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考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)

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词汇是列车,语法是铁轨,想从起点到达终点二者缺一不可。祝我的学生们在考研英语学习的旅程中一路顺风,考入心中理想的院校!!!ByHenryHsu 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)PartI考研英语语法的重要性一、考研语法是解决各个题型的基础Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.→经典的从句套从句的长难句。●划分句子成分Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.句子主干:theyargue爥(主谓宾结构)宾语部分(宾语从句):[Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate],shippers(whohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportation)woulddoso,[leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline].if引导条件状语,who引导定语从句,leaving爥现在分词短语做伴随状语●词汇句型havenooptionbuttodooption{例Roberthadnooptionbuttolendhissisterthemoneyforrent.(经济学)期权shouldertheblameshoulder{shouldertheresponsibilityline(简单词的其他意思)①Hisnovelsfollowtraditionallines.~method方法②Thegovernmenttookahardlineonstrikes.方针③whatlineofworkyouarein.行业(本句)他们争论说,如果铁路公司向所有客户收取同样的平均费率,那么能够使用公路运输或其它交通工具的货主将会转移,使剩下的客户来承担铁路正常运作的开销。二、考研语法的实质———破解长难句①考研英语没有明确的语法题②直接体现于close,readingandtranslationpart③大作文中应适当运用长难句(高分项)三、破解方法———对句子进行拆分(分析句子结构)ThistrendbeganduringtheWorldWarII,whenseveralgovernmentscametothisconclusionthatthespecificdemandscannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.有点茫然吧!—1— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365ThistrendbeganduringtheWorldWarII,whenseveralgovernmentscametothisconclusion.仿佛见到了光明?ThistrendbeganduringtheWorldWarII.Hmmm!懂了!!!Thistrendbegan.切!!!当我白吃阿?Henry说:一切所谓的长难句都是纸老虎,都是披着狼皮的羊。扒下它的狼皮,里边儿其实就是只温顺的小绵羊!!!达到这样的境界的话,大家就能第一时间抓住句子的主干,从而提高理解的速度和精度。我们的语法课程就是给予大家扒开狼皮的能力。再看一例:例Humanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimals,andindoingsoensuredtheirsurvival,bytheabilitytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds.Humanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimals,andindoingsoensuredtheirsurvival,[bytheabilitytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds].●句子结构主+谓+宾+and连词+谓+宾+方式状语●重点搭配①adapttosth适应=adaptoneselftosth例Hetriedhardtoadapthimselftothenewconditions.②adaptsth改造例Wecanadaptthisoldhouseforuseasagarage.译文:人类把自己和其他动物区别开来。通过观察和了解周围环境的能力,他们要么适应环境,要么控制环境。并根据自身的需要改造环境。这样做,人类就一代代地生存下来。请看另外一个例子:IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveMergersandAcquisitionswavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomersdemands.●句子结构主+谓+宾(从句)●重点词汇massive①厚实的,大而重的Thetempleissupportedbymassivecolumns.②魁梧的,结实的Hewasstoppedbyamassivepoliceman.③大量的,大规模的Doctorsdiscouragemassivedosesofpainkillers.—2— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)MergersandAcquisitions(经济术语)企业兼并underlievt位于……之下,构成……的基础(导致)例Psychologicalproblemsveryoftenunderlieapparentlyphysicaldisorders.globalizationprocess全球化进程becapableof有能力例Theyarecapableofovercominganydifficulty.译文:我相信大规模并购热潮背后最重要的推动力量与引起全球化进程的推动力量是相同的:运输与沟通成本的下降,贸易和投资壁垒的降低,以及能够满足客户需求具备大规模运作能力的市场。四、语法体系的内容在总结了近二十年的命题思路之后,我们得出了如下一个考研语法的重难点:三三三。三从:名词性从句、形容词性从句、状语从句{三非:分词、不定式、动名词三特殊:省略、比较、倒装→我们语法课程体系:三三得九。这九大点听起来似乎抽象,但大家仔细研读后就会发现,当你再次进行考研英语真题练习时长难句似乎少了许多,逐渐考研从此再无长难句。—3— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365PartⅡ考研英语基本语法一、句子成分的概念句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语/表语、定语、状语和补语。()[]<>例Suchvirtuouscharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidates.划分句子成分:Suchcharacteristicsmakethem<perfectcandidates>.二、简单句及其扩展的介绍:主语+谓语+宾语&主语+系动词+表语★注:其实所有的句子都是在这两个句子结构的基础之上通过重组、叠加变复杂的。派生的五大基本句型:①主+谓Ido.②主+谓+宾Henrymarriedher.③主+谓+直宾+间宾Hegavemeagift.④主+谓+宾+宾补Wefindhimasmartboy.⑤主+系+表Themanseemedtobeill.句子读起来复杂的根本原因:定、状、插、同。1.定语(前置+后置)(1)前置形容词:adecentjob形物代:theircountry现分doing:thechangingworld过分done:anhonoredguest名词:trainstation(2)后置●现在分词短语:①现分+n.theboyplayingthegame②现分+介宾astrangerstaringatme③现分+从句ascholarbelievingthathumanbrainismorecomplicatedthanwhatscientistshavefound.—4— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)●过去分词短语:①过分+nabookpublishedlastweek②过分+介宾thepasserbyrobbedintheintersection.③过分+todo不定式thelawintendedtopreservewildlife.●形容词短语:adj+介宾skillsessentialforfurtherpromotion●介宾短语:prep+nslippersonthefloor●不定式短语:todo+nachancetoenteragooduniversity●不定代词定语后置anythingelse,somethingvital后置定语举例:AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.划分句子成分Acomparison(ofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalf)revealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinition(ofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper).●句子主干主+定+谓语+宾语1+宾语2+定语●重点词汇reveal展现、揭露例Furtherinvestigationrevealedthathewasguilty.constitute①组成,构成Thismoveconstitutesanactofaggression.②任命,选定Thestrikersconstitutedhimtheirspokesman.③设机构,定法律Acommitteewasconstitutedtoinvestigateintothataffair.●重点搭配notsimply/just爥butalso爥译文:对一个半世纪以来的英国地质学出版物进行对比,我们会发现,不但对于研究重要性的重视不断增加,而且一篇可以为人接受的论文所包含的内容的定义也有所变化。—5— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:40068853652.状语修饰vandadj,亦可修饰整个句子。●现在分词短语:①现分+n.Playingthegame,theboydidntnoticehismothercomingin.②现分+介宾Lyinginthebed,thepatientrequiresintensivecare.③现分+从句Believingthathumanbrainismorecomplicatedthanwhatscientistshavefound,thescholarisdeterminedtodomorerelatedresearchesinthisfield.●过去分词短语:①过分+n.Publishedlastweek,thisbookwassoonabestseller.②过分+介宾Robbedintheintersection,thepasserbyfeltataloss.③过分+从句Intendedtopreservewildlife,thelawreceivedgreatwelcome.●副词:advThinkindependentlyandcritically.●介宾短语Onhearingthenews,shecouldnthelpcrying.●不定式短语:todo+nToexplainthistheorywell,heillustrateditintheblackboard.●独立主格(with的复合结构):★是一个“格”,而不是一个“句子”。在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构,而独立主格中,没有真正的主语和谓语动词,但又在逻辑上存在主谓或主表关系。Themeetingbeingover,allofuswenthome.(时间状语)Theconditionbeingfavorable,hemaysucceed.(条件状语)Hewrappedherupwithgreatcare,thenightbeingdarkandfrosty.(原因状语)3.插入语★句子中间插入一个成分。★特点:不充当成分,与句子无结构关系,无连接作用,不表示语气。(删除后句子仍完整,句义无实质变动)★★请大家运用在作文中(高分项)———逗号隔开,(建议)主语之后●形容词(短语)作插入语adj:wonderful,true,excellent,常见词{adj短语:mostimportantofall,strangetosay,sureenough例Strangetosay,hehasntgotmyletteruptonow.Sureenough,heisthemostpromisingcandidate.—6— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)●副词(短语)作插入语常见词:surely,indeed,still,otherwise,certainly,generally,however,personally,honestly,fortunately,luckily,though,perhaps,maybe,besides,exactly,probably,frankly,orrather例Whenhegotthere,hefound,however,thattheweatherwastoobad.Heplayedthecomputergametilllatelastnight,orrather,earlythismorning.●介词(短语)作插入语常见词:infact,inonesopinion,ingeneral,inaword,inotherwords,inafewwords,inconclusion,inbrief,ofcourse,bytheway,asaresult,forexample,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,toonessurprise,tosomeextend,inshort,asamatteroffact例Inbrief,Jobsiswhatiscalledasuccessfulman.●动名词短语作插入语常见词:generallyspeaking,strictlyspeaking,judgingfrom/by爥,talkingof爥,considering爥例Consideringhishealth,wecouldntallowhimtotravelalone.●不定式短语作插入语常见词:tobehonest,tobefrank,tobesure,totellyouthetruth,tomakemattersworse,tostartwith,tobeginwith,tosumupTotellyouthetruth,thisarrangementisonlytemporary.●句子做插入语常见句:Iamsure,Ibelieve,Ithink,Iknow,Isuppose,Ihope,Imafraid,yousee,whatsmore,whatisimportant,thatistosay,asweknow,asIsee,believeitornot例Materials,asweknow,expandandcontractwiththeincreaseanddecreaseoftemperature.4.同位语★一个名词(或句子)A对另一个名词或代词B进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或句子)A就是同位语。其作用是使被修饰词更加具体,使句子正式、多样。(A意思上=B)★去掉同位语不影响句子结构,在阅读文章中大家若遇到难懂的同位语或冗长的同位语可及时跳过,只把握被修饰词即可。★翻译时,一般先译B后译A,可以称“即”、“也就是”“:”。①ABHetoldmethathisbrotherJohnisaworldrenownedphysician.②A,BMr.Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindtous.同位语形式③AorBFinanceorthestudyofcurrencyishighlyregardedinnowadaysChina.④AofBthecityofShanghai,thediseaseofcancer举例:Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.划分句子成分:Theygatherallthedata(theycan),notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsothe—7— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365results(oftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers).●句子结构主+谓+宾+同1+同2●词汇achiever获得成功者译文:他们收集了他们所能收集的一切数据,这些数据不仅包括表现统计数据和传记详细信息,而且也包括了成功者在实验室的实验中取得的成果。三、复合句:所谓简单句就是句子中只有一个独立的谓语动词。与简单句相对立的概念是复合句。复合句说的更直白一些就是通过连词把各个分句连接起来,包括并列复合句和主从复合句。并列复合句是指通过and,or,but等连词连接起来的句子,分句间的关系是平等的。而主从复合句指的是由that,which,how,whether等连接起来的句子,包括定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句。—8— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)PartⅢ重点语法“三三三”一、名词以及名词性从句1.功能与性质(1)名词的语法功能:主语、宾语、表语、同位语(2)各种名词性形式●主语部分的变形:名词-名词词组-动名词-不定式-主语从句名词:Themooncirclestheearth.名词组:Thesubwaystationisaroundthecorner.动名词:Livingasedentarylifetendstocausesubhealth.不定式:Toliveasedentarylifetendstocausesubhealth.主从:Thatpeopleliveasedentarylifetendstocausesubhealth.●宾语部分的变形:名词-名词词组-动名词-不定式-宾语从句名词:Theearthiscircledbythemoon.名词组:Wefindthesubwaystationaroundthecorner.动名词:Subhealthindividualslikelivingasedentarylife.不定式:Subhealthindividualsliketoliveasedentarylife.宾从:Scientistsfindthatasedentarylifetendstocausesubhealth.●表语部分的变形:名词-名词词组-动名词-不定式-表语从句名词:Tomisawriter.名词组:Tomisanovelwriter.动名词:Supermansmissionissavingtheearth.不定式:Supermansmissionistosavetheearth.表从:Supermaniswhatmostpeopleregardasahero.●同位语部分的变形:名词-名词词组-同位语从句(少了doing和todo)名词:MybestfriendisTom,awriter.{名词组:MybestfriendisTom,anovelwriter.同从:NewscamethatmygirlfriendhasbeenenrolledinHarvard.2.动名词与不定式(1)概念:由动词转换而来,可是不能再担当独立的谓语,但是保留部分动词的特征(2)结构:也就说它长什么样:{a、动名词:doingb、不定式:todo(3)动名词做主语—9— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365例Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife.●词汇essential重要:significant<essential<vital例Usingalanguageisnotaneasytask.例Creatinga“EuropeanIdentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.分析:●划分句子结构Creatinga“EuropeanIdentity”(thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinent)isnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.大定语从句中先行词“EuropeanIdentity”,关系代词that作主语。●大定语从句的划分thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditions(whichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinent).→定语从句套定语从句的长难句。小定语从句中先行词thedifferentculturesandtraditions,关系代词which作主语。(小定语翻译)尊重不同文化和传统,将旧大陆编织在一起。●重点词汇identity{身份HisIDcardrevealedhisidentity.特征regional/socialidentityfabric:布料,结构,建筑物(本句意译)●全句翻译:创造一种尊重不同文化和传统并将旧大陆编织在一起的“欧洲特性”绝非易事,需要战略性的选择。(4)不定式做主语Itissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastorfuture.★★考研见到it不是形式主语就是强调句●重点短语①ratherthan而不是、非例I,ratherthanyou,amgoingtoshouldertheblame.②otherthan=except除了例HehasvisitedeverycountryinAsiaotherthanjapan.①orelse否则、要不然例Hurryuporelseyoullbelate.②orrather更确切地说例Shewasverysad,orrather,depressed.(5)动名词做宾语例WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbelievingthatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.—10— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)●重点词汇talented~gifted①vt.欣赏、感受和察觉Iamafraidyouhavenotappreciatedtheurgencyofthematter.(察觉到事情的紧迫)appreciate②★vi.(土地、货币)增值Landwillcontinuetoappreciate.例Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact.●用法介词(of)宾语●重点词汇criminalact=crimeadj.违法的、犯罪的criminal{n.罪犯补充:committhesuicide3.名词性从句:概念:主、宾、表、同位语→从句。由从句来承担相应的成分。(1)主语以及主语从句例Thereasonsareclearnow.例Whyhemurderedhiswifeisclearnow.(句子作主语)●重点词汇n.①谋杀罪②要命事儿Hispianoplayingismurder.murder{vt.谋杀、糟蹋例Butitsobviousthatamajorityofthepresidentsadvisersstilldonttakeglobalwarmingseriously.(见到it不是形式主语就是强调句)●重点搭配globalwarming=greenhouseeffecttakesthseriously主语从句结构:①关系词+从句+谓宾/系表例Thathefinishedwritingtheessayinsuchashorttimesurprisedusall●that做关系连词,句中不充当成分、无实意,不可省略。●谓语动词单数形式例Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformation.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformation.●重点词汇①使生效Inordertovalidatetheagreementbetweenyourselfandyouremployer,youmustbothsignit.validate②证实Computersimulationswillvalidateourconclusion.—11— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365①取决于hingeon=becontingentonThepunctualarrivalofanairplaneiscontingentontheweather.dependon=②依靠relyonWemustrelyonourownefforts译文:这些预测在多大程度上被后续的表现所证实,取决于信息的数量、可靠性和适当性。例Whomwemuststudyforisaquestionofgreatimportance.●who做关系代词,句中充当成分(studyfor的宾语)●★beof+抽象名词=adj(名词的同根形容词)本句中beofimportance=beimportantbeofsignificance=significant,beofvalue=bevaluable,beofnouse=useless,beofbenefit,②It+be+adj+关系连词+从句(形式主语)Itisclear/likely/possible/natural/strangethat爥例Itisnaturalthatapersonwithpooreyesightshouldwearglassesorcontactlens.③It+be+名词短语+关系连词Itisasurprise/anhonor/apity/commonknowledge/nowonderthat爥例Itiscommonknowledgethatweightisapullexertedonanobjectbytheearth.④It+vi+thatItseems/happens/turnsout/occurstomethat爥/Itgoeswithoutsayingthat爥↓↓突然想起不言而喻的是例Itoccurstomethatheusedtoliveabroad.例Itgoeswithoutsayingthatoxygenisthemostactiveelementintheatmosphere.⑤It+be+分词+thatItisreported/believed/known/decided/proved/thought/expected/announced/arrangedthat爥(过分)例Itisofficiallyannouncedthatchinahassuccessfullylaunchedhermannedspaceship.Itisamusing/puzzling/strikingthat爥(现分)例Itisamazingthattherichgirlmarriedabrokepoet.(2)宾语以及宾语从句Hehasmade<clear>thefacts.Hehasmade<clear>whattheyhaddoneyesterday.①动宾从句●大多数及物动词都可以带宾语从句Weallexpect(that)theywillwin,formembersoftheirteamarestronger.●动词短语makesure,makeuponesmind,keep/bearinmindthat爥●find,feel,consider,make,believe等后有宾补时,用it做形宾,宾语从句that后置Ithinkit<necessary>thatwetakeplentyofwatereveryday.②介宾从句Iknownothingaboutmynewneighborexceptthatheusedtoworkwithacompany.—12— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)Wearetalkingaboutwhetherweadmitstudentsintoourclub.★whether与if●“是否”,引导宾语从句位于know,ask,care,wonder,findout等之后,介词后+whether●whether后可以加ornot,if可以●不定式前只+whether例Hedidntdecidewhethertomarryher.●nomatter只+whether“是否”例Nomatterwhetherwestudynaturalorsocialscience,thepurposeofourstudyisfortheserviceofthepeople.③形宾从句具有动词含义的形容词后可接宾语从句常见词:sorry,afraid,sure,certain,glad,happy,satisfied,surprised例IamsorrythatIhavetroubledyousolong.(3)表语以及表语从句Itisaquestion.Thediscussioniswhetherthebookisworthreading.●重点词汇worth+doing主动带被动worthlesspriceless/valuable结构:主+系+连接词+从句常见连接词:that,what,who,when,where,which,why,whether,how,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever,asif,asthough例Thetroubleisthatweareshortoffunds.例Sheseemsasifshehaddoneagreatthing.(4)同位语以及同位语从句Wefoundoutthemurderer,Tom.Wefoundoutthefactthathewaskilled.●重点词汇说话能力speech{演讲deliveraspeech结构:名词+连接词+从句常见先行名词———一般的“抽象”名词都可用:fact,news,idea,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,words(消息),possibility等例HowdidthecheatsexplainthefactthattheEmperordidntfeelthenewclothesinhim?例Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.Scientistsjumpedtotherescue[withsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthat]insectswouldeat—13— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365usupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.●重点搭配jumptosth跳至→匆匆、急着e.g.jumptotheconclusiondistinctly=evidently=obviously明显地①大意是、意思是=withthemeaning例Hemadeadeclarationtotheeffectthathewouldresignshortly.totheeffectthat②以便于=inorderthat例Theystartedearlytotheeffectthattheycouldgettherepunctually.failtodo没能做某事(千万不要译作“失败”)译文:科学家们赶紧营救这个局面,他们用了明前站不住脚的证据,大概意思是:如果鸟类不能制衡昆虫,虫子就会把一起吃光。二、形容词以及形容词性从句1.形容词的语法功能:表语、定语、状语、补语。Sheisbeautiful.(adj做表语)Heisahandsomeboy.(形容词做定语)Heisaboywhoishandsome.(从句做定语)Thegirlstoodthere,fulloffear.(adj短语做状语)Wefindtheexaminationdifficult.(adj做宾补)2.定语从句详解(1)定语从句的构成该从句基本构成是:先行词(被修饰的名词)+关系词(引导词)①关系代(作宾语时一般可省略)例Hereistheman(who/that/whom)youvebeenlookingfor.关系词②关系副例ThisistheplacewhereIcameacrossherlasttime.(2)定语从句的类别从修饰的语义紧密与否的角度可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,其实从结构上来看就是看被修饰的词与后面的引导词之间是不是有一个逗号隔开。例如Hestudieshardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichcontributestohissuccessinlaterlife.●用法which代指主句全部内容(限定性定语从句无此功能)作文词汇:industrious=hardworking(3)相关引导词定语从句的引导词可分为关系代词和关系副词两种a.关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whoseMostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplatesintowhichtheyplugeachdaysevents.●词汇plugn插头v嵌入—14— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)b.关系副词引导的定语从句:when,where,why,whereby例Thedaywhenwestoplearningisthedaywhenwedie.Theday(whenwestoplearning)istheday(whenwedie).例Literatureistheplacewherethepastmeetsthepresenttocontemplatethefuture.Literatureistheplace(wherethepastmeetsthepresenttocontemplatethefuture).●重点词汇contemplate=thinkdeeplyinfuture=fromnowonfuture{inthefuture在将来meet:makebothendsmeet使收支相抵c.as引导的定语从句:as引导限定性定语从句的条件:如所修饰的名词前有such,thesame,as出现,后面的从句将由as引导(不可用that代替as)。例Hellrepeatsuchquestion(asarediscussedinthebook).例Suchastudent(asworkshardwillbesuretosucceed).例Theymadethesamemistake(asotherswouldhavemadeonsuchanoccasion).●onoccasion=occasionallyas引导非限定性定语从句:as引导非限定性定语从句和which相似,往往指代一整句话。不过位置相对来说比较灵活。可以位于句前,句中、或句末(译作:“正如、正像”)。例如Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialrelationships.●重点搭配Asis爥,爥=Itis爥that爥Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,=Itistrueofanydevelopedsocietythat●重点词汇underlievt位于……之下,构成……的基础作文常用句型:Asisshowninthepictures,爥Asisseenfromthechart,爥Asisvividlybetrayedinthecartoonabove,爥●重点词汇背叛Thatmaniscapableofbetrayinghisfriends.betray{显示Herredfacebetrayedhernervousness.cartoon=animation三、副词性从句———状语从句类别:时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式。例Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,[whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoral—15— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365problems],hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.●让步状语从句(先承认后否认)●重点搭配①被指控Hewaschargedwithrobbery.bechargedwith②承担Iwillbechargedwithalllegalresponsibilityofthisauthorization.not爥anybut爥=only仅仅approachtodoing译文:虽然他的成就对于解决道德问题有所贡献,但是我没有考虑他。因为他仅仅承担了这些问题的事实方面的任务。1.时间状语从句常用when,while,as,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas;副词instantly,immediately,directly引导词:时间名词themoment,theminute;固定搭配★nosooner爥than爥,hardly爥when,scarcely爥when.(一……就……)a.连词引导词when,while,untilMenandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.●重点搭配beinfacewith面对sb{befacedwithfacesthbestressedout饱受压力的Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.●重点搭配atonesconvenience在某人方便之时{consumer消费者customer顾客时间状语特殊结构not爥until/notuntil译作:直到……才①句首倒装结构:Notuntil+从句/表时间的词+助动词+(主句)主语+谓语Notuntilafterliberationdidhereturntohishometown.②强调句结构:Itis/wasnotuntil+从句/表时间的词+thatItwasnotuntilafterliberationthathereturnedtohishometown.时间状语练习Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnotuntilthe19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpreelectronicmedium,[followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthecompanyoftheperiodical].—16— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)●重点词汇{dominantadj.占优的,首位的,统治的dominatev.支配,统治Chinawilldominatetheworldinthefuture.following作伴随状语{A,followingBA跟随B,译作“跟随着”A,followedbyBB跟随A,译作“即(B)之后”例Thegirlranintotheclassroom,followedbyherteacher.inthewakeof接着……而来,作为……的结果例Miseryfollowsinthewakeofwar.inthecompanyof与……一起例HewenttoHawaiiinthecompanyofhisfamily.译文:正如之前讨论的那样,直到19世纪,报纸才继宣传册和书籍之后,与期刊杂志一起成为电子媒体前的主流媒体。When引导的状语从句举例:LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe“Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents”.划分句子成分:LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,(whowastheneducationminister),raisedeyebrows[whenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe“Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents”].●句子结构:主+定+谓语+时状●重点搭配raiseeyebrows表疑惑、惊讶,哗然译文:去年,时任教育部长MitsuoSetoyama争辩说二战后由美国占领的当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”b.短语引导词Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.●重点词汇identity(作vt时)①认出、识别Scientistshavenotbeenabletoidentifytheseparticles.②视……为同物Neveridentifywealthwithhappiness③适合做、使参与Herefusedtoidentifyhimselfwiththenewpoliticalparty.例Ihadhardly/scarcelygothomewhenitbegantorain.=Ihadnosoonergothomethanitbegantorain.c.时间名词引导词例Thebabystartscryingtheminuteheseeshisfather.—17— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365●重点搭配①for哭着要例Thelittlebabyiscryingforthetoy.cry②over因……而哭例Johncriedoverhisgrandfathersdeath.2.让步状语从句常用although,though,eventhough,evenif引导词:{nomatter系列nomatterwhat/who/which/when/where=w+ever,as倒装a.though系列:包括所有常用词though,although,eventhough和evenif。例Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,[althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled].●重点词汇panel①壁板(油画板),②小组combat★解决{addressgrapplewith例Thegovernmentcontinuedtograpplewiththeissueofpublictransport.例ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.●重点词汇terminologyintermsoftermintelligencediligencehumanity(单人类,复人文学科)人类{thehumanrace译文:对于人类智力的定义性术语看起来仍然是智商分数,即使智商测试并不像以前那样经常进行。b.nomatter系列例Nomatterwhathappens,hewillnotchangehismind.例Nomatterwhobreaksthelaw,hewillgetpunished.●作文词汇违法violatethelawpenalize=punish例Therefereepenalizedtheteamforitsroughness.例Nomatterhowcomplicatedtheproblemsmayseemtobe,healwaysfindswaystosolvethem.例Howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.—18— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)(3)as倒装表虽然结构:形容词/副词/分词/名词(无冠词)/短语+as+主语+谓语动词(译为:虽然)例Oldassheis,sheoftenbehaveslikeachild.例Tiredashewas,thepostmankeptondeliveringourletterswhichwesomuchlookedforwardto.例MuchasIlikeher,Iwontmarryher.3.条件状语从句常用词if,unless引导词{短语suppose/supposing(that),assuming(that),provided/providing(that),as(so)longasa.if和unlessIfwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?UnlessyournameisGoogle,stopactinglikeyouknoweverything●unless译作“如果不”,★unless后不接否定词b.onlyif和ifonly{onlyif可以看作if的加强版,表示“只有”(就把onlyif=if)ifonly多用于虚拟,表示“要是……该多好”。例Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamilyonlyifheproducesasurplus.而ifonly一般都这样出现:IfonlyIhadanotherchance.Ifonlyonehadanunlimitedsupplyofmoney!c.短语引导词包括suppose/supposing(that),assuming(that),provided/providing(that),as(so)longas等●译为“假如、如果”三个that均可省略例Solongasyouworkhardenough,anironrodcanbegroundintoaneedle.●词汇grindgroundground打磨、折磨例Aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohasten(加速)death.●重点词汇legitimate=legalhasten=accelerate=speedup练习YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingyoudontmindtakingthenighttrain.A.providedB.unlessC.thoughD.until4.原因状语从句介词引导词{连词和复合连词a.介词:Becauseof/Dueto/Owingto(现代英语区别不大,引导状语多放居首)例Duetotheairtrafficcontrol,ourflightwasdelayed.—19— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365●词汇与飞机有关的词汇民航thecivilflight军航militaryaviation空乘人员flightattendant包机charterflightb.连词及复合连词becauseinthatnowthat=since引导词:seeingthatconsideringthat考虑到giventhat考虑到例Criticismandselfcriticismisnecessaryinthatithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.●重点用法inthat只有一个意思“因为、由于”不能引导定语从句,例如Afinalconsiderationistheenvironmentweliveandwork.inwhich/where均可例Theydidthejobverywell,consideringthattheyhadnoexperience.检测题:Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehaviortheywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteractionwithothers.A.beforeB.unlessC.untilD.because●必得分题,考虑主从逻辑关系即可。●individual=person作文中,anindividual,individuals例Evenidenticaltwinsareuniqueasindividuals.5.结果状语从句常用词so爥that,such爥that,sothat引导词{特殊词suchthat,tothedegree/extentthat,tosuchadegree/anextentthat译作:如此以至于例Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthat[controllingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder———kitchenrage].●重点搭配homeappliances家电resultin=leadto例Diplomatsandcrabsarecreatureswhomoveinsuchawaythatitisimpossibletotellwhethertheyarecomingorgoing.●重点词汇diplomat①八面玲珑的人②外交官—20— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)———diplomacy①外交Thenewambassadorishighlyexperiencedininternationaldiplomacy.②交际手段、圆滑Tomshoweddiplomacyinbeingveryhelpfulathomethedayhewantedtousethecar.distinguishAfromB把女人从人群中挑出来tell区别=distinguish{distinguishbetweenAandB把女人和男人区分开来distinguishoneselfas爥作为……而出名Hedistinguishedhimselfasatragicactor.distinguished=outstanding=exceptional卓越的例Violenceincreasestotheextentthatresidentswereafraidtoleavetheirhomes.例Theyhaverepressedtheirtruenaturetosuchadegreethatmanygoinsaneordieofdepression.6.目的状语从句常用词sothat,inorderthat引导词{特殊词lest,forfearthat,on/forthepurposethat,inthehopethat●重点用法sothat不仅能引导结果状语从句,也能引导目的状语从句区别:引导目的状语从句时,从句中常含有may/might,shall/should,will/would,can/could。a.常用词sothat,inorderthat例Whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviorbecamemarkedlydifferent.例Learntosubsistupononlyonejobsothatyoucouldhavetimetofocusonotherthingsthatbringsyourjoy.●重点搭配focusonsb{beconcentratedon例FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway”,sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.●重点用法theoldandinfirm,the+adjandadj,表示一类人:年老体弱者realize/liveonesdream=onesdreamcometrueb.特殊词lest,forfearthat(译作:生怕),on/forthepurposethat,inthehopethatFewofusarepreparedtoadmittobeinghappyforfearthatwewillbethoughtstupid.●重点搭配bepreparedtodo准备做、愿意做例Heboughtanexpensivecoatforagirlinthehopethatshewouldyieldherselftohim.译文:他为一个姑娘买了件昂贵的大衣,希望这姑娘能委身于他。●重点词汇yield—21— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365①产出,结果例Theseappletreesyieldplentyoffruitthisyear.②被迫放弃vt例Hewasforcedtoyieldthecastle.③使屈服yieldoneselftosth例Hedidntyieldhimselftohisrival.①产出例Thesefruittreesyieldedpoorlylastyear.vi②服从,屈服yieldtosb/sth例Wewillneveryieldtoinvaders.③让路产量,收益,利润n{例Thecurrentyieldonmunicipalbondsis10%.7.地点状语从句常见Where引导词{特殊wherever,anywhere,everywhere例Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.例Thecreditcardmaycashmoneywhereverhewishesto.●词汇cashvt兑现例EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.●词汇corporateadj企业的、公司的、法人的~corporationrevival~(v)reviverival敌人8.方式状语从句引导词as,theway,like,asif,asthough。例Worklikeyoudontneedmoney,lovelikeyouveneverbeenhurt,anddancelikenobodyswatching.例DoastheRomansdowheninRome.例Doitthewayyoulike.9.比较状语从句原级as爥as,notas/so爥as比较级more爥than引导词最高级themost+adj+in/of,theadj+est+in/of特殊themore爥themore,AistoBwhatCistoD=AsisAtoB,soisCtoD,(nomorethan,no爥morethan,no爥lessthan等在“三特殊”部分详讲)例如Youseemtoknowmusicaswellasyouknowastronomy.Airistohumanitywhatwateristofish.=Asisairtohumanitysoiswatertofish.—22— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)四、非谓语动词(动名词doing,不定式todo的用法已在本章名词性从句部分详解)1.分词详解(1)分词的类别:doing&done(2)分词的语法功能a.分词做定语:Weareoftenattractedbyenchantingmusic.●作文词汇(人)优雅的、迷人的:gorgeous,charming例Theemphasisondatagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacrossculturalperspectivebroughttoanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Theemphasisondata(gatheredfirsthand),[combinedwithacrossculturalperspectivebroughttoanalysisofculturespastandpresent],makesthisstudy<auniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience>.●重点搭配perspective看法,前景,洞察力putsthinperspective正确对待例Writingforsomepeoplecanbetherapeuticandmayhelpputproblemsinperspective.(对于一些人来说写作可起到治疗作用,有助于正确看待问题)译文:强调收集第一手数据,加上跨文化视角分析过去和现在的文化形态,这就使得这一研究成为一门独特且相当重要的社会科学。b.分词做状语:例Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Henrydevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.●重点搭配感兴趣、热衷于:①beabsorbedin例Igetincreasinglyabsorbedinthisproject.②beengrossedin例Heisdeeplyengrossedincomputerscienceallhislife.2.独立主格结构———实质就是分词的逻辑主语和主句主语不一致了。a.n+分词(经典的独立主格)Therebeingnosubway,wehadtogobackbybus.Theconditionbeingfavorable,hemaysucceed.(表条件)●重点词汇may表祝愿~wish表祝愿{maysb+doMayyoubehappy.MayGodbewithyou.wishsb+nWishyouahappynewyearb.prep+n+分词Acarroaredpast,withsmokepouringfromtheexhaust.—23— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365●亦可理解为with的复合结构作伴随状语vt使筋疲力尽、使枯竭~exhausted筋疲力尽的、枯竭的例Theyfeltquiteexhaustedwhentheyreachedthetopofthemountain.n排气管exhaust例But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbetherightwaytogosincewelldevelopedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobornot.●重点词汇{vocation职业~vocational=professionalvacation假期~无形容词形式●重点搭配makeadifference有成就、起作用译文:但是,对一个小部分学生而言,职业教育可能是一条正确的道路。因为在其他因素相同的情况下,娴熟的技能是找到工作与否的关键。五、特殊结构1.省略a.and省略例ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanada∧inevitableandinCalifornia∧optional.例Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.划分句子成分●重点搭配internationalcommunity国际社会onesimmediatefamily家人~onesrelatives亲戚family{nuclearfamily父母+孩子的小家庭extendedfamily一大家子人(至少3代人)trustworthyandreliable可信赖的b.状语省略Thoughstilldistant,theprospectsforpassingtheexambecomebright.Whenpublished,thenovelwillbecomeoneofthebestsellersoftheyear.Althoughhardworking,hecouldntearnenoughtosupporthimself.2.比较as爥as爥比较结构Therearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians.Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.●重点用法notsomuchAasB=moreBthanA—24— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)译作“与其说是A不如说是B”长难句分析Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe80s,downshiftinginthemid90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife———growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone———asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.划分句子成分主干:downshiftingisnotsomuchasearchasarecognition.●词汇juggle努力应对、玩杂耍downshift(汽车)换低档downshifting低速生活,慢节奏生活riskv.t.①使遭受危险,以……为赌注Thebravemanriskedhislifeintryingtosavethechild.②冒险做+doingIdontthinktheywillriskinvadingthecastle.译文:对于我这一代曾在整个80年代为生活奔波的女人来说,90年代中期的低速生活与其说是我们寻求一种神话般的美好生活———种自己的有机蔬菜,并且冒险与之合为一体———还还不如说是我们认识到自身的局限性。than的比较结构第一组:①over②不仅仅例Bambooisusedmorethanjustbuilding.morethan③very例Inclass,helistensmorethanattentively.④从句中如有can,表否定例Thesecretismorethanwecanletout.lessthan少于第二组:①与其……不如,是……而不是=ratherthan=notsomuch爥as爥例Heismorelikeascholarthanateachermore爥than=Heislikeascholarratherthanateacher.=Heisnotsomuchlikeateacherasascholar.②从句中如有can,表否定例NancyismorepretentiousthanIcantolerate.less爥than不如,不像第三组:nomorethan仅仅,不过,只有例Lincolnswholeschooleducationaddeduptonomorethanoneyear.nolessthan多达,不少于,和……一样例Inthatbattle,wewipedoutnolessthan20,000enemies.第四组:nomore爥than两者一样不(前后都否定)=not爥anymorethan=neithernor—25— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365例MaryisnomorediligentthanNancy.=NeitherMarynorNancyisdiligent.noless爥than至少和……一样例Heisnolessactivethanheusedtobe.长难句分析:Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs———thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.●比较结构第一句:比较内容———对于successanditssigns的兴趣比较时间———nowthanformerly比较结果———兴趣不变第二句:比较内容———对于一系列items的需求比较时间———todaythanadecadeortwoyearsago比较结果———需求不变●搭配Summerhomes避暑别墅indemand受欢迎的、需要的译文:当然,人们现在对成功及其各种标志的兴趣似乎和先前一样。避暑别墅、欧洲旅行、宝马轿车———这些地点、地名以及品牌也许会变,但现在人没对这类事物的需求似乎也不会亚于一二十年前。3.倒装否定词位于句首结构{only位于句首的倒装为强调而构成的倒装a.否定词位于句首AtnotimeandundernocircumstanceswillChinabethefirsttouseormenacetousenuclearweapons.b.only位于句首:adv例Onlyrecently,didweknowhisrealidentity.prep短语例Onlyinthisway,canyoulearnEnglishwell.句首修饰状语倒装+从句例Onlywhenthewarwasoverin1920,washeabletogobacktohishomeland.修饰主语不可倒装例Onlytheteachersareallowedtousetheroom.c.为强调或避免头重脚轻而构成的倒装例AtthecoreofthisdebatewaschairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.●重点词汇takeover接管—26— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)①已故的Shewasanadmirerofthelatepresident.late②前任的ThelatePrimerMinisterisstillquiteactiveinpolitics.例Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.●重点词汇scatter使分散volcanicadj火山的~volcano火山volcanicdust火山灰volcaniceruption火山爆发长难句分析:Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization:fully76percentofJapans119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,twogenerationhouseholds.●结构WithBhascomeA(B导致了A,A随B而来)主句正常语序Centralizationhascomewitheconomicgrowth.●重点搭配extendedfamilyinfavorof赞成,支持;选择infavorwith=bepopularwith译文:经济的发展导致了居住集中化。日本1.19亿人口中足足有76%的人住在城市,在那里社区和几世同堂的大家庭已经被大家遗弃,取之而来的是单门独户的两代人的小家。—27— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365PartⅣ考场实战1~35是语法单选练习题,请同学们在题目完成后学习我们的题目解析课程。1.Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.A.todevelopB.tobedevelopedC.developingD.willdevelop2.Spaceexplorationpromisestoopenupmanynewterritoriesforhumansettlement,aswellastheharvestofmineralresources.A.leadstoB.toleadtoC.leadingtoD.leadto3.Someday,solarpowercollectedbysatellitestheearthorfissionpower(裂变能)manufacturedbymankindmaygiveusalltheenergyweneedforanexpandingcivilization.A.circledB.tocircleC.circlingD.circles4.Inthisexperiment,theyarewakenedseveraltimesduringthenight,andaskedtoreportwhatthey.A.hadjustbeendreamingB.arejustdreamingC.havejustbeendreamingD.hadjustdreamt5.IthetrainbutIoversleptthatmorning.A.couldcatchB.mightcatchC.musthavecaughtD.couldhavecaught6.Somewomenagoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.A.mustmakeB.shouldhavemadeC.wouldmakeD.couldhavemade7.Recentlymanyschoolshavefacedwhatcouldbecalledthecrisisofcomprehensionor,insimpleterms,thephenomenonofstudentswithphonicandgrammarskillsstillunabletounderstandwhattheyread.A.areB.tobeC.beingD.havebeen8.Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelersorotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonewhatlaybeneaththesurface.A.askingB.askC.toaskD.beasked9.Whenapersonisinahappyframeofmind,hemayagreeonthethingthathewonttoleratewhenheisnotintherightframeofmind.A.doingB.todoC.doneD.tobedone10.Theatmosphereisasmuchapartoftheearthasitssoilandthewaterofitslakes,riversandoceans.A.areB.isC.doD.has11.Yousuchalongessay;ourteacheronlyaskedfor200words,andyouhavewritten300!A.mustnthavewrittenB.couldnthavewritten—28— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)C.neednthavewrittenD.mightnotaswellhavewritten12.foraches,painsandfever,aspirinisnowthesubjectofmultipleinvestigationsofitsroleintreatingmanymoreseriouscomplaints.A.LongusedB.BeingusedlongC.HavingbeenlongusedD.Ithaslongbeenused13.InnocountryBritain,ithasbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday.A.betterthanB.morethanC.otherthanD.ratherthan14.ThestudentsweremuchencouragedachancetotalkwiththeAmericansinEnglish.A.togetB.gottenC.tohavegotD.havinggot15.“WhatdoyousuggestIwriteabout,then,tostandachancenextyear?”“Itisntsomuchyouwriteasthewayyouwriteit.”A.what爥thatB.what爥whichC.what爥howD.which爥that16.Whetherornotthenextplanwillyieldanypositiveresultstobeseen.A.remainB.remainsC.isremainedD.haveremained17.Takingmorevitaminthanthebodyneedsdoesnotmakeitfunctionbetter,overfulfillingtheoillampmakesitlightenbetter.A.nomorethanB.anymorethanC.notmorethanD.muchmorethan18.Thenewhotelhaserectedabeautifulbuildingwithrecreationareaandconferencefacilitiesonthetopfloorthefinestviewofthecitycanbeobtained.A.inwhichB.overwhichC.whereD.there19.Weagreetoaccepttheythoughtwasthebesttouristguide.A.whateverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whoever20.Althoughmanypeopleviewconflictasbad,conflictissometimesusefulitforcespeopletotesttherelativemeritsoftheirattitudesandbehaviors.A.bywhichB.sothatC.inthatD.providedthat21.Aknockatthedooragain!Itwasthethirdtimesomeonemethatevening.A.hasinterruptedB.hadinterruptedC.tohaveinterruptedD.wouldhaveinterrupted22.Relaxation,freshair,purewaterandcleanfood,isessentialtoasoundmindandhealthybody.A.muchlessthanB.nolessthanC.nomorethanD.anylessthan23.Itisfarbettertodowellabitofworkwhichiswellalargefortune.A.worthytobedonethanhaveB.worthdoingthantohaveC.worthwhiletodothanhaveD.worthyofdoingthanhave24.isgenerallyaccepted,economicalgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.A.WhatB.ThatC.ItD.As—29— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:400688536525.Onlywhenyouhaveacquiredagoodknowledgeofgrammarwritecorrectly.A.youwillB.youcanC.canyouD.cantyou26.Theyhavedecidedtophysicalpunishmentinalllocalschools.A.putawayB.breakawayfromC.doawaywithD.passaway27.Howmanyofus,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?A.attendedB.attendingC.toattendD.haveattended28.Mystudentsfoundthebook:itprovidedthemwithanabundanceofinformationonthesubject.A.enlighteningB.confusingC.distractingD.amusing29.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.A.makesB.madeC.istomakeD.making30.JackwasabouttoannounceourplanbutI.A.puthimthroughB.turnedhimoutC.cuthimshortD.gavehimup31.Backinthedayswhenpeopletraveledbyhorseandcarriage,KarlBenztheworldwithhisextraordinarythreewheeledmotorvehicle.A.inhibitedB.extinguishedC.quenchedD.stunned32.Humbleitmaybe,theresnoplacelikehome,wherehemaygo.A.althoughB.asC.howD.which33.Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,theatmosphere.A.asitisB.thesameasC.soisD.andsois34.Asaactor,hecanperform,sing,danceandplayseveralkindsofmusicalinstruments.A.flexibleB.versatileC.sophisticatedD.productive35.“duringtheperformanceofthistrick,ladiesandgentleman,domyhandsactuallyleavemyarms.”saidthemagician.A.OntimeB.InnotimeC.AtnotimeD.Attimes36~60题为长难句,请同学们首先划分句子成分,后将译文按翻译要求写在纸上,完成题目后学习我们的长难句解析课程。36.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.37.Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities.38.Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.39.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarthsatmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelymanmade.—30— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)40.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.41.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemoldfashionedtomostEnglishspeakers.42.Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.43.Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.44.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystockmarketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.45.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.46.TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagecouldbe.47.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.48.Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture”———liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.49.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.50.Asaresultthemodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.51.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.52.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.250.5%ofGDP.53.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysicianassistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,”acenturiesoldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects———agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen———permissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.54.Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.55.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess———afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.56.Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaders,whichhelpsexplainwhythe“standardtemplates”ofthenewsroomseemalientomanyreaders.57.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmy—31— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365relativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.58.Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithinbuiltpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmelltelevision,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.59.AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.60.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendationsdiscussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”—32— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)PartⅣ考场实战(解析)1.Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.[Forthesechildrentheirfulladultpotential],theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.A.todevelopB.tobedevelopedC.developingD.willdevelop●重点词汇distinguished=outstanding=exceptional优秀的●重点用法目的状语中的主位关系不用分词,用不定式选A2.Spaceexplorationpromisestoopenupmanynewterritoriesforhumansettlement,aswellastheharvestofmineralresources.A.leadstoB.toleadtoC.leadingtoD.leadto●重点词汇promisen前途,诺言v允诺,有可能promisetodo本题中“有可能”例Itpromisestobefinetomorrow.settlement①定居②结算●重点用法aswellas=prep,+doing选择C3.Someday,solarpowercollectedbysatellitestheearthorfissionpower(裂变能)manufacturedbymankindmaygiveusalltheenergyweneedforanexpandingcivilization.A.circledB.tocircleC.circlingD.circles●重点词汇{someday有朝一日(将)theotherday几天前=afewdaysagosteamdrivenenergy{petroldrivenhydrondriven●考点:现在分词作后置定语选择C4.Inthisexperiment,theyarewakenedseveraltimesduringthenight,andaskedtoreportwhatthey.A.hadjustbeendreamingB.arejustdreamingC.havejustbeendreamingD.hadjustdreamt●考点severaltimes频率状语→完成时例IvebeentoHongKongformanytimes.选择C—33— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:40068853655.IthetrainbutIoversleptthatmorning.A.couldcatchB.mightcatchC.musthavecaughtD.couldhavecaught选择D6.Somewomenagoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.A.mustmakeB.shouldhavemadeC.wouldmakeD.couldhavemade●重点搭配forthesakeof爥为了……起见,看在……的份上forthesakeofGod看在上帝面上{shouldhavedone本应该做,但没做couldhavedone本有可能做,但没做7.Recentlymanyschoolshavefacedwhatcouldbecalledthecrisisofcomprehensionor,insimpleterms,thephenomenonofstudentswithphonicandgrammarskillsstillunabletounderstandwhattheyread.A.areB.tobeC.beingD.havebeen●重点用法of介词的宾语,主动关系选择C8.Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelersorotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonewhatlaybeneaththesurface.A.askingB.askC.toaskD.beasked●重点用法①letalone=conj,用于否定句中,前后一致例Ivenotevenreadthefirstchapter,letalonefinishedthebook.何况、更别提②nottomention用于肯定句,只+n.例Wevetoobusytotakealongholidaythisyear,nottomentionthefactwecantaffordit.选择C9.Whenapersonisinahappyframeofmind,hemayagreeonthethingthathewonttolerate_______whenheisnotintherightframeofmind.A.doingB.todoC.doneD.tobedone●重点用法只+doing,不+todo的词avoid,putoff,postpone,cantshelp,deny,envy,escape,risk,stand(=tolerate)10.Theatmosphereisasmuchapartoftheearthas________itssoilandthewaterofitslakes,riversandoceans.A.areB.isC.doD.has●重点用法as爥as—34— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)AasCasB:A与B一样有C的属性例Thefilmisasinterestingasthatone●考点倒装选择A11.You_______suchalongessay;ourteacheronlyaskedfor200words,andyouhavewritten300!A.mustnthavewrittenB.couldnthavewrittenC.neednthavewrittenD.mightnotaswellhavewritten●重点用法第一组:must①mustnt禁止例Youmustntmixwiththatsortofpeople.②musthavedonecanthavedone不可能做某事例Theymusthavereadthearticle.Theycanthavereadthearticle.第二组:could①couldhavedone过去本能做但没做例Hecouldhavebeenextremelywealthy.②couldnthavedone只表推测(不虚拟)过去不可能做过某事:不可能例Butforyourhelpwecouldnthavesucceededintheexperiment.第三组①shouldnthavedone本不应该做但做了例Youshouldnthavecastreflectionsonyourcolleagues.②neednthavedone本不需要做但做了例Youneednthavecarriedtheseparcelsyourself.①maywell(表推测)有理由认为例HemaywellsetarecordintheOlympicGames.★②may/mightaswell(表建议)不妨例Youmayaswellfollowmyadvice.12._______foraches,painsandfever,aspirinisnowthesubjectofmultipleinvestigationsofitsroleintreatingmanymoreseriouscomplaints.A.LongusedB.BeingusedlongC.LongusingD.Ithaslongbeenused●考点分词作目的状语,找找逻辑主语,被动关系!过去分词选择A13.Innocountry_______Britain,ithasbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday.A.betterthanB.morethanC.otherthanD.ratherthan—35— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365●重点用法句子结构:句首否定的倒装选择C14.Thestudentsweremuchencouraged______achancetotalkwiththeAmericansinEnglish.A.togetB.gottenC.tohavegotD.havinggot●重点用法时态共进退现在时:ThestudentsaremuchencouragedtogetachancetotalkwiththeAmericansinEnglish.过去式:ThestudentsweremuchencouragedtohavegotachancetotalkwiththeAmericansinEnglish.选择C15.“WhatdoyousuggestIwriteabout,then,tostandachancenextyear?”“Itisntsomuch_______youwriteastheway________youwriteit.”A.what爥thatB.what爥whichC.what爥howD.which爥that●重点用法notsomuchAasB=moreBthanA与其说是A不如说是Btheway做先行词,关系词只有三种情况inwhichtheway{×that选择A16.Whetherornotthenextplanwillyieldanypositiveresults_______tobeseen.A.remainB.remainsC.isremainedD.haveremained●重点用法主语从句+单数谓语V选择B17.Takingmorevitaminthanthebodyneedsdoesnotmakeitfunctionbetter,_________overfulfillingtheoillampmakesitlightenbetter.A.nomorethanB.anymorethanC.notmorethanD.muchmorethan●重点用法not爥anymorethan=nomore爥than一样不(前后都否定)选择B18.Thenewhotelhaserectedabeautifulbuildingwithrecreationareaandconferencefacilitiesonthetopfloor_________thefinestviewofthecitycanbeobtained.A.inwhichB.overwhichC.whereD.there●考点定语从句关系词本句中where=fromwhich—36— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)选择C19.Weagreetoaccepttheythoughtwasthebesttouristguide.A.whateverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whoever●考点宾语从句accepttheythoughtwasthebesttouristguide.从句中缺少主语干扰项theythought,就认为是插入语,不影响句子结构。例Ilovewhoeverlovesme.20.Althoughmanypeopleviewconflictasbad,conflictissometimesusefulitforcespeopletotesttherelativemeritsoftheirattitudesandbehaviors.A.bywhich(方式状语)手段B.sothat目的状语C.inthat因为→原因状语D.providedthat条件状语●重点词汇relative相对的,×与……有关{therelativeadvantagerelatively相对地21.Aknockatthedooragain!Itwasthethirdtimesomeonethatmethatevening.A.hasinterruptedB.hadinterruptedC.tohaveinterruptedD.wouldhaveinterrupted选择B22.Relaxation,freshair,purewaterandcleanfood,isessentialtoasoundmindandhealthybody.A.muchlessthanB.nolessthanC.nomorethanD.anylessthan●重点用法nolessthan和……一样请详见讲义中“than的比较”部分●重点词汇sound做形容词①健康的,健全的例Sheissoundinbodyandmind.②完好的,坚固的例Iboughtthissoundhousetheotherday.③合理的,明智的例Iactedonhersoundadvice.④殷实的,扎实的例Hehasasoundknowledgeofscience.选择B23.Itisfarbettertodowellabitofworkwhichiswellalargefortune.A.worthytobedonethanhaveB.worthdoingthantohave—37— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365C.worthwhiletodothanhaveD.worthyofdoingthanhave●重点用法than=conj,前后一致Itisfarbettertodowellabitofworkwhichiswellworthdoingthantohavealargefortune.本句中bettertodothantodo.worth+doing主动带被动worthy,be~ofdoingsthbe~tobedone.worthwhile多用于It形式主语中,Itisworthwhile爥选择B24.isgenerallyaccepted,economicalgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.A.WhatB.ThatC.ItD.As●考点:as引导的非限定性定语从句代替主句25.Onlywhenyouhaveacquiredagoodknowledgeofgrammarwritecorrectly.A.youwillB.youcanC.canyouD.cantyou考点:Only位于句首引导时间状语的倒装●重点搭配goodcommandofEnglish26.Theyhavedecidedtophysicalpunishmentinalllocalschools.A.putawayB.breakawayfromC.doawaywithD.passaway●重点搭配putaway①收好Theworkersputawaythetoolsbeforetheyleavetheworkshop.②储存Youshouldputawaysomemoneyforthefuture.③放弃Itstimetoputawaythosefoolishideas.breakawayfrom摆脱例Itisofsignificanceforustobreakawayfromtheoldtraditionalideas.doawaywith①废除、去除Thecountryistryingtodoawaywiththedeathpenalty.②杀掉Thekidnapperwastoofurioustodoawaywiththeinnocentvictim.passaway人去世,时间消逝非及物短语—38— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)选择C27.Howmanyofus,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?A.attendedB.attendingC.toattendD.haveattended●考点say(例如,比如说)当做插入语分词作定语,分析主谓关系主动或被动●重点词汇irrelevant~relevant=relatedrelative选择B28.Mystudentsfoundthebook:itprovidedthemwithanabundanceofinformationonthesubject.A.enlighteningB.confusingC.distractingD.amusing●重点词汇enlightening令人启发的enlighten①启发(~shedsomelighton阐述、解释)Canyouenlightenmeonthisissue?②教导、教育Radioshouldenlightenlistenersaswellasentertainthem.diatract①使分心Nothingcandistracthimfromdoingtheexperiment.②使苦恼LosinghervaluableringdistractedNancyalot.●重点搭配anabundanceof大量的,充足的例Alaskahasanabundanceofnaturalresources.选择A29.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.A.makesB.madeC.istomakeD.making●考点独立主格each与make逻辑关系为主动译文:文章以两篇新闻报道的描写来开始和结束,每篇报都描述了与另一篇不同的主要问题。选择D30.JackwasabouttoannounceourplanbutI.A.puthimthroughB.turnedhimout—39— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365C.cuthimshortD.gavehimup●重点搭配beabouttodosth①+when正打算做某事这时……Iwasabouttogiveupwhenthegoodnewscameallofasudden.②即将Mybookisabouttobepublished.putthrough①接通电话HeaskedtobeputthroughtoCharleyLunn.②完成Atlastwesuccessfullyputthroughthebusinessdeal.③使某人遭受Herfirsthusbandputherthroughhell.turnout①结果是Theseminarturnedouttobeverysuccessful.②出席=appearTensofthousandsofpeopleturnedoutinthestreetstoprotestagainsttaxhikesandspendingcuts.③把某人(从久居地)赶走turnsboutItwaspreviouslyasmallmonasterybuttheauthoritiesturnedallthemonksout.turnsbdown拒绝例Hedidnthavethehearttoturndowntheirrequest.havetheheartto忍心(用于疑否句)cutshort①缩短Hehadtocuthistripshort.②打断Excuseme,butIllhavetocutyoushort.givesbup放弃,离开,对某人不抱希望选择C31.Backinthedayswhenpeopletraveledbyhorseandcarriage,KarlBenztheworldwithhisextraordinarythreewheeledmotorvehicle.A.inhibitedB.extinguishedC.quenchedD.stunned●重点词汇inhibit①抑制、约束Wineorsugarydrinksinhibitdigestion.②禁止Itcouldinhibitthepoorfromgettingthemedicalcaretheyneed.—40— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)quench①熄灭(压制)Thefirewasquenchedwithabucketofwater.Distantwatercannotquenchafirenearby.②止渴(+with)Hequenchedhisthirstwithaglassofwater.stun①使吃惊WhentheytoldmeshehadgonemissingIwastotallystunned②使昏迷Thesnakeusesitsvenomtostunorparalyzeitsvictims.选择D32.Humbleitmaybe,theresnoplacelikehome,wherehemaygo.A.althoughB.asC.howD.which●考点as的倒装结构,表虽然●重点词汇humble①谦逊的Manycelebritiesaresurprisinglyhumble.②身份低微的Heisofhumblebirth.③物简陋的Heisratherunaccustomedtohumblelivingconditions选择B33.Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,theatmosphere.A.asitisB.thesameasC.soisD.andsois●考点正像两个词组AsisAtoB,soisCtoD.=AistoBwhatCistoD.省略形式:as爥sois爥选择C34.Asaactor,hecanperform,sing,danceandplayseveralkindsofmusicalinstruments.A.flexibleB.versatileC.sophisticatedD.productive●重点词汇versatile=wellrounded多才多艺的例Versatileactorscanplayallkindsofroles.sophisticated—41— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365①老练的、老于世故的Thesepeopleareverysophisticatedobserversoftheforeignpolicyscene②时髦的、见过世面的Recentlyhertasteshavebecomeincreasinglysophisticated.③精密的,复杂的Honeybeesuseoneofthemostsophisticatedcommunicationsystemsofanyinsect.productive与versatile区别选择B35.“duringtheperformanceofthistrick,ladiesandgentleman,domyhandsactuallyleavemyarms.”saidthemagician.A.OntimeB.InnotimeC.AtnotimeD.Attimes●搭配ontime按时innotime立刻,马上atnotime绝不=undernocircumstanceattimes有时=sometimes●考点句首否定引起的倒装译文:“女士们,先生们,在魔术表演的过程中,我的双手绝对不会离开胳膊”这位魔术师说。”选择C36.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.划分句子成分massmediumwasthechurch●重点搭配masscommunication大众传媒sbof让某人想起某事例ThestoryremindsmeofanexperienceIoncehad.remindsbtodo提醒某人做某事例Dontforgettoremindmetopaytherent.remind+sb+that+that间接宾语+直接宾语+直接宾语●词汇literacy识字,非文盲,基础教育worshipper参拜者、崇拜者译文:在西方,大众传媒和基础教育出现之前,最强势的大众媒介就是教会,教会提醒信徒他们的灵魂处于危险之中,有朝一日他们将成为蠕虫的饵料。37.Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities.划分句子成分societyisreclassifying爥as爥宾+宾补●重点词汇akin—42— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)①同类的,近似的Myfriendsfeelingsareakintomine.②有血亲关系的Heisnearakintous.译文:在科学或所谓的科学的推动下,社会正重新归类曾被视为性格缺陷或道德缺失的事情,把他们当作类似于身体残疾的性格失调。38.Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.●重点搭配not爥anymorethat=nomorethan{codeofconduct行为准则codeofethics道德准则●重点词汇govern①统治,管理Citizensareverythankfultheyarenotgovernedbyatyrant.②决定,影响Theneedformoneygovernshisbehavior.③控制情感Trytogovernyourtemper.译文:但是,他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德规范,就象不能期望商人将其精力专注于商业中行为准则的探索一样。39.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarthsatmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelymanmade.划分句子成分Thelatestwasapanel,totell补语●重点词汇panel专家小组例Thecompetitionwasjudgedbyapanelofexperts.enlistvt①招募,征(兵)Wemustenlistmoremen.②谋取支持,获得帮助Ihadtocutdownatreeandenlistthehelpofsevenneighbourstogetitoutofthegarden!译文:最近有一个来自国家科学院的专家小组,他们由白宫组织。专家小组告诉我们地球大气明显变暖,而且这个问题主要是人为的。40.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.划分句子成分主句+分词伴状+分词伴状译文:多数人似乎在晚间入睡初期做更多不好的梦,在快睡醒前梦会逐渐变得开心,这表明他们—43— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365正在努力排解白天累积的负面情绪。41.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemoldfashionedtomostEnglishspeakers.句子结构while(conj)连接的并列结构●重点搭配alarge/goodchunkof相当大的(数量、部分)例Hespentagoodchunkofthe90daysonstrategyandplanningfortheAsiaPacificregion.●重点词汇elaborate①精心制作的、详尽的Theymadeelaboratecostumesfortheplay.②辛勤的、费心思的adjShemadeanelaboratestudyofShakespearesworks.③复杂的Inthecellsoflivingsystemstherearemanyelaboratechemicalreactions.①精心制作,详尽计划,进一步完善Ifyouelaborateaplanortheory,youdevelopitbymakingitmorecomplicatedandmorevteffective.②详尽阐述,发挥Someofthesepointswillbeelaboratedinthefollowingchapter.vi详细说明、详尽阐述(+on/upon+sth)例Thespokesmandeclinedtoelaborateonastatementreleasedlateyesterday译文:俄罗斯人深爱自己的语言,并在脑海中存有大量诗歌;而意大利的政客们往往发表繁琐的演讲,而这对于大多数讲英语的人来说似乎是过时的。43.Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.●重点搭配educatedindividual有教养的人,受过良好教育的人●重点词汇institution①机构、公共团体②制度、习俗Theinstitutionofslaverywasoncewidespread.③成立、设立Institutionofsuchschoolswasgearedtotheseneeds.(begearedto适应于)合法的legal=legitimatepreserven—44— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)蜜饯peachpreserves{保护区wildlifepreserve包揽的事Footballisnolongerthepreserveofmen.译文:传统上,在这样的机构,学习法律被视为律师的专门事情,而不是一个受过良好教育的人所必须具备的知识储备。43.Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.划分句子成分主干:theidearestsonanunderstanding.●重点词汇profound(各种深)①深深的、深刻的Herparentsdivorcehadaprofoundeffectonherlife.②深奥的、渊博的Thisisabookfullofprofoundandoriginalinsights.③深处的Strangecreaturesliveintheprofounddepthoftheocean.established既定的、确立的convention①习俗、惯例Itsjustasocialconventionthatmendontwearskirts②公约、协定Thetwocountriesarereportedtohaveconcludedamilitaryconvention.③会议、大会Howmanydelegateshavecheckedinattheconvention?译文:但是,新闻记者对于法律的理解应该比普通公民更加深刻,这个观点建立在理解新闻媒体的既定规范和特殊责任的基础之上。44.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystockmarketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.划分句子成分●词汇swing(方向转变)v①摇晃Thelampswunginthebreeze.(vi)Shewasswingingabottleofwinebyitsneck(vt)②转身(vi+round)Heswungaroundandshoutedatme.③急转弯,突然转向Joannaswungbackontothemainapproachandheadedfortheairport.(vi)Thetiresdugintothegritasheswungthecarofftheroad.(vt)n摆动,秋千,振幅,涨落—45— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365boom①发轰隆声Thebiggunsboomedinthedistance.②(使)兴旺Businessboomedafterthedepression.Foreigninvestmentsboomedthecity.babyboom~babyboomer译文:许多消费者似乎一直受股票市场波动的影响,投资者现在把这种波动视为持续繁荣的必备因素。45.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.划分句子成分●重点词汇vulnerable①脆弱的、易受伤害的Oldpeopleareparticularlyvulnerablemembersofoursociety.Womenaremorevulnerabletodomesticviolence.②易得病的、易受感染的Peoplewithhighbloodpressureareespeciallyvulnerabletodiabetes③易受影响的Theirtankswouldbevulnerabletoairattack.●重点搭配thinkindependentlyandcritically例Americaneducationcultivatesstudentstothinkindependentlyandcritically.译文:鼓励孩子们摒弃精神生活使得他们容易被人利用和控制。不能批判性的思考,不能捍卫自己的思想并理解他人的想法,孩子们就不能充分地参与我们的民主中。46.TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagecouldbe.划分句子成分●重点词汇assume①假定,(想当然地)认为Ifthepackageiswrappedwell,weassumethecontentsarealsowonderful.②承担(责任),获得(权利)MrCrosswillassumetheroleofChiefExecutivewithateamoffourdirectors.③装出Heassumedalookofsurprise.④呈现、显露Hisillnessassumedaverygravecharacter.—46— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)译文:希腊人认为语言结构与思维过程间有某种联系,这种观点在人们认识到语言差异性之前就早早的在欧洲扎根了。47.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.划分句子成分主干:animalresearchseems●搭配atbest至多,最好情况下atworst至少,最坏情况下例Hopeforthebestandpreparefortheworst.译文:一些人不清楚获得这些治疗方法,以及新疗法和疫苗需要进行动物研究。对于这些人来说,动物研究说好听是浪费,说不好听是残忍。49.Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture”———liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.划分句子成分主干conceptisanabstractconcept●词汇anthropology~anthropologicalconcrete{adj具体的Haveyougotanyconcreteproposals?n混凝土Thesebuildingsaremadeofconcreteandsteel.discrete抽象的、离散的译文:因此,人类学中“文化”的概念像数学中“集”的概念一样,是一个抽象概念,它使得大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。49.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.划分句子成分主干humormust爥andshould+间宾+直宾+直宾●重点搭配beinsympathywith①同情Weareindeepsympathywithhismisfortune.②赞成、认同Weareinsympathywithhisplanandarrangement.③与……相一致Pricesarelowinsympathywiththegeneraldepression.译文:你的幽默必须与听众有关,应有助于向他们显示你是他们中的一员,或者你理解他们的处境并认同他们的观点。50.Asaresultthemodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.划分句子成分●搭配bepopulatedby/with充斥着,住着—47— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365athickly(densely)populatedcitylaborsavingmachinery节省劳力的机器●词汇gizmo小发明、小玩意儿intelligence~diligence译文:因此,现代世界已经越来越充斥着智能设备,我们几乎没有注意到他们,但是它们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳动。51.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.划分句子成分主干Strengtheningeconomicgrowthcouldpushtheprice●词汇gripvt①握,咬,夹Shegrippedmyhandinfear.②控制,掌握,抓住Theentirecommunityhasbeengrippedbyfear.hemisphere半球thelefthemisphereofthebrain●重点搭配intheshortterm/run→inthelongterm/run例Themostimportantaspectoftherevolutioninsociallifeinthelongrunwasthechangeinthestatusofwomen.译文:在冬季来临北半球之际,强劲的经济增长能在短期将价格推高。52.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.250.5%ofGDP.划分句子成分主干TheOECDestimatesthat爥●词汇average(不熟悉的意思)vt平均达到,平均做到Heaveragedninehoursworkaday.adj普通的、中等的、一般的Theaverageadultmanburns1,500to2,000caloriesperdaybilln①账单(水、电、煤气费)Theycouldntaffordtopaythebills②钞票USdollarbills③议案ThisisthetoughestcrimebillthatCongresshaspassedinadecade.—48— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)bill→congress→law译文:国际经济合作组织在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计,如果油价持续一年均价在22美元,与1998年的13美元一桶相比,这将推动发达国家的石油进口支出增加GDP的0.25%至0.5%。53.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysicianassistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,”acenturiesoldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects———agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen———permissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.划分句子成分主干:theCourtsupportedtheprinciple●词汇rulevt①统治、支配Thequeenruledhercountryfor20years.②裁决、裁定Thecourtruledthatlawspassedbytheassemblyremainedvalid.ruleout排除、否决例ThePrimeMinisterhasruledoutcutsinchildbenefitorpensionspermissible可允许的ReligiouspracticesarepermissibleundertheConstitution.译文:尽管其裁定,宪法没有给予医生辅助病人自杀的权利,但法庭实际上支持了医疗界的“双效”原则,这种存在了几百年的道德原则认为,任何行为都具有双重效果———一个是希望得到的好效果,一个是可以预见的坏效果———如果行为实施者只想达到好的效果,这个行为就是可允许的。54.Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.划分句子成分结构:主句+原状从+原状从译文:行为科学一直发展缓慢,部分是因为解释依据似乎往往是直接观察到的,部分是因为其他方式的解释一直难以找到。55.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess———afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.划分句子成分结构:伴随状语+主句+对主句解释说明●重点词汇commerce~commercial~commercialize~commercializationaccess入口、进入、接近例DoyouhaveaccesstotheInternetinyourdormitory?译文:随着网络的日趋商业化,普及上网是符合商业利益的———毕竟,上网人越多,潜在的客户就越多。56.Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaders,whichhelpsexplainwhythe“standardtemplates”ofthenewsroomseemalientomanyreaders.划分句子成分结构:主句+非限定性定从●重点词汇alien—49— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365①外国的、外国人的、外国侨胞的Hesaidtheywereopposedtothepresenceofalienforcesintheregion.(forcesn军队)②陌生的、不相容的、格格不入的(+to/from)Herbehaviorisalientoourethicalvalues.译文:新闻记者和读者之间存在社会和文化方面的脱节,这有助于解释为什么新闻编辑室的“标准模式”似乎与许多读者的兴趣格格不入。57.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.划分句子成分主句:Alateralmovepromptedme.●词汇lateral横向的、侧面的例Professorestimatedthelateralmovementofthebridgetobebetweenfourandsixinchesdisgraced丢脸的、失宠的●重点搭配highprofile=highkey高调的、高姿态的lowprofile=lowkey低调的、低姿态的例Theweddingwillbeaverylowkeyaffairinthemannerof以爥方式译文:一次平级调动伤了我的自尊心并阻断了我的事业发展,这促使我放弃自己相对高调的职业,就像出丑的政府部长那样,我借口“我想花更多的时间与家人呆在一起”来掩饰我的辞职。58.Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithinbuiltpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmelltelevision,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.划分句子成分四个简单句译文:儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩偶玩耍,装有内置个性程序的电脑将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,那时数字化时代就来临了。59.AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.●重点搭配elevateproductivity●词汇envyn①羡慕、嫉妒Hesaidsooutofenvy.②羡慕的对象、嫉妒的对象Histalentistheenvyofhiscolleagues.译文:漫无目标已经不是战后日本的特色了,日本的生产率和社会的和谐程度是美国与欧洲所羡慕的。—50— 考研英语语法精讲及难点突破(英语二)60.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendationsdiscussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”划分句子成分结构:状语+主句(宾从,同从"形式主语)●词汇preface①序言、引言Hehaswrittenafineprefacetotheplay.②开端、前奏(+to)Theaccidentwastheprefacetoagreatscientificdiscoveryconsensus共识例Thequestionofwhenthetroopsshouldleavewouldbedecidedbyconsensus.基因构成:{DNAprogramminggeneticmakeup例OnespersonalityispartlycontingentonhisDNAprogramming/geneticmakeup.译文:在5月17日会议上讨论的建议序言草案中,Shapiro表示,专家小组已达成广泛的共识,认为“试图利用成人细胞核克隆婴儿在道德上是不可接受的”。—51—