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济南沃尔得国际英语状语引言在这个单元中我们将讨论状语。状语是修饰名词和代词以外任何词的,可修饰(1)动词,(2)形容词,(3)另一副词,(4)介词,(5)连词,或(6)整个句子。下面例句中加引号的为被修饰词,状语为斜体部分:(1)He“works”patiently.(2)Itisextremely“easy”.(3)Hesleptvery“soundly”.(4)Hesatjust“behind”me.(5)Hegotillpartly“because”hewasworried.(6)Honestly,“Iamaspoorasabeggar”.状语可以是(1)副词,(2)短语,(3)分词,(4)不定式,(5)介词+非谓语动词,或(6)状语从句:(1)Hecameyesterday.(2)Hecamefromtimetotime.(3)Hecametomyoffice,wantingtohaveatalkwithme.(4)Hecametosaygoodbye.(5)Hecameafterfinishinghiswork.(6)Hecameonlywhenhewantedtoborrowmoney.可以从句中删去状语而不影响句子的基本结构:“Yesterday”“atfive”“whenitbegantodawn”,he“secret-ly”left“foradistantcity”.(S—IV)Heleft.(S—IV)也可在句子里加上这种修饰语,而不影响句子的基本结构:Maryfellill.(S—LV—A)“Aftershehadbeentoadinnerparty”,Mary“suddenly”fellill.(S—LV—A)Hekilledhimself.(S—TV—R)“Becomingbankrupt”,hekilledhimself“atahotel”“byjumpingdownfromthetwelfthstorey”.(S—TV—R)从上面例句中可以看出,状语在语法上并不是必不可少的,但在意义上却很重要,因为它修饰一个词,对它作更细致的描述。状语修饰动词时最多。在修饰动词时,它可以放在几个位置,不过放在某个位置可能比放在其他位置更合适。(定语的位置却比较固定,一般放在所修饰的名词前面或后1www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语面。)例如yesterday可以放在下面数字代表的5个位置上,不过在一定的上下文中只有一两个位置比较合适:1Lee2was3drivinghiscar4intothecountry5.Ⅰ.谓语动词的修饰语A.副词(短语)1.副词(短语)概说a.副词分类根据其意义副词可以分为5类:1)时间副词:表示某个时间的副词(回答when提出的问题):today,now,tonight,nowadays,presently,immediately;yesterday,earlier,lately,before,recently,ago;tomorrow,soon,shortly,after,later,afterwards;when?then,early,late,meantime,punctually表示频度的副词(回答howoften这个问题):always,perpetually,eternally;continually,repeatedly,generally,usually;frequently,often;sometimes;occasionally;rarely,seldom;never;once,twice;daily,weekly,monthly,yearly;nights(=eachnight),mornings(Am.)表示时间长度的副词(回答howlong这个问题):everlastingly,eternally,forever;long;temporarily,briefly.quickly,awhile2)地点副词:表示地点或方向的副词(回答inwhatposition或towhatposition这个问题):here,there,yonder;far,afar,near,by;on,off,away;before,behind;left,right;up,down;in,out;back,forth;aback,ahead,athwart,overboard;longways,side-ways;over,under;above,below,beneath;outside,in-side,aside;within,without;along,across;together,2www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语separately,asunder,apart;centrally,around,about;nowhere,everywhere,anywhere,somewhere;vertically,horizontally,slantwise;downtown,uptown;downstairs,upstairs;abroad,home方向副词(回答towhatposition这个问题):backward,forward;upward;downward;inward,out-ward.注:地点副词常修饰表示移动的动词,说明“到某地”,如Hewentthere,Heranaway,Hewalkedacross,Itflewoutside,Itfelldown.如果它修饰不表示移动的动词,则说明“在某地”,如Helivesthere.Hekeptawayfromus.Aloglayacross,sothecarcouldnotpass.Hewaiteddownthere,Hestoodoutside.另外,许多地点副词可以用作名词,作介词from的宾语。这种from短语表示“来自某处”,试比较下面的句子:Hewentabroad,Hecamefromabroad;Hecamedowntown,Hecamefromdowntown;Itappearssomewhere,Itappearsfromsomewhere.3)方式副词:以-ly结尾的副词:slowly,justly,foolishly,honestly,steadily(andmanyothers)不以-ly结尾的副词:fast,hard,thus,how,ill,well,so;peasant-style,Soviet-style,dog-fashion,Mongol-fashion;likewise,otherwise,somehow.4)肯定副词:表示肯定的副词:certainly,indeed,surely,really,doubt-less,truly表示不肯定的副词:perhaps,probably,possibly,maybe5)程度副词:可表示各种不同程度:接近于“不”:not,hardly,little较小程度:lightly,somewhat某种程度:fairly,rather,pretty3www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语较大程度:very,much,highly,greatly,deeply,extraordinarily极大程度:entirely,utterly,absolutely,completely,fully渐渐:increasingly,steadily,gadually,slowly足够:enough,sufficient几乎:nearly仅仅:only,justb.副词短语的结构副词短语指起副词作用的短语。它常常包含一个介词,如bytheway,oneafteranother;有时它包含一个名词和一个形容词,如thisyear,nextweek,fivedays,alongtime;有时包含and或or,如againandagain,soonerorlater;偶尔包含一些其他词,如sureenough,asusual.它可以是非成语型短语,也可以是成语型短语。它至少有16种类型。非成语型短语1)介词+宾语(名词、动名词、疑问词+不定式、疑问词从句、介词短语):atHongKong,tothecity;aftermeetingher,bytravel-ling;onhowtodoit,aboutwheretoeatPhilippinefood;astohowtheydoit,astowhenyoungpeopleshouldgetmarried;tillafterlunch,frombehindthedoor2)“介词+名词+介词”+宾语:incaseoffailure,byreasonofhisillness,bymeansofsweetwords,onbehalfofmycountry,inspiteoftherain,inplaceofhisposition,inthelightofhisgreatwork,withaviewtohelpingthepoor(这种“介词+名词+介词”是一个固定短语。)3)“副词+介词”+宾语:togetherwithJohn,alongwithhisson,apartfromhisfol-ly,outofthehouse,downtothemoderntimes,agreeablytotheirinstructions,conformablytohispromise,asidefrommoney.(“副词+介词”也是固定短语)4)副词+“介词+名词”:4www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语earlyintheday,sometimeintheevening,lateinMay,Sundayatseven,backinthestoneage,faroutatsea,beyondonthehorizon,highupinthesky,outinthestreet,onceforall5)指示词+表示时间的名词:thisweek,nextyear,oneday,eachweek,someday,everyhour,thatmoment,thistime(ofyearorday),amoment,aSunday,themoment(heshouted),theday(JohnleftParis)(在指示词前in,on,at均省略)6)表示数目或数量的形容词+表示时间长度、距离、重量、价格等的名词:(for)threedays,(for)allweek,(for)ashortmoment;(for)fivemiles,(for)alongdistance,threeblocks;(forseveral)weeks,(forseveral)years;twopounds;50cents7)名词+地点副词、形容词或定语短语(名词前的with省略):facedownward,partialityapart,hismouthfullofchocolate,hisbackagainstthewall,hatinhand,gunonshoulder,cigaretteinmouth,myankleswollen,myheartbeatingfast例如:Adrunkardwaslyinginthestreet(with)facedownward.Thebellhungfromtheceiling,(with)itstonguestill.8)各式各样的短语:Sundaymorning,Tuesdayevening,July6;twodaysago,fiveweekshence,threeyearslater;tenstoreysup,halfwaydown成语型短语9)介词+名词:infact,inanycase,byturns,attimes,onnoaccount,forinstance,byGod,withoutavail,betweenus10)介词+形容词:ingeneral,inshort,aboveall,throughthickandthin,afterall,forgood,atbest,atmost,ofold11)介词+时间或地点副词:5www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语beforelong,untilnow,atonce,forever,oflate,inshort,byfar,forshort12)名词+介词+名词:sidebyside,wordforword,dayafterday,facetoface,(from)timetotime,(from)doortodoor,allinall13)副词+and,or或其他连词+副词:againandagain,betterandbetter,byandby,moreandmore,throughandthrough,overandoveragain,upanddown,toandfro,onandoff,backwardsandforwards,(every)nowandthen,nowandagain,hereandthere;rightorwrong,onceortwice,soonerorlater,nowornever,seldomornever,neitherherenorthere;seldomifever,moreoftenthatnot14)名词+and(或or)+名词:Winterandsummer,nightandday(dayornight)shewaitedforhim.Theyservedhimhandandfoot(=attendedtohiseverywish).Theyboundhimhandandfoot(=sothathewasunabletomove).Heleft,bagandbaggage(=withallhisbelongings).Heremovedit,rootandbranch(=totally).Theyattackedus,horseandfoot(=withalltheirmight)Theywentatit,hammerandtongs(=withgreatforce).Wemustdevoteourselves,bodyandsoul(orheartandsoul,heartandhand)(=wholeheartedly),tothisgreatcause.Theydraggedhimoutheadandshoulder(orneckandheels)(=withviolence).Theyfoughttoothandnail(=withallstrength).Wemustgo,rainornorain.Thehousehasbeenredesigned,topandbottom(=com-pletely).6www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语Cf.Goodorbad,thisismycountry.15)介词(常省略)+名词:Hewalked(along)thestreet.Heswims(after)dog-fashion.(As)ThefirstthinginthemorningIwenttoseeher.I"llbehere(at)seven-thirtyFriday.(At)whattimedidyouleave?(On)Whatdaydidyouarrive?Isaidit(for)asecondtime,buthedidn"thear.Westayed(for)thenight.Hefled(from)thiscountry.Idon"tseeit(in)yourway.Come(in)thisway.(In)Whatdirectiondoyougohome?Hewent(on)ajourneylastweek.Weranged(over)thewoods.Wetravelled(over)theContinent.Weworkparttime(=forlessthantheregulartime).Theyboundhimhandandfoot,smotehimhipandthigh.(参阅第13类)Theydiditmornings(ornights,Sundays)(=everymorning,oreverynight,everySunday).16)副词+副词:7www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语closeby,nearby,faraway,faroff,sureenough,funnilyenough,lateron,earlyon,nomore,notanymorec.副词短语的用法几乎所有副词短语都用来修饰动词(谓语动词或非谓语动词):He“went”tothecity.John“came”alongwithhiswife.Ada“stooduptothechininwater.It“wasthrown”outinthestreet.He“tumbled”,facedownward.“Meeting”heroneday,hetoldherthenews.Hetriedtoadviseher,“speaking”totheeffectthat…Hedecides“totranslate”thearticlewordforword.有少数这类短语,特别是1634节中9),10)两类短语,可以用来修饰整个句子:Infact,“hehasdonehisbest”.Forinstance,“goodisanadjective”.Inshort,“moneymeanseverything”.Sureenough,“hedivorcedher”.第5)类从理论上可以看作是介词短语,其中at,on或in省略:Hecame(in)everyyear.Heleft(on)lastSunday.Weshallmeet(at)nextChristmas.Hedied(on)thedaywhenitrainedhard.第6)类短语只和几个特殊动词一起用:8www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语Thebook“costs”50dollars.Thepork“weighs”fivepounds.It“measures”threefeet.在和其他动词一起用时,这种短语中的for可以用也可以省略:He“waited”3hours(orforthreehours).Sometreescan“live”athousandyears.Theboots“last”2years.We“travelled”athousandmiles.Thecat“fell”ahundredfeet.Theroad“extends”(for)miles.Thepatientcannot“move”evenastep.这种短语也可用来修饰后面的形容词(特别是比较级):Thisfish,astheysay,measurestenmetres“long”(or“inlength”)Theroadmeasuresmorethantwentymetres“wide”(or“inwidth”).ThePacificOceanis,onanaverage,140000feet“deep”(or“indepth”).Thearmyofourenemyismorethanamillion“strong”.ThecivilizationofChinaisatleast4500years“old”.Thebridgeistenmiles“distant”frommyhouse.Thiscarisathousanddollars“cheaper”thanthat.Heisahead“taller”thanhissister.Thisisonlyatrifle“better”thanthat.表示时间长度或距离的短语可用来修饰后面的时间或地点副词:9www.jnworld.cn
济南沃尔得国际英语Hearrivedtenminutes(too)“late”.Hediedaweek“ago”(or“since”).Hehadleftafortnight“since”.Hecamethreedays“afterwards”(or“after”,“later”).I"llmeethimthreedays“hence”.Helivedfourmiles“away”(or“off”).Itisthrownfar“off”.Theyarewaitingashortdistance“off”.Thebulletfellalongway“beyond”.表示时间长度的短语还可用来修饰后面的介词和连词:Hediedtwoweeks“after”hiswife"sdeath.Alongtime“before”thewar,wehadpreparedourselves.Hediedtwoweeks“after”hiswifedied.Alongtime“before”thewarbrokeout,wehadpreparedourselves.注:副词短语几乎可以修饰各种词类,但本章以下各节将仅仅讨论修饰动词的用法。如何修饰其他词类将在其他章节中讨论。10www.jnworld.cn