屠皓民英语语法基础讲义 11页

海天考研英语屠屠老师考研英语语法基础讲义屠皓民课程内容一、考研语法考什么？二、考研语法巅峰考点——定语从句三、考研语法重点考点——状语从句四、考研语法特殊考点——倒装结构五、长难句四步拆分——选自《考研工具书之语法长难句》（屠皓民编）《考研英语基础核心教程》一、考研语法考什么？二、定语从句1．关系词的产生2．介词+which/whom的由来3．When/where/why的演变4．限定性与非限定性从句区别与翻译5．定语从句省略实战演练：将下面的句子翻译成英文1.Allthose____________(想去长城的)willgettogetheratthebus—stopatsixtomorrowmorning．2.Thebuilding________________________(座落于我们学校附近的)isahospital.3.Tomisreallythebravestboy_________________________(我所认识的)。4.Haveyoureceivedtheletter___________________________(我上星期六写的)?5.Canyouhelpmefindtheperson________________________（救我女儿命的）6.Thisistheonehundredthletter_________________________(我上个月收到的)。7.Tennis______________(夏季最好的运动之一)canbeplayedbytwoorfourplayers．8.Ishallusethemachineinsuchaway____________________________(他使用过的)．强化练习Fillintheblankswith“prep+whom/which”.1.Theteacher___________IlearntmostwasMrs.Zhu.2.Mathematicsisthesubject_____________Iammostinterested.3.Thisisthehouse___________________Iwasborn.1 海天考研英语屠屠老师4.Isthatthegirl________________youlentyourbicycle?5.Thisisthepen_______________Iwrotetheletter.6.Thesearethethings_______________Ispokejustnow.7.Isthatthefish______________youaskedthewaiter?8.Welovethevillage______________weworkfortwoyears.9.Peter,____________IplayedtennisonSundays,wasstrongerthanI.Fillintheblankswith“where、why、when”1.Idon’tknowthereason___________hewaslatefortheclass.2.Iwillneverforgettheday_____________Ijoinedthearmy.3.Thisisthefactory____________myfatherworked30yearsago.MultipleChoicesl.IwillneverforgetthedayIjoinedtheLeague.A.whichB.whenC.inwhichD.onthat2.September18,1931isthedaywe"llneverforget.A.thatB.whenC.onwhichD.onthat3.Thisisthefactorywevisitedlastyear.A.whereB.whichC.theoneD.atwhich4.Isthisthefactoryyourfatherworks?A.whereB.whichC.ofwhichD.inthat5.ThisisthebestfactoryIhavevisitedallmylife.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that6.IsthisthefactorycolorTVsetareproduced?A.thatB.whichC.inwhichD.inthat7.Haveyoufoundthewomanpursewaslost?A.herB.ofwhichC.thatD.whose8.Whereisthewindowglassisbroken?A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.its9.Thebook,thecoverisbroken,isnotmine.A.ofitB.forC.whoseD.ofwhich10.Who"sthecomradeyoujustshookhandswith?A.whomB.whichC.whoseD.ofwhich11.Doyouknowthecomradewearetalking?A.towhomB.towhoC.whomD.tothat12.Thecomradeisspeakingatthemeetingisagoodworker.A.whomB.whichC.whoD.whose13.Mr.Green,hascomeforavisittoChina,arrivedinShanghaiyesterday.2 海天考研英语屠屠老师A.whomB.thatC.whichD.who14.ThisisMr.Smith,Ithinkhassomethingtotellyou.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.x15.Hisfatherisanengineer,makeshimveryproud.A.forwhatB.whichC.thatD.what16.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolshehadvisited.A.whichB.whoC.thatD.what17.HeistheonlymanIcanfindforthework.A.who"sB.whoseC.thatD.which18.I,yourclosefriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouout.A.whoisB.whoamC.thatisD.whatis19.Thosewanttoseethefilmpleaseputdownyournames.A.whichB.whatC.whoseD.who20.HedoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.A.whatB.whoC.whichD.as21.ThatwasthereasonMacrefusedtospeakatthemeeting.A.whyB.thatC.whichD.ofwhich22.Doyouknowthereasonhewaslateforschool.A.ofitB.foritC.whichD.forwhich23.PleasebringbackthedictionaryIlenttoyoulastweek.A.whereB.whatC.whichD.who*24.Theknifewecutthebreadisverysharp.A.withwhichB.thatwhichC.whichwithD.which25.Heboughtmeadictionaryonmybirthday,mademehappy.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.whom26.Hisdog,wasnowveryold,becameillanddied.A.itB.thatC.whoseD.which27.Isawsometrees,theleavesofwereblackwithdisease.A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.thetrees28.Hetoldmeallheknew.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.who29.ThefirstEnglishnovelIreadwasRobinsonCrusoe.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.who30.ThisistheverybookIamafter.A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.whom31.Afootballfanis_____hasastronginterestinfootball.A.athingthatB.somethingthatC.apersonwhoD.what32.Thehouse,_____wasdestroyedintheterriblefire,hasbeenrepaired.3 海天考研英语屠屠老师A.theroofofwhichB.whichroofC.itsroofD.theroof33.Canyoulendmethenovel_____theotherday?A.thatyoutalkedB.youtalkedaboutitC.whichyoutalkedwithD.youtalkedabout34.Theytalkedforaboutanhourofthingsandpersons_____theyrememberedintheschool.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.whom35.Alltheapples_____felldownwereeatenbythepigs.A.thatB.thoseC.whichD.what36.I’lltellyou_____hetoldmelastnight.A.allwhichB.allwhatC.thatallD.all37.Achild_____parentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.A.whoB.who’sC.whoseD.which38.-Howdoyoulikethebook?-It’squitedifferentfrom_____Ireadlastmonth.A.thatB.whichC.theoneD.theonewhat39.Whichsentenceiswrong?A.ThefingerIdippedintothecupwasnottheoneIputitintomymouth.B.Doyouknowtheboywhojumpedontotheplatform?C.Scienceandnewtechnologyhavemadeitpossibleforfarmerstoproducemorefoodonthesameamountofland.D.Peopleinancienttimestookitforgrantedthatthesunmovedroundtheearth.40.Thetrain_____shewastravelingwaslate.A.whichB.whereC.onwhichD.inthat41.Hehaslostthekeytothedrawer_____thepapersarekept.A.whereB.onwhichC.underwhichD.which42.Heoftenhelpsthestudents_____hethinksarenotquickattheirstudies.A.whomB.whoC.whenD.because43.TheSecondWorldWar_____millionsofpeoplewerekilledendedin1945.A.whenB.duringthatC.inwhichD.which44.Mr.Crossettwillneverforgettheday_____hespentwithhisvariousstudents.A.whenB.whichC.duringwhichD.onwhich45.WearegoingtospendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,_____wasdecidedlastyear.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.where三、状语从句1．类型2．状语从句省略3．虚拟语气4 海天考研英语屠屠老师四、倒装结构1．全部倒装2．部分倒装特殊句型真题再现òReachingnewpeaksofpopularityinNorthAmericaisIcebergWater,whichisharvestedfromicebergsoffthecoastofNewfoundland,Canada.òEmergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.òScatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.òNotonlyhasthehighwaysystemaffectedtheAmericaneconomybyprovidingshippingroutes,ithasledtothegrowthofspin-offindustrieslikeservicestations,motels,restaurants,andshoppingcenters/malls.五、长难句四步拆分策略长难句是考研的重点，完形和阅读中需要通过理解来解答题目，翻译部分直接考查考生对于长难句的理解和中文转换能力。因此，分析长难句对于后续的解题技巧和能力提高起着至关重要的作用。第一步：寻找特殊标点，隔离插入成分在大量的修饰成分中，首先要将句中无关紧要的成分先清除出去，减少对于结构划分的干扰，也就是先将句中的插入语隔离开来。插入语通常是说话者对所表达意思的一种补充、强调、解释或者是说话人的一种态度。它的位置比较灵活，常常会用两个逗号或者两个破折号和其他部分隔开，但是在语法上不会影响其他成分。要注意的是两个破折号是插入语，一个破折号是后者对前者的解释，不是插入语。常见的插入语有四种：①分词短语：strictlyspeaking（严格地说），generallyconsidering（一般认为），judgingfrom……（根据……判断）等。②副词或副词短语：indeed（的确），surely（无疑），frankly（坦率地说），obviously（显然），naturally（天然地），luckilyforsb.（算某人幸运），fortunately（幸好），briefly（简单地说）等。③介词短语：inconclusion（总之），inaword（简而言之），inshort（简而言之），ingeneral（一般说来），inasense（在某种意义上），inmyview（在我看来），inhisopinion（按照他的看法），infact（事实上），atfirst（首先），inaddition（此外），ofcourse（当然），tomysurprise（使我惊奇的），toherregret（使她遗憾的），forexample（例如）等。④简短句子：Iamsure（我可以肯定地说），Ibelieve（我相信），doyouknow（你知道吗），yousee（你明白），I’mafraid（恐怕），itissaid（据说），Isuppose（我想），what’smore（而且），what’sworse5 海天考研英语屠屠老师（更糟糕的是），thatis（也就是说），whatisimportant（重要的是）等。òWhilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,itisobviousthattheirviewswerelessfullyintellectualized.òBillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration).òThoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today’speople——especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations——apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.第二步寻找分号或连词，判断句子类型1．分号——并列两个句子通常当两个句子之间没有任何连接词连接，这时要采用分号进行分离。因此，分号所起的作用是连接两个句子。在看到句间出现分号时，可以直接将两个句子断开。例如：Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.2．并列连词—并列句常见的并列连词有and,but,yet,or,so,for,notonly...butalso...看到这批单词，一般就有并列结构存在，通常也可以直接断开前后两个分句，但要特别注意很可能存在着省略问题。例如：Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousmanoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.3.从属连词---复合句什么是从句？从句就是句子前面有一个引导词。所以找到引导词就找到了从句，再根据引导词前的单词确定其是什么从句。例如：Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety。第三步寻找谓语动词，抓住句子核心6 海天考研英语屠屠老师找到了谓语动词，就说明有句子存在。首先，如何寻找谓语动词呢？很简单，be动词、有时态的动词、情态动词引导的动词等就一定是谓语。例如：Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.第四步确定整句框架——标出主从句主干部分顺着谓语动词往前找，如果没有引导词存在，那说明是主句的谓语动词，那它的前面就是主语，后面就应该是宾语或表语。如果有引导词存在，说明这个谓语动词所在的句子就是个从句，再根据引导词前的单词判定这是个什么从句：例如：Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.真题句经典破解òSomephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.òNeitherkindofsleepisatallwellunderstand,butREMsleepisassumedtoservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.òTheyaredifferentinthattheirelementsarearrangeddifferently,andeachvitaminperformsoneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody.òPrivatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.òEvendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent—andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance—havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.òThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep——whenmostvividdreamsoccur——asitiswhenfullyawake.òPresidentKennedywantedpeoplewhoraisedquestions,whocriticized,onwhosejudgmenthecouldrely,whopresentedanintelligentpointofview,regardlessoftheirrankorviewpoint.7 海天考研英语屠屠老师òFromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.òItappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.òThereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.òHemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsuranceagainsttheunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinordertoreplaceoldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizerstofeedthesoil.【经典剖析】本句的主干在冒号前:Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways，冒号之后的部分包含三个as引导的并列结构作状语，其中第三个as结构的核心部分是asacommodity...，后面的which引导的定语从句修饰commodity。【妙译】他必须以下列三种方式使用这些余粮：留作种子，留作保障以对付恶劣天气可能造成的无法预测的影响，并留作必须出售的商品以替换旧农具和购买化肥给土壤提供养料。òWhethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyinmonkeysandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.【经典剖析】本句的主语很复杂，是whether…or(是…还是..)引导的两个主语从句，or引导的从句宾语ancestor后面是that引导的定语从句。整个句子谓语由系动词(is)+表语(anunansweredquestion)构成。Asyet是一个插入语，意思是“迄今为止”。【妙译】这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。òForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.【经典剖析】本句的主干部分是executivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherule，that引导同位语从句解释therule。而同位语从句中还有一个who引导的定语从句修饰theones。【妙译】8 海天考研英语屠屠老师多年以来，经理们和猎头们都认同这样一个原则：最有吸引力的CEO候选人是需要挖来的。òHowwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.【经典剖析】本句结构比较复杂，dependsupon是主句的谓语动词，Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformance是主语从句，“依赖于”后面用and并列两个宾语theamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationused和theskillandwisdom，withwhichitisinterpreted是定语从句修饰前面的名词。【妙译】这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。òInalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee,LordIrvinesaidheagreedwithacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnotoffersufficientcontrol.【经典剖析】本句开始为状语，其中GeraldKaufman后面带有一个很长的同位语chairmanofHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee；本句的主干为LordIrvinesaid，后面为宾语从句heagreedwithacommitteereportthisyear，宾语从句中which引导定语从句修饰先行词acommitteereport，定语从句中said又连接一个宾语从句【妙译】欧文勋爵给下议员媒体选择委员会主席杰拉尔德·考夫曼写了一封信，信中说他同意该委员会今年发表的一份报告——该报告指出自律没有提供足够的监控。òItisgenerallyrecognized,however,thattheintroductionofthecomputerinthe20thcentury,followedbytheinventionofintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,althoughitsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediatelyapparent.【经典剖析】本句的主干是Itisgenerallyrecognizedthat....,it是形式主语，that引导的主语从句是真正的主语，其中theintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury....radicallychangedtheprocess是主句，过去分词followedby....作定语，修饰前面的introductionofthecomputer,相当于whichwasfollowedbytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s，而althoughitsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediatelyapparent,是状语从句，表示让步关系。【妙译】然而，人们通常认为，20世纪计算机的出现，随之而来的60年代集成电路的发明，从根本上改变了这个过程，尽管其对传媒的影响还未立即显现出来。9 海天考研英语屠屠老师òTheoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehaviorbecausetheywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteractionswithothers.【经典剖析】主干是Theories...suggestthat...orthat...,主语是Theories,后面的分词结构centeringontheindividual作主语的定语；谓语是suggest,带有两个宾语从句，都由that引导；其中第一个宾语从句是一个复合句，包含一个because引导的原因状语从句。【妙译】从个人方面寻找原因的理论表明，青少年犯罪是因为对他们以前做错的事惩罚不够，或是他们与别人相互影响，从而学会了犯罪行为。òTheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.【经典剖析】两个“——”号中间的部分完全可以视作插入部分独立分析。句子简化为“Theinternetismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.”accesstoscientificresults和areality是make的两个宾语。插入语部分who引导定语从句，从句中question作动词，后面接一个why引导的宾语从句。【妙译】提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，互联网使得阅读科研结果成为现实。òOthermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopenaccess,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonthsbeforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.【经典剖析】主干结构是othermodelsexist；that引导的分割式定语从句修饰models，而在从句中又套了一个由where引导的定语从句修饰openaccess；在where从句中，before引导的时间状语从句中有一个who引导的定语从句修饰everyone。【妙译】其它存在的模式都是由以上三种模式相结合的产物。比如延缓式广开门路的模式，前6个月只允许付费的订阅者查阅相关论文，之后，才对大众免费开放。òTheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.【经典剖析】该句的主干是TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidence。过去分词短语madeavailablein199810 海天考研英语屠屠老师和Which引导的非限定性从句都做后置定语，共同修饰名词evidence。定语从句的主谓结构是whichproved。Prove后面的宾语从句省略了关系代词的宾语从句（that），从句主语是ThomasJefferson，father是位于做动词。【妙译】他们很大程度上受到1998年DNA事件的影响。那个事件证明托马斯•杰弗逊至少和他的奴隶萨利•赫明斯生过一个孩子。òIhavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuildupofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife”,andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.【经典剖析】本句主体结构是Ihavediscoveredthat，as引导的结构是插入语部分。That引导的宾语从句中主语是两个并列动名词结构abandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife”,和makingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”，谓语是brings，宾语是fargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus。【妙译】我发现，放弃那种“忙碌地应付生活”的信念而选择“放慢生活节奏”会带来比金钱和社会地位更大的回报。经受过长期巨大压力，凯尔西从《女性》杂志编辑部退下来之后，恐怕她也将与我有同样的发现。òThegrandmediocrityoftoday—everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoff-spring—meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.【经典剖析】句子主干为：Thegrandmediocrityoftodaymeansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndia.破折号之间everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoff-spring是插入部分，是对thegrandmediocrityoftoday的一个补充说明。“comparedtothetribes”分词短语作状语，修饰“that”引导的宾语从句。【妙译】今天的普通大众，每个人有着同样生存机会和同样数量的后代，这意味着自然选择在印度上流社会已经失去了80%以上的影响，在一些部落里情况也是一样。11