英语语法大全之状语 4 14页

济南沃尔得国际英语3．副词（短语）的位置a．有关7类副词（短语）位置的特别规律当副词（短语）修饰动词以外的其他词时，它的位置很容易确定。但在修饰动词时，其位置却不易确定，它可以放在主语前面、助动词前面、主要动词前面、及物动词宾语的前面、补语前面、动词后面、宾语后面或补语后面。在一个特定的句子中，只有一个或两个这类位置，从语法或修辞角度上考虑是最好的。例如在—John—will—lend—me—hisbicycle—．中，tomorrow只适宜放在一二个位置上，而不是很多位置上。下面所给“规律”只是一些建议，因为特定的副词（短语）有特殊的习惯用法，宜于放在某个特定的位置，有些还会随着作者的特殊意图有特殊的位置。为了决定副词（短语）的位置，我们把它们分作7类，而不是5类：1）地点副词（短语）：there，forward，ashore；inJapan，atthestation，onhigh2）时间副词（短语）：yesterday，ago，yet；onSunday，thisevening，forfivedays，from1950till1960，sincelastJanuray3）频度副词（短语）：often，rarely；fromtimetotime4）肯定副词（短语）：surely，definitely，probably；nodoubt5）程度副词（短语）：greatly，partially；beyondmeasure，tosomedegree6）方式副词（短语）：slowly，sadly；atalowprice，injest7）疑问副词（短语）：where？why？how？when？forwhatreason？inwhichroom？不管tomorrow在句中位置如何，它在图解中的位置不变。1）地点副词（短语）地点副词（短语）可以：a）放在主语前面。能用在这个位置的副词很少，但可用在这个位置的副词短语却很多：1www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Outside，thewindisblowing．HereIstop．Upstairstheyaregambling．InJapaneverybodyworkshard．Frombehindavoicesaid，“goodmorning”．Tothewestlayalargevilla．IntothecityI"veneverdriventhiscar．（这是错句，否定谓语不能放在表示方向的状语后面，而应放在前面，应当说：I"veneverdriventhiscarintothecity．）为了强调可以放在主语前面的副词有：off，up，away，over，down，out，in，back，round，on，above，along，about，below，inside，outsideOffwentJohn．OffJohnwent．Offhe（代词）went．（但不可说Offwenthe．）Downfellthevase．Awayheran．Roundandroundflewthebird．Upyoujump！Inyougo！UpwiththeKing！DownwithFascism！Offwithhishead！Awaywithyou！可以放在不及物动词及主语前面。用在这个位置的副词为there，here，还有一些表示地点的短语，后面跟有以下不及物动词：be，come，go，follow，stand，sit，lie，remain，live，enter，appear，happen，arise，takeplace，然后跟有一个可能较长的表示人或物的主语：Thereisahauntedhouse．Thereisahauntedhousethere（orhere）．（第一个there没有特别意义，第二个there或here表示地点。）Thereenteredonoldmanwhowasovereightyyearsoldbutlookedveryhealthyandstrong．（较长主语）Herestandsaheroofourcountry．Herecomesthecar！Hereliesmyparadise．TheregoesJane！（但不能说Theregoesshe！）Attheendofthewood（there）liesacottage．Allaroundthehut（there）grewmanybeautifulflowers．Inthecentreofthehall（there）stoodaroundtable．Faroutatsea（there）cameafishing-boat．b）放在主要动词前时极少。2www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语c）放在及物动词后，放在宾语之前或之后。可放在这个位置的副词为a）中所列off，up，away等词。如果宾语较长并受到强调，副词要放在它前面，如果宾语为代词，副词则必须放在它后面：Heputonhiscoat．Heputhiscoaton．Ipickedupthebook．Ipickedthebookup．Shegaveawayhermoney．Shegaveitaway．（不可说Shegaveawayit．）Hepouredmeoutsometea．（不可说someteaout）Shesenthimoffagift（不可说agiftoff）（句中有一间接宾语）Shetookout“theeggs，butter，cakesandotherthings．”Hepickedup“themoneyhehadthrownawaywhenhehadbeenangry”．Hewillbringbacktome“theradio-setheborrowedlastweek”．（副词必须放在较长的宾语前面）Drinkyourwineup．Switchthelighton．Putthecigarout．Takeeverythingdown．Takeyourhatoff．（在祈使句中这类副词常放在句末）Iputdown（=wrotedown）hisname．Hetookover（=assumedcontrolof）thebusiness．Wesawthrough（=werenotdeceivedby）histrick．Wecarriedtheprojectthrough（=Wecompleteditsuccessfully，putitintopractice）．Helaughedthecriticismaway（=Heignoredit）．（“及物动词+地点副词”常常构成成语，并不表示位置。这种成语有时也可分开，如最后两句的情况。）如果一个表示地点的副词（短语）和一个表示方向的副词（短语）一起用在一个谓语后面，表示方向的副词（短语）应放在表示地点的副词（短语）前面，它们之间不用and，or这类连词：Wedrovefromwesttoeastinthecity（但不可说Wedroveinthecityfromwesttoeast．也不可说fromwesttoeastandinthecity）3www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语如果谓语后跟有两个表示地点的副词（短语），表示较大地点的副词（短语）要放在表示较小地点的副词（短语）后面，如果要把其中一个放在主语前面，应将表示较大地点的副词（短语）提前：TheycankissonthestreetintheU．S．（但不可说intheU．S．onthestreet）IntheU．S．theycankissonthestreet．（但不可说OnthestreettheycankissintheU．S．）如果有几个表示方向的副词（短语），则可按事物发生的顺序安排：FromEighthStreetweproceededpasttheGrandHoteltothepark，andthenturntothewest．如果副词（短语）表示宾语（而不是主语）的位置，它们应放在宾语后面：Ikeepthetoolsontherack．WearrangedapicnicinMary"sbackyard．Ilikeavacationbytheseaside．Everybodyexpectsarevoltfromalldirections．Thisfineclimateattractsustothiscountry．d）放在谓语后面时最多（即放在不及物动词、补语、或及物动词的宾语后面）：Hewentout．Comethisway．Thetrainarrivedatmytown．Heclimbedtothetopofthetree．Hefeelslonelyinaforeigncountry．Thestarslooksmallatagreatdistance．Hangyourcoatoverthere．Imethimdowntown．2）时刻或时段的副词（短语）表示某个时刻或某段时间的副词（短语）可以：a）放在主语前面。可用在这个位置的副词及短语有：4www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语yesterday，tomorrow，today，now，once，originally，first，recently，soon，immediately；onemorning，justthen，threedaysago，lateron，soonerorlater，untilthen，sofar，justnow，allatonce，duringthesummer，from1970to1983，sinceMay，sincewhen？untilwhen？howlongago？…，还有由in，at，on，between，by，during，about，before，after，（for），from…to（ortill），since，tilloruntil等介词引起的短语：Recentlywehavebeenworkinghard．Soonhearrivedatthestation．Thatmorninghereceivedhisfirstlesson．TenyearsagoIinvestedverymuchcapitalinbusiness．Forthreenightsshedidnotsleep．From1975to1979heandIstudiedphysics．Sinceaweekago，Ihavebeensick．不及物动词有时可放在时间副词（短语）和主语之间，更多的强调主语或引出主语：NowcameJohnandmanyothers．FirstcameLilian．Nextcameanotherproblem．Thenfollowedanexciteddialogue．Duringthesummertherebrokeoutagreataccident．Inthepreviousweektherespreadarumourabouthisremarriage．下面的副词（短语）常常用在主语前面起从属连词的作用：directly，immediately，once，now（原来都是副词），themoment，theinstant，theyears，thespring，everytime，allthetime，thefewminutes（原来是名词加修饰语）：Itraineddirectly（orimmediately）（=assoonas）helefthome．Onceyouseehim，youwillneverforgethim．Nowyoumentionit，Idoremember．Anytimeyoucome，youarewelcome．Thefewminutesheate，hehadtentelephonecalls．Allthetimehetalked，Ikeptsilent．b）用在助动词前。能这样用的副词及短语除a）中第一段所列副词外，还有last，already，yet，before，shortly，just，still，eventually；foramoment，asbefore这类副词或短语：Hewillsooncomehere．Hewouldsomedayunderstandme．5www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Iwasyesterdaymorningwalkingalongthestreet．Hewassoonaftercaughtbythepolicemen．Hewassometimebeforeputintoprison．Hehaslong（since）beenadeadman．Ihavelongadmiredhisworks．Hehasrecently（orlately）seenher．c）间或用在主要动词（或助动词）前面：Heatonetimetoldmethesamethingyouaretellingme．Weformerlydidit，butwenowadaysforgetthecustom．Itemporarily，butnotpermanently，loveher．Herecentlyhasbehavedbetterthanheformerlydid．Peter，alongtimeago，hadvanguishedthegiant．Healreadyhasseenit．Shesofar（orthisfar）hasn"tspokenwithme．d）大多数都放在谓语后面。用在这个位置的有a）第一段所列的副词及early，late，already，yet，shortly，briefly，awhile，long这类词。能这样用的短语很多，包括a）中提到的介词短语。表示某一时刻（时）的副词（短语）：Hecameyesterday．Heleftatthelastact．Theydividedthepropertyonthedeathoftheirfather．Icame（orwillcome）onSunday（=lastornextSunday）．Hecame（orwillcome）ona（orthe）Sunday（=anotherSundaythanlastornext）．Heexpressedsurpriseatsee-ingme．Ifeltenvyonhearingthenews．表示某段时间的副词（短语）：Ihaveslept（for）hours．HestudiesEnglish（for）threeyears．Hehasbeenheremanymonths．Hehaslearnedmedicinesince1950．Helivedherefrom1950till1958．Itexiststothisday．Ihaveopposeditallalong．I"lllivehereforeverofter．Hediedhereduringthewar．Hevisitedmanyplacesinthecourseof（=during）thesummer（orthetrip）．Helivedinthisvillageallhislifeandneverleftitaday．注意从属连词directly的图解法。3）频度副词（短语）6www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语频度副词（短语）可以：a）用在主语前，表示强调或对比。用在这个位置的词有never，seldom，rarely，occasionally，sometimes，often，repeatedly；onceaweek，fourtimes，fromtimetotime，againandagain，nowandthen，asarule：Sometimeshesmokes．Usuallyhecamebyhimself．Occasionallyhecalledonme．NeverhaveIbeenthere．b）间或用在助动词前（用在简短评语、回答及反驳中，这时助动词受到强调）：“Theycanfindtimeforamusements．”“Theyalwayscan．”YouhavelearnedJapanese，butIneverhavelearnedanyforeignlanguage．“Ihavetocookmyownbreak-fast．”—“ButIseldomneeddoso．”c）在大多数情况下用在主要动词前面，用于这个位置的大多为单个副词，如：always，permanently，perpetually，continually，continuously，incessantly（这类表示“不断”的副词不能用在否定词前，不能说Hewillalwaysnotlikeit，而要说Hewillneverlikeit．）Generally，usually，ordinarily，commonly，normally，habitually，customarily，regularly；ftoen，frequently，repeatedly（这类表示高频度的副词可以用在否定结构后，表示“很少”，如：Idon"tusually（=rarely）takebreakfast．）Sometimes，periodically，occasionaly（表示中等频度的副词）Rarely，seldom，hardly（ever），scarcely（ever），bare-ly，little，infrequently，unusually，uncommonly（表示低频度的副词）Never，not，notever（否定副词）例句：Hecanhardlyseeme，becauseheisshortsighted．Shehasalwayssmoked．Heoftengoestothelibrary．Henevertellslies．Idon"tusually（=rarely）gotothetheatre．短语用在这个位置时不多：Hisfamilyhas，timeaftertime，gotintotrouble．7www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Hewould，asarule，getupatsix．d）上面提到的副词通常放在be后面，但be受到强调时可以放在它前面：Healwaysisafool．Heneveriswise．Heseldomis．Theyneverare．Ithardlyis．e）放在谓语后面。可用在这个位置的副词有continually，often，frequently，repeatedly，occasionally；hourly，daily，monthly；once，twice，again：Ihavesaiditrepeatedlytohim．Hecalledonmeoccasion-ally．Itakeawalktwicedaily（不能说dailytwice）．Ilearnkungfuthreetimesweekly（oraweek）．常用在这个位置的短语有：everyfourdays，eachsummer，onalternatedaysasarule，asusual，mostoften，oftenenough，ingeneral，inquicksuccessionmanytimes，notinfrequently，againandagain，timeaftertime，timeand（time）againonceinawhile，onceandagain，nowandagain，everynowandthen，at（odd）times，fromtimetotime，offandon，onseveraloccasions例句：Thismorningwewenttoworkasusual．Ireadthepoemagainandagain．IpractiseKarateoffandon．Igotothemoviesonceinalongwhile．Hecamedaily．Hesawherveryoften．Hediditonceinawhile．HestudiesFrenchatoddtimes．Hetaughtmefourtimesaweek．Ilearnmusiceverythreedays8www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语f）c）中所给副词有些可用在谓语后表示强调或作为以后补加的意思：Shewenttothepicturessometimes．Helovesheralways．4）肯定副词（短语）表示肯定或不肯定的副词可以：a）用在主语前面。用在这个位置的副词或短语可以看作是整个句子的修饰语，它们是truly，indeed，really，actually，eventually，surely，obviously，assuredly，undoubtedly，certainly，evidently，apparently，clearly，admittedly，naturally，probably，presumably，perhaps，maybe，possibly，verylikely，intruth，infact，nodoubt，ofcourse，asamatteroffact，sureenough，oddlyenough，strangeenough，rightlyorwrongly：Certainlyhecandoanythingsolongasit"sprofitable．Surelyhedivorcedher！Infact，heknowsnothing．b）用作句子的简化形式。这样的副词或短语有yes，certainly，quite，absolutely，decidedly，naturaly，evidently，obviously，precisely，surely，sure（Am．），willingly，withpleasure，verywell，ofcourse，no，never“Doyouknowit？”“Yes．”“Isheafool？”“Absolutely．”“Doyouloveher？”“Ofcourse．”c）间或用在助动词前（用在简短评语、回答及反驳中，这时助动词受到强调）：Hecertainly（orsurely，probably，possibly）can．Hesurelyhas．Hesimplycan"t．Yousurelyare．Yousimplymustgiveup．d）在多数情况下用在主要动词前面或助动词后面。能这样用的有a）中所列副词或短语，在用作整句修饰语时，前后常加逗号：Hereallyunderstandhimself？Johnprobablylovesher．9www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Myfatherofcourseknowsyou．（用在主要动词前）Hewillactuallydowhathehasthreatenedto．Ihave．asamatteroffact，doneallIcan．Hehas，atanyrate，confessedhisfault．（用在助动词后面）比较：Idonotreallyknow（=Iknowverylittle）．Ireallydonotknow（=Iknownothing）．e）用在谓语后时很少，除非是表示强调，或作为后来想起的话：Theywillgetmarried，perhaps．Johnhasdonesomethingsilly—nodoubt．Youdidn"tcomplaintoher，Surely（=Ibelieveorhope）．5）程度副词（短语）程度副词（短语）：a）用在主语或助动词前时很少。b）常常用在主要动词前面。能这样用的副词及短语有：almost，nearly，entirely，thoroughly，perfectly，vaguely，slightly，strongly，little，inalllikelihood，asmuchas，notsomuchas，asgoodas，sortof，atanyrate，atleast：Ialmostcried．Hequiteagreeswithme．Hewhollyfor－gotthat．Hehalfsmiledandhalfcried．Heratherhatesit．Ihardlythinkso．Iscarcelyunderstandit．Hehasfullyunderstoodher．Theywill，onthewhole，agreetomyproposal．Thebusinesswill，inthefullestdegree（orinsomemeasure），dependuponthepoliticalsituation．（用在助动词后面）Hedoesnotseeit．（not必须放在助动词及主要动词之间）Can"thego？（问句）Don"ttalktoomuch．（禁止）10www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语但not放在being及having前面：Notbeingabletogo，IstayedathomewithMother．Nothavingfinishedmywork，Ican"tleave．此外，有时有另一副词（短语）可放在not和主要动词之间：Hedoesnotentirelybelieveme．c）常常放在谓语后面：Ilikeitverymuch．Theyneedahousebadly．Idependuponhimfullyforadvice．Irespecthimhighly（orgreatly）．Heneedsmoneyterribly（orawfully，dreadfully）．Hesufferedtosuchadegree．IloveMarybestofall．Iknowitquitewell．Helovedhertoaridiculousextent．Idon"tcare（orcarenot）ajot（orabutton，abit，awhit，amorsel，afig，adamn）abutit．Idon"tmind（orvalue）itarush（orarottennut）．Heblamedmenoend．Shelaughednoend．Ilovemymotherawholebigballoon．Hethoughtworldofhissweetheart．Thisaccidentspeaksvolumesforthedangerofadrunk－endriver．（用作程度副词的名词或名词短语必须放在谓语或动词后面）6）方式副词（短语）方式副词（短语）可以：a）放在主语前用来加强语气。可这样用的副词及短语不计其数：Suddenlythedooropened．Slowlyhewalkeddownthestreet．Slowlyandimpressivelyherosefromtheseat．Inalowvoicehespoke．Withoneblowofhisarehecutitoff．Onebyonetheycameout．Tohisgreatde－lighthesawhishomeagain．Slowly，butwithcourage，didheaccomplishit．Allatoncedidwestart．BanggoesthedoorWhizzgoesthearrow．Snapwenttherope．Crashwenttheglass．Thudwentthebagofrice．Crackcamethebottle．Popcometheaccident．Crashwentthedisasterofthefamily．（表示声音的副词常放在动词go或come前面）如果主语前有well，so，tosuchstraits这样的副词（短语），它们和主语之间应有一个助动词：11www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语Wellcanwesaythat．Wellmayhedoanythinghelikes．Hehasstartedandsomustallofus．Ifhecango，socanwe．IlikeartandspeciallydoIlikemusic．TosuchstraitswasIreduced！Tosuchlengthsdidhegothatnobodywantedtotalkwithhim．Tosuchapoint（oradegree）willthewargoonthatallwillbedestroyed．副词前若有how与它构成感叹句，则副词必须放在主语前面：Howbeautifullyshesings！Howquicklyheruns！下面这些副词称为连接副词，通常放在主语前，可以看作一种并列连词：besides，also，then，likewise，moreover，again，inaddition，nap，whatismore；only，still，allthesame，however，nevertheless，andyet，howbeit，conversely，onthecontrary，ontheotherhand；therefore，hence，so，thus，consequently，accordingly，then，inconsequence，asaresult；otherwise，else（可参阅1668a））：Itmaysoundstrange；however，itistrue．Healwayswearsaredshirt；henceheissonicknamed．Heispoor；besides，hehasalargefamily．Nowhecried；thenhelaughed．Helikedgambling；asaresulthebecameagood－for－nothing．下面这些词，特别是放在主语前面时，修饰整个句子：fortunately，luckily，unluckily（forhim），happily，tragically；clearly，indisputable；essentially，characteristically；similarly；incidently，inevitably，naturally，normally；curiously，interestingly，miraculously，ironically，surprisingly，unexpectedly；personally，honestly，frankly；geographically，militarily，politically，culturally；namely；firstly，finally，lastly；asforme，astoyourproposal；bytheway；forinstance，forexample；firstofall，inthefirstplace；tomythinking；atanyrate，inanycase，inshort，inbrief，infine，inconclusion，inaword，inoneword，inotherwords；inplainEnglish，inplainwords；oddlyenough．Interestingly，theeyeislikeacamera．Handsmanipulatetools；moreimportant，theycreatecivilization．Unfortunatelyhediesoftuberculosis．Personally，Idonotlikehismannerofspeaking．Geographically，Laosisasmallcountry．Asformyschool，Englishisthemainsubject．Inaword，thisisnotaneasyjob．12www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语b）用在主要动词前或助动词后。a）中所列连接副词及修饰整个句子的副词及短语可用在口语中，前后有停顿，在书面语中前后有逗号，当这种副词及短语较不重要时，可用于这个位置：Mybrother，besides，knowsfivelanguages．Mostpeople，naturally，likepeace．JapanandChina，historically，belongtothesamegroup．JohnandMary，likewise，canhelpus．This，however，willsimplifymatters．Thiswill，however，simplifymatters．Theymust，accordingly，inspectthespotofthemurder．Mostpeoplewill，ofcourse，seethroughhistrick．Manypassengershave，luckily，beensaved．可用在主要动词前或助动词后，特别是认为这个主要动词比副词（短语）更重要，或是后面跟有一个较长的修饰语或宾语时。这种副词很多，如bravely，quietly，凡所有以-ly结尾的副词都可以这样用，这种短语也很多：Heardentlydesiredit．Hedeeplyregrettedhispast．Heslowlywalkeddownthestreetwithhisson．Hepromptlyansweredtheletter．Hehasanxiouslyinquiredforhisbrother，whosuddenlydisappearedyearsago．Theclown，withnowarning，jumpedfrombehindthesofa．John，likeeveryotherchild，isfondofsweetsandfruit．Thewoman，withtearsinhereyes，leftherhusband．（这种短语前后都要加逗号）Hehad，bymistake，thrownitaway．Itmay，forconvenience，belefthere．Anyboycan，underasuit-ablecondition，growintoagreatman．Hehas，inafitofanger，killedasteadfastandtrustedfriend．c）在多数情况下都用在谓语后面。大多数方式副词及短语都可以或必须放在这个位置：Hespokenaturally（=unaffectedly）．［Cf．Naturally（=Ofcourse）heknows．］Helookedincuriously．Helookedattheboysmilingly．Heranawayfearfully．Theworkhasbeendonecarefully（or，hasbeencarefullydone）．Pleaseholdittightly．Theyrevoltedagainsttheunjustmeasure．Youcandoitatyourpleasure．Hesolditforsevendollars．Hedistributedthepropertyamonghissons．Hewouldhavegoneoutbutforrain．Theenginegoesbysteam．Wedrankliquor13www.jnworld.cn 济南沃尔得国际英语bythegallon．Preparefortheworst．Hetranslatesthearticlewordbyword．WestartedforHongKong．Wecannotrefrainfromtears．Hewastakenabackonbeingtoldaboutthis．Hestoodthere，hatinhand（orcigarinmouth，gunonshoulder）．Hecamehomewithfaceclouded（orwithsmilingface，withbeatingheart，withbenthead）．（这种短语中的名词前不加冠词）Helookedmyway．Hetravelledthird－class．（用名词作状语）Itcoststendollars，weighs30kilograms．Iboughtit（for）fivedollars，（at）fivedollarsapound．（表示数量的名词可以用作状语）Hisheartwentthump．Thedoorwentbang．Thehousefellcrashdown．Shehithimsmackintheface．（可和a）类句子比较）d）下面例句表明了一类方式副词（短语）的用法及位置，这类副词（短语）表示说话人的评语，修饰整个句子：Dennissuffered，veryunjustly，forafaultnothisown．Theyroseinrevolt，ungratefully，againsttheirleader．Heremained，wisely，singleuntilthirty．14www.jnworld.cn