯为例)3.Wewalkedsoftlyforfearofwakingtheothers.(惟恐)4.Hesaidhe곰sbeenthinkingaboutitforages.(很久)5.I,forone,wasagainsttheplan.(以⋯⋯为例)6.Isaiditforyourgood.(为了⋯⋯好)7.FormypartIprefertoremainhere.(就⋯⋯来说)8.Youmustdecideforyourself.(自己来)9.Shediditforfun.(为了好玩)10.Itisn곰tforsale.(供售卖)267 134.from的用法1.from:1)从(某时起):Fromsunrisetosunsethewaited.从太阳升起到日落他一直等待着。They곰rebusyfrommorningtillnight.他们从早忙到晚。Shehadlikedhimfromthedayshemethim.从认识他以来她一直喜欢他。2)从(某地):ThetraingoesfromParistoLondon.这趟火车从巴黎开往伦敦。EvenfromfarawayshecouldseethesmileonMary곰sface.即使从远处她也可以看到玛丽脸上的笑容。Sheapproachedhimfrombehind.她从后面向他走来。3)来自:Wheredoyoucomefrom?你是哪里人?ThisisMissThomasfromNewYork.这是来自纽约的汤玛斯小姐。It곰llbefrombothofus.它将是我们两人送你的。4)由于,因为:Hefelttiredfromarguing.他辩论得累了。Shefeltweakfromlackofsleep.她由于睡眠不足感到浑身无力。Theyoftensufferedfromhungerinthosedays.那时他们常常挨饿。5)离⋯⋯多远:It곰sfarfromhere.它离这里很远。Thehouseistwomilesfromthevillage.房子离村庄有两英里远。Farfromeye,farfromheart.眼不见,心不烦。(谚)6)从⋯⋯看,根据:Fromhisappearance,youwouldn곰tthinkhewasold.从他的外表看,你不会认为他老了。Fromherlooksyouwouldsayshewasabouttwenty.从她的外貌看,你会说她约莫二十岁。FromwhatIheard,thedriverwastoblame.根据我听到的情况看,开车的人有责任。还可用在某些成语中(可参阅练习Ⅱ)。268 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(把下面句子翻译成汉语):1.Heworksfromnineo곰clockuntilfiveo곰clock.2.FiveyearsfromnowI곰llbeworkingforachemicalcompany.3.WetravelledtoLondonfromOxford.4.Theboatslookedliketoysfromwherewestood.5.Here곰saletterfromTom.6.SomeofthemhavecomefromasfarasNevadaandWashington.7.Theyaretiredoutfromplantingthecornyesterday.8.Thechildcriedfromhunger.9.Sheshiveredfromcold.10.ThenItookmywatchfromunderthepillow.11.Acarriagecamealongfrombehindme.12.IshallbewithyouinNewYorkoneweekfromtoday.13.Sheknewfromhisfacethatshewasoutofdanger.14.TranslatethisletterfromEnglishintoFrench.15.ThismusicisfromoneofMozart곰soperas.16.Shemanagedtorestrainhimfromtakingsuchafoolishstep.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsformedwithfrominthesesentences(在下面句子中由from构成的成语下划线):1.Breadismadefromflour.(用⋯⋯做的)2.Sheisgoingtolivewithyoufromnowon.(从今以后)3.Fromthenontheywerethegreatestoffriends.(从那之后)4.Thechildrenhardlyseeanyone,apartfromtheirparents.(除了)5.Asidefromfarmwork,theyalsohavemanyhouseholdduties.(除了)6.He곰sfarfrompleased.(远不是)7.Thingsweregoingfrombadtoworsebetweenthem.(每况愈下)8.Frombeginningtoendhisconducthadbeendespicable.(从头至尾)9.Shewastremblingfromheadtofoot.(从头到脚)10.Amotherlovesababyfromthebottomofherheart.(打心眼里)269 135.in的用法1.in:1)在⋯⋯内:Thetelephoneisinmystudy.电话在我书房里。Whichhotelshallwestayin?我们住哪家旅馆?Sheworksinthestudiointhemorning.上午她在画室工作。2)在(一段时间)内:Intheeveningwearrivedatthehotel.傍晚时我们到达旅馆。IreturnedtoChinainthemiddleofJune.我六月中旬回到中国。Marystartedschoolin1992.玛丽1992年开始上学。3)在(一段时间)后:I곰llcomeroundinadayortwo.我一两天就回来。Inanhourtherewasatelegramback.一个钟头后就回电报了。I곰llbebackinnotime.我一会儿就回来。4)表示状态、特征等:Everybodywasinhighspirits.人人都情绪高昂。Hismindwasinconfusion.他脑子里很乱。Doyouhavethesepantsinyellow?这种裤子你有黄色的吗?5)(引起短语作状语)表示方式、目的等:Shelookedatusinanger.她气愤地瞧着我们。Lottadancedroundinexcitement.洛塔兴奋地跳起舞来。6)在⋯⋯的过程中:Indoingsohefellintocontradictions.在这样做时他又陷入矛盾了。Indoingwelearn.在干中学。7)在⋯⋯方面:Didyouhaveanydifficultyinfindingtheplace?你找这个地方有困难吗?Shewasweakinmathematics.她数学不行。8)在⋯⋯上:Theyacceptedtheplaninprinciple.他们在原则上接受了这个计划。It곰sonlycorrectintheory.这只是在理论上正确。还可构成许多成语(可参阅练习Ⅱ)。270 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.We곰llcampinthewood.2.Don곰tstandinthesun,sitintheshade.3.Byronputtheenvelopeinhispocket.4.Doyouworkinthedaytimeoratnight?5.Inaweekortwo,you곰llbestronger.6.Theyfinishedtheprojectinnotime.7.IneversawyouinaT-shirt.8.Whoisthatlovelygirlinrags?9.Theywereinside,deepinconversation.10.Isheingoodhealth?11.Emilywasintears.12.Sheshookherheadinamazement.13.Markgazedathiminenvy.14.Indoingsohewaswounded.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsformedwithinandtelltheirmeaning(在用in构成的成语下划线,并说出它们的意思):1.Ivisited,inall,tenhospitalsinChina.()2.Theinspectorsaidnothinginanswertothis.()3.Youtakeyourumbrellaincaseitrains.()4.Therewasabiglakeinfrontofthem.()5.We곰veadifficulttaskinfrontofus.()6.TheChristmasdancewasinfullswing.()7.Hermother곰sinherearlyforties.()8.Icamebackthistimeinordertohelpmyaunt.()9.Theschoolbusarrivedin(good)time.()10.ThefilmhasbeendubbedinEnglish.()11.HetoldmeindetailwhatIshoulddo.()12.Theeditorialwillbebroadcastedinfullbytheradio.()13.TheweatherinFloridaiswarmingeneral.()14.Inmyopinion(view)heiswrong.()271 136.inside和into的用法1.inside:1)在里面:Theydidalotofworkinsidethetradeunions.他们在工会内部做了许多工作。Hehadonlybeeninsidethehousetwice.这房子他只进去过两次。2)到里面:Iwentquicklyinsidethedrawingroom.我快步走进客厅。Don곰tletthedogcomeinsidethehouse.不要让狗到屋里来。2.into:1)进入:ThentheydroveintoLondon.然后他们开车进入伦敦。I곰llseeyouintothetrain.我送你上火车。Let곰sgointothatroom.咱们到那屋里去。2)使成为:Wemustputthesetheoriesintopractice.我们必须把这些理论付诸实践。PutthisintoEnglish.把这译为英语。Ican곰tputthemintowords.我不能用言语把它们表达出来。3)进入(某种状态):Alltheworkersthenwentintoaction.这时所有工人都行动起来。Theyallburstintolaughter.他们都哈哈大笑起来。Theplantwentintoproductionlastyear.这家工厂是去年投产的。4)用于某些成语:Theyworkedfarintothenight.他们一直干到深夜。We곰llhavetogointothatlateron.这些问题我们只好以后再研究。Iwon곰tgointodetailsnow.现在我就不详谈了。Theyaremakinginquiriesintothismatter.他们正在调查这件事。Comingout,heranintoPeter.他出来时碰到了彼得。You곰llgetintotroubleifyou곰recarelesslikethat.要是这样粗心大意,你会出问题的。272 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):(A)1.Let곰sgoinsidethehouse.2.Sohewaited,justinsidethedoorofthestore.3.Theseedsareinsidesomefruit.4.Hepromisedtoarriveinsideanhour.5.Itwasthefirsttimehehadbeeninsideaneditorialoffice.6.Afterthesecondcongress,theconflictinsidethepartyflaredup.7.Sheputthemoneyinsidethebag.8.Theearlystagesofgrowthmaytakeplaceinsidethemother곰sbody.(B)1.Heidiwentintothehouse.2.Hefellintothesea.3.Astimewentby,thebabygrewintoalovelygirl.4.Shemadethematerialintoadress.5.Thewaterthenturnedintoice.6.Mrs.Gechardtburstintotears.7.Thislawwentintoforcein1944.8.Let곰sdivideitintothreeparts.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsformedwithintoandtelltheirmeaning(在into构成的成语下划线,并说明其意义):1.Thiswillbringusallintoharmony.()2.Itwillbringyouintocontactwithallsortsofpeople.()3.Hewasalwaysgettingintotrouble.()4.Itgetsmeintoallkindsofdifficulties.()5.Theywentintoitverythoroughly.()6.Ifyou곰veanycomplaint,letmeknow,andI곰lllookintothem.()7.Hesaidhewouldinquireintothat.()8.Iranintothemnowandthen.()9.Ourboatranintoaforce-ninegaleinthechannel.()10.Hedroveintoapole.()273 137.like和near的用法1.like:1)像(一样):Wearelikebrothersandsisters.我们情同手足。Ifeelexactlylikeyou.我和你的感受完全一样。Itdoesn곰tlooklikemine.这不像是我的。2)(和this,that连用)这样,那样:Heisalwayslikethat.他总是那样。Youmustn곰tthinklikethat.你不要那样想。I곰veneverseenhimlikethisbefore.我从未见他像这样过。3)(和what连用)是什么样子,怎样:What곰stheplacelike?这地方是什么样子?What곰stheirlifelike?他们的生活怎样?Whatdoesitlook(taste)like?它是什么样子(味道)?4)用于某些成语:Itlookslikesnow(rain).看起来要下雪(雨)了。That곰sjustlikeher.She곰salwayssofrank.她就是这个样子,总是那样直率。Idon곰tfeellikeeatinganything.我不想吃什么。Hesaidhe곰dworklikeanything.他说他要拼命工作。2.near:1)靠近,离⋯⋯很近:Theysatatatablenearthewindow.他们在靠近窗子的一张桌子旁坐下。TheCapitalGymnasiumisnearthezoo.首都体育馆离动物园不远。Don곰tgoneartheedge.不要到靠边的地方去。2)快到(某时):Itwasnearmidnightwhentheyarrived.他们到达时已快到午夜了。Areyouneartheendofthebook?这本书你快看完了吗?这个介词可用于比较级和最高级:MercuryismuchsmallerthanEarthandmuchnearerthesun.水星比地球小得多,也离太阳近得多。Iwassittingnearesttheaisle.我坐在靠通道最近的地方。274 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Thechildrencouldswimlikefish.2.Thephotographwasn곰tabitlikeme.3.It곰llbejustlikenew.4.Theywerejustlikeeachother.5.Itlookslikerubberandfeelslikerubber,too.6.Shefeltlikecrying.7.Ididn곰tfeellikedoinghomework.8.Herheartthumpedlikecrazy.9.Assoonastheysawthecops,theyranlikehell.10.I곰mgoingtoworklikeanything.11.That곰sjustlikeyou!12.Howdareyouspeaktomelikethat?13.Itlookslikebeingafineday.14.Whataretheflowerslike?15.I곰dliketoseewhatParislookslikeatnight.16.Thereisnothinglikeahotbathwhenyouaretired.Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.WehavetobenearthehospitalonaccountofMadame.2.Wearenowalittleneartheendofthejourney.3.Don곰tstandsonearthetrain.4.Hisopinionisverynearmyown.5.Youranswerwasveryneartherightone.6.Heknewhewasneardeath.7.MybirthdayisverynearChristmas.8.Sharepricesareneartheirrecordhighoflastyear.9.It곰sverydifficulttogetnearhim.10.Goandsitnearerthefire.11.Johnisnearestmeinage.12.Whydon곰tyoumoveyourchairnearermine?275 138.of的用法1.of:1)的(表示所属关系):It곰sthecustomofthecountry.这是这个国家的习俗。HaveyougotthecompleteworksofShakespeare?你有没有莎士比亚全集?What곰syourdateofbirth?你出生日期是哪一天?2)表示特征(作表语或定语):We곰reofthesameopinion.我们的意见是一致的。Yourhelpisofgreatvaluetous.你的帮助对我们很有价值。Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.物以类聚。(谚)3)和表示数量的词连用:Thefourofuswentonworking.我们四个人继续干。I곰mgoingtogetapacketofcigarettes.我去买一包烟。We곰vegotplentyofworktodo.我们有很多工作要做。4)用在带先行词it的句子中,表示谈某人的情况:It곰sgoodofyoutotakethetrouble.你费心做这事我非常感谢。It곰sniceofyoutothinkofus.难为你想到我们。It곰scarelessofyoutoforgettolockthedoor.你忘了锁门,太粗心了。5)(和动词连用)表示想到、谈到等:Ioftenthinkofourdaystogether.我常常想到我们在一起的日子。Theybegantotalkoftheirhometown.他们开始谈起他们的家乡。Ireadofitinamagazine.我是在一本杂志上读到这事的。6)(和一形容词连用)表示对⋯⋯的某种情绪:She곰sveryfondofsports.她酷爱运动。Hewassickofthecity.他讨厌那座城市。There곰snothingtobeafraidof.没有什么可怕的。7)(和名词或形容词连用)表示动宾关系:It곰sjustawasteofmoney.这完全是浪费金钱。Ihopethiswillbeproductiveofresults.我希望这能产生结果。还可用于某些成语(可参阅练习Ⅱ)。276 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Hemeasuredthetopofthetable.2.He곰soneofmyfriends.3.Hewasapersonofwidesocialrelationships.4.Thesewerefishesofmanyhuesandsizes.5.ShebegantotalkofParis.6.SheremindedhimofMissWilkinson.7.HespokeofhisstudentdaysinGermany.8.Ihatetothinkofpeoplebeingworriedaboutus.9.ThenshedrankapotofChinatea.10.Thereweremillionsofblossoms.11.Thereweretenofus.12.Shewasamereslipofagirl.13.Whatadevilofaname!14.Itwasmeanofyoutoinsulther.15.It곰sniceofhertodothat.16.Markwasafriendoftheirs.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsformedwithof(在of构成的成语下划线):1.He곰sthemostbeautifulswanofall.(在所有⋯⋯中)2.Ofcourseyourmother곰sabsolutelyright.(当然)3.Hewentofhisownaccord.(自愿)4.Shedidthisofherownfreewill.(自愿)5.InAmerica,bothmenandwomencomeofageat21.(成年)6.Yourpoorfatherhassufferedverymuchoflate.(近来)7.HethinksI곰mafool,well,whatofit?(有什么关系)8.Aren곰tyouashamedofwhatyou곰vedone?(为⋯⋯感到羞耻)9.Nickyisn곰tjealousofyou.(妒忌⋯⋯)10.We곰reproudofourmotherland.(为⋯⋯感到骄傲)11.Whatisheafraidof?(害怕)12.Hediedofcancer.(死于⋯⋯)277 139.off的用法1.off:1)从(一平面上)下来:Williefelloffhisbike.威利从自行车上摔了下来。Wheredidyougetoffthetrain?你在哪儿下火车的?Let곰stakethepictureoffthewall.咱们把画从墙上取下来吧。2)离⋯⋯(不远的地方):Theislandisabout100milesoffthecoast.这座岛离海岸约一百英里。TheylivedinalittlehouseoffBrookRoad.他住在离布鲁克路不远的一栋小房子内。TheshipsankamileoffLangness.船在离兰涅斯一英里处沉没。3)不在⋯⋯上面:Duckandgreenpeasisnowoffthemenu.鸭子配豌豆现在不在菜单上了。Itwillbeagoodthingwhenthoseoldcarsareofftheroad.那些老爷车不在马路上跑了是一件好事情。4)脱离,偏离:Theshipwasblownoff(her)course.那艘船被风吹得偏离了航道。Halfofwhathesaidwasoffthesubject.他说的话有一半偏离了正题。Thespeakerkeptwanderingoffthepoint.演讲人不断偏离正题。5)用于某些成语:Heisoffcigarettes.他戒烟了。Shecomesoffdutyat5.她五点钟下班。Weshouldn곰tbeoffguard.我们不能丧失警惕。Hemustbeoffhishead.他准是发疯了。Allthisisofftherecord.这一切都不能发表。Hetooktenpenceofftheprice.他减价十便士。278 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Thewindblewhishatoffhishead.2.Ansongotofftheplane.3.Theparrotflewoffhisshoulder.4.Icouldn곰ttakemyeyesoffher.5.TherearesomefascinatingislandsoffthecoastofAfrica.6.Thepoolshouldberightofftherosegarden.7.It곰soffPortlandStreet,doyouthinkyoucanfindit?8.Anyway,you곰rewayoffthesubject.9.Ican곰tgettheringoffmyfinger.10.Thecoverhascomeoffmybook.11.Shesprangoffherbed,washedherfaceandwentdowntotea.12.Thebookfelloffthetable.13.Hejumpedoffhishorse.14.Theheelcameoffhershoe.15.YouwillfindthepostofficejustoffHarbourStreet.16.Quiteaweightoffmymind.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsformedwithoffandtelltheirmeaning(在由off构成的成语下划线,并说出它的意思):1.Sailorsliketogosightseeingwhentheyareoffduty.()2.Bill곰soffdrugsnow.()3.Neverstandupinacanoe,itwillgetoffbalanceandturnover.()4.Theboxerwasoffguard,hisopponentlandedaknockoutpunch.()5.Thereisnoquestionthatheisoffhishead.()6.Heofferedtotake10%offtheregularprice.()7.ThePresidenttoldthereportershisremarkswerestrictlyofftherecord.()8.Thankyoueversomuch.Ittakesaloadoffmymind.()9.ByFebruary24thepamphletwasoffthepress.()279 140.on的用法1.on:1)在(一平面上):TimissittingwithSaraonabench.蒂姆和莎拉坐在一条长凳上。Hepinnedthebadgeonhiscoat.他把徽章别在大衣上。Theytravelleddowntheriveronawoodenraft.他们乘坐木筏顺江流而下。2)在(一条线上):Theyarestillsittingonthefence.他们仍持骑墙的态度。HecomesfromasmallcityontheYangtzeRiver.他来自长江边上的一座小城。Ourapartmentison6thAvenue.我们的住房在第六大道上。3)在(某一天,某天早上等):TheyarrivedinShanghaionMay20.他们五月二十日到达上海。OnSundaymorning,hegetsuplate.星期天早上他起来很晚。Ontheweekend,Johndoesn곰tgotowork.周末约翰不上班。4)在(刚⋯⋯)的时候:OnreachingthecityhecalledupJulie.一到城里他就给朱莉打了电话。I곰llwritetohimonhearingfromyou.一接到你的信我就给他写信。Onhisreturnhetoldusaboutthemeeting.他一回来就给我们谈了会议的情况。5)(和come,go等动词连用)表示目的:Shehasbeenawayonalongtrip.她出去做了一次长途旅行。TheywenttoParisonamission.他们到巴黎去执行一项任务。I곰vecomehereonbusiness.我是有公事来的。6)关于(意思接近about):Hemadeaspeechonthecurrentsituation.他做了一个关于当前形势的报告。TheyaskedhimtowriteontheIrishquestion.他们请求他写一写爱尔兰的问题。You곰rewrongonalltheseissues.在这些问题上你的看法都错了。7)(和一些名词连用作表语)表示状态、活动等:Theworkersareonstrikeagain.工人们又罢工了。Hewasonnightshiftthatweek.那星期他上夜班。Weshouldbeonguardagainstsuchpeople.我们应警惕这种人。还可用于某些成语(可参阅练习Ⅱ)。280 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(把下面句子译为汉语):1.Thetownstandsonahill.2.Heplayedapieceofmusiconthepiano.3.IwatchedthefootballgameonTV.4.IgaveJuliaapresentonherbirthday.5.Ishan곰tbeabletocomeonJanuary1.6.Heranoffonseeingthepolice.7.Onherarrivalshetelephonedhermother.8.HewroteabookonAfricananimals.9.ShegaveatalkonHealthandPollution.10.Thelectureisoncontemporarypoetry.11.Theyareonholiday.12.Shewasonnightduty.13.Whoisonthetelephone?14.Crimesbywomenwereontherise.15.Hisshowisontheairatsixo곰clock.16.Icome,sir,onyourinvitation.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsformedwithonandtelltheirmeaning(在由on构成的成语下划线,并说明其意义):1.Hewentawayonfoot.()2.Heboughtthecaronimpulse.()3.I곰llaskhimonwhoseauthorityheacted.()4.Don곰tgiveuponmyaccount.()5.He곰sgonetoGermanyonbusiness.()6.Theschoolbusarrivedatschoolonschedule.()7.That곰sverysatisfactoryonthewhole.()8.Heacceptedthecuponbehalfoftheteam.()9.Iobjecttothewholethingonprinciple.()10.Thetrainleftontime.()11.Thenthestudentcanstrugglewiththeproblemonhisown.()12.Shelookedathimnowandthenonthesly.()281 141.outof和outside的用法1.outof:1)从⋯⋯(出来):Hegotoutofhiscar.他走下车来。Issheoutofhospitalyet?她出院了吗?Shebroughtsomethingoutofherbag.她从袋里拿出一样东西。2)向外面,在外面:Bedelialookedoutofthewindow.贝迪丽亚向窗外望望。Weliketoeatoutofdoorsinsummer.夏天我们喜欢在户外吃饭。Itwasgoodjusttobeoutofdoors.单是在户外就很愉快。3)从(接近from):Hewatchedthecountryoutofthewindow.他从窗口眺望田野。Theycouldn곰tgetawordoutofher.他们从她口里一句话也得不到。Itwasmadeoutofivory.这是用象牙做的。4)出于,由于:Theyhavedonethatoutofconcernforus.出于关心我们他们才这样做。Wedidthatoutofgratitudetoyou.我们由于感激你才这样做。Hediditoutofcuriosity.他这样做是出于好奇。5)离开,不在⋯⋯里面:Sheisalreadyoutofdanger.她已脱离危险。Putthatoutofyourmind.不要想它了。Outofsight,outofmind.眼不见,心不烦。(谚)6)(作表语)用完,没有:Shewasoutoffunds.她的钱用完了。Hequicklyrealizedhewasoutofammunition.他很快明白他的子弹用完了。Clementineisoutofwork.克列门苔现在失业了。还可用于某些成语(可参阅练习Ⅱ)。2.outside在⋯⋯外面:Theyleftthecaroutsidethemainentrance.他们把车停在大门外边了。Outsidethewindowitwasacharmingmorning.窗外是迷人的早晨。Shehasneverbeenoutsidethecity.她从未出过城。282 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese:1.AfterawhileIgotoutofbed.2.PleasetellhimtogetoutofItaly.3.Theywouldn곰tallowanyoneoutoftheroom.4.Audreyhelpedusoutofkindness.5.Sheisn곰toutofWarsawyet.6.Shefeltitwasmerelyoutofpoliteness.7.Shetookherfewspareclothesoutofthewardrobe.8.Myplaceissixmilesoutoftown.9.Everyweekhelaidbyfiftydollarsoutofhissalary.10.Shediditoutofpity.11.Ihavedonethatoutofregardformysister.12.Nowstandoutofmylight.13.Whenhelookedagain,ithadpassedoutofsight.14.Hecouldn곰tgetheroutofhismind.15.NineoutofeverytenPakistanisareMoslems.16.Shewassoonoutofpatience.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsformedwithoutofandtelltheirmeaning:1.It곰squiteoutoffashion.()2.Thebellwon곰tring.Itisoutoforder.()3.Sheknewfromhisfacethatshewasoutofdanger.()4.He곰sseldomoutofpain.()5.Themachineisoutofrepair.()6.Hewasfeelingratheroutoffun.()7.HisinformationaboutLondonwasoutofdate.()8.Thebookisoutofprint.()9.Henrywasbadlyoutofpractice.()10.Hewasoutofemployment(work).()11.Hismotherthoughthewasoutofhissenses.()12.Youseemratheroutoftemperthismorning.()13.IwasoutofbreathwhenIgottothebank.()283 142.over的用法1.over:1)在⋯⋯上方:Alampwashangingoverthetable.一盏灯悬在方桌上方。Hesawanarchedstonebridgeovertheriver.他看到河上有一座石头拱桥。Shesawawaterbirdflyingoverthelake.她看到一只水鸟从湖上飞过。2)在(从⋯⋯)上面:Shespreadaclothoverthetable.她在桌上铺了一块桌布。Sheworeawhiteshawloverhershoulders.她肩上披着一条白披巾。Ahovercraftgoesoverlandandwater.气垫船可以在陆地和水上行走。3)为⋯⋯,对⋯⋯:Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.牛奶洒了哭也无用。(谚)Wearedeeplygrievedoverhisdeath.为他的逝世我们感到深切的悲痛。Therehasbeenmuchdiscussionoverthequestion.对这个问题大家有不少的讨论。4)在⋯⋯(时期)中:Thesearethemainthingswehavelearntoverthepastyear.这是我们过去一年里学到的主要东西。Overthepastfewyearstheyhaveconsistentlygatheredingoodharvests.过去几年他们的收成一直很好。Hecametotownovertheweekend.他周末时进城来了。5)多于,不止(表示数量):Over1,000peopleattendedthememorialmeeting.一千多人参加了追悼会。Hetalkedforoverhalfanhour.他谈了半个多钟头。Thegirlisalittleoverfive.这女孩有五岁多一点。6)比⋯⋯高(增长):Theirincomeincressedby21percentoverthatoftheprevionsyear.他们的收入比头一年增长百分之二十一。Theoutputvalueinthefirstquarterwas10percentoverthesameperiodlastyear.第一季度产值比去年同期高百分之十。还可用于某些成语(可参阅练习Ⅱ)。284 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese:1.Ifeltasthoughanaxhungovermyhead.2.Heputhishandoverhiseyes.3.Therobinflewoverthewall.4.Wehavetojumpoverthem.5.Ifeltalittleanxiousoverher.6.Don곰tbesadoveryourbadluck.7.Shewasoverthirty.8.Hewasawayforoveramonth.9.Overahundredpeoplewereintheroom.10.Let곰stalkaboutitoverdinner.11.Theaeroplaneflewoverthehouse.12.Hespreadahandkerchiefoverhisfacetokeepthefliesoff.13.Asmilecameoverherface.14.Thenewscameovertheradio.15.Shewasexcitedovertheouting.16.AreyoustayinginLondonoverChristmas?Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsformedwithover,andtelltheirmeaning:1.Paperwasstrewnalloverthefloor.()2.Englishisbeingspokenallovertheworld.()3.Hereisadifficultyforustogetover.()4.Inmymind,Iwentovereverythingthathadhappened.()5.Afteryoufinishthetest,gooveritagaintolookformistakes.()6.Abusranoveradogandkilledit.()7.Theytriumphedovertheiropponents.()8.Inthemeantime,watchoverher.()9.Themayorpresidedoverthetownmeeting.()10.Shehadalreadytoldmeoverthetelephoneaboutit.()11.OvertheyearstheytriedtohelpreleaseRussianjews.()12.Igottoknowhimwellovertheyears.()285 143.past,per和round的用法1.past:1)从旁过去:Shewalkedpastthehouse.她从屋旁走过。Isawaboyrunningpastmywindow.我看见一个男孩从我窗前跑过去。2)(时间)过了:It곰saquarterpasttwo.现在是两点一刻。Itmustbepastfive(midnight).现在准过了五点(半夜十二点)了。3)超过,无法:Heisfarpastforty.他已四十好几了。Thesituationispasthope(cure).情况已不可救药。2.per:1)每⋯⋯:They곰re＄2.50perkilo.它们每公斤两块五美金。Hiscardoes35milespergallonofpetrol.他的汽车每加仑汽油走35英里。2)用于percent(美国多连写):Oversixtypercentofallfamiliesownatelevision.百分之六十的家庭都有电视机。3.round:1)围着,环绕:Wemightaswellsitroundthetable.我们不妨围着桌子坐。Helookedroundhiminastonishment.他惊异地向周围瞧一瞧。TheEarthgoesroundtheSun.地球绕着太阳转。2)在⋯⋯范围内:Letmetakeyouroundthetown.我带你到城里看看。Ispenttheafernoongoingroundthefactory.我下午在工厂转了转。Youdon곰thavetolookforherroundhere.你不必在这一带找她。3)表示地点或时间(在⋯⋯前后):It곰sjustroundthecorner.它就在拐角处。I곰llbebackroundMayDay.我在五一前后回来。Theyarrivedround5o곰clock.他们是五点前后到的。286 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Shewentpastthreegardens.2.Hewalkedpastoneofthehotels.3.ShewasgoingtodrivepastStuart곰sapartment.4.Itispast3o곰clock.5.We곰llhavesupperatseven,orhalfpast(seven).6.ThedoctorsaysNicky곰spastthedangerpoint.7.Theysatuptalkingtilllongpastmidnight.8.Theireldestdaughterwaspasteighteen.9.Thepainwasalmostpastbearing.10.Heispastrecovery.11.Hisstupidityispastbelief.12.Fromthemhegainedasalaryofonepoundperweek.13.Theyweregoingtoadvancethirty-fivemilesperdayintoGermany.14.Realincomeperheadroseabout16percentinthepastthreeyears.15.Applescost20penceperpound.16.Ithinkit곰sninetypercentprobable.Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.TheMoonmovesroundtheEarth.2.Thechildrenstoodroundtheteacher.3.Sheworeabeltroundherdress.4.Radarstationswerebuiltroundthecoast.5.Theywalkedroundthetownforanhour.6.Let곰sgoroundthegardensandseewhat곰sout.7.Helookedroundtheroom.8.Let곰swanderroundtheoldstreets.9.CanIshowyouroundthehouse?10.ThishappenedroundEaster.11.Hedisappearedroundthecorner.12.TheylivedinPondstreetroundthecorner.287 144.since和through的用法1.since自从,从⋯⋯以后:Theyhavebeenclosefriendssincechildhood.他们从小就是好朋友。Shehaslivedheresince1990.她从1990年起就在这里住。Ihaven곰tbeenoutmuchsincecominghere.来这里之后我没太出去。Sincewhenhaveyoubeenworkingonthisproject?你从什么时候起搞这项研究工作的?Thishasbeenmyidealsincelongago.好久以来这一直是我的理想。2.through:1)穿过,通过(某地):What곰stheplacewe곰repassingthrough?我们现在经过的是什么地方?Wehelpedhergetoutthroughthebackdoor.我们帮助她从后门逃出。Thereisapaththroughthefields.穿过田野有一条小路。2)经历过:Shemusthavebeenthroughalot.她一定受过很多苦。Theywentthroughmanytrials.他们经历过很多考验。Shetoldusaboutthehardshipsshehadbeenthrough.她跟我们谈了她受过的苦。3)通过(某人或某事):WelearntallthisthroughJohn.这一切我们都是从约翰那里知道的。Welearntospeakthroughspeaking.我们通过说话学说话。Heobtainedtheworkthroughhisownefforts.他是通过自己的努力得到这份工作的。4)由于:Thewarwaslostthroughbadorganization.由于组织不好,战争打败了。Theylostthematchthroughover-confidence.由于过于自信他们赛输了。5)用于某些成语:Wequicklysawthroughhistrick.我们很快看穿了他的鬼把戏。Sotheygotthroughitasquicklyaspossible.于是他们尽快把它干完。Hebegantolookthroughthephotographalbum.他开始翻阅相册。Shereadthroughthreeofthepassages.她看完了三段。HewasillallthroughNovember.整个十一月份他都在生病。I곰lllikeyoutogothroughmybook.我想请你把我的练习看一遍。Theystucktogetherthroughthickandthin.他们同甘共苦一直待在一起。288 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese:1.Hewalkedmilesthroughthecountryside.2.Thetrainranthroughthetunnel.3.Thefoodgoesthroughourstomachestoourintestines.4.Heledmeoutsidethroughglassdoors.5.Wecanonlyseethesecellsthroughamicroscope.6.Isawyouthroughthewindow.7.Shelookedathimthroughthecandlelight.8.Theyattackedhimthroughtheopenwindow.9.TheNightingalesangthroughthenight.10.Silassatthere,alone,allthroughthatday.11.Theaccidenthappenedthroughnofaultofyours.12.Hegothisjobthroughafriend.13.Weheardofitthroughmysister.14.Sincethattimegreatprogresshasbeenmade.15.Eversincegettingtoknowyou,Ican곰tstopthinkingaboutyou.16.Sincewhenhaveyoubeenlivinginthiscountry?Ⅱ.Underlinetheidomsformedwiththroughandtelltheirmeaning:1.Hegotthroughhisexaminations.()2.ThenewtaxbillfinallygotthroughCongress.()3.Ittookusonlyfourminutestogetthroughthecustoms.()4.We곰regottogetthroughalotofworktoday.()5.Theygotthroughthemealwithoutspeaking.()6.I곰dliketocomeandseeyouandgothroughthepoemswithyou.()7.Hewentthroughalongillness.()8.Wemustgothroughtheaccounts.()9.I곰lllookthroughthepapersandseeiftheywereproperlydone.()10.Shereadthroughthreeofthepassages.()11.Shesawthroughthishypocrisy.()12.Thefriendswerefaithfullthroughthickandthin.()289 145.throughout和till的用法1.throughout:1)整个⋯⋯时期:Rainfellthroughoutthenight.雨下了一整夜。Theyworkedlikethatthroughouttheyear.整整一年他们都这样干。Hewasabravefighterthroughouthislife.他英勇斗争了一辈子。2)在全⋯⋯:Schoolswereopenedthroughoutthecountry.在全国兴办了学校。TheFourthofJulyiscelebratedthroughouttheUnitedStates.整个美国都庆祝七月四日(国庆节)。Itisfamousthroughouttheworld.它是全世界出名的。2.till:1)直到:Themeetinglastedtillmidnight.会一直开到午夜。We곰llhavetowaittillMonday.我们得等到星期一再说。Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatmaybedonetoday.绝不要把今天能做的事拖到明天去做。(谚)2)(用于否定句)直到⋯⋯才:Wedidn곰tknowanythingaboutittillyesterday.我们到昨天才知道这件事。Shewon곰tbefreetillnineo곰clock.她九点钟才有空。Theyhadnot,tillthen,thoughtseriouslyofdoingthat.直到这时他们才认真考虑这样做。3)用于某些成语:Theyworkedtogetherfrommorningtillnight.他们从早到晚在一起干。Uptillnowwe곰vegotnonewsfromthem.迄今我们还未得到过他们的消息。Good-byetilltomorrow.明天再见。We곰dbetterleaveittillnextweek.我们最好留到下星期再说。Theyneedn곰thavechildren,tilllater.他们可以以后再要孩子。Iputoffwritingtoyoutilltoday,thatImightwriteatleisure.我推迟到今天才给你写信,为的是能从容不迫地写。290 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese:1.Theybuiltgoodroadsthroughouttheland.2.HispowersoonspreadthroughoutArabia.3.Mandywasrestlessthroughouttheday.4.Heavyrainfalliscommonthroughouttheyear.5.Hevisitedmethroughoutmyillness.6.Shecomplainedthroughoutthejourney.7.Grandpasleptthroughouttheprogram.8.Hewasboredthroughouttheplay.9.Theysearchedthroughoutthehouse.10.Foodwasscarcethroughoutthewar.11.Hehadmisledthecourtthroughoutthetrial.12.Shehasshownthisdevotionthroughouthercareer.Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese:1.Thepartywentontilltwoo곰clock.2.Theytalkedtilldawn.3.Hehadnot,tillthen,thoughtseriouslyofgoingtoShanghai.4.Theydidnotreturnhometillnineo곰clock.5.Ihavenoroomvacanttillnextweek.6.Ididn곰tknowtillnowthatyouwereill.7.Ishallnotgetbacktilllateatnight.8.Ihardlyevergotobedtillhalfpasttwelve.9.HetookchargeofJohnfromtwoo곰clocktilleighto곰clock.10.Goodbyetillthen.11.OneortwothingsI곰vehadtoleavetilltomorrowmorning.12.I곰velivedinthecountryallmylifeuptillnow.13.Whattimedoesdinnergoontill?14.Soyoudidnotcometillafterthat.15.Coxy곰llbeoutthisafternoontilllate.16.Hemadenoreferencetohisillnesstillafterthelesson.291 146.to的用法1.to:1)向(某处),去(某地):Shegoestoschoolbybike.她骑自行车上学。AllroadsleadtoRome.条条大路通罗马。(谚)Whereareyouoffto?你到哪儿去?2)到(某时间或数量):We곰llchangethedatetoFeb.28.我们要把日期改到二月二十八日。It곰stentofourbymywatch.我的表是四点差十分。Thecommitteewillhavefivetosevenmembers.委员会将由五至七人组成。3)向(某人),为:I곰llapologizetoyou.我将向你道歉。Let곰sdrinktothefriendshipbetweenourtwopeoples.让我们为两国人民的友谊干杯。4)对:Heisalwayspolitetopeople.他一向对人彬彬有礼。You곰reawfullynicetous.你对我们太好了。Areyouallergictoanymedicine?你对什么药物过敏吗?5)用于某些成语:Shedidtheworktothebestofherability.她尽量把这工作干好。Totheeastofthehousewasalowhill.房子东边有一座矮山。Wealwaysfitourdeedstoourwords.我们一贯言行一致。Payattentiontothewell-beingofthemasses.关心群众生活。Tooursurpriseeverythingintheroomwasingoodorder.使我们大为吃惊的是房里一切都井井有条。Whenwewereindifficultytheyalwayscometoourassistance.我们有困难时,他们总是来帮忙。Tomymindthearrangementisideal.照我看,这个安排很理想。Thecriticismistosomeextentjustified.这个批评有一定道理。Hedidn곰tspeakquitetothepoint.他没完全讲到点子上。It곰sacrossfromthepostoffice,nexttothepark.它在邮局对面,在公园隔壁。Thefinalscorewas3∶5(threetofive)inourfavour.最后比分是三比五,我们领先。292 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Soofftheywent.Tothezoo.2.Hecametowhereshewasstanding.3.Clarawalkedtoherfather.4.I곰mlookingaheadtothefuture.5.ItwasonlytwelvemilestoColumbia.6.Heworkedfromninetosix.7.HelivedinAthensfrom495to429BC.8.GivethebooktoNora.9.HislettertoHelenwasmissing.10.Henrygrinnedtohimself.11.ToOliviahelookedbetterthanever.12.Sheneededsometimetoherself.13.It곰saquartertofour.14.Hehadfoundanewoceantothesouth.15.Theywonthematchby5goalsto2.16.Hesangto(theaccompanimentof)hisguitar.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsformedwithtointhesentencesandtelltheirmeaning:1.Toouramazementthetraindidnotstop.()2.Tohisdelight,Mr.Fixwasalsoontheship.()3.Toeveryone곰srelief,thelandingwasmadesafely.()4.WillyouagreetowhatIsuggest.()5.Hedecidedtodevotehislifetoimprovingtheconditionsofthepoor.()6.Hecarriedouthisorderstotheletter.()7.Shetorethelettertopieces.()8.Weenjoyedourtriptothefull.()9.Thisinformationisgiventothebestofourknowledge.()10.Ispoketohimseveraltimestonoavail.()11.Hecamequicklytomyassistance.()12.Hisstoryisaliefrombeginningtoend.()293 147.toward(s)和under的用法1.towards(美国有作toward):1)向着,走向:Aboycamerunningtowardsus.一个男孩向我们跑来。Hewasnowwalkingtowardstheriver.这时他向河边走去。Sheistakingcoursestowardsamaster곰sdegree.她正在修硕士学位的课程。2)快到(某时):Towardsoneo곰clocktheyreachedhome.快到一点时他们回到家里。Shecametoseemetowardstheendoftheweek.快到周末时她来看我。It곰sgettingontowardstheendoftermnow.现在已快到期末了。3)对于:Theteacherwasverylenienttowardsus.老师对我们很松。Hehaschangedhisattitudetowardsthework.他改变了对工作的态度。Shehadnoill-feelingtowardshimnow.她现在对他没有恶感了。2.under:1)在⋯⋯下方(面):Theyarecoolingthemselvesunderthetrees.他们正在树下乘凉。Hehadabookunderhisarm.他腋下夹了一本书。Pleasepushthestoolunderthebed.请把凳子推到床底下。2)(用于引申意义)在⋯⋯之下:Alltheiractivitieswereputunderunifiedcommand.他们的一切活动都置于统一指挥之下。Allplacesofstrategicimportancecameundertheiroccupation.所有战略要地都被他们占领。Wedidthatunderorders.我们是奉命行事。3)(引起短语作表语)表示主语所处状态等:Theroadwasunderrepair.路正在修。Theproposalisnowunderdiscussion.提案正在讨论。I곰mabitundertheweather.我有点不舒服。In2040Venicewillbeunderwater.2040年威尼斯将会被水淹没。294 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Elizabethwalkedtowardthedoor.2.Iturnedtowardthehills.3.Sheturnedtowardsotherpeople.4.HisattitudetowardMadelainewascool.5.Healwaysbehavesaffectionatelytowardher.6.Mistellefeltanangertowardhim.7.Here곰s＄30towardthecostofthejourney.8.Wemustsavemoneytowardthechildren곰seducation.9.TowardseveningJackcametoacastle.10.Atlast,towardsdawn,hefellasleep.11.Towardstheendofhislifehebecameconsul.12.Howdoyoufeeltowardtheplan?Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Iwaitedunderthebridge.2.Theyweresittingunderthecherrytree.3.Heisworkingundermyfather.4.Asaforeman,hehasaboutfiftyworkersunderhim.5.Thepriceisunderfivedollars.6.She곰sunderthirty.7.He곰sunderthedoctor곰scare.8.Westudiedunderagoodteacher.9.Underpresentconditionsnochangeispossible.10.Thefortisunderattack.11.Youareunderarrest.12.Childrenunderfiveshouldnotcrossthestreetalone.13.Theprisonersescapedundercoverofdarkness.14.Afteralltherain,mostofthetownwasunderwater.15.Ourplanisunderway.16.Thematterisunderconsideration.295 148.until,up和upon的用法1.until:1)直到:Theytalkeduntiloneo곰clockinthemorning.他们一直谈到半夜一点钟。It곰sbettertowaituntiltomorrow.最好等到明天再说。Theystayedthereuntilquitelate.他们在那儿一直待到很晚。2)(用于否定句)直到⋯⋯才:Wedidn곰tfinishtheworkuntilyesterdayevening.我们昨天晚上才完成这项工作。Theydidnotstopuntilaftersixo곰clock.他们六点以后才收工。Don곰ttellhimaboutituntilalittlelater.等晚一些时候再告诉他。2.up:1)往上:Theboatsaileduptheriver.船逆江而上。ImethimasIwasgoingupthehill.我上山时碰到了他。Hehelpedmetocarrythesuitcaseupthestairs.他帮助我把箱子提上了楼。2)在上⋯⋯的地方:Thehousestandshalfwayupthemountain.房子在半山腰。Theybuiltthepowerstationamileupthehill.他们把电站修在小山往上一英里处。3)沿着(街道):Ataximovedupthestreet.一辆出租车沿街道开来。Jimmyrushedupthestreet.吉米沿街跑着。3.upon:1)在⋯⋯上面(这时用on时更多一些):Sheplacedthetrayupon(on)thetable.她把盘子放在桌上。Alotofworkfellupon(on)hisshoulders.很多工作落到他肩上。2)用于某些成语(有些可用on代替):Wemustn곰timposeourviewsupon(on)others.我们不能把自己的看法强加于人。Helaidgreatstressupon(on)thesecondpoint.他对第二点非常强调。Thefamilylivedupon(on)asmallincome.这家人靠少量收入过活。Theyinsistupon(on)herstayingthereforsupper.他们坚持留她在那里吃晚饭。296 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Theydecidedtowaituntilsummer,andthengotoEurope.2.Untilrecentlytheaveragepeasantownedonlyaboutanacreofland.3.Untilthatmomentshehadbeentreatingmewarmly.4.Until1980astronomersthoughtthatMercurywasthesmallestoftheplanets.5.Thefirstlaserwasnotmadeuntil1960.6.HedidnotreachthepoleuntilJanuary18,1912.7.Wetalkedandlaugheduntilaftermidnight.8.IwasinFlorenceuntilrecently.9.Weneverplaybridgeuntilafterdinner.10.TheyhoneymoonedinEdinburghfromtheendofAugustuntiltheendofOctober.Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.IintendtosailuptheThamestoLondon.2.Thecatclimbedupthetree.3.Thebusclimbedsteadilyuptheroad.4.Theyliveupthehill.5.Wewalkedtogetherupthegardenpath.6.Thenshesawhercomingupthestreet.7.Hewhistledashewentupthepassage.8.I곰vebeendrivingupanddownthestreetlookingforyou.Ⅲ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese:1.Thechildclimbeduponthebed.2.Weeatuponthefloor.3.Uponarrival,theywentinsearchofahotel.4.Sheactedupontheirinstructions.5.Shehasenoughmoneytoliveupon.6.Onceuponatime,therewasabeautifulprincess.7.Allthingsontheeartharemadeupofmillionsuponmillionsofatoms.8.Theywereafraidhewasn곰ttobedependedupon.9.Sheconcentratedherselfuponherwork.10.Hetookituponhimselftoinquireintothematter.297 149.with的用法1.with:1)和,同,与:Iwon곰targuewithyou.我不和你争辩。Howareyougettingonwithhim?你和他相处得怎样?2)对:Youmustbestrictwithus.你对我们要严格。Sheisverypatientwiththechildren.她对孩子们非常耐心。3)用,以:Alltheseyearshefoughtwithhispen.这些年他都以笔进行战斗。Hewantedtokilltwobirdswithonestone.他想一举两得。4)表示原因:Thepoorwomanwastremblingwithfear.那可怜的女人吓得发抖。Theireyesshonewithdelight.他们的眼睛闪耀着喜悦的亮光。5)有,带有:Thesehouseswerebuiltforworkerswithfamilies.那些房子是给有家属的工人盖的。Whoisthatyoungmanwithglasses?那个戴眼镜的青年人是谁?6)(引起短语作状语)说明方式:Hewenthomewithaheavyheart.他心情沉重地回到家里。Everybodyisworkingwithenthusiasm.大家都在热情地工作。7)(和一复合结构构成短语,用作状语)说明方式,背景:Thedaywasbright,withafreshbreezeblowing.天气晴朗,吹来阵阵清风。Hewasworkingtherewithonlyashirton.他光穿一件衬衣在那里干活。8)就⋯⋯来说(with的宾语常可译成主语):Howarethingswithyou?你情况怎样?Everythingwasgoingwellwithus.我们一切都很顺利。9)随着⋯⋯:Temperaturesvarywiththetimeoftheyear.随着时令不同,气温也有变化。Oh,thatcomeswithpractice.啊,这是练出来的。还可用于某些成语中(可参阅练习Ⅱ)。298 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Wemustco-operatewiththem.2.Areyouhappywiththejob?3.Theplacewascrowdedwithpeople.4.Atthenewswealljumpedwithjoy.5.Chinaisacountrywithapopulationofover1.3billion.6.Theyfoundtheplacewithgreatdifficulty.7.Hewassittinginachairwithhisarmsfolded.8.What곰sthematterwithyou?9.Thefeelinghadbeendeepenedwiththepassingoftheyears.10.Withyoursupportwecansurelyfulfilthetask.11.I곰llbewithyouinanhour.12.Withyourability,yououghttohavedonebetter.13.Lauriecamebackwithabunchofbeautifulflowers.14.Howarethingsgoingwithyou?15.Withthesewords,Dunstanwentout.16.HowcouldIsleep,withthewindhowlingroundthehouse?Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsformedwithwithandtelltheirmeaning:1.Thebranchwascoveredwithflowers.()2.ThedoctortoldMaryshewaswithchild.()3.Yeah,I곰mwithyou.()4.Aftercleaningoutthebasement,theboycoulddowithabath.()5.“Olivia,”hesaid,hurryingtocatchupwithher.()6.Downwithfascism!()7.Withmanythanksandbestwishes.()8.Imustgoonwithmywork.()9.Thelawdidawaywithslavery.()10.Wemetwithawarmreception.()11.Ihelpedhimwithhiswork.()12.Thisnoiseisinterferingwithmywork.()299 150.within和without的用法1.Within:1)在⋯⋯以内:It곰swithinthreemilesofthestation.它离车站不到三英里Wemustlivewithinourincome.我们必须量入为出。It곰sataskwithinyourpower.这是你力所能及的。2)在(多少时间)内,不到⋯⋯:Withinadayortwohegotaletterfromthem.他一两天内就收到他们一封信。Theirtroopsshouldbewithdrawnwithinsixtydays.他们的军队必须在六十天内撤出。I곰llbecomingwithhimwithinhalfanhour.我半小时内就和他一道来。2.without:1)不,没有:Heagreedwithoutanycomment.他没说什么就同意了。Wemustdoitwithoutdelay.我们必须毫不拖延地去办。Forfourdays,heworkedwithouttakinganyrest.他毫不停息地一连干了四天。2)(引起短语作表语)没有⋯⋯:Wewereagainwithoutacent.我们又不名一文了。Theywerepoorandwithoutinfluence.他们无钱又无势。(Thereis)Norosewithoutathorn.没有不带刺的玫瑰。(谚)3)用于某些成语:Ifwecan곰tfindthemachine,we곰llhavetodowithoutit.如果找不到机器,我们就只好不用了。Thepoorboyhadtogowithoutshoes(food).这可怜的孩子只好光着脚(饿着肚子)。Itgoeswithoutsayingthattheywillsupportus.不用说他们是会支持我们的。Hewentoffwithoutsomuchassayinghewassorry.他连一句“对不起”都没说就走掉了。Iwilldothisjobforyouwithoutfailure.我一定替你做这件工作。Heis,whitoutadoubt,averyableperson.他毫无疑问是一个很能干的人。300 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.ThreefourthofAfrica곰sterritorylieswithinthetropics.2.SomecometsorbitcompletelywithinourSolarSystem.3.In1974itcamewithin120millionkilometresoftheEarth.4.Withinaminuteshewasback.5.We곰llbemarriedwithinaweek.6.Hewasdeadwithinayear.7.Hekeptwithinthelaws.8.Theybegantofeelthatthericheswerewithintheirgrasp.9.Adesireforrevengeburnedwithinhim.10.Adisperatestrugglewasgoingonwithinher.Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Withoutfood,thedinosaursbecameextinct.2.Ican곰tlivewithoutyou.3.StoredfatcannotbechangedtoenergywithoutvitaminB6.4.Wecouldnotlivewithoutoxygen.5.Withoutyourbrainyoucouldnothearorsee.6.Inevercouldhavedoneitwithoutyourhelp.7.Inthatcountry,12millionpeoplewerewithoutwork.8.Youyourselfaren곰twithoutblame.9.Heseldomspokewithoutthinking.10.HecouldnotgowithoutsayinggoodbyetoClarissa.11.Wewouldn곰thaveleftwithoutyou.12.Withoutanotherwordsheturnedandranaway.13.Theworldprobablycouldnotdowithoutinsects.14.Wehadtodowithouthotfoodbecausethestovewasbroken.15.Itgoeswithoutsayingthattheyenjoyedthemealverymuch.16.Theyshouldbeinformedwithoutdelay.17.Withoutadoubt,shewaspregnantagain.18.Ithadbeenstudiedbyothers,butwithoutsuccess.301 第十五章连词151.连词概说连词不能独立在句中担任句子成分,而只起连接词与词(a),短语与短语(b)以及句与句(c)的作用,如:a.Areyougoingtohavethecontesttodayortomorrow?比赛是今天还是明天举行?b.Doyouhaveyourcoachingintheeveningorintheafternoon?你们的辅导是在晚上还是在下午?c.Hurryup,orwe곰llbelate.赶快,否则我们就迟到了。这里可以看出同一连词or,可以起三种不同的作用。有些连词,有时把自己所在的句子和前面的句子,在意思上连接起来,使前后文比较连贯,如:Atfirstshedidn곰twanttogo.Later,however,shechangedhermind.开始她不想去,但后来她改变了主意。一般说来,连词在英语中运用还比较多,这是值得注意的。连词可分为两类:1.并列连词(Co-ordinatingConjunctions):用来连接平行的词、短语或分句。常见的并列连词有and,but,or,nor,so,therefore,get,however,nevertheless,for,hence,aswellas,both...and,notonly...butalso,either...or,neither...nor,(and)then.2.从属连词(SubordinatingConjunctions):用来引起一个从句,该从句在句中担任一个成分。常见的从属连词有after,when,before,as,while,since,until,till,although,though,if,evenif,unless,lest,because,than,that,whether,sothat,assoonas,aslongas,inorderthat,asif,asthough,suppose(that),provided(that),incase(that),oncondition(that),nowthat,seeingthat,so...that,such...that,as...as,so...as等。302 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheconjunctionsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的连词下划线):1.Heplaystheviolinandtheguitar.2.Shemakesthepaymentsandkeepstheaccounts.3.Heworksquicklybutaccurately.4.Sheisintelligentbutlazy.5.Shedoesn곰tsmokeordrink.6.Hecan곰treadorwrite.7.Youcaneitherwalkthereortakeabus.8.Bothmenandwomencompetedinthesportsmeet.9.Hecouldneitherwritenorreadthelanguage.10.Wemustbeearlyorelsewewon곰tgetseats.11.He곰sfat,yethecanrunveryfast.12.Theparkjustopened,soitwon곰tbeverycrowdedyet.Ⅱ.Underlinetheconjunctionsinthefollowingsentences:1.Whenwelivedintownweoftenwenttothetheatre.2.Asthesunrosethefogdispersed.3.Youdon곰thavetoworrywhilewearehere.4.AfterIvisitShanghai,I곰lltraveluptheYangtze.5.HeranoffbeforeIcouldstophim.6.It곰sjustaweeksincewearrivedhere.7.Iknewnothingaboutituntilhetoldme.8.Onceyoubeginyoucan곰tstop.9.Wecouldn곰twalkfastbecausetheroadwasslippery.10.Nowthatyou곰reallback,we곰dbetterstarttheworkrightaway.11.Ifyoucandoit,socanI.12.Don곰tcomeunlessItelephone.13.Everybodyworkedwithgreatenthusiasmthoughitwasterriblycold.14.OurcountryisasbigasthewholeofEurope.15.Sheexplainedagainandagainlestpeopleshouldmisunderstandher.16.Speakclearlysothatwemayunderstandyou.303 152.并列连词(1)并列连词常可连接两个句子、短语或单词,大体上可分为下面几类:1.表示意思转折的连词:1)but但是:Hetriedhardbuthewasunsuccessful.他做了很大努力,但没成功。She곰sAmericanbutshelivesinEngland.她是美国人,但她住在英国。2)yet但是:Shehasherweaknesses,yetsheishonest.她有她的弱点,但她很诚实。Thecarwasold,yetitwasingoodcondition.这辆车很旧,但车况良好。3)however但是,可是:Hesaidthatitwasso;hewasmistaken,however.他说情况如此,但他错了。Mostpeople,however,praisedSilas.但多数人都赞扬赛拉斯。2.表示因果关系的连词:1)for因为:You곰dbetterputonyoursweater,forit곰srathercoldoutside.你最好穿上毛衣,因为外边相当冷。Itmustbesnowing,foritissobrightoutside.外边这样亮,一定在下雪。2)so因此:Mysisterisexpectingme,soImustbeoffnow.姐姐在等我,因此我得走了。Itwasalreadyratherlate,sowedecidedtogohome.天已经相当晚了,因此我们决定回家。3)therefore所以,为此:Youareintheright,thereforeweshouldsupportyou.你是对的,所以我们应当支持你。Hebroketherulesoftheschool;thereforehehadtoleave.他犯了校规,为此不得不离校。4)hence所以,因而(多用于说理文中):Thewordisanuncountablenounandisusedinageneralsence,henceittakesnoarticle.这词是不可数名词,又用于一般意义,所以不加冠词。304 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Onthemountainitwassunnybutitwascold.2.Thefoxmaygrowgrey,butnevergood.(Prov)3.Theyseethetreesbutnottheforest.4.Hetriedtosaveit,butinvain.5.She곰safunnygirl;yetyoucan곰thelplikingher.6.Thetongueisnotsteelyetitcuts.7.Thoughthesorebehealed,yetascarmayremain.(Prov)8.Ihavefailed,yetIshalltryagain.9.Itisstrangeyettrue.10.Thetextisdifficult.Itis,however,notbeyondyourreach.11.Theroomwasverysmall.Itwasverycomfortable,however.12.Iwanttogototheparty———however,Ihavenotransport.Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Hecouldseenothing,foritwaspitch-blackinsidethecave.2.Icantellyouaboutitnow,forIseeyouaremytruefriend.3.Heshookhishead,forhethoughtdifferently.4.Thedayswereshort,foritwasnowDecember.5.Shemusthavegoneoutearly,forshehadnotshownupatbreakfast.6.Daddyhasasticksohewon곰tslip.7.Youaren곰tlisteningsoI곰llshutup.8.Sheaskedmetogo,soIwent.9.Itrained,thereforethegamewascalledoff.10.Hehadgone,shethereforegavethemoneytome.11.HehadfinishedtheTimes,therewasthereforenothingtodo.12.Mymotherisbyherself,henceImustgohomenow.13.Hehasneitherearnorvoice,hencehecannotsing.14.Thetownwasbuiltonthesideofahill,hencethenameHillside.305 153.并列连词(2)1.其他并列连词:1)and和,而:Menandwomen,oldandyoung,alljoinedinthebattle.男女老少都参加了战斗。Justiceisonyourside.Andjusticewilltriumphoverinjustice.正义在你们一边,而正义是会战胜非正义的。2)or或,否则:Youmaydoityourself,oraskPaultodoit.你可以自己做这事,也可请保罗来做。Imustgonow,orI곰llbelatefortheparty.我现在得走了,否则晚会我会迟到了。3)either...or或是⋯⋯或是,要么⋯⋯要么:Comeeithertodayortomorrow.你今天来或是明天来。Eitheryoumustimproveyourworkorweshalldismissyou.要么你改进工作,要么我们就辞退你。4)neither...nor既不⋯⋯又不:Theyworkedneitherforfamenorforpersonalgain.他们工作既不为名又不为利。Shecouldneitherspeakthelanguagenorwriteit.这个语言她既不能说,又不能写。5)notonly⋯butalso不仅⋯⋯而且:Weshouldnotonlybebold,butalsobecautious.我们不仅要大胆,而且要谨慎。Notonlywasthecoatsoft;itwasalsowarm.这件大衣不仅柔软,而且很暖和。6)both...and(两者)都:Weshouldpayattentionbothtoindustryandtoagriculture.我们对工农业都要重视。Amanshouldhavebothcourageandperseverance.一个人既要有勇气也要有毅力。7)aswellas和:Ihavereadoneofhisnovelsaswellasafewofhisplays.我看过他的一本小说和几个剧本。Itisimportantforyouaswellasforme.这对你对我都很重要。306 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Howmuchiseightandseven?2.Wedancedandsang.3.Leewaitedandwaited.4.Wewalkedmilesandmiles.5.Comeandsitdown.6.Willyouhaveteaorcoffee?7.Isthatyourbookorisitmine?8.Actatonceoritwillbetoolate!9.Hehasahouseinthecountryaswellasahouseintown.10.AswellasteachingEnglish,healsoteachesfootball.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithsuitableconjunctions(用适当连词填空):1.Sheknewitmustbeawhaleaship.2.ButAustriaGermanywouldlistentothissuggestion.3.Hecametoseeme,stayedfordinner.4.sheSophiawereverypleasedwiththegirl.5.Shewantstobeadanceranactress.6.Theyhavesteamheatrunningwater.7.Shakespearewasawriteranactor.8.Biologistsstudyplantsanimals.9.Heiscominghometodaytomorrow.10.Hecouldreadwrite.11.Hecondemnedthearistocracythecapitalists.12.Mybrotherisshyawkward.13.Youcantaketheredonetheblueone.14.Thatismyfaultyours.15.didhespeakmorecorrectly,hespokemorefluently.16.Hehadawifechildren.307 154.从属连词(1)1.引起时间状语从句的连词:1)when当⋯⋯时:DoesithurtwhenIpresshere?我按这里时疼不疼?Theyusuallyleavewhentheworkisdone.他们通常干完活就走了。Theywerehavingtheirdinnerwhenshearrived.她来时他们正吃晚饭。2)while当⋯⋯时,一面⋯⋯一面:Shecutherfingerwhileshewascuttingonions.她切洋葱时把手指切破了。Weshouldstrikewhiletheironishot.我们要趁热打铁。WecanlookforMariawhileyoueat.你们吃着时我们可以去找玛丽亚。3)as在⋯⋯时:Hewavedasthetrainleftthestation.火车离站时他向我们挥手。Ashetalkedonhegotmoreandmoreexcited.他谈着时越来越兴奋。Theylookedupasshewalkedtowardthem.她向他们走去时他们抬起头来。4)before在⋯⋯之前,不等⋯⋯就:IsaidgoodbyebeforeIleft.我离开前先道别。Takethemedicinebeforeyougotobed.睡觉前把这药吃掉。HeranoffbeforeIcouldstophim.我还来不及阻止他他就跑掉了。5)since从⋯⋯后,从⋯⋯以来:Shehasbeenanartistsinceshewasfive.她从五岁起就擅长画画了。Shehashadababysinceshegotmarried.她结婚后生了一个孩子。It곰sjustaweeksincewecamehere.我们到这里才一个星期。6)until(till)直到,到⋯⋯才:Istayedwithheruntilshedied.我陪着她直到她死去。Don곰tleavetillIgetback.在我回来以前你不要走。7)assoonas一⋯⋯就:Assoonasyoufinishthejobletmeknow.你活一干完就通知我。Assoonashegotwell,hewentbacktowork.他病一好就回去上班。8)once一旦⋯⋯就:Itwon곰tbedifficultonceyouhavegotusedtoit.你一旦习惯了就不难了。Oncehesaidthat,Iknewhewaslying.他一说这话我就知道他在说谎了。308 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Heranoffwhenhesawthepolice.2.Shehadnotgoneveryfarwhensheheardfootstepsbehindher.3.Whenhegotuphefeltdizzy.4.IneversmokewhileI곰mdriving.5.Whileshewasdoingthat,Ifoundtwomoreboxes.6.AsIwascominghome,Imetanoldfriendofmine.7.AsItalked,Igainedsomeconfidence.8.Itwasmorethanfortyyearsbeforetheymetagain.9.Beforeshecouldstopherselfshebegantocrysoftly.10.Ithasbeenfourmonthssinceyouleft.11.Shestoodthereuntil(till)theyhadpassedoutofsight.12.Ishallstaytill(until)I곰vecompletedmystudies.13.I곰llringyouupassoonasIgetananswerfromhim.14.AssoonasIgothome,mysistertoldmethenews.15.OnceyouhavelearnedSpanishyouwillfindItalianeasy.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithconjunctions(用连词填空):1.Shecanalwayscometomesheneedshelp.2.Wecantalkweeat.3.WhathaveyoubeendoingIsawyoulast?4.Thinkcarefullyyouanswermyquestion.5.ShewasstillstandingtherePeterwalkedupthepath.6.Justhewasspeakingtherewasaloudexplosion.7.Makehaythesunshines.(Prov.)8.I곰mwritingthis,youcanbedoingsomethingelse.9.Whydogasesexpandtheyareheated?10.Iknewnothingaboutithetoldme.11.IsaidgoodbyeIgotintothecar.12.I곰llphoneyouIhearanynews.309 155.从属连词(2)1.引起原因状语从句的连词:1)because因为:IstudyEnglishbecauseitisusefulformywork.我学英语因为它对我的工作有好处。Sheisinbedbecausesheisill.她没起床因为她病了。BecausetheylivedontheedgeofthePersianEmpire,theywereruledbythekingofPersia.因为他们住在波斯帝国边上,他们由波斯国王统治。2)as因为,由于:Ashewasn곰treadyhedidn곰tcomewithus.由于他没准备好,他没和我们一块儿来。Wecouldn곰tgotoschoolaslifewasveryhardthen.我们没能上学,因为那时生活很苦。Asyoucan곰tdriveyoumustgobybus.由于你不能开车,你得坐公共汽车去。3)since既然,由于:Sinceyoudon곰twanttogo,wewon곰tforceyouto.既然你不想去我们就不勉强你了。Wehadtoputthemeetingoffsincesomanypeoplewereabsent.由于很多人没来,会议只好延期。YoumaytakethisbooksinceIhavereadit.这本书你可以拿去看,因为我已经看过了。4)now(that)既然已经:Nowthatyouareallback,we곰dbetterstarttheworkrightaway.你们既然都回来了,我们最好马上就干起来。Now(that)youarewellagainyoucantravel.既然你已痊愈,你就可以旅行了。MymotherrunsitnowthatsheandDadaredivorced.现在妈和爸离婚了,商店就由妈经营。5)seeingthat由于,考虑到:Seeingthatnobodywasveryenthusiasticaboutit,theydecidedtocancelthetrip.由于没有人有此热情,他们决定取消这次远足。Hehasdonewelltopasshisexams,seeingthathehasbeenillalot.考虑到他多次生病,他考试能及格就很不错了。310 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese:1.Youonlydoitbecauseyouhaveto.2.Shewasobligedtowalkslowly,becauseGeraldwalkedslowly.3.JustbecausetheymakemoremoneythanIdo,theythinkthey곰resosuperior.4.“Whyareyounotcomingwithustotheconcert?”“BecauseI곰vegotabadheadache.”5.Asit곰sraining,you곰dbettertakeataxi.6.Wedon곰tgotheremuchnow,aswe곰regoingawaysosoon.7.Asyoumakeyourbed,soyoumustlieonit.(Prov.)8.Sincewehadnomoney,wecouldn곰tbuyanyfood.9.Hecan곰tcomewithussincehe곰sill.10.Sinceyoucan곰tanswermyquestion,I곰llhavetoasksomeoneelse.11.NowthatIhavecomeback,Iwanttohelpyouinthework.12.Seeing(that)she곰soldenoughtogetmarried,Idon곰tthinkyoucanstopher.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithsuitableconjunctions:1.HedistrustedmeIwasnew.2.“Whydon곰tyougototheshow?”“I곰mnotinterestedinit.”3.alltheseatswerefullhestoodup.4.youaregoing,Iwillgotoo.5.IknowhowtodriveIcangoonholidaybymyself.6.you곰resorry,I곰llforgiveyou.7.thatisthecasewehavetoaccepttheproposal.8.Ihaven곰tgotheraddressIcan곰twritetoher.9.You곰dbetterstayinbedlongertoday,youwenttobedlatelastnight.10.everyoneishere,wemayaswellstartthemeeting.311 156.从属连词(3)1.引起条件状语从句的连词:1)if如果,假如:Itdoesn곰tmatterifyoucan곰tfindher.如果你找不到她也没有关系。Ifyoudoit,socanI.你要是能办到,我也能办到。2)evenif即使:They곰llstandbyyouevenifyoudon곰tsucceed.即使你不成功,他们也会支持你。Wewouldn곰tloseheartevenifweshouldfailtentimes.我们就是失败十次也不会灰心。3)unless除非(⋯⋯否则),如果不:Don곰tcomeunlessItelephone.我不打电话你就别来。Youwon곰tcatchthebusunlessyourun.除非你跑,否则你就赶不上公共汽车了。4)incase如果,以防:IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.如果我忘了,请你提醒我。We곰dbettertakeourraincoatsincaseitshouldrain.我们最好带上雨衣以防下雨。5)provided(that)要是,只要:I곰llcomeprovided(that)youletmeknowingoodtime.你要是及时通知我,我是会来的。Theymayswimprovidedanadultaccompaniesthem.只要有大人陪,他们可以去游泳。6)suppose(supposing)假定,要是:Suppose(supposing)(that)hewon곰tagree,whatshallwedo?假定他不同意怎么办?Supposingtheplaneislate?要是飞机晚点了呢(怎么办)?7)aslongas只要:Iamhappyaslongasyouarehappy.只要你高兴我就高兴。Aslongasyouunderstand,weshallsaynomoreaboutit.只要你理解,我们就不再说什么了。8)onconditionthat只要,条件是:I곰llcomeonconditionthatJohnisinvited,too.只要也邀请约翰,我就来。Youmayborrowthebook,onconditionthatyoudonotlendittoanyoneelse.你可以借这本书,条件是你不把它借给别人。312 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.IwillhelpyouifIcan.2.IfIknewthat,Iwouldn곰tbehere.3.Ifyouhadn곰tleftthatnoteforme,Iwouldhavemissedthelecture.4.MyauntwouldnevergivepermissionevenifIweretowrite.5.Shecan곰tdosounlessshemarrieswithmyapproval.6.Unlessthispolicycanbechanged,thesituationtherewillremainthesame.7.Incasethehouseburnsdown,we곰llgettheinsurancemoney.8.IshallstayinthehotelalldayincasethereisnewsofHarry.9.Youmaygoout,provided(that)youcomebackbeforedark.10.Wecanbuyitprovided(providing)(that)wehaveenoughmoney.11.Supposinghecan곰tcome,whowilldothework?12.Supposesomething곰shappenedtoher,I곰llblamemyselfallmylifelong.13.Youcangooutaslongasyoupromisetobebackbefore9.14.Idon곰tcaresolongassheletsmebewithherson.15.Hewasallowedtogoswimmingonconditionthathekeptneartheotherboys.16.Youcanvisitthepatientonconditionthatyouonlystayfiveminutes.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithsuitableconjunctions:1.Youmaywaitinhereyoulike.2.Hewillcomeheisill.3.sleepisadequate,noonefeelslikeexercising.4.hearrivesbeforeIgetback,pleaseaskhimtowait.5.IwillIcan.6.I곰llgo,Petercancomewithme.7.Iwon곰tgoyouwantmeto.8.Takewarmclothestheweatheriscold.9.Whatsheisn곰tinnow?10.Don곰tleavethebuildingyou곰reinstructedtodoso.11.itrains,whatshallwedo?12.IwasgiventhejobthatIlearntEnglish.313 157.从属连词(4)1.引起其他状语从句的连词:1)(al)though尽管:Although(Though)thefactoryissmall,yet(不能用but)itsproductsareverypopular.尽管这家工厂很小,(但)它的产品很受人欢迎。Theyaregenerousalthough(though)theyarepoor.他们虽然穷却很大方。2)than比:Itisevencolderthanyesterday.今天比昨天还冷。ItiseasierthanIthought.它比我想像的要容易。3)as...as像⋯⋯一样:HeisastallasIam.他像我一样高。Hewalkedawayasfastashecould.他尽快地跑掉了。4)notso(as)...(as)没有⋯⋯那么:ShewasnotsotidyasNancy.她没有南希那样整洁。That곰snotso(as)simpleasyouthink.这没有你想的那样简单。5)lest惟恐:Theytrembledlesttheirfathershouldhearofit.他们战战兢兢,惟恐他们的父亲会知道此事。Heranawaylestheshouldbeseen.他赶紧跑开,惟恐被人看见。6)so(that)以便:Theychangedsomemoneysothattheycanbuysomepresents.他们换了一些钱,以便能买一些礼物。Heneedssomepainmedicinesohecansleep.他需要一点止痛片以便能睡着。7)inorderthat以便:Ilenthimsomemoneyinorder/sothathemightgoforaholiday.我借给他一点钱以便他能出去休假。Ipostedthelettertodayinorderthatyougetittomorrow.我今天把信发出,以便你明天能收到。8)so...(such)that那样⋯⋯以致:Shewassomovedthattearscametohereyes.她感动得热泪盈眶。Itgavehimsuchashockthathisfaceturnedwhite.这使他那样震惊,他脸都白了。314 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese:1.AlthoughIamtired,Imustgoonworking.2.Thoughtheystartedearly,theyarrivedlate.3.IthoughtitwasrightthoughIwasn곰tsure.4.ShelikesDannybetterthanshelikesme.5.That곰seasiersaidthandone.6.You곰reasgoodasingerasyoursister.7.SomeoftheirstatesareasbigasFranceandEnglandputtogether.8.Itisnotsosimpleasitsounds.9.Shesatquietlybyhiscradlelestheshouldwakeandwanther.10.Hewasworriedlesttheymightbeangrywithhim.11.You곰vegottogiveyourpermissionsothattheycangetmarriedatonce.12.I곰dbetterfindhimsoIcangiveitbacktohim.13.Theyneedtheloudspeakerinorderthateveryonewouldbeabletohear.14.Shewassoexhaustedthatshesleptatonce.15.Therewassuchacrowdofpeoplethattherewerenotenoughchairs.16.Hisbehaviorwassuchthateveryonedislikedhim.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithsuitableconjunctions:1.itwassnowing,itwasnotverycold.2.Betterlatenever.3.IwrotedownthedateofhisbirthdayIshouldforgetit.4.ShestoodbackIcouldenterfirst.5.Hewentout,itwasraining.6.Ipostedthelettertodayyou곰dgetittomorrow.7.Thegirlwasevencleverertheyhadthought.8.Hewassodelightedtearscameintohiseyes.9.Hetoldsuchfunnystorieswealllaughed.10.Hewasasstubbornamule.11.Suchwastheforofexplosionallthewindowswerebroken.12.I곰mnotsoprejudicedIusedtobe.315 158.从属连词(5)1.引起某些从句的as:除了引起表示原因、时间、比较的状语从句外,它还可引起从句表示下面意思:1)(根)据⋯⋯AsIremember,shewasworkinginahospitalatthattime.根据我的记忆,她那时在一家医院工作。Thereismuchroomforimprovementinourwork,asIseeit.据我看我们的工作还大有改进余地。2)正像(如):Asyouknow,Iamnotmuchatletter-writing.正像你知道的,我不太会写信。Shelley,aswehadseen,hadmetherthroughheruncle.正如我们前面看到的,雪莱是通过她叔叔认识她的。3)像,照⋯⋯:Ididasshetoldme.我照她的话做了。Hecameearly,ashehadbeenasked.他照我们要求的那样来得很早。4)(引起表语从句)还是⋯⋯样子:ThehouselooksjustasitdidwhenLuXunlivedinit.这房子还是鲁迅当年在那儿住时的那个样子。Thingsarenotalwaysastheyappear.事情不一定总是它们表现出来那个样子。另外,as还可引起成语型的连词(可参阅练习Ⅱ)。2.引起定语、宾语或表语从句的连词:1)that(没有特殊意思):Allthisprovesthatweareright.这一切证明我们是对的。(宾语从句)It곰splainthathedoesn곰twanttocome.很清楚他不想来。(主语从句)Yourtroubleisthatyouarecareless.你的问题是你太粗心大意。(表语从句)I곰veafeelingthatwe곰regoingtowin.我感到我们会赛赢。(同位语从句)2)whether(if)是否:Idon곰tknowwhether(if)youliketheidea.不知你是否赞成这个想法。(宾语从句)Thepointiswhetherweshouldrecommendhim.问题是我们应否推荐他。(表语从句)316 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Wedidashetoldus.2.Hewasallowedtodoasheliked.3.Ihavechangeditasyousuggest.4.DoitasIdo.5.Assheknew,hewasn곰tmuchinterestedindancing.6.Iamasyoucanimagineshortofmoney.7.Thereisgreatdisorder,asthenewspaperswillhavetoldyou.8.Hehadfailedtovisitheras(hehad)promised.9.Thingswerealmostastheyhadbeenbefore.10.ThecottageisjustasitwasinShakespeare곰stime.Ⅱ.Underlinetheadverbialclausesinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的状语从句下划线):1.Heremainedcool-headedasif(though)nothinghadhappened.2.ShehasnoexperienceinteachingasfarasIknow.3.SofarasIamconcerned,thisarrangementisquitesatisfactory.4.Youmaydoitthisweekorlateraccordingasthesituationrequires.5.Youmustremembertoinformusastowhetherweshoulddoit.6.AsfarasIwasconcerned,itwasover.7.I곰llneverforgettonightaslongasIlive.8.AssoonasIwalkedoutofthedoor,Ifeltbetter.9.Intelligentasshewas,shehadnotmuchinsight.10.Tryasyouwill,youwon곰tmanage.11.Hewasunabletomakemuchprogress,hardashetried.12.MuchasIwouldliketocome,Ican곰t.317 第十六章主语159.主语表示法主语可以用下面这些东西表示:1.名词:Theworldmusteliminatewarandpoverty.人类必须消灭战争与贫穷。IsthereanylifeontheplanetMars?火星上有生命吗?2.代词:Whoisspeaking,please?(在电话中)请问你是谁?That곰sOK.这没问题。3.数词:Twowillbeenough.两个就够了。Two-thirdsoftheworkersarewomen.三分之二的工人是女工。4.动名词:Shoppingiseasyinasupermarket.在超级市场购物很容易。Thereisnotellingwhentheycancome.他们什么时候能来没法说。5.不定式:Totranslatethisidealintorealityneedshardwork.理想的实现还要靠我们努力。Itisdifficulttoanswerthatquestion.回答这个问题很困难。6.词组:Toeachaccordingtohisworkisasocialistprinciple.按劳分配是社会主义原则。AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.尽用功不爱玩,使孩子变得很呆板。(谚)7.从句:Whathashappenedprovesthatourpolicyisright.发生的情况证明我们的方针是对的。Whetherwe곰llgodependsontheweather.我们是否去得看天气。8.名词化的词:“A”isanarticle.A是一个冠词。Theunemployedusuallyleadahardlife.失业的人生活一般很困难。318 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethesubjectinthefollowingsentencesandtellhowitisexpressed(在下面句子的主语下划线并说明它是由什么表示的):1.Aforeignlanguageisaweaponinthestruggleoflife.()2.Howiseverythingathome?()3.Twoplustwoequalsfour.()4.Livingontheislandforaweekwasanunforgettableexperience.()5.Toleanoutofthewindowisdangerous.()6.Dancingboredhim.()7.Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,happyandwise.()8.Itwouldtakeagestomasterthesubject.()9.IsreadingFrencheasierthanspeakingit?()10.Thattheyfailedintheirattemptisentirelyunderstandable.()11.TheEnglishdrinksalotofbeer.()12.Isittruethatshe곰sFrench?()Ⅱ.Underlinethesubjectineachofthefollowingsentences(在下面每个句子中的主语下划线):OnenightinApril1912ahugeoceanlinerwascrossingtheAtlantic.Itwascarrying2,224passengers.Itwasgoingveryfast,whichwasdangerousbecausetherewereicebergsaround.Thepassengerswereallhavingagoodtimewhentheshipsuddenlystruckoneoftheseicebergs.Theshipbegantosinkandthepassengerstriedtoescape,butthereweren곰tenoughlifeboats.Anothershipwaspassingnearby.TheTitanicfiredrocketsintotheairinordertogettheothership곰shelp.Itcouldhavesavedmostofthepassengers,butitdidnotevenstop.Morethantwo-thirdsofthepassengerswentdownwiththeTitanic.Itwasoneofthegreatestseadisastersofalltime.—adaptedfromAmericanKernelLessons:Advanced319 160.用it作主语的句子(1)it在句子中可用作主语,起以下作用:1.代替刚提到过的一件事物,可以指具体东西(a),也可以谈前面所谈事情或情况(b):a.What곰sthis?—It곰saharvester.这是什么?———是一台收割机。b.I곰mtranslatingapoem.—It곰snotaneasyjob.我在翻译一首诗。———这可不是一件容易的事。We곰vediscoveredanotheroilfield.—oh,it곰swonderful.我们又发现一片油田。———啊,真了不起。2.起指示代词的作用,指一个人(a)或事(b):a.Whoissinging?—It곰sKate.是谁在唱歌?———是凯特。Oh,it곰syou!哦,原来是你!b.Itmustbetheboyscomingback.一定是小伙子们回来了。It곰sthegirlshavingtheirrehearsal.是女同学在排戏。3.表示自然现象(天气、气候等)(a),季节、时间等(b),距离(c)及环境(d):a.It곰sraining(snowing).现在在下雨(下雪)。It곰safineday.今天天气晴朗。It곰swarm(hot)today.今天很暖和(热)。b.ItwasearlyAutumn.这是早秋季节。ItwasApril.那时是四月。Whattimeisit?现在是什么时候?c.It곰saboutanight곰sjourneytherebytrain.那里坐火车一夜可到。Isitfartothestation?到车站远吗?It곰stenminutes곰drivetothezoo.坐车到动物园只要十分钟。d.It곰sveryquiethere.这儿很安静。It곰sratherstuffyintheroom.屋里相当闷。Whyisitsonoisy?为什么这样吵?320 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Tellwhatthepronounitisusedforinthefollowingsentences(说明代词it在下面句子中起什么作用):1.Whatabeautifulbaby—Isitaboy?()2.“I곰vebrokenthemirror.”“Itcan곰tbehelped.”()3.It곰safinedog.()4.“Whoisit?”askedMandy곰smother.()5.Why,it곰syou,Mrs.Oliver.()6.Itwassomeonewhistling!()7.Itwasnighttime.()8.Itwasverydarkandcold.()9.Itwashalfamiletothestation.()10.It곰sanhourfromheretoKangzhou.()11.It곰ssonoisyhere!()12.It곰llbelovelyinthegardentonight.()Ⅱ.TranslatethesesentencesintoEnglish(把下面句子译为英语):1.今天是星期几?———是星期三。2.今天是几号?———今天是五月二十一号。3.现在几点了?———是四点三刻了。4.要下雪了。5.雨下了多久了?6.今天天晴,既不冷又不热。7.天快黑了。8.这是四月一个晴朗的早晨。9.到动物园有多远?10.从伦敦到伯明翰有一百一十二英里。11.从这里到公共图书馆只有半小时的车程。12.公园里环境很优美。13.屋里很闷。14.树下很凉快。15.晚上这儿很安静。321 161.用it作主语的句子(2)1.it还可改变句子结构,使对句子的某一成分加以强调,如强调主语(a),宾语(b),状语(c)等:a.ItwasJimwhometyoursisterinthezoo.是吉姆在动物园碰到你妹妹的。b.Itwasyoursisterthat(whom)Jimmetinthezoo.吉姆在动物园里碰到的是你妹妹。c.ItwasinthezoothatJimmetyoursister.吉姆是在动物园碰到你妹妹的。2.强调部分指人时用who(m),有时用that来引起后面从句(a),其他情况都用that(b):a.Leninstressedthatitispreciselythepeoplewhocreatehistory.列宁强调说正是人民创造了历史。ItwasBettywhohadbeenwrong.错的是贝娣。It곰sthepeoplewhomweshouldrelyon.我们应当依靠的是人民。Wasityouthatbrokethewindow?打破窗子的是你吗?b.ItwasonMondaynightthatthishappened.发生这事是在星期一夜里。Itwasthroughmethathelosthisplace.是因为我他才丢失这份职位的。ItwasherethathedifferedfromanEnglishman.他和英国人不同之处就在这里。3.it还可用作为先行词作形式上的主语,把真正的主语移到句后,使句子显得平稳一些。后面真正的主语可以是:1)不定式:It곰smydutytohelpthem.帮助他们是我的责任。Isitconvenienttocallyouuptonight?今晚给你打电话方便吗?Howlongdoesittaketogetthere?到那里要多少时间?2)动名词:It곰snouseworryingaboutit.发愁没有用。It곰sdangerousplayingwithfire.玩火是危险的。Isitworthwhiledoingit?这样做值得吗?3)从句:It곰sgood(that)youhavethoughtofus.难为你想到了我们。It곰shappenedthatshewasn곰tin.恰好她不在家。It곰sdoubtfulwhethertheywillliketheidea.他们是否赞成这个想法还很难说。322 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Changethestructureofthefollowingsentenceswithittoemphasizetheitalicizedparts(用it改变下面句子的结构,来对斜体部分加以强调):1.JeaninterviewedthePresidentyesterday.2.Shehadnofaithinme.ShestillhadherfaithinTom.3.Nancysaidallthis.4.Iheardtheirstepsatthatmoment.5.Ithoughtofyouallthetime.6.Jimmadethesuggestion.7.Igotyourfaxyesterday.8.Whatdoyouwantmetodo?9.WhydoeseveryonethinkI곰monlyadreamer?10.Whocalledonyouyesterday?Ⅱ.UnderlinetherealsubjectinthefollowingsentencesandtranslatethesentencesintoChinese(在下面句子的真正主语下划线,并把句子译为汉语):1.It곰sgoodtobehome.2.Itwaslovelysittinginthewarmsun.3.It곰ssaidthatthey곰regoingtobemarried.4.It곰snicenottobedependentonanybody.5.It곰snousesayinganymoreaboutit.6.It곰squeerthatyoushouldbesodifferentfromyoursister.7.Itwashisdutytoattendtothematter.8.Doyouthinkit곰sworthwhilequarrellingwithme?9.It곰ssuchagreatpleasurethatyouarehere.10.Ittakestwotomakeaquarrel.(Prov.)11.It곰sawasteoftimeyourtalkingtohim.12.Itwasclear(that)hiswordspleasedher.13.Itwasnotwithinmypowertoanswerthatquestion.14.Ithasbeenagreathonouryourcomingtovisitus.15.It곰smysterytomehowitallhappened.323 162.主语从句主语从句有三类:1.由what等代词引起的主语从句:这类从句可由三类代词引起:1)what(关系代词型的what):Whatyouneedismorepractice.你需要的是更多的练习。WhatIsawmadememad.我看到的情况使我非常生气。2)Whatever:WhateverIhaveisyours,too.我有的一切也都是你的。Whateverhasbeensaidheremustbekeptsecret.这里说的一切话都必须保密。3)Whoever:Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.谁来都欢迎。Whoeverwantsitmayhaveit.谁要都可以给他。2.由that引起的主语从句(that有时可以省略):这类主语从句大多数用先行词作it形式上的主语,而把真正的主语放到句子后部,以保持句子的平稳(a),也有少数直接用这种从句作主语,不用it(b):a.It곰sapity(that)youcan곰tcome.真遗憾你不能来。Itseemedshehadgotthejob.看来她已得到这份工作了。b.Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation.她还活着,这是使人宽慰的。ThatShelleybecameapoetmayhavebeenduetohismother곰sinfluence.雪莱成为诗人可能是受他母亲的影响。3.由连接代(副)词及whether引起的主语从句:这类从句可以直接放在句首(a),也可以放到后部,前面用先行词it作形式上的主语(b):a.Whoaretobesenttherewillbediscussedatthenextmeeting.究竟派谁去将在下次会上讨论。Iamgoinganyway.Whetherornotshewillgoisuptohertodecide.不管怎样我是要去的,她去不去由她自己决定。b.Itwasamysteryhowtheburglargotin.小偷怎么进去的是一个谜。Itwon곰tmaketoomuchinfluencewhetherhewilljoinus.他是否参加不会有多大影响。324 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Whatyousaidwasright.2.Whateverwedomustbeintheinterestofthepeople.3.Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.4.It곰sstrangethathehasgonetobedsoearly.5.Thatherdaughtersshouldearntheirlivinglateronseemednaturaltoher.6.Whoistoheadthedelegationhasn곰tbeendecidedyet.7.Whetherwe곰llgoontheexcursionasplanneddependsontheweather.8.Whathashappenedprovesthatourpolicyisright.9.Thattheyfailedintheirattemptisentirelyunderstandable.10.Whatevertheyweredoingwassomethingsecret.11.Whoeverrebelledagainsthiswillwasputtodeath.12.It곰sdoubtfulwhetherhewillcome.Ⅱ.Completethefollowingsentences(完成下面句子):1.Whatyouneedis...2.WhatIwanttoknowis...3.It곰sapity(shame)(that)...4.It곰sstrange(that)...5.It곰squiteclearthat...6.Itseemsthat...7.Itoccurredtomethat...8.It곰ssaidthat...9.It곰srumoured(reported)that...10.Ithasn곰tbeenmadeclear...11.It곰sstillaquestion(whether)...12.Itdoesn곰tmatter...13.Itmakesnodifferencewhether...325 163.由there引起的句子1.在由there引起的句子中,主语通常放在谓语后面,谓语一般由动词be构成,可用于各种时态:Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者事竟成。(一般现在时)TherewerenoTVsbackthen.那时候没有电视。(一般过去时)Theysaythere곰llbeastrongwindintheafternoon.他们说今天下午有大风。(一般将来时)Therehasbeenagentlemanaskingforyou.有一位先生曾来找你。(现在完成时)主语和谓语在数上一致(见上例)。如果有几个并列的主语,谓语和最近的那个主语一致:Thereisonlyatable,fourchairsandabedintheroom.房里只有一张桌子、四把椅子和一张床。2.由there引起的句子还有一些特殊结构:1)带有情态动词的句子:Theremustbesomethingwrong.准是哪儿出了问题。Theremay(might)stillbesomevacantseats.或许还有空位子。Thereshould(oughtto)beacommathere.这儿应有一个逗号。2)带有不定式短语的句子:Thereusedtobeacinemahere.过去这里有一家电影院。Thereissuretobearestaurantsomewhere.哪儿准有餐馆。Therehappenedtobenobodyintheroom.恰好房里没人。3)以live,come,stand,lie等作谓语的句子:Oncetherelivedafishermaninthevillage.这村子从前住着一位渔夫。Thentherecameaknockatthedoor.接着听到敲门声。Thereremainedsomeproblemstobesolved.还剩一些问题需要解决。[注]Here也可引起类似句子:Hereisthemenu.这儿是菜单。Herearemyaddressandphonenumber.这儿是我的地址和电话号码。326 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Therewasaknockatthedoor.2.Therewillbenoproblem.3.Theremaybeaboatsomewhere.4.Therecanbenobackingawayfromthatdecision.5.There곰sgottobesomethingwecando.6.Thereseemstobesomeoneusingit.7.Thereprovedtobenomajordamage.8.Therehappenedtobesomebodyinthenextroom.9.Thereappearedtobeawarbetweenherheartandhermind.10.Thereareboundtobeobstaclestogetover.11.Thereissuretobeavacantroomsomewhere.12.Onenightthereflewoverthecityalittleswallow.13.Theresprangfromtheaudienceacryofindignation.14.Therecameaknockatthedoor.15.Thentherearosetheagrarianquestion.Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithsuitalteverbs(用适当动词填空):1.Thereanaccidentatthefactoryrecently.2.Thereatinytable,astoolandachair.3.Therethebus!(车来了)4.Therethebell.(铃响了)5.Theresomemisunderstanding.(一定有)6.Thereamovietheaterhere.(过去有)7.Theredifficultiesaheadofus.(一定有)8.Therejusttwentypounds.(只剩下)9.LongagothereaSultancalledShahriyar.(住着)10.Atthemomentthereamiddle-agewoman.(出现)11.ThereSilasMarnerwithhischildinhisarms.(站着)12.Whilehewasspeaking,therethesoundofexplosion.(传来)327 第十七章谓语164.谓语的类型谓语大体上可以分为两类:1.简单谓语(SimplePredicate):简单谓语由一个动词(包括成语动词)构成,不管是什么时态、语态,都是简单谓语:Don곰tstandonceremony.别客气Doyouwantabottleoracan?你要一瓶还是一罐?We곰vebeenlookingforwardtothisday.我们一直盼望着这一天。Themeasurehasbeenapproved.这项措施已被批准。IappliedforthejobbuttheyturneddownmyapplicationbecauseIdidn곰tknowGerman.我申请那份工作,但他们没接受我的申请,因为我不懂德语。2.复合谓语(CompoundPredicate):复合谓语多由两部分构成,一类由情态动词或某些其他动词加一个不定式(带to或不带to)构成(a),一类由系动词或个别其他动词加表语构成(b):a.Imaybewrong.我可能是错的。You곰llhavetobecareful.你得小心。Ioughttohavetoldyou.我本应当先告诉你的。Sheseemstohavelostherconfidence.她似乎已失去了信心。b.Formanyyearsheremainedsingle.许多年他一直是单身。That곰smyview.这是我的看法。Theseflowerssmellnice.这些花很香。Thissoundsagoodidea.这听起来是一个好主意。有些谓语介乎两者之间:Hediedamartyrinthecauseofscience.他为科学事业献身了。Shereturnedamotherofthreechildren.她回来时已是三个孩子的妈妈了。328 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepredicateinthefollowingsentencesandtellwhatkindofpredicateitis(在下面句子中的谓语下划线,并说明是哪种谓语):1.People곰sstandardsoflivingaregoingupsteadily.()2.MyunclemaybereturningtoChinasoon.()3.We곰velongbeenhopingtovisityourcountry.()4.Shecan곰tfindoutwhatwentwrong.()5.Everyoneisgoingtobehavingagreattime.()6.Itwasproposedthattheculturalrelationsbetweenthetwocountriesbeexpanded.()()7.NooneknowswhatIwentthroughwhileIwaswaitingfortheverdict.()()()8.Heusedtotellalotofliesasayoungboybuthegrewoutofthatlateron.()()9.Yes,Mr.Pittisin.IfyouholdonforamomentI곰llgethimforyou.()()()10.Thehousewasbrokenintowhentheownerwasonholiday.()()Ⅱ.Underlinethepredicateineachofthesentencesorclausesbelow(在下面句子或从句中的谓语下划线):AWeddingOneofSue곰scousinsgotmarriedlastweek.Theceremonywasheldatthelocalchurch.Thebridegroomarrivedatthechurchbeforethebride.Helookedrathernervous.Hekeptlookingathiswatch.Thebridearrivedinalargeblackcarwhichhadwhiteribbonsonthebonnet.Thepoorbridegroomhadgotworriedbecausethebridewastwominuteslate!Thebridewasdressedinabeautifullongwhitewedding-gown.Shewasgivenawaybyherfather.Suewasoneofthebridesmaids.Shewaswearingalovelypinkdressandwascarryingasmallbouquet.Theweddingceremonywasverybeautiful.Mothercriedalittlebit.Shealwaysdoesthisonsuchoccasions!———adaptedfromLook,ListenandLearn329 165.复合谓语复合谓语可有下面这些类型:1.情态动词+不带to的不定式:Couldyouspellyourname?你能把名字拼一下吗?MayIhelpyou?我能帮你做点什么吗?Thatmustbeinteresting.这一定很有意思。Whereshouldwego?我们该到哪里去呢?2.含有不定式的复合谓语:Doyouhappentoknowheraddress?你是否(恰好)知道她的地址?Theydon곰tseemtoliketheidea.他们似乎不赞成这个想法。We곰llhavetomakesomechanges.我们不得不做些改动。DidyouusetoliveinChicago?你过去是在芝加哥住的吗?Theyarenotlikelytoagree.他们同意的可能性不大。Howdidyougettoknowhim?你怎么认识他的。3.系动词+表语:Theysmellgoodandtastegood.它们很香,味道也好。Heturnedredwithanger。他脸都气红了。Ourdreamshavecometrue.我们的梦想成真了。Theweathercontinuedfineforseveraldays.好几天天气都很好。Hehasgrownquitetall.他长得相当高了。Themilkhasgonesour.牛奶坏了。4.某些被动结构的句子(主动结构若包含着一个复合宾语,变为被动结构时,会包含一个复合谓语):Thedoorwaspaintedwhite.门被漆成了白色。Shewasmadedirectorofthefarm.她被任命为农场场长。Theroomwaskeptspotlesslyclean.房间干净得一尘不染。Shewasoftenheardtosingthissong.人们常听见她唱这首歌。Theywereforcedtoworklonghours.他们被迫长时间干活。330 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.underlinethepredicateinthefollowingsentences:1.Shemighthaveseenthesurpriseinmyface.2.Youmustbefeelinghungryandtiredafteryourlongwalk.3.No,surelyhecouldn곰thavedonethat.4.Maximshouldneverhavemarriedme.5.Sheneedn곰thavecomeoverherself.6.Thetrainisduetoarriveat2∶00.7.Yououghttohavedonebetter.8.Sheappearstobeunhappy.9.Ifacouplecan곰ttrusteachother,there곰sboundtobetrouble.10.Mysisterstayedsingleanddidn곰tmarry.11.Hisadviceprovedsound.12.Ican곰tkeepquietanymore.Ⅱ.Completethefollowingsentences(完成下面句子):1.Sheseemsto...2.Weusedto...3.Heisdueto...4.I곰mgoingto...5.Thishappenedwhenhewasjustaboutto...6.Ifyoutellhersheissureto...7.Theyareboundto...8.Wemayhaveto...9.Shewon곰tbeableto...10.Theyarelikelyto...11.Theywereseento...12.Youareexpectedto...13.Theyweremadeto...14.Youreallyoughtto...15.Shewasobligedto...16.Ifyoudon곰tworkhardyou곰reunlikelyto...331 166.表语(1)表语可以用下面这些东西表示:1.名词:Whatcolourisherhair?她的头发是什么颜色?Thatremainsapuzzletome.这对我还是一个难题。2.代词:What곰syourfaxnumber?你的传真号是多少?Seventy-four?Youdon곰tlookit.七十四啦?你看起来不像。3.数词:Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.她是第一个知道的人。Fourplustwoissix.四加二等于六。4.形容词:Hishairhasgonewhite.他的头发已经白了。IssheOK?Yes,She곰sfine.她没事吧?她挺好。5.分词:Timeispressing.Let곰shurryup.时间紧迫,咱们赶快。Shelookedagitated.她看起来焦急不安。6.动名词:Herfirstjobwassellingcomputers.她的第一项工作是销售电脑。Whathelikesmostisswimminginthesea.他最喜欢的是在海里游泳。7.不定式:Ournextstepwastogettherawmaterialsready.我们下一步是把原料准备好。Allwecoulddowastosendhimamoneyorder.我们只得寄给他一张汇票。8.副词:Wemustbeoffnow.我们得走了。9.介词短语:Idon곰tfeelatease.我感到不自在。10.词组:Theyaretwicethesizeofchickens.它们比鸡大一倍。11.从句:Thisiswhathedid.这就是他做的事。332 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepredicativeinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的表语下划线):1.Whoisthemansittingonthebench?2.Theheroeswillstayheroesandthevillainswillbevillains.3.Thisoneisyoursandthatoneismine.4.Onedayhewentblind.5.Youranalyseswerequiteconvincing.6.Shelookstakenaback.7.Herhobbyispainting.8.MyplanwastogofromBelgiumtoSouthernFrance.9.Hereismyresumé.10.Theproofofthepuddingisintheeating.(Prov)11.Thatwouldbeagreatweightoffmymind.12.Thisiswheremysisterlives.Ⅱ.Underlinethelinkverbsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的系动词下划线):1.Yoursouptastesdelicious.2.Thatsentencedoesn곰tsoundright.3.Thesunfeltwarmandpleasantonherface.4.YouappearedallrightwhenIleft.5.Theairsmelledfresh.6.Youseeminhighspirits,Mary.7.Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.8.Hasanythinggonewrong?9.Latershegrewrestlessandmiserableagain.10.Wrongnevercomesright.(Prov.)11.Hewasexhaustedandsoonfellasleep.12.Theysatdowntogetcool.13.Mybloodrancold.14.Theweathercontinuedfineforseveraldays.15.Weshouldkeepcalmunderallcircumstances.333 167.表语(2)1.副词作表语:英语中与介词同形的副词几乎都可用作表语:IsRuthin?露丝在家吗?Areyouthrough(withyourwork)?你干完了吗?What곰sontonight?今晚有什么活动?Ihaven곰tbeenoutmuchthesedays.最近我不常出去。Aretheyupyet?他们起床了吗?Themeetingwasn곰tovertillmidnight.会一直开到半夜。IstheTVon?电视打开了吗?Isthegasoff?煤气关好了吗?He곰llbedowninaminute.他一会儿就下楼来。Theyaren곰taround.他们不在附近。We곰llberoundintheevening.我们晚上再来。另外,back,away,here,there等副词也可用作表语:Howlonghavebeenaway?你离开多久了?Whenwillshebeback?她什么时候回来。2.介词短语作表语:大部分介词都可引起短语作表语:Iamallforit.我完全赞成。Isanybodyagainstit?有人反对吗?Sheiswithhermothernow.她现在和她母亲在一起。Thebridgeisunderconstruction.桥正在修建。Heisathisbestinclassicalworks.他最擅长演奏古典作品。Wearebehindtheschedulenow.我们比计划的时间晚了。Weknowwhattheyareafter.我们知道他们追求的是什么。Whoisondutytoday?今天谁值班?Wemustn곰tbeoffguard.我们不能丧失警惕。Theseproductsareallofgoodquality.这些产品质量都很好。I곰mafraidI곰moutofpracticenow.恐怕我现在荒疏了。Theirlifewasindanger.他们有生命危险。334 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepredicativeinthefollowingsentences:1.NextweekIshouldstillbearound.2.NowtheRepublicanPartyisin.3.I곰llbeofftoBeijingonThursday.4.What곰sonattheMermaid?5.Thecarwillberoundinafewminutes.6.Atlastthesummerwasover.7.Iwasupallnightwritingareport.8.She곰shadnoideathatOliviahadbeenfeelingsodown.9.Richardhadbeenoutwithherafewtimes.10.Areyouthroughwashingthedishes?11.IsVeronicaabout?12.Isthegasonoroff?Ⅱ.Underlinethepredicativeinthefollowingsentences:1.Busservicesinthecityarepracticallyatahalt.2.Theirinfluenceisrapidlyontherise.3.We곰rebehindschedule.4.Whatwehavesaidhereisofftherecord.5.TheyareoftheYinationality.6.Heisabovedoingsuchthings.7.Heisn곰twithouthisshortcomings.8.Eggsareinshortsupplyatthemoment.9.Thatwasagainsttherules.10.Sheisoutofworkjustnow.11.Shewaswithherforyearsbeforeshegotmarried.12.TheotherdramatistsarefarbeneathShakespeare.13.Jimmiewasbesidehimselfwithgrief.14.Thoseresultswerebeyonddispute.15.Robertwasforcuttingdownthecostofproduction.16.Theskyscraperisunderconstruction.335 168.表语从句作表语的从句有三类:1.由that引起的表语从句:Thetroubleisthatweareshortoffunds.困难是我们缺乏资金。Oneexplanationisthathewantedtobedifferentfromothers.一个解释是他想与众不同。Yourgreatestfaultisthatyouaresocareless.你的最大缺点是你太粗心。在口语中that有时可省略:Thefactwas,shedidn곰twanttocometotheworkshopatall.事实是她根本不想到车间来。Thereasonwas(that)hewasafraid.原因是他害怕。2.由关系代词型what引起的表语从句:That곰swhatweshoulddo.这是我们的本分。Asiaisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.亚洲现在已不是过去的样子了。It곰stwodollars.That곰swhatitusuallyis.价钱是两美金,这是通常的价钱。That곰swhatIheard.这是我听到的情况。3.由连接副(代)词引起的表语从句:That곰snotwhereitbelongs.这不是它应放的地方。That곰showtheyescaped.他们就是这样逃出的。Thequestioniswhatweshoulddonext.问题是下一步该怎么办。That곰swhyIwantyoutoworkthere.这就是我要你在那里工作的原因。ThatwaswhenIwasthirteen.这是我十三岁时发生的事。Sothat곰swhohe곰sworkingfor.所以说他就是为这种人工作的。有时表语从句可由whether引起:HisfirstquestionwaswhetherHolmeshadarrivedyet.他第一个问题是福尔摩斯到了没有。336 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Thereasonshewasillwasthatshehadeatenbadmeat.2.Thefactisthathedoesn곰ttry.3.WhatsurprisedmewasthathespokeEnglishsowell.4.HisonlythoughtwasthatLillymightdosomethingdesperate.5.That곰swhatIhope.6.Powerforthemselvesiswhattheyareoutfor.7.Thesearewhatweneed.8.Thisiswhatweshouldalwayskeepinmind.9.Thatwashowshelearnedthathermotherwasdead.10.Leavesarewherethetreemakesitsfood.11.ThereceiptisnolongerwhereIleftit.12.That곰swhyweneedamap.13.Apriliswhenthelilacsbloom.14.Thequestioniswhereweshouldleavethechildren.15.Thequestionatthemeetingwaswhethertheyshouldbuildanotherroad.Ⅱ.Completethefollowingsentences:1.Myideaisthat...2.Herobjectionwasthat...3.That곰swhat...4.Isthiswhat...5.Clearlyit곰swhat...6.Thatwashow...7.That곰swhere...8.That곰swhy...9.Theproblemiswho(m)...10.Thethingiswhat...11.Thenextquestioniswhether...12.Thepointiswhether...337 169.主语谓语一致的问题主语和谓语必须在人称和数上一致:Thecontentofthesebooksisverygood.这些书的内容很好。Betweenthetwobuildingsstandsamonument.两座楼之间有一座纪念碑。Theresultsoftheexaminationshowthatyouhavemadegoodprogress.考试结果说明你们有很大进步。关于这个问题,下面几点值得注意:1.主语若是一个抽象概念,谓语都用单数形式:Growingvegetablesneedsconstantwatering.种菜要经常浇水。Smokingcigarettesishazardoustoyourhealth.吸烟危害健康。2.主语若是单数,不受后面状语的影响,谓语仍用单数形式:NobodybutHelenandKatewasthere.除了海伦和凯特那儿没人。Nooneexcepthisparentsknowsanythingaboutit.除了他父母谁也不知此事。3.each和由some,any,no,every构成合成代词都作单数看待:Eachofushassomethingtosay.我们每人都有些话说。Iseverybodyready?大家都准备好了吗?4.what,who,which等代词可以作单数看待,也可作复数看待,根据意思决定:Whichisyourroom?哪是你的房间?Whichareyourrooms?哪几间是你们的房间?Whoisknockingatthedoor?谁在敲门?Whoarequarrelling?谁在吵架?5.none可作单数看待,也可作复数看待,看说话人联想的是单数概念还是复数概念:None(=Notone)ofushasgotacamera.我们中间没有一个人有像机。Noneofthesebooksareeasyenoughforus.这些书全太难,我们看不懂。6.有些集体名词可作单数看待,也可作复数看待,根据意思决定:Hisfamilyisn곰tverylarge.他家里人不多。Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.他家里人都喜欢音乐。338 Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.委员会一月开两次会。Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.委员们意见有分歧。339 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswithverbsintheirproperforms(在空格中填入动词的适当形式):1.ThequestionsraisedbyMr.Whiteveryimportant.2.Thetheoryputforwardbythesescientistsquitesound.3.Thatwehavemadeamazingachievementsanundeniablefact.4.“Seniorcitizens”peopleoversixty.5.Totryandfailbetterthannottotryatall.6.Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,senttohelpinthework.7.Justice,aswellasthelaws,(demand)thatthesebanditsbeseverelypunished.8.Nobodysaidanythingagainstit.9.anybodyhaveanythingtosay?10.Eachofusgivenapresent.Ⅱ.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentences(比较下面各对句子):1.What곰smakingyousosad?Whathavemadetheboxsoheavy.2.Who곰sspeakingonthephone?Whoareplayingbadmintonintheyard?3.Nonehasfeltitsokeenlyasshehas.Nonearesodeafasthosethatwillnothear.4.Theaudiencewasenormous.Theaudienceweregreatlymovedbyhiswords.5.Myfamilyisn곰tverylarge.Yourfamilyarequitewell,Ihope.6.TheCommitteeofPublicSafetyistodealwiththismatter.Thecommitteequarrelastowhotheirnextchairmanshouldbe.340 第十八章宾语170.直接宾语和间接宾语宾语主要可分为两类:1.直接宾语:大多数及物动词都可跟直接宾语:We곰lltakeanx-rayofyourchest.我们将透视一下你的胸部。Shemadeanimportantdiscovery.她有重大发现。有些成语动词也可跟直接宾语:Wearelookingforanapartment.我们在找住房。Hefilledoutthemoneyorder.他把汇票填好。Whatjobareyouapplyingfor?你申请什么工作?Hetakesafterhisfather.他长得像他父亲。2.间接宾语:有一些动词可跟两个宾语,一般前面是间接宾语,后面是直接宾语:Thedoctorgavehimaprescription.医生给他开了处方。Sheshowedthegirlshernewdress.她把新衣服拿给姑娘们看。I곰lllendyousomethingtoread.我借点书给你看。Canyoudomeafavour?你能帮我一个忙吗?间接宾语有的可改为一个由to或for引起的短语:Passmethesalt.→Passthesalttome.把盐递给我。Shesentusapostcard.→Shesentapostcardtous.她寄给我们一张明信片.Singusasong!→Singasongforus!给我们唱一支歌!Mothermadehimacoat.→Mothermadeacoatforhim.妈给他做了一件大衣.能跟两个宾语的动词称为双宾动词(ditransitiveverbs),常见的有give,show,send,bring,offer,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,write,pay,throw,allow,wish,teach,promise,award,accord,grant,owe,deny等(这类动词的间接宾语可改为to引起的短语),及make,buy,do,fetch,get,paint,play,save,reserve,order,cook,sing,find等(这类动词的间接宾语可改为for引起的短语)。关于双宾动词可参阅第72节。341 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheindirectobjectinthefollowingsentences.(在下面句子中的间接宾语下划线):1.Dadgavemeamotorcycle.2.Theypromisedtheladajob.3.Helenthiscousinalittlemoney.4.Sheboughttheboyanicecream.5.Motherhasleftyousomeeggsandwiches.6.Hehandedmeatowel.7.HisfriendsaccordedTomtheirsincerethanks.8.Hewrotehismotheracheck.9.Pleasepassmethesalt.10.Heremployerallowedherthreeholidaysayear.11.HewishedheramerryChristmas.12.Youowemenothing.13.Theheadmastergrantedhimpermissiontogohomeearly.14.Hedeniedthestudentsachancetospeak.15.Hefetchedmesomewaterfromthestream.16.She곰llfindyousomebookstoread.Ⅱ.Changetheindirectobjectineachsentenceintoaprepositionalphrase(把句中的间接宾语变为介词短语):1.HepassedJackamessage.2.Willyousellmeyourbike?3.Attheendoftheinterviewtheyofferedmeajob.4.Ihavesentmothersomemoney.5.Weshowedthepolicemenouridentificationcards.6.I곰llmakeyousomefreshtea.7.Couldyoudomealittlefavour?8.Weboughtourteacheranicepresent.9.IhavenodoubtthatIshallfindyouasituation.10.Playussomethinghappy.342 171.宾语表示法宾语可以由下面这些东西表示:1.名词:Hegavemeaninjectionofpenicilin.他给我打了一针盘尼西林。Showyourtickets,please.请出示车票。2.代词:Shedidn곰tsayanything.她什么也没说。Trysome,willyou?尝一点,好吗?3.数词:Howmanydoyouwant?—Ineedtwo.你要多少?———我要两个。Hewantedthreeofustostay.他要我们三个人留下。4.名词化的形容词等:Theysenttheseriouslyinjuredtohospital.他们把受重伤的人送到医院。Shespentalotoftimeinhelpingthedeafandthedumb.她用了很多时间帮助聋哑人。5.动名词(短语):Ienjoyedworkingwithyou.我和你们一道工作很愉快。Theydon곰tallowsmokingintheplane.飞机上不准抽烟。6.不定式(短语):Hopetoseeyouagain.希望能再次见到你。Theyaskedtoseemypassport.他们要求看我的护照。7.复合结构(可称为复合宾语):Iheardsomeonesinginginthenextroom.我听见隔壁屋里有人唱歌。We곰llgetitrepaired.我们去找人把它修好。8.从句:Letmeshowyouwhatwehave.我让你看看我们有的东西。Seethateverythingisreadyby9o곰clock.设法在九点以前把一切准备好。少数动词可用它同源的名词作宾语,称为同源宾语(CognateObject):Shediedaheroicdeath.她英勇地牺牲了。Hedreamedasweetdream.他做了一个美梦。Hesighedaheavysigh.他重重地叹了一口气。343 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheobjectsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的宾语下划线):1.Signyournameonthisline.2.Shethrustherhandintoherpocketanddrewoutapurse.3.Hehadn곰thadanythingtoeatforawholeday.4.I곰llhelptheotherthree.5.I곰mgoingtovisitthesick.6.Ican곰tdotheimpossible.7.Wouldyouconsidersellingtheproperty?8.Ican곰tunderstandhisleavinghiswife.9.Iappreciateyourgivingmesomuchofyourtime.10.Webegantowalkdowntheroad.11.Theydecidedtodividetheprofitsequally.12.Ishowedherwhichbuttontopress.13.IarrangedthatTomshouldmeetthem.14.Sheencouragedmetotryagain.Ⅱ.Underlinetheobjectsinthefollowingpassage(在下面短文中的宾语下划线):BenjaminFranklinwasborninBoston,MassachusettsonJanuary17,1706.Attheageoften,heleftschooltostudyhisfather곰sbusiness,makingsoapandcandles.Benjamindidn곰tlikethisjobandin1718,hewenttoworkwithhisbrotherJames,aBostonprinter.Therehebecamefascinatedwithbooksandhetaughthimselfgrammar,arithmeticandphilosophyaswellasseveralforeignlanguages.Healsobecameaskilledprinter.FinallyheleftJames곰printingshoptoworkindependentlyinPhiladelphia.Ayearlater,theGovernorofPennsylvaniasenthimtoEnglandtobuyprintingequipment.FranklinenjoyedlivinginLondonandhestayedthere,workingasaprinterformorethanayear.FranklinreturnedtoPhiladelphiain1728,becameasuccessfulprinterandpublisher,and“retired”attheageof42.Franklinwasalsointerestedingovernment.Hewasaverypracticalmanandheproposedthefirstfiredepartment,thefirstpoliceforceandthefirstpubliclibraryintheAmericancolonies.HealsohelpedtofoundtheUniversityofPennsylvania.344 172.复合宾语(ComplexObject)复合宾语都由两部分构成,主要有下面几种类型:1.名词(或代词)+不定式:I곰llgetsomeoneelsetodoit.我去找别人来做这事。Sheaskedmetostayforsupper.她留我吃晚饭。2.名词(或代词)+不带to的不定式:I곰llwatchyoudoit.我来看你干。Whatmakesyouthinkso?什么使你这样想的?3.名词(或代词)+现在分词:Shecouldfeelherheartbeatingviolently.她可以感到心跳得很厉害。Hesawacardrivingup.他看见一辆汽车开了过来。4.名词(或代词)+过去分词:We곰llhaveyourbloodtested.我们来给你验一下血。Thechairmandeclaredthemeetingadjourned.主席宣布休会。5.名词(或代词)+名词:Theyappointedherheadofthedepartment.他们任命她为系主任。Wemustkeepitasecret.我们对此必须保密。6.名词(或代词)+形容词:Wemustkeeptheroomclean.我们必须把房间保持干净。Ihopetoseeyouwellsoon.希望早日看到你康复。7.名词(或代词)+介词短语:Pleasemakeyourselfathome.请随便一点(别太拘束)。Thecoldkeptmeinbedforthreedays.这次感冒使我卧床了三天。8.名词(或代词)+副词:Didyoufindherin?你发现她在家吗?Heorderedthemaway.他命令他们离开。在个别介词后也可跟复合宾语:Doyouhaveanyobjectiontochildrenreadingsuchbook?孩子们读这种书你反对吗?Iwon곰tbeabletogoonholidaywithmymotherbeingill.我母亲生病了,我无法去度假。Thatwasacaseofaweakstateresistingastrong.这是弱国抗击强国的一个例子。345 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Thedoctoradvisedhimtohavemoreexercises.2.Theyencouragedustoairourviews.3.Didyouseeanyonecomein?4.I곰llletyouknowinacoupleofdays.5.Ifoundthemworkinginthefields.6.Doyousmellanythingburning?7.Hefoundtheroomcrowdedwithpeople.8.Hedecidedtomakehisvoiceheard.9.Theyfoundhimareliablepartner.10.Theymadehimcaptainoftheship.11.Whydon곰tyoudyeitlightgreen?12.Canyougeteverythingreadyintime?13.Shefoundeverythingthereingoodorder.14.Sheconsideredherselfaboveothers.15.I곰msorrytokeepyouupsolate.16.Iwantitbackrightaway.Ⅱ.Completethefollowingsentences(完成下面句子):1.Isawaboy...2.Iheardsomeone...3.Didyounoticeanyone...4.Wewatchthechildren...5.I곰llletyou...6.I곰llhelpyou...7.Shetoldme...8.Iaskedhim...9.Theywantedher...10.Weelectedhim...11.Theycalledtheboy...12.Hepaintedthedoor...346 173.宾语从句宾语从句有下面三类:1.由连接代词或副词及whether(if)引起的从句:I곰llseewhatIcando.我来想想我能做什么。Idon곰tknowwhoyouare.我不知道你是谁。Couldyoutellmewhereyou곰refrom?你能否告诉我你是哪儿人?Iwonderwhether(if)youcouldhelpus.不知你可否帮助我们。2.由关系代词型的what及whatever等词引起的从句:I곰lldowhatyouaskedmeto.我将按你的话去做。We곰llgiveyouwhateverhelpyouneed.我们将予你需要的任何帮助。Youcanreadwhicheverbooksherecommends.你可以看她推荐的任何书。Youcanaskwhomeveryoutrusttohelpyou.你可以请任何你能信任的人帮助你。3.由that引起的从句(有时that可省略):Itprovedthattheworldwasround.这证明地球是圆的。Isee(that)youhavealotofexperience.我看得出你很有经验。Thatdoesn곰tmeanI곰llwin.这并不意味着我会获胜。IthinkshelivesonMedisonStreet.我想她住在梅迪逊街。第二类从句可以比较自由地用作宾语,或是用在动词后面(见上文例句),也常可用作介词宾语(a),第一类从句主要是在某些动词后用作宾语(见上文例句),有时也可以作介词的宾语(b):a.Thisremindedmeofwhathehadoncetoldus.这使我想起他有一次给我们讲的话。Shewasneversatisfiedwithwhatshehadachieved.她从不满足于她取得的成就。b.Shewascuriousastowhathewouldsaynext.她很想知道他下一步要说什么。Hesaidnothingaboutwhowastobesentthere.他没讲将要派谁到那里去。有时可用it作形式上的宾语,而把宾语从句移到后面:Iputittoyouwhetherthat곰sthebestsolutiontotheproblem.我提出给你考虑这是否是解决问题的最好办法。347 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheobjectclausesinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的宾语从句下划线):1.Bothofthemagreedthatitwasagoodidea.2.Don곰tyouthinkweshouldgoandgetadoctor?3.IassureyouIwillbehereatmidday.4.Iknowwhatyoumean.5.Doyouknowwhowrotetheplay?6.Shedidn곰tsaywhensheisleaving.7.Iwaswonderingifyouwouldactasmyguide.8.Mr.Roseaskedwhetheryouwantedtheticketsfortheopera.9.Hedidwhathewastold.10.Shefoundwhatshecalledagoodplace.11.Hecoulddowhateverheliked.12.Takewhicheveryoulikebest.13.I곰lltakewhicheverbooksyoudon곰twant.14.IcanseewhoeverIwant.15.Theyenjoycompletefreedomtomarrywhomevertheydesire.Ⅱ.Underlinetheobjectclausesthatcomeafterprepositions(在介词后的宾语从句下划线):1.Wecanassignthejobtowhoeverisreliable.2.Youcanwriteaboutwhatevertopicyoucanthinkof.3.Itdependsonhowyoulookatit.4.Hewasnotconsciousofwhatanimportantdiscoveryhehadmade.5.I곰llgiveittowhicheverofyouwantsit.6.ListentowhatIamsaying.7.I곰llfightforwhatisrightandtrue.8.Sheaddressedittowhoeveritmightconcern.9.I곰llveryinterestedinwhatyouhavetosay.10.Lauracantalktomeaboutwhatevershechooses.348 174.直接引语和间接引语(1)在引用别人的话时,如直接引用原话,被引部分称为直接引语。如转述别人的话(作了某些改动)则称为间接引语。直接引语外面要加引号,间接引语则不加引号,引用部分常常成为宾语从句:LaoYangsaid,“I곰mnotfree.”(直接引语)LaoYangsaidthathewasn곰tfree.(间接引语)在把直接引语变为间接引语时要注意下面几点:1.在引语的开头用连词that:Hesaid,“Mother,theboyisverynaughty.”Hetoldhismotherthattheboywasverynaughty.他告诉他妈那孩子很调皮。在动词say后,that有时可以省略。2.根据意思改变人称:Hesaid(tome),“Ihaveleftmybookinyourroom.”Hetoldmethathehadlefthisbookinmyroom.他告诉我他把书丢在我房里了。3.注意引语中的谓语与句子主要谓语在时态上的一致:Shesaid,“Ineedsomegauze.”Shesaidthatsheneededsomegauze.她说她需要一点纱布。Kittysaid,“I곰llcallagainaftersupper.”Kittysaidthatshewouldcallagainaftersupper.凯蒂说她晚饭后再来。4.根据意思将指示代词、地点及时间状语等作必要的更动:Shesaid,“Iwillcomehereagaintonight.”Shesaid(that)shewouldgothereagainthatnight.她说她那一天晚上再去那里。Hesaid,“Iarrivedyesterdaymorning.”Hesaid(that)hehadarrivedthemorningbefore.他说他是头一天上午到的。Shesaid,“Mysisterwillbebacktomorrowevening.”Shesaid(that)hersisterwouldbebackthefollowingevening.她说她姐姐第二天晚上回来。一般来讲,here常改为there,today改为thatday等。在某些情况下,变为间接引语时,时态不变。(可参阅练习Ⅱ。)349 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Turndirectspeechintoindirectspeech(把直接引语变为间接引语):1.Hesaid,“Ihavelostmyumbrella.”2.Paulsaid,“I곰mtryingtogetataxi.”3.“Inevereatmeat,”heexplained.4.“Ihavefoundanapartment,”hesaid.5.“Havebeenwaitinghereforages.”shesaid.6.“Itookthedictionaryhomewithme,”hesaid.7.“I곰llbeinParisonMonday,”Hesaid.8.“I곰llbeusingthecarmyselfonthe12th,”shesaid.9.Shesaid(tome),“yourpronunciationisbetterthanmine.”10.Wusaid,“We곰llhavearrivedbytonight.”11.“Frank,Icametoreturnyouthebook,”Henrysaid.12.“Iwasbornin1985,”HsiaoLisaid.Ⅱ.Comparethefollowingpairsofsentences(比较下面各对句子):1.“Ishallbe21tomorrow,”saidTom.Tomsaidhewouldbe21thefollowingday.2.Hesaid,“WhenIsawthemtheywereplayingtennis.”Hesaidthatwhenhesawthemtheywereplayingtennis.3.Hesaid,“WhenwewerelivinginParisweoftensawHelen.”HesaidthatwhentheywerelivinginParis,theyoftensawHelen.4“Thechildrenhadbettergotobedearly,”saidNancy.Nancysaidthatthechildrenhadbettergotobedearly.5.“Ifmychildrenwereolder,Iwouldemigrate,”hesaid.Hesaidthatifhischildrenwereolderhewouldemigrate.6.Hesaid,“Marymightringtonight.”HesaidthatMarymightringthatnight.7.“Theyoughtto(should)widenthisroad,”shesaid.Shesaidthattheyoughtto(should)widentheroad.8.“It곰stimewereconsideredthispolicy,”Johnsaid.Johnsaidthatitwastimetheyreconsideredthispolicy.350 175.直接引语和间接引语(2)1.在引用一个疑问句时,除了注意人称、状语等的变更和时态的一致之外,还要注意把引语中的语序变为陈述句的语序,也就是要把主语放在谓语前面:Thesecretaryasked,“What곰syouroccupation?”Thesecretaryaskedwhatmyoccupationwas.秘书问我是什么职业。Heasked,“Whereareyoutogetoff,John?”HeaskedJohnwherehewastogetoff.他问约翰什么地方下车。这种特殊问句的引语前连词that是永远也不能用的。如果引的是个一般问句、选择问句或反意问句,在引语前要用连词whether或if:Heasked,“Areyousureyourmotherwillcome?”Heaskedwhether(if)Iwassuremymotherwouldcome.他问我是不是能肯定我妈会来。Heasked,“Areyouateacherorastudent?”HeaskedmewhetherIwasateacherorastudent.他问我是老师还是同学。2.在引述一个祈使句时,我们通常用一个简单句,这个请求或命令由一个复合宾语表示出来:Hesaid,“Pleasecomeagaintomorrow.”Heaskedmetogothereagainthenextday.他要我第二天再去。Hesaid,“Don곰tdothatagain.”Hetoldmenottodothatagain.他让我以后再不要这样做。Hesaid,“Geteverythingreadyintwohours.”Heordered(told)ustogeteverythingreadyintwohours.他命令我们在两小时内把一切准备好。在这种句子中用什么作谓语,要根据所引句子的口气来决定。3.惊叹句以间接引语的形式引述的时候是比较少的。如果这样引用,要设法传出原来句子表达的情绪:“Whatalovelygarden!”Heremarkedwithadmirationthatitwassuchalovelygarden.他赞叹这花园是多么可爱。但这一点是不易做到的。用直接引语反而能更好地传出原来的情绪。351 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Turndirectspeechintoindirectspeech(把直接引语改为间接引语):1.Hesaid,“Whereisshegoing?”(Heasked...)2.“Wholivesnextdoor?”sheasked.3.“What곰shappened?”heasked.4.“Whereistheairport?”heasked.5.“Whathaveyougotinyourbag?”theyasked.6.“Mary,whenisthenexttrain?”heasked.7.“Whydidyoustopthecar,Tom?”sheasked.8.“Isthereanyonehere?”heasked.9.“DoyouknowMrs.Green?”heaskedme.10.“Doyouwanttoinsureyourluggageornot?”thegirlasked.11.“ShallIwaitforthemorshallIgoon?”themanasked.12.“ShallIlockthecarorleaveitunlocked?”sheasked.13.“Willyoubeheretomorrow?”heaskedme.14.“Wouldyouliketocomeinforadrink?”sheaskedBill.15.“Couldyougivemeahand?”Mrs.BlackaskedTom.16.“You곰llbebacktonight,won곰tyou?”mywifeaskedme.Ⅱ.Putthefollowingimperativesentencesintoindirectcommand,etc.(把下面祈使句改为间接命令等):1.“Liedown,Tom,”thedoctorsaid.(told)2.“Don곰tswimouttoofar,children,”Mothersaid.(warned)3.“Pleaseletmehaveatry,”Janesaid.(begged)4.“Takesomemedicineandhaveagoodrest,”AuntLisaid.(advised)5.“Dositdown,everybody,”saidthehostess.(invited)6.“Please,pleasedon곰ttakeanyrisks,”saidhiswife.(implored)7.“Don곰tforgettotakeyourpills,”saidMother.(reminded)8.“Tryagain,Paul,”saidhisfriends.(encouraged)9.“Putdownyourgun,man!”saidtheinspector.(ordered)10.“Don곰tsmokeintheoffice!”saidtheboss.(forbid)352 第十九章定语176.定语表示法定语可以用下面这些东西表示:1.形容词:Haveapleasantjourney.祝旅途愉快。Thereisnothingwrong.没有什么毛病。2.代词:Allthechildrenlikedthatidea.所有的孩子都喜欢那个想法。Whoarethosegirlsbyhisside?他旁边的姑娘们是谁?3.数词:Therearesevenhundredstudentsinourschool.我们学校有七百学生。WebelongtotheThirdWorld.我们属于第三世界。4.名词及名词所有格:Whenaretheytoholdthepressconference?他们什么时候开记者招待会?5.分词(短词):Hedidn곰tseetheapproachingcar.他没看见开过来的汽车。Theysoldstolengoods.他们售卖赃物。6.不定式(短语):Thereisnoneedtoworryaboutit.没有必要发愁。7.介词短语:Whoisthegirlinblue?穿蓝衣裳的姑娘是谁?8.副词:Thepeoplethereareallveryfriendly.那里的人都很友好。9.词组:Shehadabunchofflowersinherhand.她手上有一捧花。10.从句:Isthereanythingyouneed?你需要什么东西吗?353 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheattributesinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的定语下划线):1.WelivedinabeautifulvillagenearthecityofTsingtao.2.Veryfewpeopleinourvillagecouldreadinthosedays.3.Mostofthepeopletherelivedbyfishing.4.Therewereonlyaboutonehundredfamilieslivingthere.5.Therearetwothingstobediscussedatthismeeting.6.Eachtimehewasalwaysthefirsttoarriveandthelasttoleave.7.Hewasapersonofwidesocialrelationships.8.Thefirstpersonwasamanwithabeard.9.Thereisanewmovieonatthetheatre.10.Butnotthisweek,I곰vegotfartoomuchon.11.Itwasanever-to-be-forgottenday.Ⅱ.Translatethefollowingword-groupsintoChinese(把下面词组译为汉语:)(A)1.all-outsupport2.anout-and-outfailure3.up-to-dateequipment4.awell-to-dofamily5.not-to-be-avoidedexpenses6.adown-to-earthapproach7.anout-of-the-wayspot8.ahit-and-runraid9.alife-and-deathstruggle10.ahappy-go-luckyperson(B)1.apacketofcigarettes2.abasketoffruit3.apackofcards4.apairofglasses5.asetofbooks6.aseriesofproblems7.anexpanseofwater8.astretchofland9.aherdofcattle10.aflockofbirds11.apackofwolves12.aprideoflion13.arayofhope14.ashowerofcriticism15.ahoskofdifficulties16.pilesofwork354 177.定语从句(attributiveclauses)(1)1.定语从句一般由关系代词(a)或关系副词(b)引起:a.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.上帝帮助自强的人。(谚)Laurawasawomanwhomsheknew.劳拉是她认识的一个女子。ItwasanislandwhosenameIhaveforgotten.它是一座小岛,它的名字我忘了。Thereisaroadwhichgoesthroughtheisland.有一条公路贯穿这个岛。HeisthemanthatIserved.这就是我接待的那个人。b.ImustfindsomeplacewhereIcansleeptonight.我必须找到一个我今晚能睡觉的地方。Thereweremanydayswhenweateonlyonemeal.有好多天我们一天只吃一顿饭。ThereasonwhyIbecameateacheristhatIlikechildren.我当老师的原因是我喜欢孩子。2.在很多情况下(特别是它在从句中作宾语时),关系代词常被省略:Youarejustthesortofpersonweneed.你正是我们需要的那种人。Thisisthebrandwelike.这是我们喜欢的牌子。Herearesomejobswecouldapplyfor.这儿有一些我们能申请的工作。ComeandseethenewshirtIbought.来瞧我买的一件新衬衫。I곰msorry,thereisnothingwecoulddo.抱歉,我们没有什么办法。Whocame?AnyoneIknow?谁来了?是我认识的人吗?Allyouhavetodoistosendapaintingtothem.你只需给他们寄张画去就行了。Thisisthehotelwestayedin.这就是我们住的那家旅馆。有时,在个别名词后,可跟一个定语从句,定语从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略:YoumeanthereisachanceI곰llgetthejob?你的意思是我还有机会得到这份工作?Cometoseeusnexttimeyoucometotown.下次进城时来看看我们。Themomentshesaidit,sheregrettedit.她刚一说就后悔了。That곰sthereasonIdidit.这就是我这样的做的原因。That곰sthewayIlookatit.这是我对这事的看法。355 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese;1.There곰smantherewhowantstospeaktoyou.2.Isawsomethinginthepaperwhichmightinterestyou.3.Thenoisethathemadewokeeverybodyup.4.Everyonewho(that)knewhimlikedhim.5.Thegirlswhomheemployesarealwayscomplainingabouttheirpay.6.ShewasannoyedbysomethingthatIhadsaid.7.ThemanfromwhomIboughtittoldmetooilit.8.Thefilmisaboutaspywhosewifebetrayshim.9.Thisisthepicturewhich(that)causedasensation.10.Memoryisadiarythatweallcarryaboutwithus.11.HewenttoDetroit,whereheworkedasamechanic.12.Wetookthepicturelastyear,whenwewereonholidaythere.13.Isthatthereasonwhyyoudon곰twanttostayhere?14.Therehadbeenatimewhenshehatedallmen.15.Theyshowedmetheplacewheretheywork.16.Thereareseveralreasonswhywecan곰tdothat.Ⅱ.Underlinetheattributiveclausesinthefollowingsentences;1.(Isthere)AnythingIcandoforyou?2.Thisissomethingwehavealwaystokeepinmind.3.Thewomanyoumetyesterdaylivesnextdoor.4.ThecarIwantedtobuywasnotforsale.5.That곰stheonlythingwecandonow.6.Youcantakeanyroomyoulike.7.Allyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.8.Thereasonshewasillwasthatshehadeatenbadmeat.9.Westartedtalkingthemomentwesaweachother.10.Thelasttimehewashere,myparentssaidwecouldgo.11.Youcouldusethemanytimeyoulike.12.Elizabethregrettedherwordstheinstanttheywereout.356 178.定语从句(2)定语从句可分为限制性和非限制性两种:1.限制性定语从句(Restrictiveattributiveclauses):限制性定语从句,使所修饰的词表示一个特定的人或东西,如果去掉它,那个词就失去意义,句子就不能成立或不完整:Anyonewholeaveslitterinthesewoodswillbeprosecuted.谁要是在林中乱扔垃圾将受到指控。这句话如把who引起的定语从句去掉,句子就不能成立。上节例子中的定语从句大部分都是限制性定语从句。只有在这种定语从句中,关系代词才有可能省略。2.非限制性定语从句(Non-RestrictiveAttributiveClauses):有些定语从句只对某个词作进一步的说明,例如:ShewasmarriedtoTony,whowasalsoastudent.这里who引起的就是一个非限定性定语从句,拿掉之后句子还能成立。在一般情况下,非限制性定语从句都由一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开,在译成汉语时多译成一个并列句。下面例句中都包含有非限制性定语从句:ThenotewasleftbyJim,whowashereamomentago.这个条子是吉姆留的,他刚才来过。Sheintroducedmetoherhusband,whomIhadn곰tmetbefore.她把我介绍给她丈夫,这人我以前没见过。ThisisGeorge,whoseclassyouwillbetaking.这是乔治,你将接他的班。Ihavemanyfriends,someofwhomwerepainters.我有许多朋友,其中有些是画家。ShewasveryfondofspeakingFrench,whichindeedshespokewell.她很喜欢讲法语,而且讲得确实很好。非限制性定语从句中的关系代(副)词是不能省略的,也不能使用关系代词that。指物时which用得比较多,有时还可代表更广泛的意思(可参阅练习Ⅱ)。357 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.ProfessorJones,whowasalwaysearly,wastherealready.2.Shewasengagedtoasailor,whomshehadmetatPortsmouth.3.Iamteachinginthecitycollege,whichisjustacrosstheroad.4.Theywereallfriends,manyofwhomhadknowneachotherforyears.5.Jupiterhasatleast13moons,thelargestofwhicharebiggerthanourownmoon.6.Theycametoalittlestream,whosebanksweresetwithyellowprimroses.7.Thishappenedin1980,whenIwasstillababy.8.ShewasborninIndia,whereherfatherworked.9.ThisisMiddeham,whereyou곰vegottogetoff.10.TheSpaceAgebeganin1957,whentheRussianslaunchedaSatellite.Ⅱ.Underlinetheattributiveclausesinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的定语从句下划线):1.InevermetJuliaagain,whichwasapity.2.Shewasalittletense,whichwasunderstandable.3.Hedrankbeer,whichmadehimfat.4.Theclockstruckthirteen,whichmadeeveryonelaugh.5.Herefusedtodohisshareofthechores,whichannoyedtheothers.6.Theyrelyonthemselves,whichismuchbetter.7.Jackdrovetoofast,whichwasdangerous.8.Hesaidhehadnomoney,whichwasnottrue.9.Someoftheroadswereflooded,whichmadeourjourneymoredifficult.10.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench.358 179.同位语(appositive)1.一个名词或代词后面有时可跟一名词(或起类似作用的其他东西),对它作进一步的解释,说明它是谁,是什么,称为同位语。用名词作同位语时最多:ThisisMr.Brown,ourEnglishteacher.这是我们的英语老师布朗先生。“Leaveittome,”saidHeYi-an,themanonnightduty.值夜班的人何义安说:“这事交给我。”Yougirlsmaytakethoseseatsoverthere.你们姑娘们可以坐在那边的座位上。Thenwethree,LaoYu,HsiaoLiandmyself,begantomakepreparations.然后我们三个人,老于、小丽和我自己,开始做准备工作。2.有时也可用形容词、数词或代词作同位语:Themiddle-agedmanisthenewlyelectedvillagehead,able,openandsincere.那个中年人是新选的村长,能干、开朗而且诚恳。People,oldandyoung,tooktothestreets,towatchtheparade.老老少少的人都来到街头观看游行。Youtwocomeandsithere.你们两人到这里来坐。Theyarebothinfavouroftheplan.他们两人都赞成这个计划。3.在某些名词后面还可用从句作同位语:Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.我不知道你也在这里。WeexpressedthehopethatshewouldcomeandvisitChinaagain.我们表示希望她能再次来访问中国。Haveyouanyproofthatheisathief?你有没有证据说明他是小偷?Noonecandenythefactthatwehavemadetremendousprogressinthepasttwentyyears.没人能否认过去二十年我们取得巨大进步这一事实。Theirgreatdrivingforceisthebeliefthattheyaredoingright.他们的巨大动力是他们相信自己的行为是正确的。Sooncamenewsthattheenemyhadsurrendered.很快传来了敌人投降的消息。WhospreadtherumourthatthePrimeMinisterhadresigned?谁散布谣言说首相辞职了?359 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheappositivesinthefollowingsentences:1.ThisisDr.Patterson,headofoursection.2.Youchildrensitonthegrass.3.Theother,BirdIsland,measures0.11squaremiles.4.Qinghai,thelargestinlandbodyofsaltwaterinChina,lies3,198metresabovesea-level.5.Wehaveeverythingweneed:land,wealthandtechnology.6.Thelayoutplanwascompletedwithinthreemonths,halftheusualtime.7.Hereadallkindsofbooks,ancientandmodern,Chineseandforeign.8.Youmayleavetheworktoustwo.9.Webothknewhim.10.Weatethemall.11.Weeachhaveamap.12.AnotherexampleisSongXiang-yu,now66,whohasbeenherefor40years.Ⅱ.Underlinetheappositiveclausesinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的同位语从句下划线):1.I곰veanideathatshelikeshimbetterthananyoneelse.2.Thereisstillhopethattheymaybesaved.3.Iheardarumourthathewasoffshortlyonsomelecturingtour.4.ThenonedaytherecamenewsthattheEarlhadbeenkilled.5.Thisconfidencewasstrengthenedbythebeliefthatthegodswereontheirside.6.ThethoughtthatshemightloseherhusbandworriedMrs.Brown.7.Thereisnodoubtthatheisguilty.8.Iwasgoingtocommentonthefactthatyou곰vecometodaytoseeCrystal.9.Copernicusfoundproofthattheearthgoesroundthesun.10.I곰llcomeonconditionthatmyhusbandisinvitedtoo.360 第二十章状语180.状语表示法状语可以由下面这些东西表示:1.副词:Whatyousaidisonlypartlytrue.你的话只部分地对。Shewillwritetoyoushortly.她不久将给你写信。2.介词短语:Thankyouforbringingit.谢谢你帮我带来了。Shehelpedusoutofkindness.她帮助我们是出于好心。3.不定式(短语):I곰vecometosaygoodbyetoyou.我是来和你道别的。I곰mpleasedtohavemadeyouracquaintance.认识了你我很高兴。4.分词(短语):Theywerebusyearningaliving.他们都为生活奔忙。Mygardenissmallcomparedwithyours.和你的花园比我的花园是很小的。5.形容词:Nowshewasback,eagertoseeherfriends.现在她回来了,뀡待见到她的朋友们。6.词组:Shejumpedtenfeet.她跳了十英尺远。7.复合结构:Thatbeingthecase,we곰llhavetoreconsiderthewholething.情况既然如此,我们就得重新考虑整个这件事。8.从句:Strongashewas,hecouldn곰tliftit.尽管他很健壮,却提不起它。间或可用名词作状语:Wehavebeensittingherehourswaitingforyou.我们在这里坐了好几个钟头等你。361 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheadverbialsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的状语下划线):1.Shehadneverbeforehadthatfeeling.2.Theyweregreatlytouchedtoheartheoldman곰sstory.3.Theclimateislovelyhere,especiallyinspring.4.AnywayIwon곰tstopyoufromdoingit.5.Ateighto곰clockonthemorningofJuly25thetrainstartedbacktoShenyang.6.Theirplaneonceagainintrudedintoourairspace.7.Tohissurprise,shecriticizedhiminsteadofpraisinghim.8.Theislandisonlyonesquarekilometerinarea.9.Wecansendacarovertofetchyou.10.We곰llarrangeforthemeetingtobeheldsometimenextweek.Ⅱ.Underlinealltheadverbialsyoucanfindinthispassage.(在下面短文中能找到的状语下划线):FlorenceNightingaleWhenFlorencewasalittlegirl,sheusedtolikeplayingwithherdollsandpretendingtonursethem.Sheusedtovisitthepoorpeoplenearherhouseandlookafterthemwhentheywereill.Shewantedverymuchtobeanurse,butherfatherdidn곰tliketheidea.Hehopedshewouldforgetaboutwantingtobeanurse.ButFlorencedidn곰tforget.Wherevershewent,shevisitedhospitalsandconventswherenunsweretrainedtobenurses.Sheworkedinthemherselfandlearnedallshecould.Shewrotetosomeimportantpeople.Atlastoneofherfriends,whowastheMinisterofWar,allowedhertogoandlookafterthewoundedsoldiers.Shepickedthebestnursesshecouldfindandtookthemwithher.MissNightingaleandhernurseshadtoworkveryhardindeed.Sheworkedalldaytoseethatthewoundedsoldierswerewelllookedafterandproperlynursed.SheandhernursessavedhundredsoflivesandstayedatthehospitaluntiltheCrimeanwarwasover.———adaptedfromNewAccess362 181.分词作状语1.现在分词(短语)作状语可以表示:1)行为方式或伴随发生的情况:Shecameupshoulderingaspade.她扛着铁锨走了过来。Theyhadtoworkstandingup.他们得站着干活。2)时间:Learningoftheuprising,hereturnedtohiscountry.听到起义的消息他回到国内。Takingadeepbreath,hedivedintothewater.他深深吸了一口气跳进水里。3)原因:Notknowingyouraddress,Icouldn곰tgetintouchwithyou.由于不知道你的地址,我无法和你联系。Havinglostherjob,shehadtolookforanotherone.由于失了业,她不得不另找工作。2.过去分词(短语)也可用作状语,表示:1)动作发生时的背景或情况:Inspiredbyhisexample,hundredsofothersvolunteeredtojoinus.在他的带动下,成百上千的人都志愿参加了我们的工作。EncouragedbyMasterMeng,Icheckedonthemachine곰soperationrecord.在孟师傅的鼓励下,我查看了一下机器的操作记录。2)原因:Delighted,thegirlsthoughtupmanygoodideas.一高兴姑娘们想出许多的好主意。Movedbywhathehadsaid,Iwasatalosswhattosay.听了他的话我很感动,不知说什么好。3)时间,条件等:Drivenbeyondendurance,Tomranawayfromtheplantation.汤姆忍无可忍逃离了种植园。Takenoutofcontext,thesentenceisambiguous.脱离了上下文这个句子的意思变得模糊不清了。363 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Openningthedrawerhetookoutarevolver.2.Takingoffhisclothes,hejumpedintothewater.3.Shewentout,slammingthedoor.4.Hefired,woundingthebankrobber.5.Ifell,strikingmyheadagainstthedoorandcuttingit.6.Beingastudent,hewasnaturallyinterestedinsciencefiction.7.NotknowingFrench,shecouldn곰tcommunicatewiththem.8.Fearingthepolicewouldrecognizehim,heneverwentoutindaylight.9.Idon곰tliketositheredoingnothing.10.Peoplewereoutworkingalready.11.Theboycamerunningoutofthehouse.12.Hespenthoursteachingtheparrottotalk.Ⅱ.Underlinethepastparticiple(phrases)inthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的过去分词或过去分词短语下划线):1.Drivenbeyondthelimitsoftheirforbearance,theyfoughtback.2.Iwenthomedisappointed.3.HearrivedatShelleyHotSprings,tiredanddustythatnight.4.Takenintime,themedicinewillbequiteeffective.5.Lookedatpolitically,itisanimportantproblem.6.Theaudience,greatlyaffectedbyhisspeech,allvoicedsupportfortheproposal.7.Helimpedhome,supportedbyafriendoneithersideofhim.8.Accompaniedbyourguide,weexploredthecaves.9.Judgedbyordinarystandards,hewasreliable.10.Grantedthatheisnotbrilliant,heisatleastcompetentandworkshard.364 182.形容词作状语1.形容词也和分词一样,有时可单独或引起短语作状语,表示:1)原因:Muchinterested,heagreedtogiveitatry.他很感兴趣,同意试一试。Afraidofbeingcutoff,theylostnotimeinturningback.由于害怕被切断,他们赶紧退了回去。Curious,shelookedaroundforotherguests.由于好奇,她向四面看看还有什么别的客人。2)动作发生的情况或方式:Overjoyed,shedashedoutofthehouse.她非常高兴,急步跑出屋来。Flushedandbreathless,sheboundedthroughthegate.她满脸通红气喘吁吁,从大门跑了进来。Sheemergedfromtheconflictvictorious.她在这次冲突中成了胜利者。3)时间等:Enthusiastic,theyarequitecooperative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。Freshfromtheoven,rollsaredelicious.刚出炉的面包卷很好吃。有时可和when连用:Oftenshewouldweepwhenalone.她一个人待着时常常哭泣。Ifyoulieuponroseswhenyoung,you곰lllieuponthornswhenold.如果年轻时躺在玫瑰花上,年老时你会躺在刺上。(谚)2.形容词作状语通常说明主语的情况,但有时也可能说明宾语的情况:Hepulledhisbelttight.他勒紧裤带。Shepushedthedooropen.她把门推开。Hewriteshischaracterslarge.他字写得很大。Wedrinkithot.我们喝热的。这类句子也可改为被动语态:Thedoorwaspushedopen.门被推开了。Theyareeatenraw.它们是生吃的。365 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Hesaidnothing,butsatsilentsmoking.2.Heapproachedusfullofapologies.3.Wegetmedicalcarefreeofcharge.4.Helpless,wewatchedhalfayear곰sfooddestroyedbeforeoureyes.5.Eagertoimprovefarmingconditions,theytriedoutthisnewcroponlargeareas.6.Modest,unassuming,easytoapproach,hesoonputeveryonetherecompletelyatease.7.Ripe,theseapplesaresweet.8.BankStreetrunsparallelwithCastleStreet.9.Selflessandanxioustohelpothers,heledasimplelifeandstudiedperseveringly.10.Fullofyouthfulvigour,hewasdiligentandmodest.Ⅱ.Underlinetheadverbialsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的状语下划线):1.Youngandshort,Iwasafraidtheywouldn곰tletmego.2.Foranhourhesatmotionless.3.Someofthemachineryisstandingidle.4.Shegavehimtheovercoat,anxioustobeofservice.5.Timidandshy,shedidn곰tanswer.6.Corruptthroughandthrough,thesepeopledidn곰thavetheslightestthoughtofthepeople곰swelfare.7.Supremeinauthority,thepeasantassociationallowedthelandlordsnosay.8.Middle-aged,tallandthin,helookedatypicalShanxifarmer.9.Ihavelainawakeallnightthinkingofthem.10.Thehunterfiredandthetigerfelldead.366 183.词组作状语词组作状语时也不少。最常见的有下面几类:1.名词和它的修饰语:Itweighsalmostaton.它几乎有一吨重。Ishallstayanotherfivemonths.我将再待五个月。Wehavetowalkalongwaytothestation.到车站我们得走一大截路。2.名词或副词+介词短语:Thedeskmeasuresfourfeetbytwo.这书桌四英尺长,两英尺宽。Theorymustgohandinhandwithpractice.理论必须与实际相结合。Notlongafterthat,hegotmarried.不久之后他就结婚了。3.副词和它的修饰语:Thetrainarrivedtenminuteslate.火车晚点十分钟。WehavetochangetotheNo.3trolleyafewstopsfurtheron.再过几站我们得转三路无轨电车。Theylivealongwayoff.他们的住处离这里很远。4.由连词and连接的两个平行的词:Theydrovenightanddayforthreedays.他们一连三天日夜开车。Themantalkedonandon.那人没完没了地谈。Itrainedoffandonallday.雨断断续续下了一天。5.其他形式:Shedivedinheadfirst.她头朝下跳进水里。Thepicturewashungupsidedown.那张画挂倒了。Sureenough,theycametoseeme.果然他们来找我了。有不少作状语的成语属于这一类,如handinhand,sidebyside,heartandsoul,dayafterday,dayindayout,theotherday,all(the)yearround,yearafteryear,yearinyearout等。(关于这类状语可参阅练习Ⅱ)。367 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheadverbialsinthefollowingsentences:1.Firstthinginthemorningwesweptthecourtyard.2.Wefulfilledthetasksfivedaysaheadoftime.3.Helivedlikethisallhislife.4.Theactualoperationlastedsevenandhalfhours.5.Thebabyweighsninepounds.6.Thetemperaturefellsevendegreesinasinglenight.7.Thebookcosteightdollarsacopy.8.Thelakeliesonlyafewhundredpacesfromhere.9.Shelikestohaveitherownway.10.Foryears,wetorfine,hegotupatsixandhadaruninthepark.11.Anothericehilllayaheadofus.12.Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.Ⅱ.Underlinetheidiomsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的成语下划线):1.Theywenttherehandinhand,talkingallthetime.2.Wesat,sidebyside,onthecouch.3.Hefellheadoverheels.4.Ihavetodothisworkdayafterday.5.Theteamtraineddayindayoutforamonth.6.Momaskedusaboutyoutheotherday.7.Allatoncethetelephonerang.8.Idon곰tlikeparties,butIshallcometoyoursallthesame.9.Itiswarmhereallyearround.10.OldMr.Parkinsonhasworkedhereyearinyearoutsincehewasaboy.11.Thentheywouldbeexposedtoattacksfrontandrear.12.Themachinesarekeptgoingdayandnight.368 184.复合结构作状语1.状语有时由一个名词(或代词)加另一成分构成,是一种复合结构,也可称为独立结构(absoluteconstruction).最常见的是“名词+现在分词”:Theplanecrashed,itsbombsexplodingasithittheground.飞机坠毁,它带的炸弹触地时爆炸了。Hegroanedandfelltothefloor,bloodstreamingfromhisnose.他哼了一声,鼻子流着血,倒在地上。Weatherpermitting,we곰llgoonanexcursiontotheWesternHillstomorrow.天气要是合适,我们明天将去西山玩。Thedarkcloudshavingdispersed,thesunshoneagain.乌云散去后太阳又出来了。2.还可以由过去分词(a),形容词(b),不定式(c),介词短语(d)或副词(e)构成:a.Helayonhisback,hishandscrossedunderhishead.他脸朝天,头枕着双手躺着。Fumincamein,hiseyesslightlyswollen.傅民走了进来,眼睛微微有些肿。b.Heenteredtheroom,hisnoseredwithcold.他鼻子冻得通红走了进来。Thepeople,theirlivelihoodsecure,nowhaveleisuretotakeupsports.现在人民生活有了保障,就有时间参加体育活动了。c.Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.这儿是头两卷,第三卷下月出来。d.AfterkillingtheJapanesesoldier,thetwopartisansranaway,rifleinhand.杀死那个日本兵之后,两个游击队员提枪逃掉了。e.Heputonhissockswrongsideout.他袜子穿反了。3.介词with也常可引起这种复合结构:Hefellasleepwiththelightstillburning.灯还亮着他就睡着了。Shesatwithherheadbent.她低着头坐着。Hewasasleepwithhisheadonhisarms.他头枕着双臂睡着了。369 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheadverbialsinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的状语下划线):1.Heenteredthedarkroom,guninhand.2.Theoldmansatdown,hisfacepalewithpainandtracesoftearsstillonhischeeks.3.Weenteredthecaveonebehindtheother.4.Thequestionsettled,theywentbacktotheirrespectiveposts.5.Johnbeingaway,Henryhadtodothework.6.Allthingsconsidered,IthinkweoughttogivethejobtoGeorge.7.Theyweresub-dividedintothreegroups,eachworkingonaproject.8.Hesatinthefrontrow,hismouthhalfopen,hisheadthrustforwardsoasnottomissanyword.9.Istoodathisleft,myfingeronthebutton,waitingfortheorder.10.Springcomingon,thetreesturnedgreen.Ⅱ.Underlinethephrasesintroducedbywith(在由with引起的短语下划线):1.Theystoodwiththeirarmsroundeachother,quivering.2.Wesatonthegrasswithourbackstothewall.3.Alltheafternoonheworkedwiththedoorlocked.4.Shesatwithherarmsroundherknees.5.Thedaywasbrightwithafreshbreezeblowing.6.Iwon곰tbeabletogoonholidaywithmymotherbeingill.7.WithJohnaway,we곰vegotmoreroom.8.Hewaslyingonthebedwithallhisclotheson.9.Sointheafternoon,withnothingtodo,Iwentonaroundofthebookshops.10.Ican곰tgooutwithallthedishestowash.370 185.状语从句(1)1.状语从句很多,最常见的是时间状语从句,它们可由when,whenever,while,before,after,until,till,since,nowthat,once,assoonas等连词引起:Let곰swaituntil(till)therainstops.等雨停了再说。Shecomestotalktomewhenevershefeelslonely.每当她感到寂寞时就来和我聊天。AsItalked,Igainedsomeconfidence.我一面谈着一面增强了信心。NowthatIhavecomeback,Iwanttohelpyouboth.现在既然我回来了,我要帮助你们两人。Oncethetrainismoving,thereisnowaytostopit.一旦火车开动了就没法让它停下来。2.由everytime,themoment等词引起的从句也可以用作状语:EverytimeIcatchacold,Ihavepaininmyback.每回伤风我的背就疼。Stormyapplausebrokeforththemomentsheappearedonthestage.她一在台上出现就响起暴风雨般的掌声。HehadimpressedmethatwaythefirsttimeImethim.我第一次碰到他时,他就给我这个印象。Besuretocallonusnexttimeyoucometotown.下次进城你一定来找我们。3.instantly,immediately,directly等词也可引起时间状语从句:Themachinewillstartinstantlyyoupressthebutton.你一按电钮机器就会开动。I곰llgiveyouananswerimmediatelyI곰vefinishedreadingyourreport.我看完你的报告立即给你答复。Directlyheutteredthesewordstherewasadeadsilence.他一说出这些话,大家立刻沉默下来。371 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheadverbialclausesinthefollowingsentences:1.IlookafterthechildrenwhilemywifegoestoLondon.2.I곰lldoitwhenI곰vefinishedwritingtheletter.3.Wegotthereastheywereleaving.4.AssoonasIgettickets,I곰llsendthemtoyou.5.CanIseeyoubeforeyougo?6.I곰vewantedtogothereeversinceIwasachild.7.I곰veonlyseenheroncesinceshereturnedfromJapan.8.Phonemeafteryougethome.9.“I곰vecriedtillIcancrynomore,”shesaid.10.Youcan곰tgetyourlicenseuntilyou곰reeighteen.11.Youcancomewheneveryouwant.12.Onceherealizedwhatwasmeant,hewouldbefurious.Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Nexttimeyoucome,bringyourdaughterwithyou.2.Sheasksafteryoueverytimesheseesme.3.Wecouldusethecaranytimeweliked.4.Thelasttimehewasthere,Icriticizedhimforwhathehaddone.5.Themomentshewasgone,Irenesatdownbesideme.6.Elizabethregrettedherwordstheinstanttheywereout.7.Heseemedtoknowwhatitwasforimmediatelyhesawit.8.Directlytheteachercameineveryonewasquiet.9.IamsosorryIhavebeenoutthelastthreetimesyou곰vecalled.10.Themomentthathehadsaiditheknewwhatamistakehehadmade.11.ThelasttimewewenttoParis,itrainedeveryday.12.EachtimeIaskyoutodosomething,youalwayssayyou곰retoobusy.372 186.状语从句(2)1.地点状语从句:地点状语从句多由where或wherever引起:Winterswereverylongwherehelived.在他住的地方冬天很长。I곰mstandingwherethebrookandtherivermeet.我站在小溪与大河汇合处。Heleftthecamerawhereitwas.他把相机留在原来的地方。Whereverhewent,hetookherwithhim.不管他到哪里,他都带着她。Sleepwhereveryoulike.你高兴在哪里睡就在哪里睡。Youcansitanywhereyoulike.你爱坐哪就坐哪儿。EverywhereIgo,Ifindthesamething.不管我到哪里我都发现同样的情况。2.原因状语从句:原因状语从句多由because,as,since,seeing(that),consideringthat等连词引起:Youonlydoitbecauseyouhaveto.你这样做只是因为不得不如此。Ashehadbeenupsince4a.m.,hewasverytired.由于他清晨四点就起床了,他十分疲倦。Hecan곰tcomewithussincehe곰sill.由于生病他不能和我们一道去。Stayinbedlongertoday,seeingthatyouwerelatelastnight.昨夜你睡得晚,你今天多睡一会儿。Consideringhe곰sonlybeenlearningEnglishayearhespeaksitverywell.考虑他学英语才一年,他英语是讲得很好的。Nowthatyouhavethechanceyouhadbetteravailyourselfofit.既然你现在有了机会,你最好加以利用。下面这类句子中的从句也表示原因(关于这类句子可参阅练习Ⅲ):I곰mgladthatyouareallsafe.我很高兴你们都安然无恙。I곰mproudthatyouhadthethought.你有这个想法我感到骄傲。373 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Crossthestreamwhereitisshallowest.(Prov.)2.WhereIlivethereareplentyofsheep.3.Pleasekeepsittingwhereyouare.4.Wherebeesare,thereishoney.(Prov.)5.Wherethemoneyis,thereisthepower.6.We곰llgowhereveryousay.7.Whereverhegoes,there곰salwaysaspyhangingabout.8.I곰lltakeyouanywhereyoulike.9.Everywheretheyappeared,therewereovations.10.Youseeiteverywhereyoulook.Ⅱ.Underlinethereasonclausesinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的原因状语从句下划线):1.SinceitwasSunday,hestayedlongerinbed.2.Asyouaresorry,I곰llforgiveyou.3.HedistrustedmebecauseIwasnew.4.Seeingthatitisteno곰clock,wewillnotwaitforheranylonger.5.Itisstillinexcellentconditionconsideringthatitwasbuilt600yearsago.6.Now(that)youarewellagain,youcantravel.Ⅲ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.IamverysorrythatIwokeyouup.2.I곰msurprisedheisn곰therebynow.3.Jackwasamazedthatsheknewhisname.4.Iampleasedthatyouhaveanewjob.5.HewasdelightedthatJimmywascomingwiththem.6.Iamdisappointedthatyoucannotcome.7.Hewasashamedthathehadlied.8.ShewasannoyedthatIhadopenedherletter.374 187.状语从句(3)1.目的状语从句:目的状语从句多由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat等引起:AskhertohurryupwiththeseletterssothatIcansignthem.让她把这几封信赶快打好我好签字。Theyhavediedthatlibertymightlive.他们死了却使自由得以保存。Ipostedthelettertodayinorderthatyou곰dgetittomorrow.我今天把信发出,以便你明天能收到。IwrotedownthedateofhisbirthdaylestIshouldforgetit.我把他生日写下来以防忘掉。Shutthewindowsforfear(that)itmayrain.把窗子关上以防下雨。Hetookthegunincasehemetanywildanimals.他带上枪以防遇到野兽。Shesaidshewantedteareadyatsixsoshecouldbeoutbyeight.她说她要在六点时让下午茶准备好,以便她八点能出去。2.结果状语从句:表示结果的状语从句可由that,sothat,so⋯that,such⋯that等词引起:It곰ssohotherethatitmakesmethirsty.这里这么热,使我都感到口渴了。Daddyhasasticksohewon곰tslip.爸爸有根拐棍因此不会滑倒。Theparkhasjustopened,soitwon곰tbeverycrowdedyet.公园刚开门,因此还不会太拥挤。Shewassoexhaustedthatshesleptatonce.她是那样疲惫不堪,她马上就睡着了。Theconnection곰ssobad(that)Icanhardlyhearyou.线接得那么糟,我几乎听不清你的声音。Hetoldsuchfunnystoriesthatwealllaughed.他讲了这样滑稽的故事,我们大家全笑了。375 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheadverbialclausesinthefollowingssentences.(在下面句子中的状语从句下划线):1.BringitcloserthatImayseeitbetter.2.IamonlytooanxioustogetitdonethatImaybebackinIreland.3.Please,someone,interpretthisboy곰sremarkssothatIcanunderstandthem.4.Theydrovewithbothwindowsclosedsothatheshouldnotcatchcold.5.Hehidthemoneylestitshouldbestolen.6.Amydidn곰tgotobed,lestshemightbeneeded.7.Wewereafraidtosaywhatwasinourminds,forfearitmightstarttrouble.8.Inorderthatyoumaycreatesuchapicture,youhavetopossesscertainartisticweapons.Ⅱ.Underlinetheadverbialclausesinthefollowingsentences:1.Whatwasthematterwiththefellowthathelookedsohappy?2.Hewassorude(that)sherefusedtospeaktohim.3.HeranwithsuchspeedthatIcouldnotcatchhim.4.Hisangerwassuchthathelostcontrolofhimself.5.Oneofherlungsisaffectedalittlesothatshehastorest.6.Mymotherlivessofarawaythatwehardlyeverseeher.7.Hisheartbeatsothathecouldhardlybreathe.(so后略停顿)8.Sobrightwasthemoonthattheflowerswerebrightasbyday.9.Theywereallsotiredtheycoulddonothingbutyawn.10.Turgisfeltallthissothathewasnotcompletelyandperfectlyhappy.376 188.状语从句(4)1.条件状语从句:条件从句可由if,unless,suppose,supposing,incase,so(as)longas,oncondition(that),provided(that)等词引起:Theycan곰tbeupearlyiftheygotobebedlate.如果他们睡得晚,起来就不会早。Unlesssleepisadequate,noonefeelslikeexercising.除非睡眠充足,否则谁也不想锻炼。Supposing(suppose)itrains,whatshallwedo?假如下雨怎么办?IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.如果我忘了,请提醒我一下。Shedidn곰tmindanythingsolongasshewaswithJimmy.只要能和吉米在一起她什么也不在意。I곰llstayaslongasyouwantme.只要你要我留下我就留下。I곰llcomeonconditionthatAmyisinvited,too.我可以来,条件是也邀请爱梅。2.让步状语从句:让步状语从句可由though,although,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever,nomattar等词引起:Hewentout,thoughitwasraining.尽管下雨他还是出去了。Althoughtheyarepoortheyarehappy.他们虽然穷却很快乐。ShewasEnglish,evenifshespokemorelikeanItalian.尽管她讲话更像意大利人,她却是英国人。EventhoughitwouldbeSunday,Ithoughthemightbewilling.尽管那会是星期天,我想他也可能愿意。Hecananswerthequestionhoweverharditis.不管问题有多难他都能回答。Whateveryoudecidetodo,I곰mbehindyou.不管你决定干什么我都支持你。Wewantedtodance,nomatterwhatthemusicwas.我们想跳舞,不管是什么音乐。有些这类从句是倒装语序(可参阅练习Ⅱ后半部)。377 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Hemightbecrossifheknewwewerehere.2.IshallreturnThursdayunlesssomethingunexpectedhappens.3.Suppose(supposing)yourfathersawyouwhatwouldhesay?4.IncasehearrivesbeforeIgetback,pleaseaskhimtowait.5.Yourconduct,asfarasIcansee,isabsolutelyunjustifiable.6.Theearlierthebetter,sofarasweareconcerned.7.Aslongasyouarehappy,itdoesn곰tmatterwhatyoudo.8.I곰lllendyouthemoneyonconditionthatyoupayitbackinonemonth.9.Grantedthathehasenoughmoneytobuythehouse,itdoesn곰tmeanhe곰sgoingtodoso.10.Youmaygooutproviding(provided)youdoyourhomeworkfirst.Ⅱ.Underlinetheadverbialclausesinthefollowingsentences:1.Thoughitwasweak,itcouldfly.2.AlthoughIwastired,Ihadtogoonworking.3.Evenifsheweredyingofabrokenheartshewouldnotsayso.4.Heisanhonestman,eventhoughIhaveopposedhim.5.Howevercolditis,shealwaysgoesswimming.6.Weshallneversucceedhowevermuchwetry.7.Hewon곰teatyou,whoeverheis.8.Whicheverplanyouadopt,youwillencounterdifficulties.9.I곰llpostthatletterwhateverWilsonsays.10.Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotsayaword.11.TheyfoundJimalmostintears,bigboythoughhewas.12.Poorashewas,hewashonest.13.We곰llgivehimsupport,comewhatmay.14.Tryashecan,hecan곰tdoit.15.TryasIwould,Icouldnotprevailuponhimtofollowmyadvice.378 189.状语从句(5)1.表示比较的状语从句:这类从句都由than或as引起:ShelikesDannybetterthanshelikesme.她喜欢丹妮胜过喜欢我。HecanrunfasterthanIdo.他跑得比我快。Itisnotsodifficultasyouthink.它没有你想的那么困难。Sheisnotsoenergeticassheusedtobe.她不像过去那样充满活力了。有时许多词省略,只剩下一个词:Sheisfouryearsyoungerthanme.她比我小四岁。Itmadehimqueererthanever.这使他变得比过去更古怪。Shewasasmuchinterestedinmusicasever.她还是和过去一样对音乐有兴趣。Sheisascleveras(sheis)beautiful.她聪明又美丽。2.方式状语从句:这类从句多由as,asif,asthough,like等引起:Hewasallowedtodoasheliked.他们允许他爱怎么干就怎么干。Itswimsontheseafloorjustasitsancestorsdid.它在海底游动,就像它的祖辈那样。IlikethefreedomtoplanmydayexactlyasIwant.我喜欢完全自由地按照我自己的意愿安排一天的活动。Sheactsasthoughsheownstheplace.她表现得仿佛她是这里的主人。Shetreatshimasifhewasherownson.她把他像亲儿子一般对待。Helookedlikehehadseenaghost.他看起来就像见到鬼了似的。Youtalkjustlikeyourfatherdoes.你讲起话来就像你爸爸。IwasneverallowedtosingthewayIwantedto.他们从来不容许我按我自己的想法演唱。I곰llhelpyouanywayIcan.我将以任何可能的方式帮助你。379 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Thedogwasevenclevererthantheyhadthought.2.Itisonly50percentlargerthanourMoon.3.That곰seasiersaidthandone.4.Theyarrivedearlierthanusual.5.Itisevencolderthanyesterday.6.Shewasmoresurprisedthanangry.7.YouknowasmuchaboutthatasIdo.8.Ihaven곰tdoneasmuchasIshouldhaveliked.9.Shetrembledlesthemightbeascoldtoherasformerly.10.Shecanrunasfastas20milesanhour.Ⅱ.Underlinetheadverbialclausesinthefollowingsentences:1.WillyouwaitformeinWuhanaswearranged?2.ThePrincessdidasAladdinhadtoldher.3.Ihavechangeditasyousuggest.4.Robbiedidn곰tfeelasshedid.5.Iamasyoucanimagineshortofmoney.6.OwingtorainthegardenFetewillnottakeplaceasadvertised.7.Irememberthewholethingasifithappenedyesterday.8.Hepausedasthoughhefoundadifficulty.9.ShepausedasifexpectingLannytospeak.10.Theladstarted,asthoughawakenedfromadream.11.Lookslikeyou곰llbegoneaweek.12.Helookedlikehewasgoingtocry.13.DoitlikeItellyou.14.NoonecandancelikemyAuntMarydoes.15.Fixitanywayyouwant.16.IwishIcouldloveherthewayIlovedmyfather.380 第二十一章独立成分190.独立成分的类型独立成分(theIndependentElement)是指与句子其他成分没有语法关系的单词、短语或从句,主要有下面几类:1.惊叹语(Interjection)———常表示说话人当时的情绪,如惊奇、恐惧、懊恼,高兴等,也可用来打招呼:Oh!Pleasedon곰taskmeanymore.啊,求你不要再问我了。(痛苦)Oh!Soyouarebacknow.啊,你回来了。(高兴)Well,hereweareatlast!好了,我们到底到了!(快乐)Ohdear!Whyshouldyoubesostubborn!天啦,你怎么这样固执!(不耐烦)Mygoodness!Howcouldyouworksofast!我的天!你怎么干得这么快!(惊奇)Hello!Howareyou?嘿,你好?(打招呼)Why,that곰sournewdepartmenthead.你不知道吗?这是我们新来的主任。2.呼语(DirectAddress)———是对听话人的直接称呼:Comeinandtakeaseat,Mr.Black布莱克先生,进来请坐。Bequiet,children.孩子们,安静点。Somebodygoandfetchapailofwater.谁去打一桶水来。XiaoYang,whatdoyouhaveonyourmind?小杨,你有什么想法?Henry,howareyouatlanguages?亨利,你学语言的情况如何?3.插入语(Parenthesis)———插在句末或句子中间的成分:Whatisit,doyouthink?你认为这是什么呢?Hewasafooltohaveleftthem,hethought.他想他离开了他们是愚蠢的。This,Ithink,istheonlywayoutofthedifficulty.这个我想是摆脱困难的惟一办法。Whatonearthiswrongwithyou,Jessica?杰希嘉,你到底怎么回事?它们一般都用逗号和句子的其他部分隔开。381 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheinterjectionsinthefollowingsentences:1.Oh!It곰stoolatealready!2.Oh!Ihaveneverheardofsuchthingsbefore!3.Well,whatshallwedonext?4.Dearme,Ididn곰tknowyouweresosharp-tongued.5.OLord!Canacabbagegrowthatbig?6.Heavens,Imustbepregnant.7.Mygoodness,it곰shottoday!8.Oh,God.SoI곰mjustanotherpawninhergame.9.Goodnessme!Whatadirtydress!10.Oh,goodness,what곰shappened?11.Lord,what곰swrongwithher?12.Howshouldweanswerthisquestion?—Why,that곰ssimple.13.Hismother,alas,isn곰toutofdangeryet.14.Aha,sothat곰swhereshehideshermoney.15.Hey,comeandlookatthis!16.Oh,hi,Olivia.Comeonin.17.Ouch!Thathurt!18.We곰vedoneit!Hurray!Ⅱ.Underlinethedirectaddressinthefollowingsentences:1.Comeandsitbymyside,Mary.2.Fastenyourseatbelts,everybody.3.Don곰tgocoldonme,Samantha.4.Yougoahead,I곰llfollowbehind.5.Somebodygoandfetchachair.6.Mindyoursteps,Mr.Wilson.7.Mr.Davies,willyoucomethisway?8.Oh,John,whatareyoudoingoverthere?9.Oh!Helen,whyareyousoimpatienttoday?10.Tom!It곰srudetoanswerback.382 191.插入语1.最常见的插入语是下面这类,可放在句子末尾(a),也可能在句子中间(b):a.Thatwillbeagoodbeginning,Ihope.希望这是一个良好的开端。We곰llhavetobookourticketsinadvance,I곰mafraid.我看我们得提前订票。Herperformancewaswonderful,don곰tyouthink?她的演出很出色,你觉得吧?Wewentthereforourhoneymoon,youknow.我们到那里是去度蜜月,你知道。b.Theplay,Ithink,wasbothinterestingandinstructive.这个戏我觉得既有趣又教育人。Thetreesthere,it곰ssaid,aremostly,overthirtyfeettall.据说那里的树多数都有三丈多高。Thefirstpart,itseems,isbetterwrittenthantheotherparts.第一部分似乎比其他部分写得都好。This,youknow,isjustmypersonalopinion.这你知道只是我的个人看法。2.有些词或短词可插在句子(特别是问句)中去,不用逗号隔开:Whatonearthareyoufussingabout?什么事你这样大惊小怪?Iwonderwherethedevilmyslippersare?真怪,我的拖鞋到哪里去了?Whothehellareyou?你他妈的是谁?WhatinHeaven곰snameareyoudoing?你到底在干什么?这种插入语主要用来加重语气,去掉后句子结构仍然是完整的。3.另外在下面这类句子中似乎也插入了一个成分:Wehavebeenwaitingforyouforheavenknowshowlong.(比较:Heavensknowshowlongwehavebeenwaitingforyou.)我们一劲儿等着,天知道我们等了多久。不过这种插入的部分不宜拿掉。383 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheparenthesisinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子的插入语下面划线):1.Yourfamilyarequitewell,Ihope.2.Youdon곰tmindmysmoking,Isuppose.3.Itmustcostagooddealtolivehere,don곰tyouthink?4.Thisis,Ibelieve,allthenewsconcerningthesociety.5.Nevertrainedthatway,yousee.6.Soonthiswouldbebehindus,shesaid.7.What곰sthemeaningofallthat,heasked.8.Whydidshedothat,hewondered.9.I곰mnotmuchofadancer,I곰mafraid.10.That,Ithink,istheonlyanswerforthequestion.11.Yourexplanation,I곰mafaid,isn곰tveryconvincing.12.Yourmother,Iguess,willbetoobusytodothat.Ⅱ.Underlinetheinsertedwordsinthefollowingsentences.(在下面句子插入的词下划线):1.Whatonearthdoyoumean?2.Whatthedevilhappened?3.Whatthehelldoyouwant?4.What,inthenameofgoodness,doesallthismean?5.Hegotthenewsfromnobodyknowswhere.6.Thetempledisappearednoonerememberswhen.7.Thereweretwelvepeoplepresent,tobeprecise.8.This,inmyopinion,isonlyoneoftheminorissues.9.Worsestill,thetorrentialrainswashedawaythetopsoilfromthehillside.10.Or,betterstill,wedoitourselves.11.Wepartedpeacefully,withoutarow—asitshouldbe.12.Youlearnthroughfailures—they곰reliketuitionfees.384 第二十二章语序192.自然语序和倒装语序1.主语和谓语有两种顺序,即:1)自然语序(Naturalorder)———即主语在前,谓语在后,这和汉语的顺序大体上是一致的,陈述句、惊叹句等多数是自然语序:Ihaveabadpaininmyback.我的背疼得厉害。Scientistsdivideanimals,plantsandrocksintoclasses.科学家把动物、植物和岩石分成若干类。Oh,howmyheartbeat!啊,我的心跳得这么厉害!Whatalotofphotographsyou곰vegot!你的照片真多!2)倒装语序(InvertedOrder)———即谓语放在主语前面,多数疑问句和一部分陈述句使用这种语序:Hereisaregisteredletter.这儿有一封挂号信。Incameamanwithawhitebeard.忽然进来一个白胡子老头。2.倒装语序又可分为两种:1)全部倒装(FullInvertion)———即整个谓语放在主语前面:Herecomesthetrain.火车来了。Awaywenttherunner.赛跑的人出发了。2)部分倒装(PartialInversion)———只将谓语的一部分放在主语前面:Howdoyouspellthatword?那个字怎样讲?Isn곰titwonderful!这多好呀!3.疑问句大部分是倒装语序:Howareyougettingalong?你们相处得怎样?Doyouknowhertelephonenumber?你知道她的电话号码吗?Issheleavingtodayortomorrow?她今天动身还是明天动身?Youenjoyyourwork,don곰tyou?你喜欢你的工作对吧?如果主语是由疑问词表示的或修饰的,它就放在谓语前面:Whoinventedthetelevision?电视是谁发明的?Whichsidewonthematch?哪边赛赢了?在个别情况下,陈述句改为问句(Youknowhim?),这时就用自然语序。385 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepredicateinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子中的谓语下划线):1.Theregoesthebell.2.Downfelladozenapples.3.Roundandroundflewtheplane.4.Outsprangthecuckoo.5.Inthedoorwaystoodamanwithagun.6.Overthewallcameashowerofstones.7.Fromtheraftershungstringsofonions.8.Onaperchbesidehimsatablueparrot.9.Hangingfromtherafterswerestringsofonions.10.Standinginthedoorwaywasamanwithagun.11.Sittingonaperchbesidehimwasablueparrot.12.There곰ssomeonewavingtoyou.13.In1859therecameaboutawarbetweenthetwocountries.14.Thereremainedjusttwentypounds.15.Hencetherehasarisentheagrarianquestion.16.Herehungapictureofenormoussize,paintedbyTintoretto.Ⅱ.Underlinethepredicateinthefollowingquestions(在下面问句中的谓语下划线):1.Whereshallwemeet?2.Whatdoyouthinkofthearrangements?3.Willyoubegoingtherebytrainorbyplane?4.DoesshemajorinEnglish?5.You곰reinfavouroftheplan,aren곰tyou?6.Whotoldyouthis?7.Whatmadeyouthinkso?8.Whosefamilyownsthisplantation?9.Howmanypeoplearegoingtotakepartinthecontest?10.WhichcountryisthesmallestoneinEurope?386 193.倒装语序(1)陈述句大多数都是自然语序,只有在少数情况下用倒装顺序,如:1.由there,here,then等引起的句子有时用倒装语序:Therehavebeenmanysuchuprisingsinourhistory.我国历史上发生过好些这样的起义。HereisChina곰slargesttropicalforest.这里有中国最大的热带森林。ThenfollowedeightyearsoftheAnti-Japanesewar.接着是八年抗战。Nowcomesyourturn.现在该轮到你了。2.由so,neither,nor等引起的句子后,多用倒装语序:Maximhastoldmeso,andsohasFrank.马克西姆曾这样告诉我,佛兰克也曾这样告诉我。“I곰mhungry.”“SoamI.”“我饿。”“我也饿。”Isaidnomore.Neitherdidshe.我没再说什么,她也没再说什么。“Ican곰timagine.”“NorcanI.”“我不能想像。”“我也不能想像。”3.条件从句的if省略时,句子也常常倒装:HadIbeeninformedearlier,Icouldhavedonesomething.要是早点告诉我,我也许能想点办法。Wereshethere,shemightsupportthemotion.假如她在那里,她或许会支持这项动议。Shouldanyonecall,tellhimtowaitformehere.万一有人找我,让他在这里等我。4.某些让步从句,也可能用倒装语序。Comewhatmay,we곰llalwaysstandbyyou.不管发生什么情况,我们都将站在你一边。Tryashewould,hecouldn곰tmakeherchangehermind.尽管他努力,仍不能让她改变主意。Saywhatyouwill,Iwon곰tdothat.不管你怎么说,我也不会这样做。5.在某些表示祝愿的句子中,也可能有倒装语序:LonglivethePeople곰sRepublicofChina!中华人民共和国万岁!Mayyouhaveasafejourney.祝一路平安。387 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepredicateofthepartininvertedorderinthefollowingsentences(划出倒装部分的谓语):1.Therehasbeennoraintoday.2.Hefelttheremustbesomethingwrong.3.Theredoesn곰tseemtohavebeenanydifficultyoverthemoneyquestion.4.Theresprangfromtheaudienceacryofindignation.5.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenproducedmorefoodthanthecountryneeds.6.Hereisadifficultyforyoutogetover.7.Herearemyrepliestoyourquestions.8.Thenopensanepochofsocialrevolution.9.Thencameanewdevelopmentthathadfar-reachingeffects.10.“Ilikehardchairs.”“SodoI.”11.IfAdamcandoit,socanI.12.Idon곰tlikeit.—NeitherdoI.13.Idon곰tknowandneitherdoIcare.14.Heneverwentagain,nordidhewritetoapologize.15.Ididn곰tseeit,andnordidyou.16.Mayyouhavealongandhappylife.Ⅱ.Underlinetheadverbialclausesinthefollowingsentences:1.WereITom,Iwouldrefuse.2.WereIinherplace,Iwouldthinkdifferently.3.Shouldyourequireanything,justphoneme.4.Hadheknownyouwerehere,hewouldhavecometoseeyou.5.Shouldtheydecidetoholdaninquiry,wewouldwelcomeit.6.Wereitalltrue,itwouldstillnotexcusefortheiractions.7.HadIknown,Iwouldnothavedonethat.8.Saywhatyouwill,Iwon곰tchangemymind.9.Tryashemay,hewillnotpassheexamination.10.Comewhatmay,hewouldneverletherknowwhathewasdoingforhersake.388 194.倒装语序(2)1.以never,little,only,notonly,nowhere,hardly,scarcely等副词引起的句子,常用倒装语序:NeverbeforehaveIshownittoanyone.我从来没拿给任何人看过。LittledidIrealizewhatwasupsettinghim.我完全没意识到什么让他不高兴。Onlythencouldtheworkofreconstructionbeseriouslybegun.只有那时重建工作才能真正开始。Notonlydidhespeakmorecorrectly,buthespokemoreeasily.不仅他说得比较正确,也说得比较不费劲了。Hardlyhadheenteredtheroomwhentheystartedtoaskhimquestions.他刚进屋,他们就开始问他问题。Scarcelyhadhegoneoutwhenitbegantorain.他刚一出门就下起雨来。NowherecouldIseehim.哪儿也见不到他。Nosoonerhadhegonetosleepthanthetelephonerangoncemore.他刚睡着,电话铃又响了。2.当一个句子没有宾语而主语又比较长,常可将状语提到句子前去,有时把谓语又放到主语前面,开始这类句子的多为介词短语:Afterthebanquetcameafireworkdisplayinthegarden.在宴会之后,花园里又燃放了烟火。(比较:Afireworkdisplaycameafterthebanquet.)Beforethemlaymilesofundulatingmoorland.他们前面是一片高低起伏的荒原。(比较:Milesofundulatingmoorlandlaybeforethem.)有时提前的也可能是一个副词:Thusbegantheplunderofthecountry곰swealth.就这样开始了对这个国家财富的掠夺。(比较:Thustheplunderofthecountry곰swealthbegan.)Sooncameanewdevelopmentthathadfar-reachingeffects.不久有了一个新的发展,产生了深远的影响。389 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethepredicateofthepartininvertedorderinthefollowingsentences(划出倒装部分的谓语):1.NeverhadAladdinseenanyonesobeautiful.2.Littledoeshecarewhetherweliveordie.3.Onlyinthiswaycanthehonourofthefamilybesaved.4.Notonlywasmymotherunhappy,butMarged,too.5.Hardlyhadshearrivedwhenshestartedcomplaining.6.Scarcelywasheoutofsightwhentheycame.7.NowherehaveIseensomanybeautifulhouses.8.Nosoonerhadwesetoffthanwerealizedthatwe곰dleftthedogbehind.9.Notoncedidsheattempttoimposetheseuponme.10.Innocircumstancesmustasoldierleavehispost.11.UndernocircumstancescouldIagreetosuchaprinciple.12.Notoncehasshefailedtokeepherpromise.Ⅱ.Underlinethepredicateinthefollowingsentences:1.Oneverysidestretchedfieldsofluxuriantgreen.2.Fromthedistancecameoccasionalshots.3.Throughthewindowcameinwaftsofintoxicatingfragrance.4.Onthewindingpathsweretobefoundfootprintsofsomestrangeanimals.5.Tothelistmaybeaddedthefollowingnames.6.Afterthemcameinthehostandthehostess.7.Andontheheelsofthedroughtcameanewdisaster.8.Alongtheriverbanksstoodstacksofhay.9.Beforethedesksatagreyheadedgentlemanofaboutsixtyyears.10.Onthetablestoodtwoglasses,anemptybrandybottle,andtheremainsofameal.390 195.倒装语序(3)1.表语也可连用系动词提到主语前面,提到句首的表语可以是:1)介词短语:OntheothersideisnorthernXinjiang.在另一边是北疆。Nearthesouthernendofthevillagewasalargepearorchard.靠近村子南头有一座很大的梨园。2)形容词:Veryimportantinthefarmers곰lifeistheweatherforecast.农民生活中非常重要的事就是天气预报。Worstofallwerethehumiliationshesuffered.最糟糕的是他受的屈辱。3)副词:Southwestofthereservoirwere2,000muofsandywasteland.水库西南有两千亩沙荒地。Belowisarestaurant.下面是一家餐馆。4)过去分词(表语):Hiddenundergroundisawealthofgold,silver,copper,leadandzinc.地下埋藏了大量金、银、铜、铅和锌。ThemostwidelydistributedistheHuipeople.分布最广的是回族。2.有时被动结构中的过去分词(a)和进行时态中的现在分词(b)也可以提前:a.MostfrequentedbytouristsistheJuyongguansection.游人最多的是居庸关这一段。Showntogetherwiththeseproductsweremodelsofsteelworks.和这些产品一道展出的还有钢铁厂的模型。b.Lyingonthefloorwasaboyagedaboutseventeen.躺在地板上的是一个年约十七岁的男孩。Standingbesidethetablewasaninterpreter.站在桌旁的是一位口译人员。3.在描写景像时,有时把状语提前,同时把谓语放在主语前面,使句子更生动:Upwentthearrowintotheair.飕地一声,箭射上了天。Followingtheroar,outrushedatigerfromamongthebushes.一声吼叫,呼地从丛林中冲出一只老虎。391 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinethecompoundpredicateinthefollowingsentences.(在下面句子中的复合谓语下划线):1.Amongitsproductsarefarmmachinesandminingequipment.2.Oneithersidewererowsoffruittrees.3.NexttoitisanotherrestaurantwherewecanhaveChinesefood.4.Aroundthelakeare21farmswith57,000workers.5.Nearbyarehousesbuiltbythepeasantsthemselves.6.Especiallypopulararethemusicalandtheatricalgroups.7.Belowisanexampleoftypicalbusinessletter.8.Hereisadifficultyforyoutogetover.9.Scatteredlikestarsinthedeepmountainsarenumerousreservoirsandponds.10.Picturedhereisawoodentubusedforgatheringwater-chestnut.Ⅱ.Underlinethepredicateinthefollowingsentences(在下面句子的谓语下划线)1.Holdingthesecretary곰shandarethepeasant곰syoungdaughters.2.VisitingBeijingwere300Japanesestudents.3.RunningacrossisastreamnamePeachBrook.4.Participatingareexpertsfrom46countries.5.Helpingthemraisetheirartisticlevelarevariousprofessionalorganization.6.Watchingtheperformancesweremostlyforeigntourists.7.Downflewthegiantbird.8.Thedooropenedandincameatroopofchildreninallsortsoffancydresses.9.Offdashedthecontestants.10.Upwenttherockets!392 第二十三章省略句196.省略句(EllipticalSentences)1.英语句子,特别是在口语中,常会有词被省略,这样的句子称为省略句,被省略的部分可以是:1)主语:(I)Begyourpardon.请再说一遍。(It)Doesn곰tmatter.没关系。(Doyou)Wantsome?(你)要一点吗?2)谓语或谓语的一部分:(Isthere)Anythingyouwant?你要什么东西吗?(Does)Anybodyneedhelp?有人需要帮忙吗?(Are)Youhungry?你饿吗?3)宾语:WhereisGeorge?—Idon곰tknow.乔治在哪里?———我不知道。Sheknowswhodidit,butshewon곰ttell.她知道是谁干的,但她不说。4)主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分):(I곰m)Sorry.对不起。(Come)Thisway,please.请这边来。(Areyou)Tired?累了吗?(Areyou)Lookingforme?找我?5)不定式、冠词或其他东西:Hedidn곰tcome,thoughwehadinvitedhimto(come).他没来,虽然我们邀请了他。(The)Factiswedon곰tknowitourselves.事实是我们自己也不知道Shallwebelate?—Ihope(weshall)not(belate).我们会不会迟到?———我希望不会。2.有些句子只含有句子的一部分(如只有谓语或谓语的一部分),却很难说有什么词省略。这类句子可以称单部句(One-memberSentences),如:Thanksalot.非常感谢。Whatofit?那又有什么关系。Awaywithyou!滚开!Handsup!举起手来!393 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Supplytheomittedwordsinthefollowingsentences.(补出下列句子中省略的词):1.Haven곰tseenyouforages!2.Hadagoodtime?3.Lookslikerain.4.Gottogonow.5.AnythingIcandoforyou?6.Whatapityyoucan곰tgowithus!7.Sorry,wrongnumber.8.Gotapen?9.Didyoulikethefilm?—Oh,verymuch.10.Troubleiswedon곰thaveenoughtools.11.Coursethat곰sonlyabeginning.12.Leavingsoearly?13.She곰snotcoming?Why?14.Bettertoday?—Muchbetter.15.IsMarycomingtotheparty?—I곰mafraidnot.16.Wheredidyouputthekey?—Inthedeskdrawer.Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.NoSmoking(parking/spitting).2.Noentry.3.Offwiththelid.4.Outwithit.5.DownwithFascism!6.Onwithyourclothes.7.Offwithyourshirt.8.Offtobedwithyou.9.Downonyourknees!10.Nobicycleagainstthewall!394 197.简单句中的省略1.在日常对话中常常用到省略句,一是在回答问题时(a),一是在接着别人说话时(b):a.Whenareweduetoarrive?—Inabouttwohours.我们什么时候到?———大约两个钟头后到。Willyoujoinus?—Ishouldloveto.你愿意和我们一道去吗?———我愿意。Haveyouspokentohim?—Notyet.你给他讲了吗?———还没有。b.Itlookslikeashower.—Yes,somewhat.看起来要下一阵雨了。———是的,有点像。Iwenttoanexhibitionthismorning.—Withwhom?我今天去参观了一个展览。———和谁去的?IhopeIamnotdisturbingyoutoomuch.—Certainlynot.我希望我不会过分打扰你。———当然不会。2.在陈述自己的意见(a),提出问题或要求(b)或是在感叹句中(c)都可以有字词省略:a.Notfeelingverywelltoday.今天觉得有点不舒服。Musthavegonetowork.准是上班去了。Nicedayagain.又是一个好天。b.Anybodyagainstit?有人反对吗?Whatnext?下一步怎么办?Justadropmore.再喝一点点。c.Justwonderful!太妙了!Agoodidea!好主意!Stupid!愚蠢!3.在日记、书信中也有时有字词省略(a),报纸标题中也常有省略句(b):a.OutwithBillinthemorning.Awetday.早上和毕尔出去,下着雨。Havingawonderfultime.Marvelousweather.玩得很好,天气好极了。b.SenatortoseekReelection.参议员争取再次当选。395 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.SupplytheomittedwordsinthefollowingSentences(给出省略的词):1.Howareyougettingonwithyourwork?—Prettywell.2.Howistheweather?—goingtoclearup.3.Areyoutired?—Notvery.4.Who곰sthatgentleman?—Ourneighbor,Mr.White.5.Wouldyoulikethisoneorthatone?—Both,please.6.Iimaginethisisaveryoldbuilding.—verylikely.7.Ihopeyouwon곰tmindifIborrowyourdictionaryforamoment.—Notintheleast.8.Theplaywasverytouching.—Yes,andveryinstructivetoo.9.Hewon곰tcome.—Why?10.Hespecializesinanthropology.—What?Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Hopetohearfromyousoon.2.HappyNewYear.—Thesametoyou.3.Nochangeintheplanuntilfurthernotice.4.Sorrytobelate.5.Hadyourbreakfast?6.Finishedyourwork?—Almost.7.Apoundofbutter,please.8.Right?—Right.9.Whatamagnificentbuilding!10.Youold?Notabitofit!11.Patience!12.Willyoulendmesomemoney?—Nothingdoing.13.Gotupat6,phonedBill,Billsaidhewasill,sohadtocancelmeeting.Wenttoofficeinstead.Workedtill12ongovernmentcontract.14.Millionaire곰sSonKidnapped.396 198.复合句中的省略1.许多状语从句可以有词省略,特别是在when,while,though,if,asif(though)等后面,省略的词多为它的主语和动词be:Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.过街时注意车辆。Shetalkedwhilepreparingtheirsupper.她一面做饭一面谈着。Thoughnotlarge,theroomwaslightandairy.房间虽不大,却很亮堂,空气清新。Ifnecessary,I곰llhavetheletterduplicated.如果必要我将把信复印一份。Shehurriedlylefttheroomasif(though)angry.她匆匆离开了房间,好像生气了的样子。Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.这种观点,不管多么可以理解,都是错误的。Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.这类情况一旦发现,就应当报告。Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.在空格中填入必要的冠词。2.在比较从句中,几乎经常会有字词省略:Manyothersaredoingbetterthanweare.有很多人比我们干得好。Theywereheavierthanhehadexpected.它们比他预料的重。Waterisasimportanttousasoxygen.水对我们像氧气一样重要。Workinghardasusual,Iexpect.还是和平时那样勤奋,我想。3.复合句中还有些其他成分可以省略:Anythingyouwanttotakewithyou?有什么东西要带吗?Sorry,thelineisbusy.对不起,占线了。Hopeyou곰lllikeit.希望你会喜欢。We곰llcertainlyhelpyouifwecan.要是可能我们一定会帮助你。Iwon곰tdisturbyouagainunlessIhaveto.除非不得已我将不再来打扰你。Thesooner,thebetter.越快越好。397 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Underlinetheellipticalclausesinthefollowingsentences.(在下面句子中的省略从句下划线):1.Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.2.Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.3.Oftenshewouldweepwhenalone.4.WhileinLondonLeninstudiedtheEnglishlabourmovement.5.Hewouldneverdothisunlesscompelled.6.AsscheduledtheymetonJanuary20.7.Iwillreturnthemassoonaspossible.8.Heglancedaboutasifinsearchofsomething.9.Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.10.Avoidstructureofthiskindwhereverpossible.11.Hearrangedforthismantocomewheneverneeded.12.Anyone,nomatterwho,maypointoutourshortcomings.13.We곰remoreconfidentthaneverthatwewillsucceed.14.Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.Ⅱ.Translatethefollowingsentences:1.Nothingmoreyouwanttosay?2.Toobadyoucan곰tjoinusinthecelebration.3.Don곰tknowwhatthey곰lldonext.4.Ifhedoesn곰twanttostayinbed,we곰dbetternotforcehimto.5.Heropinion,whetherrightorwrong,shouldbeconsidered.6.We곰llgeteverythingreadytomorrowifnotearlier.7.I곰lldoallIcantohelpthem.8.Ifnottoday,tomorrowIamsureyouwillgetananswer.9.Thelesssaid,thebetter.(prov.)10.Morehaste,lessspeed.(prov.)398 199.并列句中的省略1.并列句如果两个分句有重复处,后面部分就常常省略掉:Iworkinafactoryandmybrotheronafarm.我在工厂工作,我弟弟在农场工作。Myroomisonthesecondfloorandhis,onthethird.我的房间在三楼,他的房间在四楼。HemajorsinEnglish,andIinFrench.他主修英语,而我主修法语。Someonehasborrowedthatlook,butIdon곰trememberwho.有人借了那本书,但我不记得谁借的了。Thefoxmaygrowgrey,butnevergood.狐狸会变老,却不会变好。(谚)2.有时but,and等连词可引起一个短语,有的词则省略了:Wetriedtohelpher,butinvain.我们想法子帮助她,但没有用。Hediditandquitesuccessfullytooatthebeginning.他这样做了,而且开头时还很成功。Westillhaveourshortcomings,andverybigonestoo.我们还有缺点,而且是很大的缺点。Thishappenedandagoodthingtoo,forithelpedustorealizeourshortcomings.发生了这事,也是好事,因为它帮助我们明白了我们的缺点。3.另外,下面这些句子也可说有词省略:Alittlefurtherandyouwillseeasignboard.再往前走一点,你可以看到一块招牌。(Go)Afewmonthsmoreandthehydro-electricstationwouldbeprovidingpower.再过几个月水电站就要供电了。(Wait)Well,anotherthing,haveyousentouttheinvitationcards?哦,还有一件事,请柬发出去了吗?(Ihavetoaskyou)Now,onemorething,Iwanttosendapackagebyairmail.还有一件事,我要寄一个航空包裹。(Ihavetodo.)399 Exercises(练习)Ⅰ.Supplytheomittedparts(补出省略部分):1.Atthemomenttoadvancewasdifficultandtoretreat,impossible.2.Toerrishuman,toforgivedivine.3.WeeatourfoodwithchopsticksandtheEuropeanswithknivesandforks.4.ThenamesofthetwolittleonesseemedtobeSabinaandFreda;oftheeldest,Stella.5.Oneofthemlecturedonthepeasantproblemandtheotheronmilitaryaffairs.6.Thescenerywasbeautiful,andtheactingsuperb.7.We곰reboundtowinsomeday.Yes,butwhen?8.Youmuststop,andatonce,thissortofbehaviour.9.Sheneversaidshewashomesick,butshewas.10.Shepretendedtobeangry,butshewasnot.Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.Heworkedhardbutwithoutanysuccess.2.Sheglancedquicklyabout,butseeingonlytheemptyroom.3.Shetriedtosaveitbutinvain.4.It곰snottheredoneIwantedbuttheblueone.5.He곰shardworking,butnotveryclever.6.Thephonerang,butonlyforafewseconds.7.Icanunderstandhisunhappiness.Buttoattemptsuicide!8.Wemustnotcomplainabouttheproblem,buthelptoputitright.9.ThewordswereDavid곰s;theair,oneofthecountryside.10.Theworkisdone,thebookputaway.11.AnymajorbreakthroughandFrancewouldbefinished,deGaullewarned.12.We곰llhaveameeting,butnottoday.400 附录Index1KeytoExercises(练习答案)1Ⅰ1.(n.)2.(v.)3.(adv.)4.(pron.)5.(adj.)6.(num.)7.(v.)8.(adj.)9.(prep.)10.(n.)11.(conj.)12.(interj.)13.(prep.)14.(adv.)15.(v.)16.(adv.)17.(interj.)18.(pron.)19.(adv.)20.(conj.)Ⅱ1.nouns:IsaacNewton,science,life,scientists,time,events,phenomena,book,Principia,works,science,work,laws,motion,theory,gravitation,planets,orbits,comets2.articles:the3.verbs:dedicated,became,thought,might,be,explained,written,contains,helped,explain4.adjectives:greatest,all,natural,famous,single,5.adverbs:deeply,how,most,probably,ever6.pronouns:himself,his,one,he,7.prepositions:to,throughout,of,about,on8.conjunctions:and,or,2Ⅰ1.(形)这项工程处于最后阶段。(名)各队云集参加今年欧洲杯的决赛。2.(名)我们需要休息一会儿。(动)玻璃容易破碎。3.(名)我主修法语。(动)她在耶鲁大学主修物理学。(形)这个戏很成功。4.(名)你能等一会儿吗?(连)她在上学时写了她的第一本小说。401 (动)我们在机场看杂志打发时间。5.(形)风暴过后是一片平静。(动)雪莱没法使她平静。(名)风暴之后是一片宁静。6.(形)你今晚为什么这样安静?(名)我喜欢乡下的宁静。(动)风平息下来。7.(形)不要对她这样粗野。(名)一群暴徒把他打倒,抢去了他的钱财。(动)艰苦的劳动使他的手变粗了。8.(介)他们在房子周围种了树。(副)不要向四周望。(形)圆圆的太阳已经西沉。(名)每轮拳击赛时间为两分钟。(动)我们发“乌”音的嘴唇呈圆形。Ⅱ(略)3Ⅰ1.(v.)(n.)2.(v.)(n.)3.(n.)(v.)4.(n.)(v.)5.(adj.)(v.)6.(adj.)(v.)7.(adj.)(n.)8.(adj.)(n.)Ⅱ1./pr궼곱dju귂siz//"pr궿dju귂s/2./pr궼곱testid//"pr궼utest/3./ri곱beld//"reblz/4./im곱p궿귂ts//"imp궿귂t/4Ⅰ1.-less(adj.)2.-age(n.)3.-ity(n.)4.-ry(n.)5.-ize(v.)6.-en(adj.)7.-ty(n.)8.-ward(adv.)9.-an(adj.)10.-th(n.)11.-y(adj.)12.-al(n.)13.-al(adj.)14.-ate(v.)15.-th(num.)16.-ty(n.)17.-ful(n.)18.-ful(adj.)19.-ian(n.)20.-ee(n.)21.-ish(adj.)22.-ship(n.)23.-ate(adj.)24.-dom(n.)25.-y(adj.)26.-ient(adj.)27.-ence(n.)28.-ive(adj.)29.-wise(adv.)30.-ify(v.)31.-ible(adj.)32.-ary(adj.)33.-en(v.)34.-some(adj.)35.-ant(adj.)36.-ate(v.)37.-ic(adj.)38.-ess(n.)39.-ous(adj.)40.-able(adj.)41.-ly(adj.)42.-like(adj.)Ⅱ1.dis-(不诚实)2.co-(合作)3.un-(不真实)402 4.anti-(反法西斯)5.over-(过高估计)6.ir-(无法抗拒)7.post-(研究生的)8.sub-(潜水艇)9.micro-(微电脑)10.non-(不干涉)11.counter-(反攻)12.mis-(误会)13.de-(复员)14.ex-(前主席)15.in-(不方便)16.fore-(预报)17.il-(不合逻辑)18.inter-(国际的)19.im-(不可能)20.self-(自立更生)21.re-(重写)22.pro-(亲美的)23.pre-(预热)24.super-(超级市场)25.mini-(超短裙)26.tele-(望远镜)27.semi-(半导休)28.vice-(副总理)29.dis-(不赞成)30.un-(开锁)5Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ(A)手提包手球手推车传单手册手铐手榴弹手泵手工制造的分发材料握手书法,字体女仆手枪手绢(B)燃烧弹消防队救火车太平梯灭火器消防栓火力枪炮鞭炮萤火虫消防队员防火的壁炉柴火焰火(C)水鸟水车水冷装置厕所水疗法瀑布水龙头水禽睡莲西瓜水管水球水力(发电)供水水塔自来水厂水冷的防水的遭水涝的不漏水的(D)无用的人善意脾气好的情绪好心情好的愉快地天性善良天性善良的好心地6Ⅰ1.(主)(谓)(宾)2.(主)(谓)(宾)3.(主)(谓)4.(谓)(状)5.(定)(定)6.(呼语)7.(同位语)8.(状)(状)9.(感叹语)(宾)10.(插入语)Ⅱinourcity(状语)ofthem(定语)onbothsides(状语)ofthesestreets(定语)Hereandthere(状语)towalk...(主语)walking...(宾语)onthesetwostreets(状语)403 Quiteafew(定语)Inthesestores(状语)clothes,stationary...(同位语)tobuybooks...(状语)onBeijingRoad(状语)onNanjingRoad(状语)agoodnumberof(定语)Chinesefood(宾语)westernfood(宾语)intheserestaurants(状语)Inthesummerevenings(状语)alongthestreets(状语)thelights...(宾语)7Ⅰ1.表语/单词2.表语/单词3.状语/短语4.状语/短语5.主语/单词6.状语/短语7.状语/单词8.状语/单词9.谓语/单词10.宾语/单词11.状语/单词12.状语/短语13.主语/短语14.谓语/短语Ⅱ1.状语从句2.assoonasshearrives(状语)3.he곰llbacktoday(宾语)4.whyIwanttogo(表语)5.whatImean(宾语)6.youbonght(定语)7.Whatshesaid(主语)8.Youwereright(宾语)9.hetold(定语)10.howwemissedthetrain(表语)8Ⅰ1.陈述句/复合句2.疑问句/简单句3.陈述句/简单句4.疑问句/简单句5.陈述句/简单句6.疑问句/简单句7.陈述句/复合句8.疑问句/简单句9.陈述句/复合句10.祈使句/简单句11.感叹句/简单句12.祈使句/并列句13.陈述句/简单句14.陈述句/复合句15.陈述句/并列句16.感叹句/简单句Ⅱ(A)1.别再迟到了。2.请填好下面表格。3.咱们坐一块儿吧。4.下次小心点。(B)1.她唱得多好!2.你心肠真好!3.真遗憾这青年画家这样穷!4.真荒谬可笑!9Ⅰ1.特殊问句2.特殊问句3.特殊问句4.特殊问句5.一般问句6.选择问句7.特殊问句8.一般问句9.反意问句10.一般问句11.特殊问句12.一般问句Ⅱ1.don곰tyou2.isn곰tit3.doesn곰tshe4.didn곰tshe5.weren곰tyou6.hasn곰tshe7.willshe8.doyouⅢ1.Didyougobytrainorbyplane?2.Isshefromthesouthorfromthenorth?3.Doyouagreeordisagree?404 4.Willyoubebacktonightortomorrow?5.Doseitrainmoreofteninspringorinsummer?6.Hasshegonetotownorgonetothepark?10Ⅰ1.Tom(专有)boy(个体)2.map(个体)England,Wales(专有)towns,rivers,ranges,hills,islands(个体)3.peace,war(抽象)4.news(抽象)plane(个体)5.noise(抽象)children(个体)6.salt,soup(物质)7.tea,sugar(物质)8.time(抽象)9.fish(个体),water(物质)10.girl(个体)sweetness,innocence(抽象)child(个体)11.life(抽象)12.intelligence(抽象)children(个体)Ⅱ1.milk(不可数)cows(可数)2.country(可数)season(可数)3.teacher(可数),lesson(可数),grammar(不可数)4.shout(可数),joy(不可数)5.hour(可数),freedom(不可数)6.food(不可数),day(可数)7.work(不可数)8.music(不可数),word(可数)9.advice(不可数)10.victory(不可数)11.electricity(不可数)12.education(不可数),children(可数)11Ⅰ1.不可数/可数(后略)Ⅱ1.knowledge,power2.steamheat,water3.patience4.joy5.pleasure6.luck7.information8.luggage9.furniture10.travel12Ⅰpolicemenchildrenoxenwomenmiceteethgeesefeetpotatoesheroesleaveswivesshelvesroofslivesknivesbabiesbusesmonkeysbranchesthievescitiesmosquitoeswatchesladiesfoxesfliesbrushestomatoesinches405 halvesdaysboxestoysphotosaircraftwolveskilosbossesclassespianoslorriesglassesdisheswishespartiesgasescalvesⅡ1.sheep2.geese3.oxen4.knives5.wolves6.fishermen7.mice8.teeth9.policewomen10.Women,men11.phenomena12.strata13.aircraft14.feet15.fish16.leaves13Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ1.Thisshopsellsbothmen곰sandwomen곰sclothes.2.Dotheysellbabies곰clothes?3.He곰slookingatthedog곰steeth.4.Thisisawoman곰sbicycle.5.June1stisChildren곰sDay.6.Youcanbuyaspirinatthechemist곰s(adrugstore).7.Hehasadoctor곰sdegree.8.Wehaveaweek곰sholidayduringtheSpringFestival.9.Iboughttendollars곰worthofstamps.10.I곰vebeentothebutcher곰s(thebaker곰s,thebarbar곰s).11.We곰regoingtohavedinneratmyaunt곰s.12.IwenttoJohn곰s,buthewasathissister곰s.14Ⅰ1.主语/宾语2.主语/表语3.主语/介词宾语4.宾语/宾语5.状语/呼语6.宾语补语/介词宾语7.表语/介词宾语/同位语8.主语/状语/介词宾语9.介词宾语/状语10.定语/宾语/状语/介词宾语ⅡA.问询处安全带安全别针身份证强权政治政府代表团信用卡储蓄银行人寿保险传真机电话号码汇票急诊室汇率长途电话分期付款B.和谈和平建设彩色电影色彩鲜艳的衣裳历史老师历史剧安全网安全的地方15Ⅰ1.an2.a3.a4.a5.the406 6.a7.an,the8.an9.The,a10.an,an,the11.a,the,The,an12.The,an13.a,a,The,the14.the,a,a,a15.a,The,a,aⅡ(略)16Ⅰ1.O/O2.O/the/the3.O/the/O/O/the4.The/O/the/the/the5.the/O/O6.the/O/O/O7.The/O/the8.the/theⅡ1.theGreatHallofthePeople2.TsinghuaUniversity3.NationalDay4.TheWorkers곰Gymnasium.5.theRedTowerCinema6.theIndianOcean7.theYangtzeRiver8.theTianshanMountains.9.SilverLake10.theNationalPeople곰sCongress11.NankingRoad12.ZhongShanPark13.TianAnMenSquare14.theWorldTradeOrganization15.TheUNSecurityCouncil16.theMinistryofForeignAffairs17Ⅰ1.O2.O/O3.the4.O5.the6.an7.a8.the9.a10.O11.a12.O13.A14.a15.O16.theⅡ(略)18Ⅰ1.O/O2.O3.O4.The5.O/O6.a7.a8.O/a9.O10.the11.O12.The13.O14.An15.O16.a17.TheⅡ1.silk2.brownpaper3.thepaper4.aneveningpaper5.apaper6.freshwater7.thewater8.snow9.thesnow10.aheavysnow19Ⅰ1.O2.a3.the4.O5.the6.a7.an8.the9.a10.the11.O12.a13.the14.O15.O16.OⅡ(略)20Ⅰ1.Doyouknowthesepeople?Idon곰tknowthesepeople.2.Doessheworkinahospital?Shedoesn곰twork...407 3.Doestherentincludeutilities?Therentdoesn곰tinclude...4.Doyouneedtheirhelp?Wedon곰tneed...5.Doesyourbackhurt?Mybackdoesn곰thurt.6.DotheyallspeakChinese?Theydon곰tallspeak...7.Doesthehenlayaneggeveryday?Thehendoesn곰tlay...8.Doesshereadthenewspapersintheafternoon?Shedoesn곰tread...9.Dothefarmersheregrowcorn?Thefarmersheredon곰tgrow...10.Doeshegotoworkbybus?Hedoesn곰tgo...Ⅱ1.works2.teaches3.washes4.goes5.studies6.has7.cries8.triesⅢ[s][iz][z]21Ⅰ1.Areyouhavinglunch?Wearen곰thavinglunch.2.Isshewritinganovel?Sheisn곰twritinganovel.3.Isitraining?Itisn곰training.4.AretheytravellinginEurope?Theyaren곰ttravelling...5.IsTomrunninginthepark?Tomisn곰trunning...6.IsMr.Brownsmoking?Mr.Brownisn곰tsmoking.7.Isshedrinkingcoffee?Sheisn곰tdrinkingcoffee.8.Arethegirlsmakingpaperflowers?Thegirlsaren곰tmaking...9.IsJohndrivingtowork?Johnisn곰tdrivingtowork.10.Aretheytalkingaboutsomethingimportant?Theyaren곰ttalking...11.Isshegoinghomebytrain?Sheisn곰tgoing...12.Aretheycomingbacktonight?Theyaren곰tcoming...Ⅱ1.moving2.packing3.getting4.setting5.leaving6.wrapping7.taking8.beginning9.coming10.smiling11.spinning12.hurrying13.lying14.dancing15.tryingⅢ(略)22Ⅰ1.isdoing,does,willdo(isgoingtodo)2.areplaying,play,willplay3.get,aregetting,willget4.writes,iswriting,willwrite408 5.israining,doesn곰toftenrain,willnotrainⅡ1.Willyoubefreetonight?Iwon곰tbefreetonight.2.WillJanecometoseeusthisweekend?Janewon곰tcome...3.Willyouringhertonight?Iwon곰tringhertonight.4.Willtheweatherbeverycoldtomorrow?Theweatherwon곰tbe...5.WillJimhelpus?Jimwon곰thelpus.6.Areyougoingtoseeyourgrandmatoday?I곰mnotgoing...7.IsTomgoingtostayatahotel?Tomisn곰tgoing...8.Willyougowithus?Iwon곰tgowithyou.Ⅲ1.Whenwillyoubefree?2.Whowillcometoseeusthisweekend?3.Whenwillyouringher?4.Whatwilltheweatherbeliketomorrow?5.Whowillhelpus?6.Whatareyougoingtodotoday?7.WhereisTomgoingtostay?8.Whowillgowithus?23ⅠⅡ(略)Ⅲ1.Didyouknowshewasill?Ididn곰tknowshewasill.2.Washeanorphan?Hewasn곰tanorphan.3.Didtheyseethatfilm?Theydidn곰tseethatfilm.4.Wassheup?Shewasn곰tup.5.Didhesleepwell?Hedidn곰tsleepwell.6.Wereherparentsabroadthen?Herparentsweren곰tabroad...7.Didyouoftenhearfromthem?Wedidn곰toftenhear...8.Wereyouverybusythatday?Iwasn곰tverybusy...24Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ1.havefinished/didyoufinish2.Hashecalled/called3.haven곰tseen/didyouarrive4.began/hasworked5.haven곰theard/left6.got(married)/havebeen(married)7.broke/hascontinued8.haveknown/were409 Ⅲ1.Hasshegotwell?Shehasn곰tgotwell.2.Havetheyfinishedtheirwork?Theyhavn곰tfinished...3.Hasheleftforhome?Hehasn곰tleftforhome.4.HasHelenpassedtheexam?Helenhasn곰tpassed...5.Haveyoubeentothemuseum?Wehaven곰tbeento...6.Hasshewrittenashortstory?Shehasn곰twritten...7.Haveyoubeenverybusy?Ihaven곰tbeen...8.Haveyoureceivedmanypresents?Ihaven곰treceived...25Ⅰ1.wasshining2.arrived/wereswimming3.was/wastalking4.hadbuilt5.was/hadgone6.was/hadtravelled7.thought/wouldmiss8.didn곰texpect/wouldbe9.took/hadbuilt10.were/hadwon11.asked/wouldlet12.hadbrought/had13.was/waswearing14.said/hadlost15.promised/wouldbe16.didn곰tknow/werelookingⅡ1.Whatwereyoudoingwhenthephonerang?2.Who(m)washetalkingtoatthemoment?3.Whereweretheytravellinglastwinter?4.Howmanytreeshadyouplantedbytheendoflastmonth?5.Howlonghadheworkedinthecompanybeforeheresigned?6.Whathadshedonebeforeshewrotethenovel?7.WherewasshegoingtostayinHongKong?8.Whatwouldtheydoafterthat?9.Thenwhatwouldshetrytodo?10.Whatwouldtheydowhentheyhadtime?26Ⅰ1.Whathaveyoubeendoing?2.Howlonghaveyoubeenwaiting?3.What(Who)hashebeenthinkingabout?4.Whatbookhaveyoubeenreading?5.Howlonghadshebeendoingthisworkbeforesheleft?6.WhathadMarybeendoingbeforeyougotthere?7.WherewillyoubestayingwhenyouareinTokyo?8.Whenshallwebeseeingeachotheragain?9.WhowillbegoingwithyoutoSingapore?410 10.HowwillyoubegoingtoXi곰an?Ⅱ1.Haveyoubeenplayingbridge?Wehaven곰tbeenplaying...2.Hasshebeenstudyingtheproblemformanyyears?Shehasn곰tbeenstudyingtheproblemformanyyears.3.Haveyoubeenworkinginthegarden?Ihaven곰tbeenworking...4.HadGeorgebeenworryingaboutthechildren?Georgehadn곰tbeenworryingaboutthechildren.5.HadPeterbeenstandingforalongtimebeforehegotthetickets?Peterhadn곰tbeenstanding...6.Shallwebewalkingtoschool?Weshan곰tbewalking...7.ShallIbefeelingtootiredafterthat?Youwon곰tbefeeling...8.Willyoubethinkingaboutme?Iwon곰tbethinking...Ⅲ2.Shewassewing.Shehasbeensewing.She곰llbesewing.3.Itwassnowing.Ithasbeensnowing.It곰llbesnowing.4.Wewerestudying.Wehavebeenstudying.We곰llbestudying.5.Theywerehavingachat.Theyhavebeenhavingachat.They곰llbehavingachat.6.Hewasworking.Hehasbeenworking.He곰llbeworking.27Ⅰ1.I곰m2.She곰s3.We곰re4.isn곰t5.aren곰t6.I곰ll7.You곰ll8.shan곰t9.won곰t10.She곰s11.you곰d12.wouldn곰t13.shouldn곰t14.hasn곰t15.haven곰t16.didn곰t17.don곰t18.doesn곰t19.you곰d20.wouldn곰tⅡ(略)28Ⅰ1.ThepoemwaswrittenbyLiBai.2.Herringwasstolenbyathief.3.Thisiscalledmagnolia.4.Theroomiswarmedbyanelectricfire.5.Theworkwillbefinishedtomorrow.6.ThesportsmeetwillbeheldonFriday.7.Theroomshavebeenredecorated.8.Someofthehouseshavebeenpulleddown.9.Theroadisbeingrepaired.10.Thechildrenarebeinglookedafterbyheraunt.11.Hetoldmehehadbeencheated.411 12.Iheardthatshehadbeensenttohospital.13.Thefieldwasbeingploughedthen.14.Thehousewasbeingpulleddown.15.Theshopwillhavebeenclosedby7o곰clock.16.Hedidn곰texpectthathewouldbetreatedsowell.Ⅱ1.isspoken2.wasbuilt3.willbereturned4.arebeingexamined5.hasbeenbroken6.hadbeensent7.wasbeingtried8.wouldbesent9.weredamaged,wasinjured10.wasbeingcleaned29Ⅰ1.Thismustbedonewithcare.2.Thisquestioncanbediscussedlater.3.Youmaybeaskedtogiveaperformance.4.Thisshouldbekeptinmind.5.Thatpointneedn곰tbeconsidered.6.Thesefactorshavetobetakenintoconsideration.7.Theseformsoughttobefilledoutfirst.8.Themachineisgoingtoberedesigned.9.TheconferenceistobeheldinMoscow.10.Theyaresuretobedefeated.11.Shewasoperatedonlastnight.12.Themeetinghasbeenputoff.13.ThesuggestionwasputforwardbyDavid.14.Shehadbeenappointeddirectorofthefarm.15.Herroomshouldbekeptwarm.16.TheshipwillbenamedPrincessAlice.Ⅱ1.wasgiven2.willbeasked3.washeard4.aresaid5.willbeexpected6.wasthought7.wasfound8.isstillconsidered9.weremade10.areoftenseen30ⅠA.1.arecovered2.isburied3.iscoated4.isbroken5.is(openor)shut6.arenothurt7.areseparated8.islitteredB.1.areworried2.amdisappointed412 3.amsurprised4.ampleased5.wasdelighted6.wasamazed7.amdispleased8.havebeendivorcedⅡ1.lookedworried2.feeldiscouraged3.gotdisappointed4.weregettingmarried5.seemedembarrassed6.soundedpleased7.havegrownaccustomed8.becamecrowded31Ⅰ(A)1.feel/caneat2.willdo/have3.need/willtell4.is/willhold(B)1.were/wouldlet2.had/wouldbuy3.knew/wouldtell4.did/wouldmake(C)1.hadlistened/wouldn곰thavemade2.hadworked/wouldhavepassed3.hadbeen/wouldhavebeen4.haddrunk/wouldhavekilledⅡ1.Iwouldn곰tmakesomanymistakesifIwerenotsocareless.2.Ifsheweren곰tsoweak,Iwouldallowhertogotoschool.3.IfIknewGerman,IwouldreadHeine곰spoems.4.Shewouldn곰tfeelsosadifherstepmothertreatedherbetter.5.Theywouldhavesucceedediftheyhadtriedharder.6.Ifwehadn곰tbeensopoor,wewouldhavebeenabletogotocollege.7.IfIhadgotyourmessage,Iwouldhavecometohelpyou.8.Ifyouhadleftearlier,youwouldhavecaughtthetrain.32Ⅰ1.(should)send2.(should)give3.(should)bereleased4.(should)go5.(should)be6.(should)leave7.(should)writeandaccept8.(should)begiven9.(should)carry10.(should)lock11.(should)beadjourned12.(should)stay13.(should)leave14.(should)give15.(should)get16.(should)doⅡ1.were2.hadnotforgotten3.didn곰tcare4.were5.knew6.wouldn곰task7.ordered8.made413 33Ⅰ1.be2.forbid3.Suffice4.be5.maycometrue6.weren곰tmissing7.hadarrived8.were9.were10.wereⅡ1.Could2.might3.Would4.would5.would6.would(should)7.should8.Might9.could10.Could11.might12.would13.should14.Would15.would16.would34Ⅰ1.vt.vi.2.vt.vi.3.vt.vi.4.vt.vi.link-v.5.vi.vt.link-v.6.vi.vt.link-v.Ⅱ1.become2.get3.grown4.be5.sounds6.gone7.seems8.keep9.ran10.went35Ⅰ1.vt.vi2.vt.vi3.vt.vi.4.vt.vi.5.vt.vi6.vi.vt.7.vi.vt.8.vi.vt.Ⅱ1.dreamt2.smiled3.died4.danced5.lived6.slept7.said8.wished9.laughed10.Think36Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ1.她为自己的烹调技术感到骄傲。2.他赶紧利用了这个机会。3.我忙于回信。4.他献身于科学事业。5.不要为那烦心了。6.许多学生没来上课(缺课了)。7.你得适应这个形势。8.他不甘心失败。Ⅲ(略)37Ⅰ1.get2.felt3.appeared4.smell5.became6.fell7.go8.come9.run10.proved11.turned12.turnedoutⅡ1.形容词2.过去分词(形容词)3.过去分词4.名词5.过去分词6.介词短语7.形容词8.过去分词9.名词10.代词11.从句12.从句13.从句14.介词短语15.介词短语[注]12、13两句中,从句是句子的真正主语。414 38Ⅰ1.addedto增加了2.arrivedat得出3.brokenup解除了(离婚了)4.calmdown冷静下来5.carriedout执行6.dealswith讨论7.drewon降临8.getahead有出息9.getalong相处10.goinginfor参加11.haveon有⋯⋯活动12.keepupwith跟上13.rangup打电话来14.see(someone)off给(某人)送行15.standingupfor支持16.putupwith忍受Ⅱ1.我们有一位保姆看孩子。2.咱们想想下个月的情况,考虑那时怎样办。3.她一向看不起我们因为我们没有汽车。4.她在找她的手提包。5.她盼望着圣诞节的假期。6.我决定在回家的路上顺便去看望卡洛尔。7.经理将研究他们的投诉。8.我把我姑姑看作是我母亲。9.她在找寻他,在他看到她前好久就已看到他了。10.我的笔记你看过了吗?11.我把你的报告看了一遍,写了几条意见。12.这个字你应在字典里查一下。39Ⅰ1.are2.is3.was4.havebeen5.be6.is7.be8.is9.being10.is11.am12.wereⅡ1.Have2.had3.has,have4.have5.have6.had7.have8.have9.Having10.having11.has12.had13.곰ve40Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ1.画2.写3.梳4.做(菜)5.插(花)6.学7.服役8.算(算术)9.演出10.听11.参观12.坐牢(服刑)41Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ(略)42Ⅰ1.我说我希望如此。2.天气预报说会下雨。3.为什么我应向你付钱?4.为了他们自己好,他们应当这样做。415 5.你不应这样匆忙做出决定。6.你应该先洗一下伤口的。7.他们不应当来(但来了)。8.你不应当在看小说,你应当在看课本。9.他建议她到巴黎去。10.安排他马上离开。11.如果你从这儿过千万来看12.我不明白她为什么这样讲话。我们。13.奇怪,他们竟然没邀请你。14.我想这事不会发生,但万一15.这儿有点钱,以防你需要。发生怎么办?16.我愿意和他谈谈。17.我想你不会做出这样的事来。18.估计它的价钱不会超过两美元。19.这个青年会大有出息。20.她估计已听说这事了。Ⅱ(略)43Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ(略)44Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ1.Can2.Could3.Can4.Could5.can6.could7.could8.could9.Can10could45Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ1.May2.might3.may4.might5.may(might)6.might7.May8.might9.may10.might11.may12.might46Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ(略)47Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ(略)48Ⅰ1.主语2.宾语3.宾语补语4.宾语5.宾语补语6.宾语补语7.宾语8.表语9.状语10.宾语11.定语12.状语13.表语14.状语15.定语16.主语Ⅱ1.aregoingtocamp2.usedtowork3.areabletoget...4.oughttogoandsee5.didn곰tknow,wastobe(ourteacher)6.seemstobe(inahurry)7.aresuretosucceed8.appeartohavetravelled49Ⅰ1.Toreadagoodbook2.Tomakeamistakelikethat3.Tosmokesomanycigarettes4.tobewithyou5.togetthereintwohours6.(forme)tostaysolong7.todothiskindofwork8.tobesoconsiderate416 9.toactlikethat10.tovisityourcountry11.torefuse12.tohearthat13.whentostartthework14.togettotheairport15.(forhim)tobepunishedlikethat16.tohelpherⅡ(略)50Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ1.nottogo2.totakecareofthechildren3.toarguewithhim4.onlytospeakEnglishinclass5.tohelphisfriends6.togo7.togetonwithher8.todoallthat51Ⅰ1.youtoarrivesoearly2.ustogowithyou3.himtotellthetruth4.ustomake...5.youtotalk...6.themnottoskate...7.themworklonghours8.anyoneenter9.mecarry...10.theatmospheregrow...11.himcheat12.youleavesosoonⅡ1.arerequestedtosing2.wastoldtobecautious3.areencouragedtospeak.4.won곰tbeallowedtotouch5.arerequiredtoget...6.waswarnednottogo7.washeardtosing8.wasmadetorewrite9.issaidtoknow10.werereportedtobeworking...11.isboundtosucceed,areboundtowin12.arelikelytobe52Ⅰ1.todo2.tobetyped3.todrink4.todo5.tobow...6.tobear...,toenjoy...7.toattendto8.toput...9.toworryatall10.tothink11.toknow12.totellyou13.tocome14.tofollow15.inwhichtochange...16.withwhichtohelphermother.Ⅱ(略)53Ⅰ1.towelcomethedelegates2.Todoagoodjob3.toshowhisignorance...4.nevertomeetagain.5.tohearofyoursuccess6.tothinkofherbitterpast7.tohearit8.totakepartinthework9.tolivein10.togetalongwith417 11.totakethejob12.toagreewithher13.Tobefair14.Tobefrank15.sotospeakⅡ1.tolearn2.todoanythingnow3.tohavedonethat4.togoahead5.tocatchthetrain6.toproveamanmad7.nottowakethebaby8.toforgetthat9.toavoidpain10.tofollowthebuffalo54Ⅰ1.主语2.表语3.宾语4.宾语5.介词宾语6.介词宾语7.介词宾语8.主语9.表语10.宾语11.介词宾语12.主语13.介词宾语14.介词宾语15.主语16.介词宾语Ⅱ1.停车场2.停车位3.绘图板4.图钉5.客厅6.生活水平7.洗衣粉8.洗衣机9.阅览室10.助听器11.跳水板12.钻台13.在商店偷东西14.观光15.逛商店16.找工作17.书法,笔迹18.空调19.剪报20踢踏舞55Ⅰ1.主语2.主语,表语3.主语4.表语5.主语,主语6.主语7.主语,表语8.主语,介词宾语9.主语10.表语11.主语12.主语13.主语14.主语15.宾语,主语Ⅱ1.sayinganymore...2.arguingaboutit3.meetingyou4.sittingthere5.workinglatelikethis6.seeingyou7.throwingthataway8.beingmarried9.yourcomingtovisitme10.yourgoinglikethis11.mybeingthere12.yourtalkingtohim56Ⅰ1.losingmytemper2.singing3.takingthemoney4.sellingthehouse5.writingletters6.gettingold7.teaching8.meetingyouhere9.complaining10.hisleavinghiswife11.gettingwet12.beingrunover13.myworkinglate14.mybeingpromotedbeforehim15.myringingyouupsoearly16.beinggiventhisopportunityⅡ(略)57Ⅰ1.workingonthenightshift2.havingafriendlikeyou418 3.passingtheexam4.eatinganything5.readingpicturelooks6.organizingthegardenparty7.takingoverherduties8.writingsuchthings9.herstayinginLondon10.havingbrokenhisword11.itshurtingyou12.goingabroadⅡ1.bycrying2.fordoingherworkneatly3.withouteating4.bytryinghard5.intodoingsomething...6.sincereturningtoXi곰an7.onseeingher8.atyourdoingthat9.aboutacceptingthegift10.fromshouting11.withoutsayinggoodby...12.besidesreadingthepaper13.ofmissingtoomanylessons14.toraisingourefficiency58Ⅰ1.singing,定语2.walkingdown,宾语补语3.running,状语4.amazing,表语5.passing,宾语补语6.preparing,状语7.whistling,状语8.puzzling,表语9.stealing,宾语补语10.shopping,状语11.wounding,状语12.flying,定语Ⅱ1.amusing2.amazing3.astonishing4.obliging5.confusing6.discouraging8.exciting8.missing9.shocking10.misleading11.pressing12.surprising59Ⅰ1.running2.missing3.singing4.dancing5.barking6.amusing7.retreating8.covering9.sharingwealandwoe10.belongingto...Ⅱ1.分词2.动名词3.分词4.动名词5.分词6.动名词7.分词8.动名词9.分词10.动名词11.分词12.动名词13.分词14.动名词15.分词16.动名词17.分词18.动名词19.分词20.动名词21.分词22.分词23.分词24.分词60Ⅰ1.Travellingbyjeep2.beingsopoorourselves3.Comingdownthemountain4.modernizingthehouse5.tryingtorepairthecar6.slammingthedoor7.strikingmyhead...8.Fearingthatthepalice...9.Notknowingthelanguage10.Relyingonourownefforts11.smiling12.Havingfailedtwice13.Whenleavingtheairport14.whileattendingaconference...419 15.Generallyspeaking16.StrictlyspeakingⅡ1.Beingastudent2.Walkingthroughthepark3.Takingakeyoutofhispocket4.Notknowingheraddress5.Seeingnobodyathome6.hopingtogetoursupport7.Turningaround8.Hearingthenews61Ⅰ1.themrehearsingtheplay2.hercookingsupper3.thehouseshaking4.theriverflowing5.youallspeakingEnglishwell6.methinking7.theboycheating8.youcarryingapack9.mefeelingprettyhumble10.theenginerunning11.somethingburning12.thingsgoingⅡ1.wereheardcallingforhelp2.werecaughttrespassing3.havebeenkeptwaiting4.wasseenhavinga...5.wasfoundfighting6.wereleftflyingaround7.wassetwonderingⅢ1.youthankingme2.therainpouringdown3.someyoungpeopledancing...4.anoldtreeblossoming...5.agirlsailing...6.thebandplaying7.withwintercomingon8.anyoneseeingme62Ⅰ1.broken,定语2.accompanied,状语3.stole,定语4.furnished,表语5.horrified,状语6.sung,宾语补语7.coloured,定语8.undone,表语9.injured,表语10.Convinced,状语11.Stunned,状语12.written,定语Ⅱ1.upset2.disappointed3.excited4.insulted5.annoyed6.engaged7.dissatisfied8.embarrassed9.perplexed10.untied11.armed12.locked63Ⅰ1.written,spoken2.unexpected3.distinguished4.Unfinished5.reserved6.United7.givenbytheorchestra8.setintheprogramme9.putforwardbyMr.Davidson10.requiredofthemachine11.gained12.concernedⅡ1.导弹2.武装部队3.罐头食品4.纯净水5.馒头6.댶鱼7.土豆泥8.炸鸡9.灾区10.进口商品11.合格教师12.统一战线13.落叶14.退休教授15.归国留学生16.逃犯420 17.萎谢的花18.离去的朋友19.手工制品20.高度发展的工业21.光线差的房间22.精耕的土地23.新婚夫妇24.人造卫星64Ⅰ1.Arousedbythecrash2.Weakenedbysuccessive...3.Absorbedinthework4.Thusencouraged5.Guidedbytheseprinciples6.litbycountlesselectric...7.Touchedbytheirsincerity8.Facedwithsuchanarduous...9.Urgedbyhunger10.Frustrated11.Depressed12.disguisedasamerchant13.pleased14.deeplymoved15.exhaustedⅡ1.Greatlyinterested2.Confinedtobed3.Confusedbybullets...4.(when)triedinthatarea5.Keptinarefrigerator6.comparedtomanywomen65Ⅰ1.compelled2.stranded3.tested4.said5.frightened6.killed7.started8.divided9.cut10.finishedⅡA.1.她不妨把头发烫一下。2.这门我上星期才(请人)漆的。3.你干吗不把那套衣裳送去洗一洗?4.我打算让我女儿在英国受教育。5.我刚照了几张相。6.爸的手烫伤了。7.她的表给人偷了。8.我不许人说她的坏话。B.1.去理理发。2.你得去把那颗牙补一补。3.今天下午我得找人把鞋擦一擦。4.咱们把这件事弄清楚。5.我一直想把这地方清理一番。6.我将设法找业余剧团演这戏。7.设法完成这个剧把我累坏了。8.她的手夹在门缝里了。66Ⅰ1.feeding(宾语)2.told(复合宾语)3.feels(表语)4.ask(宾语)5.decided(宾语)6.chatted(状语)7.seems(表语)8.made(复合宾语)9.isshining(状语)10.brought(间接宾语,直接宾语)11.wish(间接宾语,直接宾语)12.let(复合结构)Ⅱ1.nowhatsoever,our2.His,present3.yourgovernment곰s,inthisregard4.alotof,tobedone5.growing,forcomputers6.any,good,on7.nicely8.fromthebottomofmyheart9.very,tomakeyouracquaintance10.all,eagertohelp11.wherethechildrencan곰treachit12.hours,forananswer421 67Ⅰ1.israining2.can곰tthink3.doesn곰tshow4.havebid5.willtry6.mightrain,cantell7.wept8.flew9.walked10.drew11.wasbreathing12.ComeⅡ1.answerback2.brokeup3.burntaway4.burstforth5.comeoff6.droppedby7.fellapart8.gettingon9.wentoff10.stepdownⅢ1.灯给吹灭了.2.让肉慢慢炖.3.干酪容易切.4.门是自动锁上的.5.印记擦不掉.6.丝织物容易染色.7.这些诗不好译.8.窗子关不上了.68Ⅰ1.holdwater2.soweddiscord3.takethelead,followsuit4.openedfire5.takeoffence6.beataretreat7.downedtools8.pullmyleg9.setthetable10.singshispraises11.Takeyourtime12.speakmymindⅡ1.enjoyyourselves2.composetherself3.absentedthemselves4.Helpyourselfto5.pridedherself(on)6.seatedthemselves7.criedhimselftosleep8.Takecareofyourself9.disguisedherself(as)10.excusemyself11.conductedthemselves(well)12.behaveyourself69Ⅰ1.putdown2.bringforth3.carriedon4.noteddown5.puttingforth6.putoff7.putout8.setup9.leftbehind10.putonⅡ1.in2.to3.of4.on(upon)5.of6.for7.into8.to9.to10.with11.from12.to13.of14.for15.to16.of70Ⅰ1.togowiththem2.tosaynothing3.totravelnofurther4.tohelpus5.tobuyacar6.toovercomethedifficulties7.topayoffourdebts8.toknoweverything422 9.howtodothis10.howtooperatethemachine11.whattogivethechildren12.wheretostayⅡ1.envyingLily2.laughingatthesight3.answeringourletter4.givinganewcourse5.startingoffat9o곰clock6.seeingyouhere7.lyinginbedallday...8.speakingEnglishinclass9.readingsuchbooks10.sayinganythinglikethat11.havingdoneit12.havingsaidanything...71Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ(略)72ⅠA.1.Hepassedthebreadtoher.2.Pleasebringacupofcoffeetome.3.Theyaccordedawarmwelcometohim.4.WeawardedthefirstprizetoJohn.5.She곰llforwardtheparceltoyourightaway.6.HowmuchdoIowetoyou?7.Willyousellyourbiketome?8.Canyourecommendagooddoctortome?B.1.Nancymadeasandwichforhim.2.Shecookedadeliciousmealforherhusband.3.Let곰sgetsomethingtodrinkforthechildren.4.ShallIpoursometeaforyou?5.Thatwillsavealotofmoneyforus.6.Chooseagoodoneforme.7.I곰llbuysometoysforyoutomorrow.8.PlayasonatabyBeethovenforus.Ⅱ(略)73Ⅰ1.nervous2.sweet3.tired4.allright5.true6.sound7.invigorating8.gentle,eneouraging9.astonishing10.appalling11.embarrassed12.worried13.excited,frightened14.takenabackⅡ1.anicereliableyoungman2.aseriousproblem3.politician4.herself5.apreytoevildreams6.adisaster423 7.theanswer8.agoodidea9.averyusefulfriend10.aproblem11.allsweetness12.allsmiles74Ⅰ1.in2.off3.here,about4.down5.on6.through7.up8.out9.out10.down11.up12.upⅡ1.acrosstheroad2.beforethedawn3.behindhiswelfarepolicy4.beyondmypower5.forabandoningtheproject6.fromoneofMozart곰soperas7.onstrike8.throughalot9.withchild10.withinmypower11.indeeppoverty12.onthewatch13.inkeeping(with...)14.onthepoint(of...)75Ⅰ1.toelectanewcaptain2.toprotectmysisters3.tobeadoctor4.togetacollegeeducation5.tobeacinemaactress6.totravelfromLyontoParis7.toretiretoCornwall8.tofindtheplacequickly9.togetahead10.toconfess(andask...)11.toblame12.tolet13.tokeeptheaffairasecret14.tomakethestudentsspeech...15.totakeacab16.togothererighttodayⅡ1.gettingtoknowtheneeds...2.stealing3.findingtherightkind...4.collectingantiques5.wind-surfing6.lookingafterthebaby7.painting8.yourrelyingtoomuch...9.ournothavingenough...10.learning76Ⅰ1.(that)hewasafraid2.thattheschemeseems...3.thatyou곰recareless4.theycouldn곰tagree...5.thatthejobwilltake...6.thatthepaintingisworth...7.thatsomecountries...8.thatweshoulddo...Ⅱ1.howIlookatit2.whereyouleftit3.whenallthishappened4.whenwecanget...5.whyIopposetheidea6.whocarbesentto...7.whetherHolmeshad...8.whetherhecanbetrustedⅢ1.whattheyareafter2.whattheyareoutfor424 3.whatcameoftrying...4.whatitusedtobe5.whatIwanttoemphasize6.whatIshouldaskyou...77Ⅰ1.to2.of3.to4.of5.in6.about7.to8.on9.for10.at11.of12.ofⅡ(略)78Ⅰ1.himpoor2.theroomempty3.thedooropen4.himselfveryignorant5.yourselflucky6.myteastrong7.himmad8.himshort9.himunconscious10.hertheirleader11.meJack12.thisgoodadvice13.himahero14.NewtonPresident...15.theirLondonvisitasuccess16.herselfafortunatewifeⅡ1.tostartatonce2.tosetbacktheclock...3.torefusetheoffer4.toanswerthatquestion5.togooveritagain6.whensheisleavingforhome7.totakegoodcare...8.tospeakinParliament...9.tostudyyourmethod...10.thathismothershould...79Ⅰ1.in2.in3.against4.in5.in6.for7.at8.outof9.in10.at11.in12.for13.under14.in15.inⅡ1.thelongjourneyover2.itoff3.mein4.methrough5.theTVon6.youdown7.herroundhere8.theirheadsoff9.hisargumenthome10.themout80Ⅰ1.menottowait2.thatsortofthingtohappen...3.ustoapproveofit4.himtobringJennie...5.himtodoit6.younottosayanything...7.themtogetover...8.himtosteal...9.youtojointhesociety10.hisagenttosell...11.thistobeafact12.himtobeaselfishman13.hertohavedonethis...14.himtohaveacted...15.himtobedying16.himtobehiding...425 Ⅱ1.wasaskedtolecture2.wasexpectedtospeak3.wasdiscoveredtobe...4.arerequiredtoshow5.wereforcedtosurrender6.arerequestednottotouch7.waswarnednottogo8.(may)beallowedtouse9.wasmadetowork10.wasseentodriveaway81Ⅰ1.youalllookingsohappy2.someonesinging...3.anyonecomingin4.thethoughtweighing...5.youallspeaking...6.herstandingoutside7.methinking8.youdoinganything...9.Johnleavingsosuddenly10.theboatleavingtheharbour11.therainpouringdown12.thebandplaying...Ⅱ1.himcriticized...2.himsoworked-up3.himcarriedaway...4.oneofthewindowssmashed5.anambulenceparked...6.anythingsaidaboutthis7.thismentioned8.youinformed...9.herviewsknown10.itgreatlyimproved11.thecaptivesexecuted...12.Mr.Schiffelected82Ⅰ1.She2.It3.What,He4.nothing,something5.What,It6.ones,Some,them7.much,mine8.what,that,it9.your,ours10.eachother11.oneanother12.anybody,nobodyⅡA.you,me,thisB.all,you,it,that,anythingA.you,itB.you,thatA.(this)oneB.that,that,itA.thatB.you,that,you,you,oneA.oneB.that,it,that,all,you,you,whatever83Ⅰ1.her(him,me,us)2.it,them3.me4.him,it5.I,it6.them7.me8.me(I)9.him(he)10.me(I)11.it,It12.it13.It14.ItⅡ(略)84Ⅰ1.Closeyoureyesandputyourhandsonyourknees.2.Handinyour(exercise-)books.3.I곰velostmycarkey.426 4.Stretchoutyourhands.Holdthisinthem(yourhands).5.Herapartmentisonthethirdfloor,andours(is)onthe8thfloor.6.Thisismyumbrellaandthat곰shis.7.Herpronunciationisbetterthanmine.8.Shecarriedthebabyinherarms.9.Heheldabunchofflowersinhishand.10.Thisisyourcoatandthat곰shers.11.Anoldfriendofhishasjusthadababy.12.Thisstandofoursisbeyondreproach.Ⅱ1.your,theirs2.Her,mine3.my,hers4.His5.his6.my,mine7.His,mine8.yours,his9.yours,mine,mine10.ours,yours11.mine12.mine13.Ours14.ours,theirs85Ⅰ1.himself2.yourself3.myself4.themselves5.itself6.themselves7.ourselves8.herself9.herself10.myself11.ourselves12.myself13.itself14.myself15.themselvesⅡ1.bymyself2.byherself3.helpedhimselfto4.amongthemselves5.toherself6.betweenourselves7.pridesherself(on)8.busyhimself(writing)9.availedmyselfof10.forherself11.inhimself12.am(not)myself86Ⅰ1.This2.this3.these4.this,(this)5.This6.that,That7.These,those8.That9.These,Those10.that11.This,that12.ThatⅡ1.that2.those3.those4.that5.those6.that7.that8.those9.that10.that87Ⅰ1.Who2.Whom3.Whom4.whom5.Who6.Who7.What8.What9.Which10.Which11.Whose12.WhoseⅡ1.你的计划如何?2.怎么?他不肯来?3.这我们能怎样处理?4.那有什么关系?5.这都是怎么回事?6.但我们还能怎样做呢?7.你们在谈论什么?8.出了什么事?427 9.你是谁?你是干什么的?10.现在你的丈夫干什么?11.咱们去散散步吧,你说呢?12.还有什么可说的?13.她(长得)是什么模样?14.什么办法去那里最好?88Ⅰ1.who2.whom3.whose4.that(which)5.which(that)6.(that)7.who8.whom9.whose10.whom11.which12.whichⅡ1.who2.whom3.whose4.which5.whom6.whose7.(that)8.whom9.whose10.(that)11.who12.whom13.which14.which89Ⅰ1.whichcitieshe곰sgoing...2.who곰stobethecaptain3.whatshethinks4.whomhesaw5.whichofthegalleries...6.whohegaveitto7.whatheoughttodo8.whichiswhich9.who(m)youmean10.whatIsuffered11.whichhewants12.whowaswhoⅡ1.whatshesaid2.whatyoudon곰tknow3.whatIhope4.whathehaddone5.Whatshesaw6.whathehadseen7.whathefelt8.whatIcan9.whattheycould10.whatdoesn곰tconcernyou11.whatwillbe12.whatcameoftrying...13.whattheywere14.whatitisnow90Ⅰ1.Both2.Either3.Neither4.Both5.neither6.Both,either7.both8.Neither9.Both(Neither)10.both11.either12.bothⅡ1.用两只手端盘子。2.你要哪个都行。3.两个女人谁也没说话。4.两个孩子都获奖了。5.两个理论都不对。6.两者中哪一个都可接受。7.她的父母都上班去了。8.坐哪张椅子都行。9.两位女演员都做了精彩的演出。10.实际上双方对此都没有热情。11.威胁和争吵对他都没有影响。12.在他两边都是岩石。13.你要汤要果汁都行。14.道路两旁都是房子。91Ⅰ1.他们全都成了科学家。2.我把它们全买了。3.我们都来自同一城市。4.他们并不都喜欢这个地方。428 5.我需要全部事实。6.她喜欢我们所有的人。7.因此一切进行顺利。8.我们献出了一切。9.请原谅我对你所做的一切。10.她只能想到司徒华。11.提姆答应买我们要的一切。12.她只需选择适当时机。13.她缺乏的只是训练。14.我知道的就只这些。15.能看的你全看了。Ⅱ1.我们参观了所有的学校。2.这些课程所有孩子都要学完。3.所有的书都必须两周内送还。4.所有旅行支票都必须签名写上日期。5.所有行李必须在保安台检查。6.他很快失去了成为电影明星的一切希望。7.不要把那一整块面包吃掉。8.他们谈了一下午。9.这不容丝毫怀疑。10.并不是所有食物都能吃。11.怀特先生在聚精会神地听。12.莱尼十分温存和蔼。13.道奇十分诚恳。92Ⅰ1.每天都发生愉快的事。2.每天下午皮耶尔都到码头去。3.我每三天到那里去一次。4.每隔十分钟就有一趟公车到车站。5.不时寄我一张明信片。6.每隔一会儿月亮就出来一下。7.她在晚会上和每个人都谈了话。8.你有一切理由畏惧他。9.我们隔天有一堂英语课。10.隔行写。11.我每三天到那里去一次。12.她每五天播讲一次。Ⅱ1.Everybody2.everybody3.everybody4.Everyone5.Everyone6.everyone7.everyone8.everything9.everything10.everything11.everything12.everything13.everything14.everything15.everything93Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ1.你可以选一个你真想要的。2.我会给你买一个。3.我给克瑞丝写了一封长信,接着又给劳拉写了一封。4.这是世界上最大的工业国家之一。5.他就是关注计划的人。6.杰西卡从不隐瞒自己的想法。7.不努力的人不能指望有多大成就。8.你需要笔吗?—谢谢,不要了,我有一支。9.这个影片没有我们上星期看的那部好。10.人都要经常想到自己的弱点。11.我不喜欢彩色信封,我喜欢白信封。12.(我们)过马路要小心。429 13.她给了我两个大的。14.这种剑是特别的剑。15.坐协合飞机到美国只要三个钟头。16.我们不必对彼此保密。94Ⅰ1.我们谁也没对她没太注意。2.他们两人都想要孩子却没有孩子。3.你有几张票?—一张也没有。4.所有钥匙我都试了,但哪个都不合适。5.有辆旧车也比没车好。6.我们谁也没被邀请。7.或许我们谁也不真地知道。8.这丝毫不是玛丽的错。9.它没给他们带来快乐,肯定也没给她带来任何快乐。10.有点钱总比完全没钱好。11.她找蛋糕吃,却都吃光了。12.我们谁也不是完人。Ⅱ1.no,no2.no3.No4.No5.no6.no7.Noone8.nobody(noone)9.nobody10.nothing11.Nothing12.nothing13.nothing14.No15.No95Ⅰ1.some2.some,some3.any4.any5.some6.any7.any8.Some9.any10.some11.any12.some13.any14.anyⅡ1.Some2.any3.any4.Some5.any6.any7.some8.any9.any10.Some11.Some12.any13.any96Ⅰ1.Someone2.something3.anybody4.anything5.someone6.anyone7.something8.anyone9.anything10.Someone11.something12.someoneⅡ1.any2.Anybody3.anything4.anything5.anybody6.Anybody7.anything8.anything9.Any10.anything11.any12.any13.anybody14.Anything97Ⅰ1.有很多绵羊和山羊。2.忙碌的农夫时间很少。3.那时很少人识字。4.只有少数人返回雅典。5.许多没被邀请的人来了。6.他有很多工作做吗?7.这儿可写的东西可多啦。8.海滨游人很少,因为天下雨。9.蜘蛛一次产卵达五十个甚至一百个。10.这个架子上有几个瓶子。11.对拉斐尔的童年大家知道很少。12.在荷兰很多土地过去是水淹的。430 Ⅱ1.many2.much3.Few4.little5.many6.much7.afew8.Many,afew9.alittle10.much11.alittle12.much13.alittle14.few15.much98Ⅰ1.别的客人在哪里?2.我再给你举个例子。3.这个故事比另外那两个有趣。4.一个是律师,另一个是飞行员。5.他把另外那个放在隔壁屋里了。6.我喝了一杯饮料,又要了一杯。7.别人可能不喜欢这个想法。8.她关心别人胜过关心自己。9.其他人在哪里?10.两个孩子去了,其他孩子都留在家里。Ⅱ1.other2.others3.another4.others5.other6.another7.another8.other9.another10.other11.another12.other13.another14.another15.other16.other99Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ1.在第44页上有一张它的图。2.这本书有三百五十页。3.它的总面积有八千平方公里。4.中国是一个疆域有九百六十万平方公里土地的国家。5.它的人口约为十三亿。6.到1995年它的人口下降到三千五百四十万。7.在哥伦布时期印第安人数约为一千四百万到四千万。8.图书馆的藏书约二十六万册。9.游泳池宽30英尺,长50英尺。10.参观的人第一天就高达四万七千二百人。11.我们的总销售额超过四亿五千万英镑。12.工业产值由七百亿美元下降到四百五十亿美元稍多一点。13.明年水泥产量将达到五亿一千万吨。14.教会产值估计为四十亿法郎。15.洛克菲勒的个人财产那时估计在两亿美元到两亿五千万美元之间。16.一个成年人约有一千亿个细胞。100Ⅰ1.定语2.定语3.主语4.主语5.主语,介词宾语,表语6.表语7.介词宾语8.宾语9.主语10.同位语11.介词宾语12.主语Ⅱ1.他们在那里住了几百年。2.印第安人开始成千上万地死去。431 3.那里有成千上万的海鸟。4.无数的星星闪烁在暗黑的夜空。5.数以百万计的工人参加了罢工,停止了工作。6.在这种比赛中参赛者得两个两个地组成一组。7.世界上万物都由成千上亿的原子构成。8.他才二十一二岁。9.她有六十多(八九)岁了。10.他们的母亲,现在五十多岁了,靠近火炉坐着。11.他们三三两两地走了。12.这发生在(二十世纪)八十年代。101Ⅰ1.first2.third3.twenty-second4.(the)second5.first6.21st7.80th8.third9.fourth10.third11.1,000th,10,000thⅡA.1.March82.August13.December254.October15.April126.September317.June218.July30B.1.1949(nineteenforty-nine)2.2008(twothousandandeight)3.1804(eighteenohfour)4.1600(sixteenhundred)5.658B.C(sixfifty-eightB.C.)6.2000B.C.(twothousandB.C)7.720A.D.(seventwentyA.D8).2010(twothousandandten)C.1.part32.Section673.chaptertwelve4.BookFour5.Flight108(oneoheight)6.carriageNo.57.BusNo.103(oneohthree)8.Channel23D.1.8∶00a.m2.9∶15(aquarterpastnine或ninefifteen)3.2∶30(halfpasttwo或twothirty)4.5∶45(aquartertosix或fiveforty-five)5.12∶55(fivetoone或twelvefifty-five)6.7∶00a.m.7.2∶15p.m.8.11∶05p.m.E.1.Twooneninefourohseventhreeoh2.threeseventwoohtwotwo(doubletwo)sevenseven(doubleseven)3.Extension009(ohohnine)4.Extension137(onethreeseven)102Ⅰ1.half2.half3.threequarters4.aquarter5.aquarter6.one-fourth7.one-fifth8.aninth9.one-twentieth10.one-tenth11.1/185012.1/8th13.1/100thⅡ(略)103Ⅰ(略)432 Ⅱ1.在那个时期我们的工业产值增长了2.4倍。2.它的生产能力是1980年的7.3倍。3.它的直径是一百四十万公里。4.他的薪水提高了百分之十。5.这个国家只有百分之二的土地上种有庄稼。6.它包括了百分之十的税和服务费。7.去年它的粮食产量提高了百分之十三点五。8.不锈钢含有百分之十二的铬。9.秘鲁百分之六十的土地由仅占人口百分之二的地主所拥有。10.今天有百分之十的小学生没来上课。11.我付给他百分之四(四分)的利息。12.12是1200的百分之一。13.它的总产值比前一年增长了百分之十一点五。14.我自己也不是百分之百相信。15.去年物价上涨了百分之零点六。16.在那里有百分之六十以上家庭都拥有一台电视机。104Ⅰ1.beautiful,定语2.old,表语3.glad,表语,sorry,表语4.present,定语5.nice,定语,littlle,定语6.poor,表语7.hard,宾语补语8.happy,宾语补语9.oldandyoung,同位语,distinguished,定语10.sure,独立成分11.interested,状语12.silent,状语Ⅱcold,frosty(定语)/half-dead(同位语)/diligent(定语)past(定语)/hungry(定语)/busy(宾语补语)/all(定语)/busy(宾语补语)/all(定语)/all(定语)/105Ⅰ(略)Ⅱ1.brighter,brightest2.lazier,laziest3.fatter,fattest4.funnier,funniest5.safer,safest6.morecareful,mostcareful7.wider,widest8.higher,highest9.dirtier,dirtiest10.morebeautiful,mostbeautiful11.wetter,wettest12.closer,closest13.luckier,luckiest14.sadder,saddest15.longer,longest16.braver,bravest17.sillier,silliest18.moreprosperous,mostprosperous19.earlier,earliest20.moreinteresting,mostinteresting433 106Ⅰ1.commoner,commonest2.worst,worst3.better,best4.simpler,simplest5.farther,farthest(further,furthest)6.narrower,narrowest7.older,oldest;elder,eldest8.less,least9.merrier,merriest10.more,most11.moreglad,mostglad12.moretired,mosttired13.morequiet,mostquiet14.more,most15.morepleased,mostpleasedⅡ1.younger,youngest2.older,oldest3.elder,eldest4.cleverest5.finer6.biggest7.better8.worse9.farther10.simpler11.hotter12.worse,worst13.better,best14.narrower,narrowest15.less16.least17.more18.mostpleased107Ⅰ1.higher2.fewer3.stronger4.moreexpensive5.better6.larger7.older8.younger9.worse10.Better11.better12.easier13.hotter14.morecareful15.morequietⅡ1.瑞典有七百多万人口。2.我每周花在伙食上的钱似乎越来越多了。3.她可能不超过十八岁。4.这是我的另一半玛丽。5.她的男朋友家境比她困难。6.我发现自己越来越没兴趣和他单独在一起。7.我看到一个小人,还不到六英寸高。8.有一千多人来参加了。9.天气越来越冷了。10.房子越小,保温的花费越少。11.让你的朋友再来,越早越好。12.如果你能在星期三以前干完那就更好了。434 108Ⅰ1.你的歌唱得和约翰(尼)·伯克一样好。2.现代的电脑可以像一本书那样小。3.骑马可不像骑摩托车那样容易。4.今天的菜没有昨天好。5.她并不像她看起来那样聪明。6.他并不像我想的那么老。7.他和他们一样,脑子也装满知识。8.他认为她的意见和我们的任何意见同样地宝贵。9.他的环境几乎和我一样富裕。10.红光的光波约有蓝光光波两倍长。11.他们1950年的军事预算是1936年军事预算的三十倍。12.他们有我们期待的那样坚定。13.他还是和过去那样对音乐有兴趣。14.在那里结核病发生率比北卡洛林纳高十倍。15.他们生产的砂糖比头一季度翻了一番。16.她既聪明又漂亮。Ⅱ1.轻如羽毛2.响如雷声3.像骡子一样顽固4.像牛一样有耐心5.像孔雀一样高傲6.像闪电一样快捷7.像樱桃一样红8.像苹果一样圆9.像针一样锋利10.像鹅一样傻11.像鳝鱼一样滑12.像醋一样酸13.像马一样强壮14.像驴一样傻15.像蜂蜜一样甜16.像箭一样快17.像猫一样柔顺18.像野兔一样胆怯19.像癞蛤蟆一样丑20.像雪一样白109Ⅰ1.这是伦敦最老的剧院。2.东京是日本最大的城市。3.她是班上智力最高的人。4.他是我碰到过的最善良的人。5.他是这个国家最危险的人。6.保罗是他们中身子最壮的人。7.这家最年轻的人最成功。8.这是多年来我看过的最精彩的球赛。9.这是我见到过的最最差的医院。10.开罗是非洲最大的城市。11.乔治是我们六个孩子中年纪最大的。12.这只是我最小的一个问题。13.他的态度非常和蔼友好。14.他是一个非常了不起的人。15.冥王星是最远的行星.Ⅱ1.madethebestuse2.atleast3.intheleast4.at(the)most435 5.didhisbest6.triedherbest7.atitsbest8.makethebestof9.tothebestofmyability10.Tothebestofmyknowledge11.atbest12.forthebest110Ⅰ1.theoppressed,theexploited2.thepoor,thedown-trodden3.thewounded,thedying4.theunemployed5.theinnocent,theunscrupulous6.theprivileged7.thewell-to-do8.thebrave9.theold,theyoung10.theEnglish11.theScotch12.theChinese13.theJapanese14.theBritishⅡ1.thesentimental2.theunusual3.therough,thesmooth4.theunknown5.theinevitable6.thedifficult,Theimpossibe7.theordinary8.thesupernatural9.theunexpected10.theaccused11.theliving,thedead12.thesick,thewounded111Ⅰ1.immediately2.lately3.sometimes4.ever5.never6.before7.occasionally8.alreadyⅡ1.abroad2.everywhere3.downstairs4.away5.Here6.above7.down8.offⅢ1.beautifully2.reluctantly3.suspiciously4.secretly5.foolishly6.somehow7.well8.angrily112Ⅰ1.absolutely2.nearly3.fairly,rather4.quite5.enough6.hardly7.pretty8.deeply9.immensely10.slightly11.perfectly12.muchⅡ1.When2.How3.How4.how5.where6.how7.how8.where9.how10.why11.why12.how113Ⅰ1.when2.where3.why4.when5.where6.when7.why8.whereⅡ1.Honestly2.Frankly3.Personally4.Luckily5.Roughly6.Obviously7.Clearly8.fortunatelyⅢ1.Therefore2.Lastly3.Nevertheless4.Likewise5.First6.socially7.theoretically8.mentally436 114Ⅰ1.constantly(状语)2.quite(状语)3.as(状语)4.Honestly(句子状语)5.off(表语)6.on(定语)7.up(宾语补语)8.ever(状语)9.patiently(状语)10.far(状语)11.over(表语)12.over(定语)13.in(宾语补语)14.out(表语)15.much,really(状语)16.Natarally(状语)Ⅱ1.up2.out3.in4.on5.down6.around7.over8.back9.behind10.away115Ⅰ1.somewhere2.foolishly3.tomorrow4.always5.occasinally6.certainly7.just8.really9.often10.secretly11.generously12.Somehow13.Apparently14.FranklyⅡ1.oftengo...2.isalways...3.haveoften4.canusually...5.shouldalways6.seldommake7.areseldom8.rarelytravelled9.arefrequently10.occasionallycomes11.sometimesgo12.cannever13.hasnever116Ⅰ1.Eventually2.Often3.Apparently4.Fortunately5.Luckily6.Unfortunately7.Unhappily8.IronicallyⅡ1.awfully2.terribly3.mentally4.physically,mentally5.fairly6.rather7.pretty8.amazinglyⅢ1.OnlyGeorge2.onlystay3.onlyfour4.onlyIam5.evenachild6.evenhelped7.Evenonthesun8.eveneager9.evenanswer10.evenmore117Ⅰ1.faster,fastest2.earlier,earliest3.moreeasily,mosteasily4.moreslowly,mostslowly5.quicker,quickest6.better,best7.sooner,soonest8.harder,hardest9.worse,worst10.less,least11.moreoften,mostoften12.morewarmly,mostwarmly437 13.farther,farthest14.morefluently,mostfluently15.more,most16.later,latest17.morewisely,mostwisely18.morebeautifully,mostbeautifully19.moreclearly,mostclearly20.moreseriously,mostserionslyⅡ1.他比我吃得快。2.他比其他男孩打得好。3.他们到得比我预料的早。4.她反对得比我们其他人更强烈。5.等我更了解他时我将问他。6.他比汤姆跑得快。7.她受到的接待比她预期的热烈。8.这球我可以扔得比你远。9.人们冬天睡觉会多一些。10.你要少说多听。11.请开得慢一点。12.下次想法工作得再细心点。13.我希望以后干得好一些。14.我们到得比其他人早一个钟头。15.这工作你干得比我好得多。16.你讲得比汤姆流利。17.请稍稍走慢一点。18.这首诗我比其他诗要喜欢得多。19.在雾里再往前走不太安全。20.她受的伤没有她妹妹严重。118Ⅰ1.你完成这项工作有你计划的那样快吗?2.他打呼没有你那么响。3.事情进展得没有我们希望的那样顺利。4.她钢琴弹得和她姐姐一样好。5.他带兵一直打到印度。6.她像兔子一样快地跑下楼来。7.我自己也像他一样难受。8.我曾在去年三月见到过他。9.她跑得快到一小时二十英里。10.她打字比其他姑娘快三倍。11.他不像过去那样爱打网球了。12.你工作不及去年努力。Ⅱ1.mostdistinctly2.farthest3.best4.fastest5.farthest6.mostgenerously7.mostseriously8.moststrongly9.worst10.worst11.least12.most,least13.mostwarmly14.best15.most119Ⅰ1.at,at,by2.At,of,of3.in,of,for4.At,of,ofQ5.In,to,for6.of,on,of7.into,in,on8.for,during,in9.in,from,till10.to,in,for438 Ⅱto,with,for/After,to,near,with,beside,under,for/After,in,under,for/After,for,to,by120Ⅰ1.goingtobed2.Jassica곰sdoor,openingit3.bringingit4.seeingthepolice5.doing6.helping7.plantingthecorn8.comingtoOslo9.thinking10.managingtheshop,theevening11.talkingtothepolice12.paintingⅡ1.whathewoulddo2.whattodo3.longago4.money,whatpeoplecallposition5.whathehadseen6.hisheadonhisarms7.hisarmsclaspedroundhisknees8.afreshbreezeblowing9.everyoneknowing10.within11.amongtheworkers12.thatitwasnearBondStreet13.thatitdisregardsincreasedcosts14.happy121Ⅰ1.attheconcerthall,ingoodtime(状语)2.atfirst,intheend(状语)3.onfire(表语)4.beneathhim(宾语补语)5.inthehouse(状语)ontheroad(定语)6.infullagreement(宾语补语)withhim(状语)7.insidethehouse(表语)8.onSpainandAfrica(定语)9.outsidethehotel(表语)10.acrosstheHighStreet(表语)11.foryou(表语)12.inhospital(宾语补语),forthreeweeks(状语)Ⅱ1.of2.on3.to4.in5.at6.of7.for8.with9.in10.to11.in12.with13.on14.to15.on16.to122Ⅰ1.你们在谈什么?2.汤姆为什么事不高兴?3.她生病的事我一点不知道。4.他站起身在房里走来走去。5.我们在他院子里跑时他牵着我的手。6.他们研究周围的世界。7.她白皙的脖子上戴着一条项链。8.她的眼睛和下巴都非常像马克西姆。439 9.咱们到天津去一个礼拜怎么样?10.寄他一本如何?11.这事我来处理。12.安得鲁开始着手写报告。13.他半心半意地干这工作。14.我们都为他很焦急。15.这种事我是很严格的。16.她对音乐一窍不通。Ⅱ1.这时月亮在东边树梢的上方。2.花在他们头上方形成一道拱门。3.作为学者他远在我之上。4.这超过我的经济能力。5.一位战士应珍视荣誉胜过生命。6.所有六岁以上的孩子都应上学。7.他确实不自私,毫无细微的妒忌心和记恨心。8.你认为他无可非议吗?9.他首先是一位伟大的马克思主义者。10.但首先你要赶紧告诉我我该怎么办?11.你知道,我最需要的,胜过一切的,是批评。12.他的书超过我的能力。123Ⅰ1.一只孤单的海鸥从天空飞过。2.他匆忙过桥到滑铁卢。3.河上没有桥。4.公共汽车站就在街对面。5.我住在海湾那边。6.我从街对面看到你。7.他双臂交叉(在胸前)坐在那里。8.我很高兴再次碰到她。9.在七月的一个晚上她第一次在卡尔登酒店碰到他。10.这两条线相切(互相交叉)。Ⅱ(略)124Ⅰ1.他们将起来反抗他们的资本家压迫者。2.他们在各个国家都受到歧视。3.他们的一生都与贫穷和失业作斗争。4.我不愿听任何人说他的坏话。5.你为什么这样强烈反对我的父亲?6.一台小钢琴靠墙放着。7.她紧紧搂住这孩子。8.我们都在吃药预防这个病。9.他以二十票对十票的多数当选。10.这姑娘结婚是违反自己的意愿的。11.我知道她反对我们。12.这违背你的良心,但你还是干了。13.他们碰到种种困难。14.我不能和我自己家里人作对。15.对他几乎什么都不顺(利)。16.清教徒反对国王。Ⅱ1.我们沿着那条马路走着。2.河岸上种了树。3.他们沿着西海岸前进。4.我在书架上找寻我要的书。5.沿着墙长着花木。6.沿教堂巷他们建起一道栅栏。440 7.在废弃的铁路两旁我们发现了野草莓。8.浴室就在我房前的走廊旁。9.有一个候诊室,墙边有许多长凳。10.这青年领着我沿走廊走着。125Ⅰ1.在⋯⋯中间2.在⋯⋯中3.之一4.是⋯⋯中的一个5.在⋯⋯间6.在⋯⋯当中7.成为⋯⋯之一8.在一起9.相互间10.由⋯⋯自己11.也在其中12.是⋯⋯之一13.到⋯⋯中间14.从⋯⋯中间15.在⋯⋯中16.之一Ⅱ1.地球围着太阳转。2.院子周围有一道栅栏。3.人们围着演讲人站着。4.她在图书馆到处看了看。5.他们在城里﫸了﫸。6.咱们花一周时间在州里游览一番。7.他住在伦敦附近的某个地方。8.我在全世界游览了几年。9.这一带的风景非常美。10.他们声称康复已为期不远。11.为了考试他日夜不停地学习。12.她以每小时八十英里的速度拐弯。126Ⅰ1.一辆公车在市内广场停了下来。2.她在一家电脑公司工作。3.中午时他吃了一块三明治作午餐。4.他五点半回家。5.我们必须“有的放矢”。6.听了这消息他们很吃惊。7.响应这个号召我们开了许多调查会。8.她知道他心神不安。9.因此我们必须善于学习。10.利息为九分(百分之九)。11.我们开始时一小时(工资)五块二角。12.喷气飞机速度曾达到每小时1500多英里。13.和他们在一起她最高兴。14.别冲我嚷!Ⅱ1.ataloss2.atamoment곰snotice3.atastretch4.atatime5.atall6.atallcosts7.Atallevents8.atanyrate9.Atease10.atfirst11.(love)atfirstsight12.athand13.atyourleisure14.atonce127Ⅰ1.他在大批听众前做了一个报告。2.在名单上你的名字在我名字前面。3.她在八点前就到达了。4.离考试只有四天时间了。5.他总是把别人的利益放在自己之上。6.我们必须把人民的福祉放在一切之前。441 7.他是在战争爆发前来到欧洲的。8.贝斯等了一会儿才下定决心。9.不久之后,我就会再次见到你。10.我来得太早了,对不起。11.我从前天的报上看到这书已出版。12.这事是上上星期发生的。Ⅱ1.他听见后面有脚步声。2.狗跟在主人的自行车后跑。3.在她勇敢的表现后面隐藏着恐惧。4.他辞职的真正原因是什么?5.参议员们完全支持他的福利政策。6.他的能力不如其他人。7.我们所有的困难业已过去。8.纽约比北京慢十二小时。9.他比平时来得晚。10.有话当他的面说,不要背后讲。11.由于最近天气恶劣,工程进度比计划慢了几星期。12.他喜欢坐在幕后牵线。13.钟慢了。14.他的思想全都过时了。15.火车晚点了。16.我们的房租交迟了。128Ⅰ1.死海在海平面之下。2.气温在零度以下。3.他不到士兵的标准身高。4.把你的名字签在文件上我的名字之下。5.矿工在地面下工作。6.在拳击赛打在皮带下都是犯规。7.他的社会地位比她低。8.在公司他的职位比他弟弟低。9.这句话完全不值得我理会。10.这家商店的商品价钱没有50便士以下的。Ⅱ1.在⋯⋯旁边2.(河)边3.在⋯⋯旁边4.和⋯⋯相比5.和⋯⋯相比6.极为⋯⋯7.非常8.(气得)要命9.不关紧要10.不关正题11.除了⋯⋯12.除了13.除了14.还有⋯⋯15.除了⋯⋯之外16.除了⋯⋯之外129Ⅰ1.邮局就在这里,在医院和剧场之间。2.她感到到伊莱莎和查尔斯之间有点特殊关系。3.这架飞机在伦敦和爱丁堡之间飞行。4.他年纪五六十岁。5.我想这大衣价钱在二、三十镑之间。6.我区分不出黄油和人造黄油。7.这些糖果你们可以分吃。442 8.我们可以合力完成此事。9.这咱们只是私下说说。10.咱们私下说说,我觉得他不怎么样。11.我从来没想妨碍你和你妹妹之间的关系。12.不要让这样的小事影响我们之间的关系。Ⅱ1.beyond2.beyond3.but4.beyond5.beyond6.but7.beyond8.beyond9.but10.beyond11.beyond12.but13.beyond14.but15.beyond16.but130Ⅰ1.我们的房子在河边。2.请站在我旁边。3.他从我旁边走过但没说话。4.我每天从那所房子旁边走过。5.我们两点前回来。6.到那时你已经快三岁了。7.这回我是从旁门离开的。8.这些皮鞋是手工做的。9.你坐火车来的还是坐飞机来的?10.气温下降了(摄氏)七度。11.他握住她的手。12.我抓住他的肩膀。13.我们从一座小桥走过小溪。14.他现在一定已经回来了。15.按他们的标准看她是错的。16.第一次靠运气好我成功了。Ⅱ1.byleapsandbounds2.bymeansof3.bymistake4.bynomeans5.byherself6.Bytheway7.bywayof8.bywayof9.learnbyheart10.meanby11.littlebylittle12.sidebyside131Ⅰ1.down2.down3.during4.but5.during6.down7.during8.during9.except10.down11.except12.during13.down14.down15.during16.downⅡ1.upanddown2.exceptfor3.didnothingexcept4.upanddown5.nothingexcept6.exceptfor7.exceptfor8.exceptfor9.except(that)10.exceptthat132Ⅰ1.这是给你的。2.你应当为我高兴。3.人人为我,我为人人!4.这是我们的职责。5.他们到河边打水。6.糖对你的牙齿不好。7.他很尊敬他的父亲。8.这把刀是切面包用的。443 9.我们去游了一会儿泳。10.鸡蛋对你有好处。11.我一贯为我们的人民写作。12.我们必须争取较低的物价和房租。13.他们让她到医院检查一下。14.你要不要出去遛遛?15.她到法国度假。16.我向他们要了一个信封。Ⅱ1.forever2.forexample3.forgood4.fornow5.foronething6.forhissake7.foryourself8.forsure9.forcertain10.fornothing133Ⅰ1.她等了半小时了。2.几百年来科学家们都在探索如何飞行。3.他们跑了十英里。4.作为初学者他干得是不错的。5.谢谢你光临。6.她看到他们高兴得哭了。7.她教学有天赋。8.他对平民百姓表现出同情。9.一两天内我就动身去旧金山了。10.太阳要落山了,我们转身回家。11.我的意思是在警察到来前不要做什么。12.你是基督徒,你得以德报怨。13.编辑答应给马丁五十美元作他那首诗的稿酬。14.她给她五十英镑作结婚礼金。15.最好由你给他写信。16.最简单的办法是让他立即辞职。Ⅱ1.Forall...2.(take)forinstance3.forfearof4.forages5.forone6.foryourgood7.Formypart8.foryourself9.forfun10.forsale134Ⅰ1.他从九点工作到五点。2.从现在起的五年我将为一家化学公司工作。3.我们由牛津来到伦敦。4.从我们站的地方看,轮船就像玩具。5.这是汤姆寄来的一封信。6.他们有些人来自远方的内华德和华盛顿。7.昨天种玉米把他们都累坏了。8.孩子因饥饿而啼哭。9.她冷得发抖。10.我从枕头下面拿出了我的表。11.一辆马车从我身后奔驰而来。12.八天以后我将在纽约和你会合。13.从他脸上她看出她已脱离危险。14.把这封信从英文译为法文。15.这段音乐取自莫扎特一部歌剧。444 16.她成功地阻止了他走这愚蠢的一步。Ⅱ1.ismadefrom2.fromnowon3.Fromthenon4.apartfrom5.Asidefrom6.farfrom7.frombadtoworse8.Frombeginningtoend9.fromheadtofoot10.fromthebottomofherheart135Ⅰ1.我们将在树林中宿营。2.不要站在太阳下,坐在荫凉处。3.拜仑把信放进口袋里。4.你白天工作还是晚上工作?5.过一两个礼拜你身体会强一些。6.没多久他们就完成这项工程了。7.我从没看你穿过短袖衬衫。8.那个衣衫褴褛的可爱姑娘是谁?9.他们在屋里深入地交谈着。10.他身体好吗?11.艾美莱在流泪。12.她惊讶地摇了摇头。13.马克羡慕地望着他。14.在这样做时他受伤了。Ⅱ1.inall(总共)2.inanswersto(回答⋯⋯)3.incase(以防)4.infrontof(在⋯⋯前面)5.infrontof(面前)6.infullswing(全面进行)7.inherearlyforties(四十一二岁)8.inorderto(为的是)9.in(good)time(及时地)10.beendubbedin(加了⋯⋯配音)11.indetail(详细地)12.infull(全文)13.ingeneral(一般说来)14.Inmyopinion(view)(据我看)136ⅠA.1.咱们到屋里去。2.因此他就在商店门里等待着。3.有些水果里有种子。4.他答应一小时内到达。5.这是他第一次进入编辑室。6.在第二次代表大会后爆发了党内斗争。7.她把钱放进手提包里。8.早期的生长可能在母体内进行。B.1.海迪走进屋内。2.他掉进海里。3.随着时间的推移,婴儿长成了一个美丽的姑娘。4.她把衣料做成一件衣裳。5.这时水结成了冰。6.盖哈特夫人突然哭了起来。7.这项法律是1944年生效的。8.咱们把它分成三部分。Ⅱ1.bringintoharmony(使和睦)2.bringintocontact(使接触)3.gettingintotrouble(遇到麻烦)4.get...into(使陷入)5.wentinto(仔细地谈)6.lookinto(调查,研究)7.inquireinto(调查)8.raninto(碰到)9.raninto(遇到)10.droveinto(撞到⋯⋯上)445 137Ⅰ1.孩子们能像鱼一样在水里游。2.这张像片一点不像我。3.它会像新的一样。4.他们相互非常相像。5.它看来像橡皮,摸起来也像橡皮。6.她觉得想哭。7.我不想做作业。8.她的心跳得要命。9.他们一看见警察就拼命地跑。10.我将拼命工作。11.你就是这个样子!12.你怎么竟敢对我这样讲话?13.今天看起来是一个大晴天。14.那种花是什么样子?15.我想看看巴黎晚上是什么样子。16.疲乏的时候什么也不及洗一个热水澡好。Ⅱ1.为了夫人我们得待在医院附近。2.我们现在已接近旅途的终点。3.不要站在靠火车这样近的地方。4.他的看法和我的看法很接近。5.你的回答接近正确。6.他知道他的死期将近。7.我的生日离圣诞节很近。8.股票价格接近去年的最高峰。9.很难接近他。10.去坐在靠炉火更近的地方。11.约翰和我的年龄最接近。12.你干吗不把椅子拉得靠我近一点?138Ⅰ1.他量了量桌面。2.他是我的一个朋友。3.他是一个有广泛社会关系的人。4.有各种色彩和大小的鱼。5.她开始谈到巴黎。6.她使他想起威金森小姐。7.他谈到他在德国的学生时代。8.我不愿想到有人为我们发愁。9.然后她喝了一壶中国茶。10.有无数的花朵。11.我们一共十个人。12.她只是一个小丫头片子。13.多么怪的名字!14.你侮辱她太缺德了。15.她这样做是好的。16.马克是他们的一个朋友。Ⅱ1.ofall2.ofcourse3.ofhisownaccord4.ofherownfreewill5.comeofage6.oflate7.whatofit8.ashamedof9.bejealousof10.areproudof11.isafraidof12.diedof139Ⅰ1.风把他头上的帽子刮掉了。2.安森从飞机上走了下来。3.鹦鹉从他肩上飞走。4.我没法让我的眼睛离开她。5.非洲海岸边有些迷人的岛屿。6.游泳池应当紧挨着玫瑰园。7.它离波特兰街不远,你想你能找到吗?8.不管怎样,你远远偏离了正题。446 9.我没法把戒指从手指上取下来。10.我书的封面脱落了。11.她跳下床,洗了脸,下来吃下午茶。12.书从桌上掉了下来。13.他从马上跳了下来。14.她鞋的后跟脱落。15.你会发现邮局离港湾街不远。16.这了却了我一大心事。Ⅱ1.offduty(不值班时)2.offdrugs(戒毒了)3.getoffbalance(失去平衡)4.offguard(失去警惕)5.offhishead(发疯)。6.take10%offtheprice(打九折)7.offtherecord(不得发表)。8.takealoadoffmymind(去掉我一大桩心事)9.offthepress(印好出版了)140Ⅰ1.这座城镇在一座小山上。2.他在钢琴上弹了一首曲子。3.我在电视上看足球赛。4.在朱丽西生日那天我给了她一件礼物。5.一月一日我不能来。6.看到警察他跑掉了。7.她到达时给她母亲打了一个电话。8.他写了一本谈非洲动物的书。9.她做了一个关于健康和污染的报告。10.这次课谈的是现代诗歌。11.他们在度假。12.她值夜班。13.谁打电话来?14.妇女犯罪率在上升。15.他的演出在六点钟播出。16.先生,我是应你的邀请来的。Ⅱ1.onfoot(步行)2.onimpulse(一时冲动)3.onwhoseauthority(经谁授权)4.onmyaccount(为了我)5.onbusiness(出差)6.onschedule(准时)7.onthewhole(总的说来)8.onbehalfof(代表)9.onprinciple(原则上)10.ontime(准时)11.ontheown(靠自己的力量)12.onthesly(偷偷地)141Ⅰ1.过了一会儿我下床了。2.请告诉他离开意大利。3.他们不让任何人走出房去。4.安得莱帮助我们是出于好心。5.她还没有离开华沙。6.她感到这仅仅出于礼貌。7.她从衣柜里拿出几件不穿的衣服。8.我的家在离城六英里处。9.每周他从薪水里拿出五十元存起来。10.她这样做是出于同情。11.我那样做是出于我对姐姐关心。12.请别挡我的亮。13.他再看时它已走得看不见了。14.他无法不想她。15.巴基斯坦人十个就有九个是穆斯林。16.她很快失去了耐心。447 Ⅱ1.outoffashion(过时了)2.outoforder(坏了)3.outofdanger(脱险)4.outofpain(没有疼痛)5.outofrepair(坏了)6.outoffun(情绪不佳)7.outofdate(过时)8.outofprint(不再印行)9.outofpractice(技术荒疏)10.outofemployment(失业)11.outofhissenses(神经错乱)12.outoftemper(脾气不佳)13.outofbreath(气喘吁吁)142Ⅰ1.我感到仿佛一只斧头悬在我头上。2.他用手蒙住眼睛。3.那只知更鸟从墙上飞过。4.我们得从它们上面跳过去。5.我为她感到有点焦急。6.不要为你的运气不好伤心。7.她有三十多岁了。8.他离开了一个多月了。9.房间里有一百多人。10.咱们一边吃饭一边谈。11.飞机从房子上方飞过。12.他在脸上蒙了一块手绢以免受苍蝇叮。13.她脸上掠过一丝笑容。14.这消息是从收音机里传来的。15.她为这次郊游感到激动。16.你准备留在伦敦过圣诞节吗?Ⅱ1.allover(到处)2.allover(在全⋯⋯)3.getover(克服)4.wentover(把⋯⋯想一遍)5.goover(看一遍)6.ranover(从身上辗过)7.triumphover(战胜)8.watchover(看好)9.presidedover(主持)10.overthetelephone(在电话上)11.overtheyears(许多年来)12.overtheyears(在许多年中)143Ⅰ1.她经过了三座花园。2.他从一家酒店前走过。3.她开车将从斯图西特的公寓经过。4.已经三点多钟了。5.我们将在七点或七点半吃晚饭。6.医生说尼姬已过了危险期。7.他们坐着聊天直到午夜后好久。8.他们的大女儿已满十八岁。9.疼得几乎受不了啦。10.他已无法康复。11.他愚蠢得令人无法相信。12.从他们那儿他每周获一英镑的薪津。13.他们将以每天三十五英里的速度向德国推进。14.在过去三年每人的真实收入上升了约百分之十六。15.苹果20便士一磅。16.我认为这有百分之九十的可能性。Ⅱ1.月亮绕着地球转。2.孩子们围着老师站着。3.她的连衣裙上束着一条皮带。4.沿海岸修建了雷达站。448 5.他们在城里转了一个钟头。6.咱们到花园逛逛看什么花开了。7.他在房里瞧了瞧。8.咱们到老街上去遛遛。9.我能带你到屋里到处看看吗?10.这事发生在复活节前后。11.他在拐角处消失。12.他们住在庞德街拐角处。144Ⅰ1.他在田野里走了好几英里。2.火车穿过隧道。3.食物经过胃进入肠子。4.他带着我通过玻璃门走到外面。5.这些细胞我们只有通过显微镜才能看见。6.我从窗子里看到你。7.她透过烛光瞧着他。8.他们通过开着的窗子袭击了他。9.夜莺歌唱了一夜。10.赛拉斯整整一天独自坐在那里。11.发生这事故不是你的错。12.他是通过一位朋友获得这份工作的。13.这事我们是通过我妹妹知道的。14.从那时起取得很大进展。15.自从认识你之后我就不停地想你。16.你从什么时候起住在这个国家?Ⅱ1.gotthrough(通过)2.gotthrough(在⋯⋯通过)3.getthrough(通过)4.getthrough(干完)5.gotthrough(吃完)6.gothrough(阅读)7.wentthrough(经历)8.gothrough(把⋯⋯查一遍)9.lookthrough(看一遍)10.readthrough(看完)11.sawthrough(看透)12.throughthickandthin(共患难)145Ⅰ1.他们在全国修建了良好的公路。2.他的权威很快扩大到整个阿拉伯。3.曼迪整天都忐忑不安。4.全年中常常有大雨。5.在我整个生病期间他都来看望我。6.一路上她不停地抱怨。7.在整个节目期间祖父都在打盹。8.在剧本演出过程中他都感无聊。9.他们把整个屋子里都搜查了。10.在整个战争期间粮食都缺乏。11.在整个审询期间他都误导了法庭。12.在她的整个生涯中,她都表现了这种奉献精神。Ⅱ1.晚会一直开到两点。2.他们一直谈到天亮。3.在那以前他从未认真考虑去上海。4.他们一直到九点才回家。449 5.在下星期前我没有空房。6.在现在以前我不知道你生病了。7.我要到深夜才会回去。8.我很少在十二点半前睡觉。9.从两点到八点由他照顾约翰。10.那时再见。11.有一两件事我得留到明天早晨办。12.我一生迄今一直住在乡下。13.晚饭开到什么时候?14.这样说你在那之后才来。15.科克希今天下午要出去很晚才回来。16.一直到课后他才提到他生病。146Ⅰ1.于是他们出发,到动物园去。2.他来到她站立的地方。3.克莱拉走到她父亲前面。4.我在展望未来。5.到哥伦比亚只有十二英里。6.他由九点工作到六点。7.他在公元前495到429年生活在雅典。8.把这书交给诺拉。9.他给海伦的信丢失了。10.亨利暗自笑了笑。11.在奥丽薇亚看来,他比过去更漂亮了。12.她需要一些由自己支配的时间。13.现在是四点差一刻(三点三刻)。14.他在南面发现一个新的海洋。15.他们以5比2的比分获胜。16.他用吉他伴奏演唱。Ⅱ1.Toouramazement(使我们吃惊的是)2.Tothedelight(使他高兴的是)3.Toeveryone곰srelief(使大家安心的是⋯⋯)4.agreeto(同意)5.devote...to(把⋯⋯献给)6.totheletter(不折不扣地)7.tore...topieces(撕得粉碎)8.tothefull(充分地)9.tothebestofourknowledge(根据⋯⋯了解)10.tonoavail(没有用)11.cametomyassistance(来帮忙)12.frombeginningtoend(从头到尾)147Ⅰ1.伊丽莎白向门口走去。2.我转身向小山走去。3.她背朝着其他的人。4.他对麦德琳的态度很冷淡。5.他一向对她表现得很深情。6.密斯黛尔对他感到气愤。7.这儿有三十美元贴补你的路费。8.我们必须存钱做孩子们的学费。9.快到傍晚时杰克来到一座城堡前。10.最后,天快亮时,他睡着了。450 11.在他生命快结束时,他当了执政。12.你觉得这计划怎样?Ⅱ1.我在桥下等着。2.他们在樱桃树下坐着。3.他在我父亲手下工作。4.作为工头,他手下约有五十名工人。5.价钱不到五美元。6.她不到三十岁。7.他在医生的照顾之下。8.我们跟着一位优秀老师学习。9.在目前情况下不可能有所改变。10.城堡正受到攻击。11.你被捕了。12.五岁以下儿童不得自己过马路。13.犯人们在黑夜掩护下逃出。14.下了这么多雨,城市的大部分地区被水淹了。15.我们的计划正在进行。16.这事正在考虑。148Ⅰ1.他们决定等到夏天,然后去欧洲。2.直到最近一般农民只有约一英亩土地。3.在那一刻以前她待我一直很热情。4.在1980年以前天文学家都认为水星是最小的行星。5.直到1960年才制造出第一部激光器。6.直到1912年1月18日他才到达南极。7.我们说说笑笑直到午夜以后。8.我在佛劳伦斯一直待到最近。9.我们总要在晚饭后才打桥牌。10.从八月底到十月底他们一直在爱丁堡度蜜月。Ⅱ1.我打算逆泰晤士河而上到伦敦。2.猫爬上了树。3.公共汽车沿着公路慢慢往上开。4.他们在半山腰住。5.我们顺着花园小道往前走。6.这时她看见她顺着街走来。7.他顺走廊走时一边吹着口哨。8.我开车在街上来回找寻你。Ⅲ1.孩子爬到床上。2.我们坐在地板上吃饭。3.他们到达时就去找旅馆。4.她按他们的指示行事。5.她有足够的钱维持生活。6.从前有一位美丽的公主。7.世间万物都由无数原子构成。8.他们担心他不可靠。9.她聚精会神干她的工作。10.他亲自来调查这件事。149Ⅰ1.我们必须和他们合作。2.你喜欢这工作吗?3.这地方挤满了人。4.听了这消息我们都高兴得跳了起来。5.中国是一个有十三亿多人口的国家。451 6.他们很困难地找到那个地方。7.他双臂交叉地坐在一张椅子上。8.你怎么回事?9.随着岁月的逝去这感觉更加深了。10.有你们支持我们一定能完成这项任务。11.一个钟头后我就来陪你。12.以你的能力你应当可以干得更好。13.洛丽捧着一束美丽的花回来了。14.你情况怎样?15.说了这话邓肯就走出去了。16.房子周围狂风这样怒号我怎么能睡得着?Ⅱ1.wascoveredwith(上面尽是)2.waswithchild(怀孩子了)3.amwithyou(同意你的意见)4.coulddowith(需要)5.catchupwith(赶上)6.Downwith(打倒⋯⋯)7.withmanythanks(非常感谢)8.goonwith(继续干)9.didawaywith(废除了)10.metwith(受到⋯⋯)11.helphimwith(帮助做⋯⋯)12.interferingwith(妨碍)150Ⅰ1.非洲领土四分之三都在热带。2.有些彗星完全在我们太阳系内运行。3.1974年它近到离地球仅一亿二千万公里。4.不到一分钟她就回来了。5.一个星期内我们就结婚了。6.一年之内他就死了。7.他避免做违法的事。8.他们开始感到财富已近在咫尺。9.他内心燃烧着复仇的火焰。10.她心里进行着激烈的斗争。Ⅱ1.由于没有食物,恐龙绝种了。2.没有你我不能活。3.没维生素B6贮藏的脂肪就不能变成能量。4.没有氧气我们不能活。5.如果没有大脑,你就不能看,不能听。6.没有你的帮助这事我是绝不能办成的。7.在那个国家有一千二百万人失业。8.你自己也不是没有错误的。9.他很少不加思考地讲话。10.他不能不向克莱里莎告别就走。11.我们不会不带你就走掉。12.她二话没说转身就跑掉了。13.世界可能不得不有昆虫。14.我们只得不吃热菜,因为炉子坏了。15.不用说他们这顿饭吃得很高兴。16.应毫不迟延地通知他们。17.毫无疑问她又怀孕了。18.也有别人研究它,但没有成功。452 151Ⅰ1.and2.and3.but4.but5.or6.or7.or8.Both...and9.neither...nor10.orelse11.yet12.soⅡ1.When2.As3.while4.After5.before6.since7.until8.Once9.because10.Nowthat11.If12.unless13.though14.as15.lest16.sothat152Ⅰ1.山上阳光灿烂但很冷。2.狐狸会变老,但不会变好。(谚语)3.他们是见树(而)不见林。4.他设法救它,但没成功。5.她是一个古怪姑娘,但你禁不住会喜欢她。6.舌头不是钢铁,却能刺伤人。7.虽说伤痛能痊愈,却仍会留下一个疤。(谚语)8.我失败了,但我还会再试一试。9.这很奇怪却是真的。10.课文是难,但还没超过你的能力。11.房间很小,但很舒服。12.我想去参加晚会,但没有交通工具。Ⅱ1.他什么也看不见,因为洞穴里漆黑。2.我现在可以告诉你了,因为我看得出你是我真正的朋友。3.他摇摇头,因为他有不同想法。4.白天很短,因为现在已经是十二月。5.她一定一早就出去了,因为她没来吃早饭。6.爹有拐棍,因此不会滑倒。7.你不在听,因此我就闭嘴了。8.她要求我去,于是我就去了。9.天下雨了,因此比赛取消了。10.他已经走了,因此她把钱交给我了。11.他已看完《泰晤士报》,因此就没事可干了。12.我妈一个人在家,因此我现在得回去了。13.他耳朵不灵,嗓音又差,因此他不能唱歌。14.这座城建在山麓,因此取名山麓城。153Ⅰ1.八加七等于多少?2.我们又唱歌又跳舞。3.李等了又等。4.我们走了一程又一程。5.过来坐下。6.你要茶还是要咖啡?7.这本书是你的还是我的?8.马上行动,否则就太晚了!9.他乡下有一栋房子,城里也有一栋房子。10.除了教英语,他还教足球。Ⅱ1.either,or2.neither,nor3.notonly,butalso4.both,and5.either,or6.neither,nor453 7.both,and8.both,and9.either,or10.neither,nor11.both,and12.both,and13.either,or14.neither,nor15,Notonly,but(also)16.neither,nor154Ⅰ1.他看到警察就跑掉了。2.她没走多远就听见后面有脚步声。3.他站起身时感到头晕。4.我开车时从不抽烟。5.在她这样做时我又找到两个盒子。6.我回家路上碰到一个老朋友。7.我在谈话时信心增强了。8.过了四十多年他们才又见面。9.她来不及控制自己就开始低声哭泣起来。10.你走了已经四个月了。11.她站在那里直到他们走得看不见了。12.我将待到完成我的学业。13.我一得到他的答复就给你打电话。14.我一到家我妹妹就把这消息告诉了我。15.你一旦学会了西班牙语,你就会发现意大利语容易学了。Ⅱ1.when2.as(while)3.since4.before5.when6.as7.while8.While9.when10.until11.before12.when155Ⅰ1.你这样做因为你不得不如此。2.她被迫慢慢走因为杰罗德走得很慢。3.只因为他们挣钱比我多,他们就认为自己优越。4.“你为什么不和我们一道去听音乐会?”“因为我头痛得厉害。”5.现在在下雨,你最好坐出租车去。6.现在我们不经常到那里去了,因为我们很快就要走了。7.自作自受。(谚语)8.由于没有钱,我们买不起食品。9.他不能和我们一块儿来,因为他病了。10.既然你回答不了我的问题,我只好去问别人了。11.既然现在我回来了,我愿帮你干这工作。12.考虑到她已够结婚的年龄,我看你也没法阻止她。Ⅱ1.because2.Because3.As4.Since5.Since6.Since7.Since8.As9.since10.Nowthat156Ⅰ1.如果能够,我是会帮助你的。2.要是我知道这个,我就不来了。454 3.要是你没有给我留那张条子,我就会错过那次报告了。4.即使我给我姑姑写信她也不会同意。5.除非经我同意,否则她不能结婚。6.除非政策能改变,否则那儿的形势仍然会这样。7.假使房子焚毁,我们将获得保险金。8.我将整天待在旅馆里,以防有哈利的消息。9.你可以出去,只要你天黑前能回来。10.如果我们有足够的钱,我们可以买(它)。11.假使他不能来,这工作谁做?12.如果她发生了什么事,我将怨自己一辈子。13.只要你答应九点以前回来,你可以出去。14.只要她让我和她儿子在一起,我不在意。15.他获准去游泳,条件是他待在其他男孩附近。16.你可以去看病人,条件是你只待五分钟。Ⅱ1.if2.unless3.Unless4.Incase5.if6.solongas7.unless8.incase9.if10.unless11.Supposing12.oncondition157Ⅰ1.虽然我很累,我还得继续干。2.尽管他们动身很早却到得很晚。3.我认为这是对的,虽说我不很肯定。4.她喜欢丹妮胜过喜欢我。5.这说起来容易做起来却难。6.你唱歌唱得和你姐姐一样好。7.他们有些州有英法两国加起来那样大。8.它没有听起来那么简单。9.她静静地坐在他摇篮旁,怕他醒来会要她。10.他很发愁怕他们会生他的气。11.你必须同意他们的婚事以便他们马上结婚。12.我最好找到他以便把这还他。13.他们需要扬声器以便大家都能听到。14.她是那样疲惫,她马上就睡着了。15.人那样多,椅子都不够了。16.他表现如此差,大家都讨厌他。Ⅱ1.Although2.than3.lest4.sothat455 5.though6.sothat7.than8.that9.that10.as11.that12.as158Ⅰ1.我们按照他的话做了。2.他们允许他爱怎么做就怎么做。3.我已像你建议的那样做了改变。4.你像我这样做。5.正像她知道的,他对跳舞没太多兴趣。6.正如你能想像的我相当缺钱。7.这儿一片混乱,正像报纸报导的。8.他没像他答应过的那样来看望她。9.情况几乎还是以前那个样子。10.这间农舍还是莎士比亚时代的那个样子。Ⅱ1.asif(though)nothinghadhappened2.asfarasIknow3.SofarasIamconcerned4.accordingasthesituationrequires5.assowhetherweshoulddoit6.AsfarasIwasconcerned7.aslongasIlive8.AssoonasIwalkedoutthedoor9.Intelligentasshewas10.Tryasyouwill11.hardashetried12.MuchasIwouldliketocome159Ⅰ1.Aforeignlanguage(名词)2.everything(代词)3.Twoplustwo(数词)4.Livingontheislandforaweek(动名词短语)5.Toleanoutofthewindow(不定式短语)6.Dancing(动名词)7.Earlytobedandearlytorise(短语)8.tomasterthesubject(不定式)9.readingFrench(动名词短语)10.Thattheyfailedintheirattempt(从句)11.TheEnglish(名词化的形容词)12.thatshe곰sFrench(从句)Ⅱahugeoceanliner/It/It/which/icebergs/Thepassengers/theship/Theship/thepassengers/lifeboats/Anothership/TheTitanic/It/it/Morethantwo-thirds/It160Ⅰ1.主语(人)2.主语(事情)3.主语(事物)4.主语(人)5.主语(人)6.主语(事)7.主语(时间)8.主语(天气)9.主语(距离)10.主语(距离)11.主语(环境)12.主语(环境)Ⅱ1.Whatdayistoday?—It곰sWednesday.2.What곰sthedatetoday?—It곰sMay21st.456 3.Whattimeisit?—It곰saquartertofive.4.It곰sgoingtosnow.5.Howlonghasitbeenraining?6.It곰safineday,neithertoocoldnortoohot.7.It곰sgettingdark.8.ItwasafinemorninginApril.9.Howfarisittothezoo?10.It곰s112milesfromLondontoBirmingham11.It곰shalfanhour곰sdrivefromheretothepubliclibrary.12.It곰sbeautifulinthepark.13.It곰sstuffyintheroom.14.It곰scoolunderthetrees.15.It곰sveryquiethereatnight.161Ⅰ1.ItwasthePresidentthat(whom)Jeaninterviewedyesterday.2.ItwasTomwhoshestillhadherfaithin.3.ItwasNancywhosaidallthis.4.ItwasatthatmomentthatIheardtheirsteps.5.ItwasyouwhomIthoughtofallthetime.6.ItwasJimwhomadethesuggestion.7.ItwasyesterdaythatIgotyourfax.8.Whatisitthatyouwantmetodo?9.WhyisitthateveryonethinksI곰monlyadreamer?10.Whowasitthatcalledonyouyesterday?Ⅱ1.tobehome/回家了真好。2.sittinginthewarmsun/坐在暖和的太阳里真舒服。3.thatthey곰regoingtobemarried/据说他们要结婚了。4.nottobedependentonanybody/不依靠任何人是好的。5.sayinganymoreaboutit/这事再谈下去没有用。6.thatyoushouldbesodifferent.../真奇怪你和你姐姐那样不同。7.toattendtothematter/处理这事是他的责任。8.quarrellingwithme/和我吵你觉得值得吗?9.thatyouarehere/你在这儿太令人高兴了。10.tomakeaquarrel/两个人才吵得起来(一个巴掌拍不响)。11.yourtalkingtohim/你和他谈是浪费时间。12.(that)hiswordspleasedher/显然他的话使她很高兴。13.toanswerthatquestion/回答这个问题超出我的能力。14.yourcomingtovisitus/你来访问我们是很荣幸的事。15.howitallhappened/这事怎样发生的对我是一个谜。162Ⅰ1.你的话是对的。457 2.我们所做的一切必须有利于人民。3.任何人犯了法就要惩处。4.很奇怪他这么早就睡了。5.她的女儿们以后要自谋生路在她看似乎是很自然的事。6.谁带领这个代表团还没有决定。7.我们是否要按计划去效游得看天气来定。8.发生的情况证明我们的政策是对的。9.他们的企图失败是完全可以理解的。10.他们所做的一切都是机密的事。11.谁违抗他的意愿就会被处死。12.他是否来还不肯定。Ⅱ(略)163Ⅰ1.有人敲门。2.不会有问题。3.哪个地方可能有小船。4.这一决定已没有改变余地。5.准有我们能做的事。6.似乎有人在用它。7.证明没有什么大的损害。8.隔壁屋里恰好有人。9.她的心和脑子之间似乎有一场斗争。10.准有障碍需要克服。11.什么地方准有一间空房。12.一天夜里一只小燕子从城市上空飞过。13.从观众中发出一阵愤怒的喊声。14.传来一阵敲门声。15.接着就出现土地问题。Ⅱ1.hasbeen2.is3.comes4.goes5.issuretobe6.usedtobe7.areboundtobe8.remained9.lived10.appeared11.stood12.came164Ⅰ1.aregoingup(简单)2.maybereturning(复合)3.havebeenhoping(简单)4.can곰tfindout(复合)5.isgoingtobehaving(复合)6.wasproposed,beexpanded(简单)7.knows,wentthrough,waswaitingfor(简单)8.usedtotell(复合),grewoutof(简单)9.isin(复合),holdon(简单),willget(简单)10.wasbrokeninto(简单),wasonholiday(复合)Ⅱgotmarried/washeld/arrived/lookednervous/keptlookingat//arrived/had/hadgotworried/waslate/wasdressed/wasgivenaway//wasone/waswearing/wascarrying/wasbeautiful/cried/does//458 165Ⅰ1.mighthaveseen2.mustbefeelinghungryandtired3.couldn곰thavedone4.shouldneverhavemarried5.needn곰thavecomeover6.isduetoarrive7.oughttohavedone8.appearstobeunhappy9.can곰ttrust,isboundtobe10.stayedsingle,didn곰tmarry11.provedsound12.can곰tkeepquietⅡ(略)166Ⅰ1.theman2.heroes,villains3.yours,mine4.blind5.convincing6.takenaback7.painting8.togo9.here10.intheeating11.agreatweightoffmymind12.wheremysisterlivesⅡ1.tastes2.sound3.felt4.appeared5.smelled6.seem7.turned8.gone9.grew10.comes11.was,fell12.get13.ran14.continued15.keep167Ⅰ1.around2.in3.off4.on5.round6.over7.up8.down9.out10.through11.about12.on,offⅡ1.atahalt2.ontherise3.behindschedule4.offtherecord5.oftheYinationality6.abovedoingsuchthings7.withouthisshortcomings8.inshortsupply9.againsttherules10.outofwork11.withher12.beneathShakespeare13.besidehimselfwithgrief14.beyonddispute15.forcuttingdown...16.underconstruction168Ⅰ1.她生病的原因是她吃了坏肉。2.事实是他没有尝试。3.让我吃惊的是他英文讲得那么好。4.他惟一的想法是莉莉可能做出不顾后果的事。5.这是我希望发生的情况。6.他们追求的是个人的权力。7.这些正是我们需要的。8.这是我们经常要记在心上的。9.这就是她如何知道她妈妈的死讯的。10.树叶是树制造食物的地方。11.收条不在我原来放的地方了。12.因此我们需要一张地图。13.四月是丁香花开的季节。459 14.问题是我们该把孩子们留在哪里。15.会上谈的问题是他们是否应另修一条马路。Ⅱ(略)169Ⅰ1.are2.is3.is4.means5.is6.was7.demands8.has9.Does10.wasⅡ(略)170Ⅰ1.me2.thelad3.hiscousin4.theboy5.you6.me7.Tom8.hismother9.me10.her11.her12.me13.him14.thestudents15.me16.youⅡ1.HepassedamessagetoJack.2.Willyousellyourbiketome?3.Attheendoftheinterviewtheyofferedajobtome.4.Ihavesentsomemoneytomother.5.Weshowedouridentificationcardstothepolicemen.6.I곰llmakesomefreshteaforyou.7.Couldyoudoalittlefavourforme?8.Weboughtanicepresentforourteacher.9.IhavenodoubtthatIshallfindasituationforyou.10.Playsomethinghappyforus.171Ⅰ1.yourname2.herhand/apurse3.anything4.theotherthree5.thesick6.theimpossible7.sellingtheproperty8.hisleavinghiswife9.yourgivingme...10.towalkdowntheroad11.todividetheprofits12.herwhichbuttontopress13.thatTomshouldmeetthem14.metotryagainⅡschool/thisjob/himselfgrammar.../James곰printingshop/him/livinginLondon/thefirstfiredepartment,thefirstpoliceforceandthefirstpubliclibrary/tofoundtheUniversityofPennsylvania172Ⅰ1.医生劝他多锻炼。2.他们鼓励我们发表自己的看法。3.你看见谁进来吗?4.我一两天后通知你。5.我看见他们在地里干活。6.你闻到有东西烧焦的味儿吗?7.他发现屋里挤满了人。8.他决定让别人听到他的声音。9.他们发现他是一个可靠的伙伴。10.他们让他当了船长。460 11.你何不把它染为淡绿色?12.你能及时把一切准备好吗?13.她发现那里一切都井井有条。14.她认为自己高人一等。15.对不起让你这么晚还不睡觉。16.我要你把它立即还给我。Ⅱ(略)173Ⅰ1.thatitwasagoodidea2.weshouldgoandgetadoctor3.Iwillbehereatmidday4.whatyoumean5.whowrotetheplay6.whensheisleaving7.ifyouwouldactasmyguide8.whetheryouwantedthetickets...9.whathewastold10.whatshecalledagoodplace11.whateverheliked12.whicheveryoulikebest13.whicheverbooksyoudon곰twant14.whoeverIwant15.whomevertheydesireⅡ1.whoeverisreliable2.whatevertopicyoucanthinkof3.howyoulookatit4.whatanimportantdiscovery...5.whicheverofyouwantsit6.whatIamsaying7.whatisrightandtrue8.whoeveritmayconcern9.whatyouhavetosay10.whatevershechooses174Ⅰ1.Hesaidthathehadlosthisumbrella.2.Paulsaidthathewastryingtogetataxi.3.Heexplainedthatheneveratemeat.4.Hesaidhehadfoundanapartment.5.Shesaidthatshehadbeenwaitingthereforages.6.Hesaidthathehadtakenthedictionaryhomewithhim.7.HesaidthathewouldbeinParisonMonday.8.Shesaidthatshewouldbeusingthecarherselfonthe12th.9.Shetoldmethatmypronunciationwasbetterthanhers.10.Wusaidthatwewouldhavearrivedbythatnight.11.HarrytoldFrankthathehadcometoreturnthebook.12.HsiaoLisaidthathewasbornin1985.Ⅱ(略)175Ⅰ1.Heaskedwhereshewasgoing.2.Sheaskedwholivednextdoor.3.Heaskedwhathadhappened.4.Heaskedwheretheairportwas.461 5.TheyaskedwhatIhadgotinmybag.6.HeaskedMarywhenwasthenexttrain.7.SheaskedTomwhyhehadstoppedthecar.8.Heaskediftherewasanyonethere.9.Heaskedmewhether(if)IknewMrs.Green.10.ThegirlaskedwhetherIwantedtoinsuremyluggage.11.Themanaskedwhetherheshouldwaitforthemorgoon.12.Sheaskedwhethersheshouldlockthecarorleaveitunlocked.13.HeaskedmeifIwouldbetherethefollowingday.14.SheaskedBillifhewouldliketogoinforadrink.15.Mrs.BlackaskedTomifhecouldgiveherahand.16.MywifeaskedmewhetherIwouldbebackthatnight.Ⅱ1.ThedoctortoldTomtoliedown.2.Motherwarnedthechildrennottoswimouttoofar.3.Janebeggedustoletherhaveatry.4.AuntLiadvisedmetotakesomemedicineandhaveagoodrest.5.Thehostessinvitedeverybodytositdown.6.Hiswifeimploredhimnottotakeanyrisks.7.Motherremindedmenottoforgettotakemypills.8.HisfriendsencouragedPaultotryagain.9.Theinspectororderedthemantoputdownhisgun.10.Thebossforbadustosmokeintheoffice.176Ⅰ1.beautiful/nearthecity...2.few/inourvillage/those3.ofthepeople/there4.onehundred/livingthere5.two/tobediscussed6.each/toarrive/toleave7.ofwidesocialrelationships/social8.first/withabeard9.new/on10.this/on11.never-to-be-forgottenⅡA.1.全力支持2.彻底的失败3.现代化设备4.富裕的家庭5.无法避免的开支6.求实的做法7.一个偏僻的地方8.打了就跑的攻击9.生死斗争10.无忧无虑的人B.1.一包香烟2.一篮水果3.一副纸牌4.一副眼镜462 5.一套书6.一系列问题7.一片水(域)8.一片土地9.一群牛10.一群飞鸟11.一群狼12.一群狮子13.一线希望14.一阵批评15.一大堆困难16.大量的工作177Ⅰ1.有一个人要和你说话2.我在报上看到一条新闻你可能感兴趣。3.他弄出的响声把大家都惊醒了。4.所有认识他的人都喜欢他。5.他雇用的女孩子都抱怨工资太低。6.我说的话使她不高兴。7.卖这给我的人让我给它上油。8.这电影讲一个间谍,他的妻子背叛了他。9.这就是引起轰动的那部影片。10.记忆是我们都随身携带的日记本。11.他去了底特律,在那里他当了一名机械工。12.这张照片是我们去年在那里休假时照的。13.这就是你不想在这里待下去的理由?14.曾有一个时期她憎恨所有的男人。15.他们带我去看了他们工作的地方。16.我们不能这样做有几个理由。Ⅱ1.Icandoforyou2.wehavealwaystokeepinmind3.youmetyesterday4.Iwantedtobuy5.wecandonow6.youlike7.youhavetodo8.shewasill9.wesaweachother10.hewashere11.youlike12.theywereout178Ⅰ1.琼斯教授一向早到,现在已经在那里了。2.她和一个水手订婚了,这人她是在朴茨茅斯遇到的。3.我在城市学院教书,这个学院就在街对面。4.他们都是朋友,其中许多人相互认识已有许多年了。5.木星至少有十三个卫星,最大的一个比我们的月亮还大。6.他们来到一条小溪边,两岸点缀着黄色的樱草花。7.这事发生在1980年,那时我还是一个婴儿。463 8.她出生在印度,她父亲在那里工作。9.这里是米朵翰,你该在这里下车了。10.太空时代于1957年开始,这年俄国人发射了一枚卫星。Ⅱ1.whichwasapity2.whichwasunderstandable3.whichmadehimfat4.whichmadeeveryonelaugh5.whichannoyedtheothers6.whichismuchbetter7.whichwasdangerous8.whichwasnottrue9.whichmadeourjourneymoredifficult10.duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench179Ⅰ1.headofoursection2.children3.BirdIsland4.thelargestinlandbodyofsaltwaterinChina5.land,wealthandtechnology6.halftheusualtime7.ancientandmodern,Chineseandforeign8.two9.both10.all11.each12.now66Ⅱ1.thatshelikeshim...2.thattheymaybesaved3.thathewasoffshortly...4.thattheEarlhadbeenkilled5.thatthegods...6.thatshemightloseherhusband7.thatheisguilty8.thatyou곰vecometoday...9.thattheearthgoesroundthesun10.thatmyhusbandisinvitedtoo180Ⅰ1.before2.greatly,toheartheoldman곰sstory3.here,especiallyinspring4.anyway,fromdoingit5.ateighto곰clockonthemorningofJuly25,backtoShenyang6.onceagain,intoourairspace7.Tohissurprise,insteadof...8.inarea9.over,tofetchyou10.forthemeetingtobeheld...ⅡWhenFlorencewasalittlegirl/withherdolls/whentheywereill/verymuch/aboutwantingtobeanurse//wherevershewent/tobenurses/inthem//tosomeimportantpeople/Atlast/withher/veryhardindeed/allday/toseethat.../atthehospital/untiltheCrimeanwarwasover//181Ⅰ1.他打开抽屉,取出一支左轮手枪。2.他脱掉衣裳跳进水里。3.她走了出去,砰地把门关上。4.他开枪打伤了抢银行的人。5.我摔倒了,头碰在门上碰破了。6.他是学生,自然对科幻小说有兴趣。464 7.由于不懂法语,她无法和他们沟通。8.由于害怕警察认出他,他从不在白天出去。9.我不喜欢坐在这里什么也不干。10.人们已经出去干活了。11.那男孩从屋里跑了出来。12.他花了好些钟头教鹦鹉说话。Ⅱ1.Drivenbeyondthelimitsoftheirforbearance2.disappointed3.tired4.Takenintime5.Lookedatpolitically6.greatlyaffectedbyhisspeech7.supportedbyafriend...8.Accompaniedbyourguide9.Judgedbyordinarystandards10.Grantedthatheisnotbrilliant182Ⅰ1.他什么也不说,只静静地坐在那里抽烟。2.他满怀歉意地向我们走来。3.我们享受免费医疗。4.我们眼睁睁看着半年的收成在眼前毁掉。5.他们亟于改善农业情况,在大片土地上试种了这种新作物。6.他态度谦虚,不摆架子,平易近人,很快就使每个人无拘无束了。7.这种苹果成熟时是很甜的。8.银行街和城堡街平行。9.他忘我地工作,乐于助人,他过着简朴的生活,坚持不懈地学习。10.他充满年轻人的活力,勤劳而又谦虚。Ⅱ1.Youngandshort2.motionless3.idle4.anxioustobeofservice5.Timidandshy6.Corruptthroughandthrough7.Supremeinauthority8.Middle-aged,tallandthin9.awake10.dead183Ⅰ1.Firstthinginthemorning2.fivedaysaheadoftime3.likethis,allhislife4.sevenandhalfhours5.ninepounds6.sevendegrees,inasinglenight7.eightdollarsacopy8.afewhundredpacesfromhere9.herownway10.Foryears,wetorfineatsix,inthepark11.aheadofus12.heartandsoulⅡ1.handinhand2.sidebyside3.headoverheels4.dayafterday5.dayindayout6.theotherday7.Allatonce8.allthesame9.allyearround10.yearinyearout465 11.frontandrear12.dayandnight184Ⅰ1.guninhand2.hisfacepalewithpain...3.onebehindtheother4.thequestionsettled5.Johnbeingaway6.Allthingsconsidered7.eachworkingonaproject8.hismonthhalfopen,hishead...9.myfingeronthebutton10.SpringcomingonⅡ1.withtheirarmsroundeachother2.withourbackstothewall3.withthedoorlocked4.withherarmsroundherknees5.withafreshbreezeblowing6.withmymotherbeingill7.withJohnaway8.withallhisclotheson9.withnothingtodo10.withallthedishestowash185Ⅰ1.whilemywifegoestoLondon2.whenI곰vefinishedwriting...3.astheywereleaving4.AssoonasIgettickets5.beforeyougo6.eversinceIwasachild7.sinceshereturned...8.afteryougethome9.tillIcancrynomore10.untilyou곰reeighteen11.wheneveryouwant12.onceherealizedwhatwasmeantⅡ1.下次你来把你女儿带来。2.她每次见到我都问你好。3.这辆车我们随时可以使用。4.他上次来我批评了他的行为。5.她一走,艾琳就在我身旁坐下。6.话一出口伊丽莎白就感到后悔。7.他一看到它似乎就知道它是做什么用的。8.老师一进来大家都安静下来。9.很抱歉你三次打电话来我都不在家。10.他一说出这话就意识到他犯了一个什么错。11.我们上次去巴黎时天天下雨。12.每次我请你做点事你总说太忙。186Ⅰ1.在最浅的地方涉水过河。(谚语)2.我住的地方绵羊很多。3.请仍坐在原处。4.有蜂就有蜜。(谚语)5.有钱就有势。6.你说去哪里我们就去哪里。7.不管他到哪里,总有特务跟着。8.你想到哪里我就带你到哪里。9.不管他们在哪里出现,都有人欢呼鼓掌。10.不管你往哪边望都可以看到它。Ⅱ1.sinceitwasSunday2.Asyou곰resorry3.becauseIwasnew4.Seeingthatitisteno곰clock5.consideringthatitwasbuilt...6.Now(that)youarewellagain466 Ⅲ1.对不起把你吵醒了。2.我很吃惊到现在他还没来。3.她知道他的名字,杰克感到惊讶。4.我很高兴你有了新工作。5.他很高兴吉米和他们一道去。6.我很失望你不能来。7.他撒谎了他感到惭愧。8.我把她的信拆开了她很不高兴。187Ⅰ1.thatImayseeitbetter2.thatImaybebackinIreland3.sothatIcanunderstandthem4.sothatheshouldnotcatchcold5.lestitshouldbestolen6.lestshemightbeneeded7.forfearitmightstarttrouble8.InorderthatyoumaycreatesuchapictureⅡ1.thathelookedsohappy2.(that)sherefusedtospeaktohim3.thatIcouldnotcatchhim4.(such)thathelostcontrol...5.sothatshehastorest6.(so)thatwehardlyeverseeher7.(so)thathecouldhardlybreathe8.thattheflowerswerebright...9.theycoulddonothingbutyawn10.sothathewasnot...happy188Ⅰ1.要是他知道我们在这里他可能会生气。2.除非发生意想不到的事,我将在星期四回来。3.要是你父亲看见了你他会怎样说?4.万一他在我回来之前到达请让他等一等。5.照我看你的行为是没有道理的。6.就我们来说越快越好。7.只要你高兴你做什么都没关系。8.我可以借钱给你,条件是你一个月内归还。9.即使说他有足够的钱买这所房子,这也不意味着他要买。10.只要你先把作业完成你可以出去。Ⅱ1.Thoughitwasweak2.AlthoughIwastired3.Evenifsheweredyingofabrokenheart4.eventhoughIhaveopposedhim5.Howevercolditis6.howevermuchwetry7.whoeverheis8.whicheverplanyouadopt9.whateverWilsonsays10.Nomatterwhathappened11.bigboythoughhewas12.Poorashewas13.comewhatmay14.Tryashecan15.TryasIwould189Ⅰ1.那条狗比他们想像的更聪明。2.它只比我们的月亮大百分之五十。3.这说起来容易做起来难。4.他们来得比平时更早。5.今天比昨天还要冷。6.她吃惊甚于生气。467 7.对此你知道得和我一样多。8.我没做得我意想的那么好。9.她胆战心惊,惟恐他还会像过去那样冷淡。10.她跑的速度可以达到每小时二十英里。Ⅱ1.aswearranged2.asAladdinhadtoldher3.asyousuggest4.asshedid5.asyoucanimagine6.asadvertised7.asifithappenedyesterday8.asthoughhefoundadifficulty9.asifexpectingLannytospeak10.asthoughawakened...11.likeyou곰llbegoneaweek12.likehewasgoingtocry13.likeItellyou14.likemyAuntMarydoes15.anywayyouwant16.thewayIlovedmyfather190Ⅰ1.Oh2.Oh3.Well4.Dearme5.OLord6.Heavens7.Mygoodness8.Oh,God9.Goodnessme10.Oh,goodness11.Lord12.Why13.alas14.Aha15.Hey16.Oh,hi17.Ouch18.HurrayⅡ1.Mary2.everybody3.Samantha4.You5.Somebody6.Mr.Wilson7.Mr.Davies8.John9.Helen10.Tom191Ⅰ1.Ihope2.Isuppose3.don곰tyouthink4.Ibelieve5.yousee6.shesaid7.heasked8.hewondered9.I곰mafraid10.Ithink11.I곰mafraid12.IguessⅡ1.onearth2.thedevil3.thehell4.inthenameofgoodness5.nobodyknows6.nooneremembers7.tobeprecise8.inmyopinion9.worststill10.betterstill11.asitshouldbe12.they곰reliketuitionfees192Ⅰ1.goes2.fell3.flew4.sprang5.stood6.came7.hung8.sat9.werehanging10.wasstanding11.wassitting12.is13.cameabout14.remained15.hasarisen16.hungⅡ1.shall...meet2.do...think3.will...begoing...468 4.Does...major5.are,aren곰t6.told7.made8.owns9.aregoingtotakepartin10.isthesmallestone193Ⅰ1.hasbeen2.mustbe3.doesn곰tseemtohavebeen4.sprang5.hasbeenproduced6.is7.are8.opens9.came10.(so)do11.(so)can12.(Neither)do13.(neither)do...care14.(nor)did...write15.(nor)did16.May...haveⅡ1.WereITom2.WereIinherplace3.Shouldyourequireanything4.Hadheknowyouwerehere5.Shouldtheydecidetoholdaninquiry6.Wereitalltrue7.HadIknown8.Saywhatyouwill9.Tryashemay10.Comewhatmay194Ⅰ1.had...seen2.does...care3.can...besaved4.was...unhappy5.had...arrived6.was...outofsight7.have...seen8.had...setoff9.did...attempt10.must...leave11.could...agree12.has...failedⅡ1.stretched2.came3.came(in)4.weretobefound5.maybeadded6.came(in)7.came8.stood9.sat10.stood195Ⅰ1.Amongitsproductsare2.Oneithersidewere3.Nexttoitis4.Aroundthelakeare5.Nearbyare6.Especiallypopularare7.Belowis8.Hereis9.Scatteredlikestars...are10.PicturedhereisⅡ1.Holding......are2.Visiting......were3.Runningacrossis4.Participatingare5.Helpingthemraise...are6.Watching......were7.flew8.opened,came9.dashed10.went469 196Ⅰ1.I2.Haveyou3.It4.I곰ve5.Isthere6.itis7.I곰m,it곰sa8.Haveyou9.Ilikeit10.The11.Of12.Areyou13.isshenotcoming14.Areyou,I곰m15.sheis(not)16.IputitⅡ1.禁止吸烟(停车/吐痰)。2.不得入内。3.把盖子揭开。4.说出来。5.打倒法西斯主义!6.把衣服穿上。7.把衬衫脱下。8.去睡觉去!9.跪下!10.不得靠墙放自行车。197Ⅰ1.I곰mgettingon2.It곰s3.I곰m(not)(very)tired.4.He곰s5.I곰llhave(both)6.(Verylikely)itisaveryoldbuilding7.Idon곰tmind(intheleast)8.itwasverytouching9.won곰thecome10.doeshespecializeinⅡ1.希望不久接到你的信。2.祝新年快乐。也祝你新年快乐。3.另接通知前计划不变。4.对不起迟到了。5.吃早饭了吗?6.工作干完了吗?差不多完了。7.请给我一磅黄油。8.对不对?对。9.真宏伟的大楼!10.你老了?一点不老。11.耐心点!12.你能借我点钱吗?不行。13.六点起床,给毕尔打电话,毕尔说生病了,因此只好取消会议。去了办公室,工作到十二点处理政府合同。14.百万富翁的儿子被绑架。198Ⅰ1.Whentakenaccordingtothedirections2.Thoughreducedinnumbers3.whenalone4.WhileinLondon5.unlesscompelled6.Asscheduled7.assoonaspossible8.asifinsearchofsomething9.Ifpossible10.whereverpossible11.wheneverneeded12.nomatterwho13.thanever14.asalwaysⅡ1.没有什么别的话要说了?2.很遗憾你不能来参加我们的庆祝大会。470 3.不知道他们下步怎么办。4.如果他不想待在床上,最好别勉强他。5.她的意见不管对还是错都应当考虑。6.明天我们把一切准备好,如果不能更早的话。7.我要竭尽全力帮助他们。8.如果不是今天,明天肯定会有答复。9.说得越少越好。(谚语)10.欲速则不达。(谚语)199Ⅰ1.was(impossibe)2.is(divine)3.eat(theirfood)4.thename(oftheeldest)seemedtobe5.lectured(on...)6.was(superb)7.(when)areweboundtowin8.stop(atonce)9.(was)homesick10.(wasnot)angryⅡ1.他努力工作却没成功。2.她快速向周围望了一眼,但只看见这间空屋。3.她设法救它却没救活。4.我要的不是红的而是那个蓝色的。5.他很勤奋,但不很聪明。6.电话铃响了,但只响了几秒钟。7.我能理解他的痛苦,但企图自杀(太不可思议了)!8.我们不应当抱怨出了这个问题,而应帮助纠正它。9.歌词是大卫的,曲子是乡村曲调。10.工作干完,书就放在一边了。11.戴高乐警告说,再有重大突破法国就完了。12.我们要开个会,但不是今天。471 Index2IrregularVerbs(不规则动词表)现在式过去式过去分词arisearosearisenawakeawoke,awakedawoken,awakedbewas,werebeenbear(生)boreborne,born(用于被动语态)bear(负,带)borebornebeatbeatbeatenbecomebecamebecomebeginbeganbegunbetbet,bettedbet,bettedbendbentbentbidbade,bidbidden,bidbindboundboundbitebitbitten(偶作bit)bleedbledbledblowblewblownbreakbrokebrokenbreedbredbredbringbroughtbroughtbroadcastbroadcastbroadcastbuildbuiltbuiltburnburnt,burnedburnt,burnedburstburstburstbuyboughtboughtcastcastcast472 续表现在式过去式过去分词catchcaughtcaughtchoosechosechosenclingclungclungcomecamecomecostcostcostcreepcreptcreptcutcutcutdealdealtdealtdigdugdugdodiddonedrawdrewdrawndreamdreamt[dremt](英),dreamed(美)dreamt(英),dreamed(美)drinkdrankdrunkdrivedrovedrivendwelldweltdwelteatate[英et,美eit]eatenfallfellfallenfeedfedfedfeelfeltfeltfightfoughtfoughtfindfoundfoundfleefledfledflingflungflungflyflewflownforbidforbade,forbadforbiddenforgetforgotforgottenforgiveforgaveforgivenfreezefrozefrozengetgotgot(美用作gotten)givegavegivengowentgonegrindgroundgroundgrowgrewgrownhanghung,hangedhung,hangedhavehadhadhearheardheardhidehidhid,hidden(较常用)hithithit473 续表现在式过去式过去分词holdheldheldhurthurthurtkeepkeptkeptkneelknelt,kneeledknelt,kneeledknowknewknownlaylaidlaidleadledledleanleant[lent](英),leaned[li귂nd](美)leant(英),leaned(美)leapleapt[lept](英),leaped[li귂pt](美)eapt(英),leaped(美)learnlearnt,learnedlearnt,learnedleaveleftleftlendlentlentletletletlielaylainlightlit,lightedlit,lighted(作定语时较多)lose[lu귂z]lost[l궿st]lostmakemademademean[mi귂n]meant[ment]meantmeetmetmetmistakemistookmistakenovercomeovercameovercomepaypaidpaidputputputread[ri귂d]read[red]read[red]rideroderiddenringrangrungriseroserisen[곱rizn]runranrunsawsawedsawn(偶作sawed)say[sei]said[sed]saidseesawseenseeksoughtsoughtsellsoldsoldsendsentsentsetsetsetshakeshookshakenshaveshavedshaved,shaven(主要用作定语)shedshedshed474 续表现在式过去式过去分词shineshone[귀궿n]shoneshootshotshotshowshowedshown(偶作showed)shrinkshrank,shrunkshrunk,shrunken(作定语)shutshutshutsingsangsungsinksanksunk(sunk作定语时为sunken)sitsatsatsleepsleptsleptslideslidslid,sliddensmellsmelt,smelledsmelt,smelledsowsowedsown,sowedspeakspokespokenspeedsped,speededsped,speededspellspelt,spelledspelt,spelledspendspentspentspillspilt,spilledspilt,spilledspinspun,spanspunspitspatspatsplitsplitsplitspoilspoilt,spoiledspoilt,spoiledspreadspreadspreadspringsprangsprungstandstoodstoodstealstolestolenstickstuckstuckstingstungstungstridestrodestridden,stridstrikestruckstruck,striken(仅作定语或表语)stringstrungstrungstrivestrove,strivedstriven[곱strivn],strivedswearsworeswornsweepsweptsweptswellswelledswollen(偶作swelled)swimswamswumswingswungswungtaketooktakenteachtaughttaught475 续表现在式过去式过去分词teartoretorntelltoldtoldthinkthoughtthoughtthrowthrewthrowntreadtrodtrodden,trodunderstandunderstoodunderstoodupsetupsetupsetwakewoke,wakedwoken,wakedwearworewornweavewovewove,wovenweepweptweptwinwon[w궾n]won[w궾n]wind[waind]wound[waund]wound[waund]writewrotewritten注:这只是常用不规则动词表,不常用的没有收入。476 Index3GrammaticalTerms(常用语法术语表)1.Morphology词法CardinalNumerals基数词Syntax句法OrdinalNumerals序数词NotionalWords实义词FractionalNumerals分数词FormWords虚词TheDefiniteArticle定冠词PartsofSpeech词类TheIndefiniteArticle不定冠词TheNoun名词TheParticle小品词ThePronoun代词WordBuilding构词法TheNumeral数词Conversion转化TheAdjective形容词Derivation(Affixation)TheVerb动词派生(词缀法)TheAdverb副词Compounding(Composition)TheArticle冠词合成ThePreposition介词Prefix(es)前缀TheConjunction连词Suffix(es)后缀TheInterjection感叹词CompoundWords合成词2.ClassificationofNouns名词的分类TheSingularForm单数形式CommonNouns普通名词ThePluralForm复数形式ProperNouns专有名词TheCommonCase普通格IndividualNouns个体名词ThePossessiveCase所有格CollectiveNouns集体名词Gender性MaterialNouns物质名词DegreesofComparisonAbstractNouns抽象名词比较的级别CountableNouns可数名词TheComparativeDegree比较级UncountableNouns不可数名词TheSuperlativeDegree最高级477 3.PersonalPronouns人称代词TheAbsoluteFormsofPossessivePossessivePronouns物主代词Pronouns物主代词的绝对形式SelfPronouns自身代词TheSubjectiveCase主格DemonstrativePronouns指示代词TheObjectiveCase宾格InterrogativePronouns疑问代词Person人称ConjunctivePronouns连接代词Number数Relativepronouns关系代词Tense时态ReciprocalPronouns相互代词Voice语态IndefinitePronouns不定代词Mood语气4.NotionalVerbs实意动词ThePrincipalFormsofVerbLink-verbs系动词动词的主要形式AuxiliaryVerbs助动词ThePresentForms现在式ModalVerbs情态动词ThePastForms过去式TransitiveVerbs及物动词TheParticiple分词IntransitiveVerbs不及物动词ThePresentParticipleRegularVerbs规则动词现在分词IrregularVerbs不规则动词ThePastParticiple过去分词TheFiniteFormsoftheVerbTheInfinitive不定式动词的限定形式TheGerund动名词TheNon-finiteFormsoftheVerbTheVerbalNoun动词的非限定形式名词化的动名词5.ThePresentIndefinite一般现在时ThePastPerfect过去完成时ThePastIndefinite一般过去时TheFuturePerfect将来完成时TheFutureIndefinite一般将来时ThePastFuturePerfectThePastFutureIndefinite过去将来完成时一般过去将来时ThePresentPerfectContinuousThePresentContinuous现在完成进行时现在进行时ThePastPerfectContinuousThePastContinuous过去进行时过去完成进行时TheFutureContinuousTheFuturePerfectContinuous将来进行时将来完成进行时ThePastFutureContinuousThePastFuturePerfectContinuous过去将来进行时过去将来完成进行时ThePresentPerfect现在完成时TheSequenceofTenses时态的呼应478 6.ThePassiveVoice被动语态TheImperativeMood祈使语气TheActiveVoice主动语态TheSubjunctiveMood虚拟语气TheIndicativeMood陈述语气7.AdverbsofTime时间副词Conjunctiveadverbs连接副词AdverbsofPlace地点副词InterrogativeAdverbs疑问副词AdverbsofDegree程度副词CoordinatingConjunctionsAdverbsofManner方式副词并列连词AdverbsofFrequency频度副词SubordinatingConjunctionsRelativeAdverbs关系副词从属连词8.TheSentence句子AlternativeQuestions选择问句MembersoftheSentenceDisjunctiveQuestions反意问句句子的成分SimpleSentences简单句TheSubject主语CompoundSentences并列句ThePredicate谓语ComplexSentences复合句ThePredicative表语CompoundComplexSentences并列复合句TheObject宾语One-memberSentences单部句TheAttribute定语Two-memberSentences双部句TheAdverbial(Modifier)状语EllipticalSentences省略句TheAppositive同位语SentencesofRealConditionIndependentElements独立成分真实条件句DeclarativeSentences陈述句SentencesofUnrealConditionImperativeSentences祈使句虚拟条件句ExclamatorySentences感叹句ConditionalSentencesofMixedInterrogativeSentences疑问句Time错综时间条件句GeneralQuestions一般问句SentencesofImpliedConditionSpecialQuestions特殊问句含蓄条件句9.TheSimplePredicate简单谓语theCognateObject同源宾语TheCompoundPredicate复合谓语LimitingAttributes限制性定语TheCompoundVerbalPredicateDescriptiveAttributes表行为的复合谓语描绘性定语TheCompoundNominalPredicateDirectAddress呼语表性状的复合谓语Parenthesis插入语TheDirectObject直接宾语DirectSpeech直接引语TheIndirectObject间接宾语IndirectSpeech间接引语TheComplexObject复合宾语AbsoluteConstructions独立结构479 10.Phrases短语AdverbialClausesofCauseParticipialPhrases分词短语原因状语从句PrepositionalPhrases介词短语AdverbialClausesofConditionInfinitivePhrases不定式短语条件状语从句VerbPhrases动词短语AdverbialClausesofDegree(Re-sult)PhrasalVerbs成语动词程度(结果)状语从句Clauses从句(分句)AdverbialClausesofConcessionMainClauses主句让步状语从句SubordinataClauses从句AdverbialClausesofPurposeSubjectClauses主语从句目的状语从句ObjectClauses宾语从句AdverbialClausesofComparisonPredicativeClauses表语从句比较状语从句AttributiveClauses定语从句AdverbialClausesofMannerAppositiveClauses同位语从句方式状语从句AdverbialClauses状语从句RestrictiveAttributiveClausesAdverbialClausesofTime限制性定语从句时间状语从句Non-restrictiveAttributiveClausesAdverbialClausesofPlace非限制性定语从句地点状语从句11.NaturalWord-order自然语序Ellipsis省略InvertedWord-order倒装语序TransformationofSentencesInversion倒装句型的转换FullInversion完全倒装AnalysisofSentences句子分析PartialInversion部分倒装12.Punctuation标点符号Colon冒号Period(FullStop)句号Dash破折号QuestionMark问号Hyphen连字号ExclamationMark感叹号Brackets括号Comma逗句QuotationMarks引号Semicolon分号Apostrophe省略号480