英语语法大全之状语 2 15页

济南沃尔得国际英语2．5类副词（短语）的用法a．时间副词（短语）1）副词（短语）表示的时间与动词时态的关系由于副词短语和副词的作用差不多，为了方便，我们把两者放在一起讨论，统称为“副词（短语）”，说明时间的称为“时间副词（短语）”。表示过去时间的副词（短语），可和过去时的谓语动词一起用，也可和“助动词+现在完成时”构成的谓语一起用：He“came”yesterday．John“was”bornin1940．He“was”formerly（oronce）arichman．He“arrived”twodaysago．He“got”marriedlastweek．He“left”Paristwoweeksback．He“can"thavearrived”heretodayweek（oraweekago）．He“mayhaveleft”（on）Thursdayweek（orThursdayoflastweek）．Thediamond“musthavebeenstolen”onFridaybeforelast．表示现在时间的副词（短语）可以和各种时态一起用：He“is”tirednow．He“isstudying”musictoday．We“arelearning”musicthisyear．I“havedone”myexercisethisweek．He“willdo”manythingstoday．（今天早晨讲的话）He“did”manythingsthisyear．（今年较晚时讲的话）He“hasdone”manythingsthisweek．（周末讲的话）有些副词（短语），可和现在完成时或一般过去时的动词一起用：I“saw”（or“haveseen”）himlately（oroflate，recently，before，beforenow，allalong，rightalong，inthepast，overtheyears）．Hehasjustgoneout．（英式）Hejustwentout．（美式）有些副词（短语），多和完成时态的动词一起用，偶尔和其他时态的动词一起用：He“hasbeen”illsince2June（oreversince，sincetwomonthsago）．Tillnow（orUptonow，Untilthistime）nothing“hashappened”．Sofar（orAsyet，Thusfar）he“hadsaid”nothingtome．Sofarhe“wastrying”1www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语withoutsuccess．There“is”asyetnohopeforpeace．Theguests“（had）arrived”by（[=beforeorat]seveno"clock）．表示未来时间的副词（短语），必须和将来时或现在（一般或进行）时的动词一起用：He“willcome”tomorrow．I“shallmeet”himsomeday（oroneday）．He“willbegin”hisworknextweek．He“willcall”onmeintendays（orintendaystime，tendaysfromnow）．He“willdo”itsoon（orshortly，presently，instantly，beforelong，byandby）．（这6个副词及副词短语可以和过去将来时的动词一起用：He“woulddo”itsoon．He“wouldcome”shortly．）He“arrives”thiscomingThursday．He“istomove”（on）Friday（of）nextweek．He“isleaving”todayweek（oraweekfromtoday）．He“isreturning”thisdaymonth（oramonthfromthisday）．个别副词（短语）可以和过去时或将来时的动词一起用：ShecamelastMondayandhe“came”thedaybefore（ortwodayslater）．ShewillcomenextMonday，andhe“willcome”thedaybe－fore（ortwodayslater）．频度副词（短语）可以和任何时态的动词一起用：He“studied”（or“hadstudied”，“wasstudying”，“studies”，“isstudying”，“hasstudied”，“willstudy”）everyday．He“is”always（oroften，frequently，sometimes，occasion-ally，seldom，rarely，scarcely，hardly，never）ill．I“havewarned”himonceagain（oratimeortwo，onceinalongwhile，nowandthen，nowandagain，againandagain，timeandagain，overandoveragain）．Hewillbepermanently（orforever）blind．Theperiodical“is”publisheddaily（orweekly，monthly，quarterly，yearly）．表示时间长度的副词（短语）可以和任何时态的动词一起用：2www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语He“stayed”inFrance（for）threeyears．They“gambled”alltheyear（round）．They“gambled”allthenight（through）．He“started”workfrom1950．He“served”hiscountrytillhisdeath．He“willwork”formeduringmyabsence．He“cancross”theriverinthirtyminutes（orinashorttime）．We“areworking”all（the）daylong．Thefish“willnotlive”overthenight（oroverthisweek）．He“hasdone”muchovertheyear．I“havedone”nothingduringthevacation．2）某些时间副词（短语）的特殊用法有些时间副词（短语）的特殊用法值得注意：a）Ishallgotomorrow（=thedayaftertoday）．但：HewentlastSunday，andIwentonthemorrow（oronthefollowingday）（不能说tomorrow）．HewillgonextSunday，andIwillgoonthemorrow（oronthefollowingday）（不能说tomorrow）．HewentlastSunday；Iwentnextmorning（不能说tomorrowmorning）．b）Iwentyesterday（=thedaybeforetoday）．但：HewentlastSunday，andIwentonthepreviousday（orthedaybefore）（不能说yesterday）．HewillgonextSunday，andIwillgoonthepreviousday（orthedaybe-fore）（不能说yesterday）．c）Isawhimthreedaysago（=onthethirddaybeforeto-day）．但：IarrivedlastSundayandIinformedhimofmyarrivalthreedaysbefore（=onthethirddaybeforelastSunday）（不能说threedaysago）．d）Ishallseehiminthreedays（=onthethirddayafterto-day）（不要说afterthreedays）．但：IarrivedlastSundayandIsawhimthreedayslater（orthreedaysafterwards，afterthreedays，inthreedays）．Ishallarriveon6Julyandwillseehimthreedayslater（orthreedaysafterwards，afterthreedays，inthreedays）（＝9July）．e）Imethimoneday．Iwillmeethimsomeday（oroneday）．Imethimtheotherday（=afewdaysago）．Iwillmeethimoneofthesedays（=inafewdays）．3www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语f）Hearrivedontime（＝attheappointedtime）．Hearriveintime（=earlyenough）fordinner（ortotakedinner）．Hewillbepunishedintime（=soonerorlater）．g）Whendidhemeether？Sometime（=Atsometime）lastyear．—Howoften？Sometimes（＝nowandthen），notveryoften．—Howlongweretheytogether？（For）Sometime，notverylong．h）HehaslearnedmusicsinceJune1（tillnow）．HelearnedmusicfromJune1（nottillnow）．Hehaslearnediteversince（＝eversincethen）．Helearneditlongsince（=longago）．i）From1970to1980，Imetherfourtimes（不要说forfourtimes）．IwassoshywhenIsawherforthefirsttime．Themeetingin1980wasthefourthorthelasttimewehadgottogether．f）Hehas（orhad）justleft（=leftamomentago）．Heisjuststarting（=isstartingthismoment）．Heleftjustnow（=leftamomentago）．Hehasleftnow（=isgonenow）．k）Didyoueverseeit？（疑问句）Ihardlyeversawit．（否定句）Tellmeifyoueversawit．（条件句）不要说：Ieversawit．（肯定陈述句）l）Atfirsthedeniedit；then（orsoon，afterward），hesaidyes；finally（oreventually）hedenieditagain．First（ofall）cameA，next（orthen）cameB，last（ofall）cameC．m）Iwillseeherthisdayweek（ormonth，year）（=inaweek，month，etc．）．Isawherthisdayweek（=aweekago）．n）Hedidnotreceive（orhasnotreceived）heransweryet．（否定句）4www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Didyoueat（orHaveyoueaten）yet？（疑问句）Hewouldmarryherifhelovedheryet．（条件句）Healreadyknewit．（肯定句）Hestillrememberedit．（肯定句）o）IsJohnhereyet？（通常的问法）IsJohnherealready？（表示惊奇）IsJohnstillhere？（表示不高兴）p）Thereistimeyet（=still）．Thefishisyet（=still）alive．Wemay（orwill）winyet（=soonerorlater）．Wemustworkharderyet（=stillharder）．Thereisyetanotherchoice．Doityetagain．q）Ihave（orhad）beeninterestedinmusicfromagirl（orachild）．r）Thiscustomdates（orgoes）backto1890，existstothisday．s）be（＝takeplace）后可跟各种时间副词（短语）：Theshowwillbe9p．m．．（某一时刻）Themeetingwasthreehours．（一段时间）ThegatheringiseverySunday．（频度）t）频度副词（短语）可以在意思上接近一个表示数量的形容词，特别是当主语为一个非特指的普通名词时：Doctorsarealwaysverybusy．＝Alldoctorsareverybusy．Childrengenerallylikecakesandsweets．=Mostchildrenlikecakesandsweets．Anoldmanoftenforgetswhathehasdone．=Lotsofoldmenforgetwhattheyhavedone．5www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Booksaresometimesharmfultochildren．＝Somebooksareharmfultochildren．Peopleareseldomconcernedaboutothers．＝Veryfewpeopleareconcernedaboutothers．Goodgamblersnevercurseorgetangry．=Nogoodgamblerscursesorgetangry．它也可在意义上接近一个修饰宾语的表示数量的形容词：Thisdesertissometimesgoodforpatients．＝Thisdesertisgoodforsomepatients．Dennisalwayshatesdishonestpeople．＝Dennishatesalldishonestpeople．Hegenerallyexcusesthecriminalswhorepent．＝Heexcusesalmostallthecriminalswhorepent．b．地点副词（短语）1）概说下面每个句子中都包含一个表示地点的副词短语：Hestoodatthecenter．Johnmovedfromhousetohouse．Theycametotown．Theyfoughtoutsidetheirowncountry．（包含介词的短语通常都修饰动词，很少修饰形容词、副词、介词或连词。）Thebirdflewalongdistance．Wewalkedmilesandmiles．Theyareinchesapart．Hesatthreerowsbehindme．（16346）的短语，也就是没有介词的短语，可以修饰动词、形容词、副词、连词或介词。）包含介词的地点副词（短语）将在有关介词的那一单元中作详细讨论（这部分将来将出单行本）。这里只讨论地点副词。有些地点副词原来就是副词，如：abroad，together，apart，overhead，forward，next，last，left，home，where，here，there6www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语另一些，原来是介词，当它的宾语省略掉时则成为副词：IsatbeforeJohn，andMarysatbehind（John）．Comedown（theladder）．Thestudentsstoodaround（someoneorsomething）．Comein（=intomyhouse）．Hejumpdin（＝intothewater）．Canyouswimacross（thisriver）？2）某些地点副词（短语）的特殊用法下面例句说明了地点副词的特殊用法，有些有引伸意义：ABOUT：Don"tthrowthewastepaperabout（=hereandthere）．Thechildrenrushedabout．Howdidthequarrelcomeabout（=happen）？Theywillbringabout（=cause）thesolutionoftheproblem．ACROSS：Thingsgoacross（=againstus）．Shesatjustacross（=opposite）（美语）him．ANYWHERE，（ANYPLACE—美语）：Ican"tgoanywhere．ALONG：Movealong（=on），everybody．Comealong（＝over）andseeme．Shetookherdogalong（=together）withher．ALOOF：Healwayskeepshimselfaloof（=nevermixwithothers）．APART：Healwayskeepshimselfapart（=aloof）．AROUND：Helookedaround．Heshookhandsallaround．AWAY：Helookedaway（=turnedhiseyesaway）．Thecolour（orThesound）fadedaway（=intonothing）．BACK：Callthedogbackinside．7www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语BY：Hestoodby（=near）．Hehurriedby（=past）．Timeflewby．LetmebyHeput（orset，laid）themoneyby（=asideforfutureuse）．DOWN：Thepricewentdown．Theheatwentdown（=toalowerdegree）．Webeatdowntheopposition，calmeddownhisfeelings，putdowntheabuses．Hecloseddownthefirm．Therevoltdieddown．Theclockhasrundown．（down=toalessactivecondition）．I"llwrite（orput，set，take，get）itdown（=recordit）．Hewillgodown（=berecorded）inhistoryasagreatman．Thispracticepersistedfrom1950downto1960．Hehandeditdowntoposterity．（down=toalaterperiod）．FAR：Hedidnotgofar．Didhegofar？Hewentalongway（insteadoffar）．Hewentasfarasthenorthpole．Ilivefarfrom（orbeyond）thetown．（far修饰介词）Helivesfaraway（orfaroff）．Someonewaitedfarbe-low（orfarabove，farbeyond）．（far修饰后面的地点副词）Hegoestoofar（=goestoextremes）．Thismoneywillgofar（=helpgreatly）tobetterhiscondition．FURTHER：Helivestwomilesfurtheron．HALFWAY：Hewillmeetmehalfway．HERE：Wewantbutlittleherebelow（=inthislife）．Listenhere（=tome）．Hecameoverhere．Helivesnearhere．Hewaiteduphere．Comeinhere．（地点副词+here）Hereissomethingforyou．Hereis（=Idrink）toyoursuccess！Herecomesthecar！Hereitcomes！Hereyouare！（英式）；或Thereyougo！（美式）（=Hereitis！）Heregoes！（=Watch，I"mreadytobegin！）8www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Here（＝Atthispoint）hestoppedamoment．Here（=Inthismatter）hecan"tdoanything．IN：Comein（=intothehouse）．Hejumpedin（=intothewater）．I"llputinanotice（in=inthenewspaper）．Theysent（orshut）himin．Thelandwillbewalledin．Hecutinhisownname．NEAR：Helivesnearby（=near）．Hehasadictionarynearathand（=neartohim）．Thevacationisdrawingnear．Hisfamespreadfarandnear（=everywhere）．OFF：Hesetoff（＝started）．Hetookoffhishat．Keepyourhandsoff（=Don"ttouchit）．Keepofftheenemy．Thebuttonscame（orfell）off．Hemade（orgot）off，或tookhimselfoff（=ranaway）．Icannotlethimoff（=escape）soeasily．Offwith（=Takeoff）yourhat．Offwithyou（=Begone！）．Throwoff（=Getridof）reserve．Hewalkedoffhisheadache；sleptoffhisfatigue．Clear（orPay）off（=completely）yourdebt．Wemustkilloffourenemies．Hecutoff（=stopped）thesteam（orthegas）．Heswitched（orturned）offthelight．Hebrokeofftheengagement．Hedeclaredoffthecontract．Heleftoffhiswork．Theyboughtoff（=bribed）thepolice．Heworkedoffandon（=intermittently）．Heputthematteroff（=aside）．Westartedstraight（orright）off（=atonce）．ON：Heput（orthrew，tried，had，kept）hisclotheson（=onhisbody）．Hehadnothingon．Heputhisshoeson（=onhisfeet）；girdedonasword；buckledonanarmour；drewonhisgloves．ShallIhelpyouonwithyourcoat？Onwithyourhat！Heworked（spoke，moved）on（＝continually）．wehavetohold（orhang，cling）on（=keepon）．Wetalkedonandon（=wentontalking）．Goonwith（=Continue）yourreading．9www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Onwith（=BeginorContinue）yourwork．Somethingisgoingon（=happening）．Howareyougettingon（=makingprogress）withFrench？Heisgettingon（=gettingalong）well．Hecameon（=progressed）wellinhisstudies．Heswitched（orturned）onthegas（orthesteam，thewater，thelight，theTV）．Welookedon（=withoutparticipatinginthematter）．Comeon！（=Hurry！Stopbehavingthatway！）Hediditfurther（orlater）on（=afterwards）．Youmustbemorecarefulfromthishouron．OUT：Heslept（ordined）out（=awayfromhome）．Weshallhaveaneveningout．Outyougo！Outwithyou！（=Begone！）Hecalled（orcried）out．Weletouthorses（ormoney）．Helooked（orfound）outaposition．Hecan"tmakeout（=understand）themeaning．Hecanworkout（=solve）theproblem．Speakout（=loudlyorfreely）．Tellmestraightout（orrightout）（=withoutambiguity）．Shehadhercryout（=criedtothefull）．Hehadhissleepout．Thisfashionhasgoneout（=becomeoutofdate）．Put（orBlow，Turn）out（＝extinguish）thelight．Thefirehasburnedout．Hearmeout（=totheend）．Ican"tholdout．Hesatouttheshow（＝satuntiltheendoftheshow）．Hesleptoutthenight．Hesatouttheothers（=leftlastofall）．Heknowsthematteroutandout（＝thoroughly）．OVER：Heswamover（=totheothersideoftheriver）．Heclimbedover（=totheothersideofthemountain）．10www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Hecameover（=oversomedistance）fromSingapore，wentovertoAmerica．TakeitovertoJohn．Askhimover（＝tocome）．Hefellover（＝fromanuprightposition）．Heknockedthevaseover．Heturnedthepageover（＝fromoneofitssidestotheother）．Herolledoverandover．Thewaterinthepotboiledover（=beyondtherim）．Theywentover（=fromtheirpartyorviews）tous．Wewon（ortalked）themovertoourviews．Thehousewassearchedover（=inallparts，thoroughly）．Helooked（orcounted，read，talked，thought）itover．Heisadiplomatallover．Ihavetodoitover（＝again，fromthebeginning）．Theybuiltthetemple（all）over（again）．Hereadthebookoverandoveragain．Ihavedoneitthreetimesover．Ipassed（orglossed，slurred）over（=ignored）hisfault．Ileftthematterover（=aside）．Iletitstandover．Thereare15dollarsover（=left）．Hehas1000dollarsand（abit）over（=andsomething）．THERE：Youcangothere（=tothatplace—重读）andbackinaday．Youcanfindithere，there（=atthatplace），andeverywhere．Theregoesthecar（名词）！Thereit（代词）goes！Itisdangeroustoclimbupthere．I"llgooverthere．Whydoyoustandoutthere？Let"sstandnear（orabove，below）there．（地点副词+there）There（=Atthatpoint）hestoppedamoment．Youaremistakenthere（＝onthatpoint）．11www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Thereisagoodboy（=Whatagoodboyyouare）！Thereisagoodchanceforyou（=Notewhatagoodchanceitis）！（赞扬或鼓励）There（不重读）issomeoneoutside．Therewasbornachild（=Achildwasborn）．Therebrokeoutawar．Iwanttheretobepeace．Therewassaid（orsupposed）tobeafire．Thereisnoarguing（=Youcannotargue）withhim．There！There！（重读）Don"tcry．（用来安慰孩子）There！Didn"tItellyou？There！You"vespoiledeverything．（忿忿，不悦或满足）THROUGH：Hehasgotthrough（=passed）（theexam）．Ihavereaditthrough（=fromthebeginningtotheend）．Isawtheaccidentallthrough．Sheknowsmethroughandthrough．Hegotthroughwith（=finished）alltheworkhehadtodo．Iseethroughhistrick．Wemustcarrythroughtheplan（=executeitsuccessfully）．Thetrainwentthrough（=direct）tothecity．Theschemefell（ordropped）through（＝failed）．I"llputyouthroughtothemanager（=I"llmaketelephoneconnectionbetweenyouandhim）．UNDER：Apieceofclothshouldbeplacedunder（somethinginquestion）．Hebroughttherebelsunder（hiscontrol）．Hekept（orgot）thefireunder．Hecannotkeephistemperunder．UP：Leelivesfourfloorsup．Upwithyou（=Getup）！Istarted（orsprang）up．Helookedforitupanddown（=everywhere）．Hewentupto（orlivedupin）London（toorinaplaceofmoreimportance）．DidhegouptoOxford（orCam-bridge）？（和DOWN比较）12www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Hewentupto（orlivedupin）Edinburgh（toorinaplaceinthenorth）．Hewalkedup（=over，across，oraround）（=tothespeakerortheplaceinquestion）．Wesailedup（=againstthecurrent）．Theystirreduptherevolt．Hepraisedherup．Iscreweduphiscourage．（up=toahigherorstrongerdegree）．Hetoreupthepaper，lockedupthedoor，tiedupthedog，wounduptheclock，sealeduptheletter．Thepondhaddriedup．Thefirehasburnedup．（up有“彻底”的意思，有时在口语中几乎没有意思。）Theproductsdonotcomeupto（=attain）thestandard．Helives（oracts）upto（=inaccordancewith）theprinciple（orhispromise）．Hisfortuneamounts（orcomes）upto（＝totals）amillionpounds．WEST：Theysailedwest．Thisvillagelieswest（＝tothewest）ofthecapital．Hewentwest（=died）．WESTWARD（S）：Hewentwestward（s）．d．程度副词（短语）下面例句中的副词（短语）表示不同的程度。程度副词（短语）用来修饰形容词的最多，但也常用来修饰动词：接近零程度—Hecannotsee．Hehardly（orscarcely）knowsit．Ilittleexpectit．Heisbyno（mannerof）meansrespectedbyhisfriends．Youshouldonnoaccounttrustthisman．I"llnotfortheworld（orforanything）（=never）speakagainstanyone．Idon"tcareafig（orajot，abean，abit，arap，adamn，apin）（＝donotfeelsorry）forhiscriticism．Heisnotabit（orajot，awhit，ahair，atit，arush，abutton）injured．Icannotinanywaytellyouallthetruth．Heisnotintheleast（ornotatall）happy．Isimply（orjust）can"thelp．“Willhegiveup？”“—Thedevil（orTheheck，Thedeuce）hewill”（=Hewon"t）．“Ishehonest？”“Likehell（orLikefun）heis（=Heneveris）”．“Heissokind．”—“Kindmyfoot（ormyeye）！”（＝Veryunkind）13www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语较小程度—Hewritesalittle．Iwassomewhat（orslightly，abit）disappointed．Ithelpssome（＝alittle）．某种程度—Thismatterdependsmoreorless（orinaway，toacertaindegree）onyourdecision．Itsortof（orkindof）（=somehow）amazesme．Itispartlybroken．Ihalfbelieveinghosts．较大程度—Heisdeeply（orgreatly，highly，notalittle，verymuch，morethan）impressed．Thevillagersweremainlykilledbythewar．Successdependsconsiderably（orinagreatdegree，toagreatextent）onyourpatience．Ineeditbadly（orsorely）．Ithelpsalot（oragreatdeal）．Thecarrunsniceand（=very）fast．Heworksgoodand（＝very）hard．极大程度—Thetownisentirely（ortotally，completely，utterly）destroyed．Hefully（orthoroughly，quite）understandsher．Ifairly（orclean）forgetaboutit．Herheartisbrokenthroughandthrough．Youcanomititaltogether．渐渐—Thepeoplespeaklessandlessbutthinkmoreandmore．Imovedgradually（orbitbybit，stepbystep，littlebylittle）towardmyobject．仅仅—Heonly（ormerely）reads，butneverwrites．Ijust（orsimply）askedherabouthercat．Itissoldexclusively（orsolely）atthisfirm．足够—Hasthefishbeencookedenough？Couldmoneybesufficientlyearned？几乎—Henearlylosthisjob．Healmostforgetshisownface．Heallbutdied．过份—Hedrinkstoexcess．Heworriedhimselftoomuch．Don"tbelieveexcessivelyinfate．e．肯定副词（短语）肯定或不肯定副词（短语）常常用来修饰整个句子，或用在简短回答中。14www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语肯定副词（短语）：Surely（orSure）heknowsit！Surelyheknowsit？Really（orTruly）heknowsit．Undeniably（orDoubtlessly）Rexhasbeenadrugpedlarmanyyears．Clearly（orObviously），Haroldwaskilledbyhisonlyopponent．“Doyouwantyourchildrentoobeyyourorder？”“Definitely．”Youshouldbyallmeans（=certainly）followtherules．“MayIgonow？”“Byallmeans（=Certainly）．”True（orIndeed）sheloveshim，butshekeepssilent．Sureenough（orTobesure，Nodoubt．Withoutdoubt．Undoubtedly，Ofcourse，Naturally）heknowsit．Infact（orInpointoffact．Asamatteroffact．Asitis，Asthematteris，Intruth，Inreality）（=notinname，word，appearance，orimagination），heisabigshot，ademagogue，notonlyinname．Ican"ttellyouforsure（orforcertain）．Hehasbecomeanalcoholic，allright（orandnomistake）．不肯定副词（短语）：“Canhepossiblyknowit？”“Hemaypossiblyknowit．”Perhaps（orProbably，Maybe）heisnothappy．Didyou，perhaps，seeJohn？Hegenerally，butnotnecessarily，comesateight．Idaresay（orPresumably），hewon"tagreewithyou．Inalllikelihood（orAslikelyasnot）（=mostprobably），hewillloseallhisfortune．15www.jnworld.cn