英语语法大全之状语 7 13页

济南沃尔得国际英语10．条件状语从句Ifitrains，Ishall（orwill，can，may）notgoout．（Idonotknowwhetheritwillrainornot．）Ifitshouldrain，Ishall（orwill，can，may）notgoout．（Idonotknowwhetheritwillrainornot．）Ifitshouldrain，Ishould（orwould，could，might）notgoout．（Idon"tthinkitwillrain．）Ifitrained，Ishould（orwould，could，might）notgoout．（Iknowitwillnotrain．）Ifithadrained，Ishould（orwould，could，might）nothavegoneout．（Iknowitdidnotrain．）Ifitrained，hewill（orcan，may）nothavegoneout．（Idonotknowwhetheritrainedornot．）Ifheonly（orbut）worksharder，hewillsucceed．（Hedoesn"thavetodoanythingelseinordertosucceed．）Ifyouonlycaretoflatteryourboss，youwillbepromoted．IfandwhenIdie，youmusttakegoodcareofyour-self．Hemayresignifhesodesires（orchooses，wills，purposes）．ImaydoanythingifIintend（orwish，like，will）it．Heisnothingif（heis）not（=absolutely，decidedly）acheat．Yourguessisnothingif（itis）notcorrect．Askthatgentlemanifgentleman（不加冠词）hebe．（倒装语序）Hisconscienceforbadehimtodoso，ifconsciencehehad．Ihavesucceededinpersuadingadrunkard，ifsucceedonecan．Letmeknowyourreason，ifreasonthereis．Ihavetoldhertentimes，ifIhavedoneonce（=exactly）．Themountainis5650feet，ifaninch（=exactly）．1www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Ifevertherewasahero，Isawone．（If引起的从句可加强主句的语气）Ilovelilies，ifeverIhavelovedanyflowersinmylife．IfIhaveevereatenthebestfood，itwasattheDiamond．（赞许）Ifanyoneknowshowtohandleseveralwives，itisLeeMing．IftheLuckyservesgoodfood，everyrestaurantdoes．（批评）IfWangSooisexpertinkungfu，Idon"tknowwhois．Ifsheagrees，ifherparentsdonotrefuse，andifIhavebeengraduated，thenIwillmarryher．（如主句前面有几个if引起的从句，或从句较长，可加then．）Ifyou，mydaughter，realizethatoneshouldbefriendlytoothers，nomatterwhethertheyarerichorpoor，thenyouwilltreatyourservantbetter．Icheatyou？Ifso，youkillme．Ifnot，Ikillyou．（If引起的从句中主语和动词都没有）Calladoctor，ifnecessary；andaskMarytolookafterbaby，ifpossible．Supposing（orSuppose）itwereso，whatwouldyoudo？（常用在问句中）Supposeyougetsick，whowilltakecareofyou？Supposewegoforaswim．（提出建议，没有主句。）Supposeourplanhasbeendetectedbythepolice．（忧虑）Provided（orProviding）（that）yougivemeareceipt，Iwillpaytherent．Providedalways（orAlwaysprovided）（较为强调）（that）heconfesseshisfault，hewillbepardoned．Iwillgivehimanythinghewantsonconditionthathewillshowgoodmanners．2www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语So（=Provided）（少见）youoffendnobody，youmaytakecourage．Solongas（orAslongas）oneishonest，onecangeta-longatanynook．There"swarinsofarasthere"stheearthbeneathourfeet．Incase（orIntheeventthat）you（should）catchcold（可能发生情况），putonmoreclothes．（作为预防措施。）Don"twaitformeincasesomethingshouldhappen．Ipreparedteaincasesomefriendscalledonme．Iwillleaveanoteincaseheisabsent．Takesomemoney，justincase（整个从句省略）OnceIarrivedhome，Iforgotalltrouble．Onceshebeginstocry，thereisnostoppingher．Once（=Ifonce）yousmoke，youcan"tgiveupsmoking．As（=If）youvalueyourlife，handmeyourpurse．Itoldhim，ashevalueshislife，tokeepsilent．SomayGodhelpmeasIspeakthetruth．SomayIprosper！Unlessyou（=Ifyoudonot）giveupsmoking，youwillsufferfromcancer．（=Ifyougiveup，youwon"tsuffer．）Wemustfightonunlessanduntilwealldie．I"llneverforgiveyouwithout（=unless）yourepent．（不规范语言）Butthatheisill（=Ifhewerenotill），hewouldnotstayathome．Iwouldkeepsilent，butthatyouaremyelderbrother．Iwouldhavefailedbutthatyouhelpedme（=ifyouhadnothelpedme）．3www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Letmedie，butIam（=ifIamnot）greatlyshocked．Wereitnotthatyouencourageme，Iwouldneversucceed．条件从句有时并不由连词引起：WereI（=IfIwere）abird，Iwouldflytoyou．（系动词+主语）（虚拟语气）CouldI（=IfIcould）doit，Iwoulddoitatonce．Shouldheseeit，hewouldbelieve．Tryoncemore，and（=Ifyoutryoncemore，）youwillfailagain．（祈使句+and）Givehimagunandhewassuretofightlikeahero．（对过去的假设情况）Youdoitagain，（无and）I"llkillyou．（口语体）Come，death，andIshallbefree．Lettherebenowisdomonearth，andtherewillbepeace．Youdon"teatanything？Thenyouwillfeeltired．Seeingthatheisanoldman，Ithereforerespecthim．BecauseIkeptsilent，theyaccordinglythoughtmeguilty．Afewdays"restand（=Ifyoutakeafewdays"rest，）youwillbeallrightagain．（代替if从句的“名词+and”）Awordfromher，andhewillchangehismind．Theleastnoiseandallwouldberuined．OnedaymoreandIamfreeagain．Thereisawill，thereisaway．（谚语）（没有连词）Nothingventure，nothinghave；butgraspall，loseall．4www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Nomoney，nosay．（没有主语和动词）Onceaknave，alwaysaknave．下面这种条件从句可以不要主句，单独使用，表示无法实现的愿望：IfonlyIcouldseeher！Ifhecouldbutrecover！HadIbuttakenyouradvice！IfeverIsawthelikeofit！（惊奇）I"m（orI"llbe）damned（ordashed，blowed，hanged，shot）ifIknow．（=Ireallydon"tknow．）（这是发誓的说法，主句的誓语强调if从句中的假设与事实相反。）Burn（orHang，Blow，Blame，Strike，Search）meifIdeceiveyou．（=Ineverdeceiveyou．）Iamavillain（orThedeviltakeme，Ieatmyhead）ifIamnotfaithfultoyou．（=Iamfaithfultoyou．）Ifthisishumanlife！（=Thisisnothumanlife．）（誓语省略）Ifitisnotapity！（=Itisapity．）11．依据状语从句依据状语从句也可看作一种原因或条件状语从句，表示“根据（随着）……而……”。这类句子中的状语从句多放在后面：a．表示“依据（情况不同）而……”：Weseethingsdifferentlyaccordingasweare（either）richorpoor（=becausewearerichorbecausewearepoor）．Anofficialispraisedorblamedaccordingasheisjustornot．（=Heispraisedifheisjustandisblamedifheisnot．）5www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Youmaystudyscience，art，orcommerceaccordingtowhichsubjectinterestsyoumost．（accordingto+疑问从句）Amanwillriseorfailaccordingtohowpatientheis．b．表示“随着（……的程度）而……”：Onewillprosperinproportion（orinthesamedegree，inmeasure）asheknowshimself（=becauseheknowshimselfmore，orless）．Theirattitudetowardyouvariesinproportionasyouarewealthy（=accordingtothedegreeofyourrichness）．Wewillwinthewaraccordingasweunderstandourenemy．AsIgrewolder，（so）Igrewlessambitious．Astheymarchforward，（so）theguerillasmovebackward．Wehavemoretroubleaswehavemorechildren．Weadvanceinlifeasweadvanceinknowledge．Hebecamehappyashebecamerich．Thevalueofmoneydecreasesasthepriceofmerchandiseincreases．Youseefartherasyouclimbhigher．The（=Iftoacertaindegree）（用作连词）poorerhebecomes，the（=tothatdegree）（用作副词）lessfriendshehas．（P）ThemoreIearn，thelesscontentIfeel．ThefartherIwent，thelonelierIfelt．Themorehestudiedmusic，thelesshecould（orcouldhe）understandit．Thefaster（that）youprogress，thefasteryouwill（orwillyou）retreat．（可加上一个that）Themore（that）youknowofaprofession，themoreyoulike（ordoyoulike）it．6www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Thesooner（that）westart，thebetteritis（不是isit）．Theyoungeristhepupil，thenaughtierheis．ThemoreIread，themoreItravel，themoreIthink，—themoreignorantdoIfeel．Thesooner，thebetter．（没有主语和谓语动词）Themorehaste，thelessspeed．间或从句放在后面：Ilovehermore（andmore），thelongerweareseparated．（=Thelongerweareseparated，themoreIloveher．）Hebecamemore（andmore）stupid，theolderhegrew．12．让步状语从句Although（orThough）heis（orbe）rich，heis（still，yet，nevertheless）unhappy．（Hemayberich．）Ifheisold，heisstillactive．Evenif（orEventhough）heis（orbe）willing，Iwillnottroublehim．Granting（orGranted，Admitting）itistrue，whatiswrong？Heiscontented，notwithstandingthat（orinspiteofthefactthat，despitethat）heispoor．（文气的说法）While（orWhen）hehasgoteverything，heisstillunsatisfied．Thoughhewererich，hewouldnotbehappy．（Butinfactheispoor．）Evenifhewerewilling，Iwouldnottroublehim．（Butinfactheisnotwilling．）Richas（orThough）heis（=Thoughheisrich），heisnothappy．（P）（让步状语从句的最后一词移到as或though前面）7www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Smallasthedoglooked，itwasvicious．SincerelyasMaryloveshim，heignoresher．Hero（不加冠词）as（orthough）hewas，heturnedpale．Powerfulmanashemaybe，heisacowardbeforehiswife．Easyasyouthinkit，itcostsmealotoflabour．Greatwealthashehas，heisnotcontent．Punishedashewas，heremainedstubborn．While（=although）（正式文体）Iobject，Isaynothing．WhileIlikehisface，Idon"tlikehismanners．Shelookssick，ifpretty（=thoughshelookspretty）．（L）Staywithmeifonlyforaday（=thoughyoustaywithmeonlyforaday）．Heworkshardifonlytoearntwodollarsaday．13．“不管”状语从句“不管”状语从句可以看作一种带有疑问词的让步状语从句，在多数情况下可译作“不管……”：Whatever（orNomatterwhat）you（may）say，Ican"tbelieve．（=Thoughyoumaysaythis，thatoranything，Ican"tbelieve．）However（orAnyway）youdoit，youwillgetnothing．Whicheverroadwe（may）take，weshallbetoolate．Whereverwelive，wehavetrouble．Youmustselectatleastonejob，nomatterwhat（orwhich）．8www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Youmustgetmarried，nomatterwhen．Whetheryoulikethejoborwhetheryouthinkituseless，youhavetodoit．Whetheryoulikethejobor（whetheryou）think，etc．Whetheryoulikethejobor（whetheryoudo）not（likeit），etc．Whetheritis（orbe）trueornot（或orno），theru-mourwillbebelieved．Whether（itis）trueornot，therumourwillbebelieved．（Whetheritis）Trueornot，therumourwillbebelieved．Richorpoor，weremainrelatives．Winorlose，were-maingoodfriends．Saywhatyouwill（ormay）（=Nomatterwhatyoumaysay），thereisnoplacelikehome．（动词+疑问词+主语+will或may）（P）Lookwhichwayyouwill（ormay），youwillseepoverty．Costwhatitmay，I"llbuyit．Comewhatmay，Iwilldomybest．Comehell（orComehotwater），Iwillsaveherfromdanger．TryasImay（=NomatterhowImaytry），Ican"tsucceed．Runashemight，hecouldn"tovertakethethief．Beamanasrichashewill（=Nomatterhowrichamanmaybe），heshouldbehumble．（P）Art，varyhowitmay，remainsart．Theenterprise，beitassmallasitmay，requiresgreatability．Lettheconsequencesbewhattheymay（=Bethecon-sequenceswhattheymay），heremainsfirm．9www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语LetJohnworkneversohard（=HoweverhardJohnmaywork），heremainspoor．Detesthimastheymay，hegrowsricherandricher．14．限制状语从句限制状语从句，不是单修饰动词，而是修饰整个主句，常可译为“据……”，“就……来说”，或“在……方面”：SofarasIcansee（orcanjudge，canlearn），hecan"tbehonest．Hehasahappyfamily，asfarasIknow（ormyknowledgegoes）．Thatisallright，asfarasIamconcerned．Hehasdoneeverything，asnearlyasIcanguess．Asfarasbuyingmachines，weallagree．（商业英语）Hehasneverbeenadoctor，that（oras）（=asfaras）Iknow（orthatIremember）．（L）Hewasnothappy，thatIsaw（orthatIheardof）．“Hashebeenasoldier？”“NotthatIknowof．”（not=Hehasnotbeenasoldier）．Foranything（orall，what，ought）Iknow（orhear，see，care，cantell），heisplayingyouatrick．Hemayhaveescaped，foranythingIknow（orforanythingthatappearsinthepapers）tothecontrary．（但for引起的不是从句）Heisagoodofficial，asofficials（ortimes，theworld）go（=accordingtothepresentcircumstances）．Heisagoodbusinessmanasbusinessmengo．Astheworldgoes（orAstimesgo），Johnisagoodson．Asthingsgo（orrun，are），thiscarisverycheap．10www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Asthecase（orthematter，matters）stand（s），wecandonothingyet．As（it）（it总是省略掉的）regardsfootball，Iamnotmuchinterested．Hewasveryunhappyasregardedhismarriage．As（it）（it总是省略掉的）concernsyourproposal，Iwillansweryouinafewdays．Hewasunabletodoanythingasconcernedtheirre-quest．（Asfar）As（it）concernedphilosophy，hehadstudiedittwentyyears．Thesebooksarethesameinthat（orinsofaras）theydealwithwar．（限制在某个方面）（L）Itisdifferentfrommineinthatitlooksprettier．Knowledgeisonlyimportantinthatitisuseful．15．除外状语从句Idon"twantanythingbut（orexcept，save，saving，beyond，only）thatmychildrenshouldobeytheirparents．（that很少省略）Sheisprettyexcept（orbut）forthefactthathereyesaretoobig．NothingcansatisfyherexceptthatIbuyheraneck-lace．Savethatafewpictureshungonthewall，theroomwasempty．Hedoesnotneedmeexceptwhenhewantstoborrowmoney．（=exceptthatheneedsmewhenhewantstoborrowmoney．）Henevertouchesanyvitaminsexceptbecauseheisill．Nobodycamebut（orexcept，save）John（=exceptthatJohncame）．（but用在名词前时，可以看作是连词，后面有一从句省略，但不如看作是介词，跟有一名词作宾语。）11www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Every（orAny）studentcananswerthequestion，buthe（orhim）．（若把but看作连词，后面可用he；若把它看作介词，则后面用him．）Ihavenootherfriendthan（=friendbut）you．（前面有other，otherwise或else时，but，except或save必须用than代替。）Themurdererisno（ornone）otherthanhe（orhim）．ComeonanyotherdaythanSunday．Haveyouanythingelsethanthisoldsong-book？Nobodyelsethanmothercaresaboutit．Icandonoother（orotherwise）than（=cannotbut）laugh．说明1并列（非限制性）关系从句可以看作是一种状语从句，不过它们的意义不如普通状语从句表达得那么清楚：Thelabourers，who（=whenthey）hadfinishedtheirwork，wenthome．Thecriminal，who（=whenhe）heardthesentence，criedbitterly．Thishouse，which（=becauseit）ispaintedred，looksodd．Thestreet，where（=becauseonit）somanycarsdriveupanddown，isdangeroustochildren．Thecity，which（=thoughit）lookssopretty，coversupmanycrimes．John，who（=thoughhe）haslivedheretwentyyears，doesnotknowevenasinglestreet．说明2在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中，作主语的代词和动词be有时可以省略，这时主句和从句的主语必须指同一人或物：Johnwaitedtheretill（hewas）calledfor．（由于从句中的主语he和主句中的主语John指同一个人，时间状语从句中的代词主语he和was可以省略。）12www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Heranupanddown，asif（hewas）lookingforsome-thing．Theywillnotsurrender，unless（theyare）caught．Seemeif（youare）inneed．When（hewas）young，LeelivedinKorea．Though（heis）rich，heworkshard．Howevercold（itis），theweatherisstillpleasant．Goodbooks，whether（theyare）easyorhard，aretobereadcarefully．Thepark，while（itis）underepair，isnotopentothepublic．Whenfiveyearsold，hisfatherdied．（错句。从句中主语与主句中主语不一致，应说Whenfiveyearsold，helosthisfather．或Whenhewasfiveyearsold，hisfatherdied．参阅1095）Shewon"tmarryhimuntilmutuallyunderstood．（错句。从句中的主语与主句中的主语不一致，应说Theywon"tmarryuntilmutuallyunderstood；或Shewon"tmarryhimuntiltheyaremutuallyunderstood．）但是在一些特殊用法中，省略的主语与主句的主语并不指同一个人或物（省略的部分多为itis，或theyare）：Youcancomeat5a．m．，ifpossible（=ifitispossible，而不是ifyouarepossible）．Hewillconsultalawyer，ifnecessary（=ifitisnecessary）．Youcanearnasmuchaspossible．Iwilldoitwheneverpossible．Thestudentsaretoinsertprepositionswhererequired（=wheretheyarerequired）．（You）keepthecaponwhilenotinuse（=whiletheliquidisnotinuse）．13www.jnworld.cn