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2014考研英语语法高分特训

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考研英语语法高分特训第一部分代词一、代词的类型二、人称代词1.功能2.列表数单数复数人称主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyouhehim第三人称shehertheythemitit3.人称代词并列使用时的排序问题1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:4.真题重现Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder———kitchenrage.(2001年第75题)三、物主代词1.功能2.列表人称和数形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词第一人称mymine第二人称youryours单数hishis第三人称herhersitsits第一人称ourours复第二人称youryours数第三人称theirtheirs3.双重所有格4.真题重现Furthermoreitisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficien—1— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365cyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.(2000年第72题)三、相互代词(eachother与oneanother)的区别真题重现:1.Language,culture,andpersonalitymaybeconsideredindependentlyofeachotherinthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.(1996年第31题)2.InEurope,aselsewhere,multimediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.(2005年第47题)四、反身代词1.功能2.列表数单数复数人称第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselveshimself第三人称herselfthemselvesitself3.固定短语byoneself表示“”Willthedogbesafeleftinthecarbyitself?foroneself表示“”Beitrightorwrong,youhavearighttojudgeforyourself.inoneself表示“”Simplicityisinitselfaformofbeauty.ofoneself表示“”Shewon’tgiveupofherself.Theaccidentdidnothappenofitself.tooneself表示“”Tomkeepshimselftohimself.4.真题重现1)Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.(1994年第73题)2)Accordingtoonebelief,iftruthistobeknown,itwillmakeitselfapparent,soonehadbetterwaitinsteadofsearchingforit.(2001年第3题)—2— 考研英语语法高分特训五、不定代词固定短语1.countformuch/little/nothing“”Hisdiscoverycountsfornothingthoughhetriedveryhard.2.anythingbut“”Toanythingbutthearchitect’seye,thehouseischeapandugly.SchoolsareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.3.allbut“”Thatnight,herheartallbutstopped.Accesstoconfidentialdocumentsisdeniedtoallbutafew.4.noneotherthan“”Themanoverthereisnoneotherthanourprincipal.5.likeanything“”Themanrandownthestreetlikeanything.6.ifanything“”Herfamily,ifanything,wasricherthanmine.7.foranything“”Wewon’taccepttheconditionsforanything.8.beanythingofa/an+n.“”Heisn’tanythingofamusician.9.beas...asanything...“”Hepretendstobeasmodestasanything.10.nexttonothing“”Sheknewnexttonothingaboutthesecret.11.benothingifnot“”Heisnothingifnotoptimistic.12.havenothingonsb.“”JohnhadnothingonHenryinmaths.13.nothinglike“”Thereisnothingliketakingawalkasameansofkeepingfit.14.orsomething“”Heisapainterorsomething.15.makesomethingof“”Hewassuretomakesomethingoftheexperiment.16.none/nootherthan“”Themanhemetwasnoneotherthanhisfather.Herereadthepaperwithnootherpurposethantopassthetime.17.otherthan“”SheneverdiscusseditwithanyoneotherthanDick.18.amongotherthings“”—3— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365Theydiscussed,amongotherthings,thefamilyproblem.19.some(或somebody等)+单数名词+orother表示“”somewhereorother“”somewhereorother“”Themanlivinginsomeroomorotherupstairswillmeetyousometimeorothertotellyousomethingorother.六、易混淆代词辨析1.some和any2.few,afew,little,alittle3.each和every4.other,theother,another,others和theothers5.it,one,ones,theone,theones,that,those用法区分6.anyone/anyone7.noone和none真题重现1.Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.(1995年第73题)2.Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentselfaccelerating.(1996年第71题)七、it的用法真题重现1.Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.(2007年第49题)2.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.(2011年Text2)3.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolutionspeededup,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleadingonthroughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpicturesintothe20thcenturyworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.(2002年UseofEnglish)4.Theideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutsidethemusicatthemomentitisplayedandenjoysitalmostasmuchasthecomposeratthemomenthecomposes.(2000年第19题)5.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstressfree,happinessenhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience.(2011年Text4)—4— 考研英语语法高分特训第二部分数词一、分数的表达(注意在英语二写作A部分中的应用)1.使用两类数词2.用percent等表示3.用part表示4.用两类数词与介词的搭配使用二、倍数的表示法1.英语中的倍数既可以表示增加,也可以表示减少1)通常说“增加了……倍”,不包括基数,即纯增加。若说“增加到……倍”或“是原来的……倍”,则包括基数Themachineimprovestheworkingconditionsandraisesefficiencyfourtimes.2)汉语中表示减少一般不用倍数表述,而用“减少到……”,“是原来的……”或“减少了……”Productioncostshavedroppedfourtimes.2.英语中“2倍、3倍”的表示法2倍常用表示(但不可用twotimes),译为。3倍常用表示,译为。4倍常用表示,译为。三、倍数比较的表示法1.Xtimes+as+adj./adv.原级+as这个句型译为:。例如:RoomAistwiceaswideasRoomB.2.Xtimes+adj./adv.比较级+thanThecarrunstwentypercentfasterthanthemotor.Thecottonoutputwasfourtimesgreaterthanthatof1996.AistwicelessthanB.3.Xtimes+thewidth/length/breadth/level/value+of这个句型表示。例如:Thelakeistwicethewidthofthatlake.Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.4.(half)asmuch(many,large)againas这个句型表示。比较:halfasmany(或much)as{halfasmany(或much)againasasmany(或much)againas—5— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365Ihavehalfasmanybooksasshehas.MaryhashalfasmuchmoneyagainasJohn.Sheishalfasoldagainasyou.Ihaveasmuchwineagainasyou.四、倍数增减的表示法by表示增加或减少的净数,不包括底数,常可省略。to表示增加、减少、降低到什么程度,一般包括底数在内。例如:五、“多”的表示方法1.修饰可数名词2.修饰不可数名词3.修饰可数名词或不可数名词六、another,other,more修饰数词的用法七、数词构成的惯用语tentoonesixesandsevenstwosandthreesgofiftyfiftysixofoneandhalfadozenoftheotherninetynineoutofahundredShehasbeenrunningtwobyfourshops.Tentoonetheplanewillbelate.Everythinginthehouseisatsixesandsevens.Hewasatsixesandsevensaboutwhattosay.Theycameintotheroombyonesandtwos.Peoplearetakingawalkonthesquareintwosandthrees.Theyenteredthehallbytwos.A:Willhehelpyou?B:Ahundredtoone.Shechangedhermindattheeleventhhour.It’sonlyaninedays’wonder.TheteachergaveJohntenoutoftenforthecomposition.其他如:intwominds,intwentyminds,talktwenty(或forty)tothedozen,talknineteentothedozen。八、真题重现1.Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,for—6— 考研英语语法高分特训whattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.(1998年71题)2.TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.(1998年72题)3.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.(2000Text1)4.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.(2003Text3)5.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70yearoldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.—7— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365第三部分形容词和副词一、形容词的分类———按句法功能{Hefeltfaintforlackofenoughrest.()Hehadaveryfainthopeofsuccess.(){Herlatehusbandisascientist.()Shewaslateforthemeeting.(){Heisaveryindifferenttennisplayer.()Heisveryindifferenttowhatotherssayabouthim.(){Shehadaparticularreasonforgivinguptheplan.()Shewasveryparticularaboutdressing.(){Theplaneisduetoarriveatfiveo’clock.()Hehandledthematterwithduecareandattention.(){I’mgladtogowithyou.()Thisisagladdayforus.(){I’msorrytohavesaidit.()Whatasorrysituation!(){Herfuturelooksgolden.()thegoldensunshine()二、形容词和副词的比较等级的构成1.规则变化2.不规则变化3.用原级表示4.没有比较等级三、比较等级的用法1.两者比较两者相比,甲=乙,用“as+原级+as”当as...as中间有名词时采用以下格式。as+形容词+a+单数名词+asas+many/much+复数名词+as例:Icancarrypaperasmuchasyoucan.两者相比,甲<乙,用“notas/so+原级+as”两者相比,甲>乙,用“比较级+than”2.三者或三者以上相比三者或三者以上相比,用最高级。注意:形容词最高级前一定要加定冠词the,副词最高级前定冠词the可省略。形式为:—8— 考研英语语法高分特训1)the+最高级+单数名词或one+of(in短语)/that从句(仅限于形容词)Itisthemostinterestingoneofallbooks.Itisthemostinterestingbookinthebookstore.ItisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveseen.Heworks(the)hardestofall/inourclass.2)the+least+原级+(单数名词或one)+of(in短语)/that从句(仅限于形容词)Heistheleastcleverboyinhisclass.3)比较级+thananyother+单数名词BeijingislargerthananyothercityinChina.3.倍数比较的表示四、有关比较级的特殊句型1.notsomuchAasB和moreAthanB①notsomuchAasB是部分否定结构,意为“”②moreAthanB为部分否定结构,意为“”。Jamesisnotsomuchawriterasareporter.Theoceansdonotsomuchdividetheworldasuniteit.Sheismoreshythanunsocial.2.morethan和more...than①morethan的用法很多,后可接名词、动词、形容词、过去分词和从句等,具有多层含义ItismorethanIcantell.Whatwearedoingtodayismorethandonatingsomemoney.Theiractionwasmorethanjustified.Thismorethansatisfiedme.Hemorethanhesitatedtopromisethat.Sheismorethanpretty.Youaremorethanwelcome!Imorethansawit,Itouchedittoo!Heismorethanunfair.Heismean.②more...than在下列句子中,表示“”。Jackismorehonestthansilly.Heismoreafoolthanaknave.Hewasmoreamusedthanangry.3.nothinglessthan的含义nothinglessthan与littlelessthan和nolessthan同义,意为“”“”That’snothinglessthankidnapping!That’snothinglessthansheerfabrication.4.notsomuch...as,not...somuchas和notsomuchas1)前两个词意为“”或“”。more...than,better...than,rather...than,not...but也都可以表达这个意思。—9— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:40068853652)notsomuchas意为“”。noteven,withouteven,neversomuchas,withoutsomuchas也都是这个意思。五、真题重现1.Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtool.(1994年71题)2.Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.(1999年71题)3.TelevisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyedandperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.(2005年46题)4.Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworks,nolessthan50%tookalossin1989.(2005年48题)5.Itwasn’tsomuchthatIdislikedherasIjustwasn’tinterestedinthewholebusiness.6.Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.7.Theymayteachverywell,andmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.8.Heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.—10— 考研英语语法高分特训第四部分动词的分类动词在句中充当重要的成分,句子的结构都由动词的特性来定。动词可以按照含义以及它们在句中的作用分成四类,即行为动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。同时,也可以按照下列几种方式动词进行分类。及物动词buy,find,send根据动词后是否带有宾语不及物动词happen,last,sit延续性动词live,sit,sleep,wait根据动词的动作能否持续非延续性动词become,begin,stop根据动词的动作发生有无明显的动作动态动词smile,walk,write特征静态动词sit,sleep,stand谓语动词begins,gone,wrote根据动词在句中充当的成分非谓语动词beingbuilt,tohelp,written一、及物动词和不及物动词在主动语态中后面必须接宾语Ireadnewspaperseveryday.有被动结构形式Anewroadwillbebuiltthere.及物动词后面不能直接接介词,但可接Chinahassentupanothermanmade副词satellite.(up为副词)后面不能直接跟宾语Suchanaccidentwillneverhappen.不及物无被动结构形式GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.动词后接介词之后可以跟宾语,但后Pleasecomewithme.(with为介词)接副词之后不能再跟宾语Pleasestandup.(up为副词)二、延续性动词和非延续性动词1.延续性动词表示的动作能够延伸,并且可以产生持久影响。表示状态的动词和部分表示动作行为的动词属延续性动词。2.非延续性动词也称为短暂性动词或瞬间动词,即它们的动作刚开始就结束了,不能持续。一般表示变化、结果、开始、结束等意义的行为动词属这一类。三、动态动词和静态动词1.动态动词是表示运动状态的动词,如:arrive,change,jump,knock,listen,read,run,walk等。—11— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365Shejumpedtoherfeetandranoutofthedoor.Hewrotealettertome.2.静态动词是表示相对静止状态的动词。表示存在、感觉、心理和情感的动词属于静态动词,如:belongto,exist,dependon,feel,remember,understand等。该类词很少用于进行时态。Thepotfeelshot.这壶摸着是热的。Weregretmakingfriendswithyou.我们后悔跟你交了朋友。四、谓语动词和非谓语动词1.谓语动词指在句中充当,并且。MissMaryteachesusEnglish.玛丽喜欢流行音乐。Larkelikesthepopmusic.拉克喜欢流行音乐。2.非谓语动词指在句中充当,包括。Ihavealotofworktodo.Seeingonthetower,Icanseethewholetown.Seenfromthetower,thetownlooksbeautiful.五、行为动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词1.行为动词(NotionalVerb):表示动作的动词Thepeopleoftheworldlovepeace.Thesunrisesfromtheeast.2.系动词(LinkVerb):无动作意义,连接主语和表语。John’sfatherisafootballcoach.Youlookverysmarttoday.Thisinkbecomesblackwhenitdries.3.助动词(AuxiliaryVerb):无实际意义,只在句中起语法功能,帮助动词构成疑问、否定、时态和语态等形式。Doyoureadnewspaperseveryday?Thejobwillbefinishedsoon.4.情态动词(ModelVerb):具有一定意义,但不能单独做谓语,只用于构成复合谓语,增加谓语的语态、语气等色彩。Wemustobeytrafficregulations.Weshouldmanagetoaccomplishit.注:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:Wearehavingameeting.HehasgonetoNewYork.—12— 考研英语语法高分特训第五部分情态动词一、定义:二、位置:Icanseeyou.Comehere.我能看见你,过来吧。Hemusthavebeenaway.他一定走了。Shallwegohome?我们回家,好吗?Howdareyoutreatuslikethat!你怎能那样对待我们!三、特点:Hecouldbeheresoon.他很快就来。Wecan’tcarrytheheavybox.我们搬不动那箱子。I’msorryIcan’thelpyou.对不起,我帮不上你。四、用法1.can,could①。Canyouliftthisheavybox?Marycanspeakthreelanguages.此时可用beableto代替。can只有一般现在时和一般过去式;而beableto则有更多的时态。I’llnotbeabletocomethisafternoon.当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用beableto,不能用can。如:Hewasabletogotothepartyyesterdayeveninginspiteoftheheavyrain.②。—CanIgonow?—Yes,youcan./No,I’mafraidnot.③。They’vechangedthetimetable,sowecangobybusinstead.Thisballcanhold500peopleatleast.④。Canthisbetrue?Thiscan’tbedonebyhim.2.may,might①。—Might/MayIsmokeinthisroom?—No,youmustn’t.—May/MightItakethisbookoutoftheroom?—13— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365—Yes,youcan./No,youcan’t/mustn’t.用MayI...?征询对方许可时比较正式和客气,而用CanI...?在口语中更常见。②。Mayyousucceed!③。Hemay/mightbeverybustnow.Yourmothermay/mightnotknowthetruth.3.must,haveto①。Youmustcomeintime.在回答引出的问句时,如果是否定的,。—Mustwehandinourexercisebookstoday?—Yes,youmust./No,youdon’thaveto/youneedn’t.②。Theplayisn’tinteresting.Ireallymustgonow.IhadtoworkwhenIwasyourage.③。You’reTom’sgoodfriend,soyoumustknowwhathelikesbest.Yourmothermustbewaitingforyounow.4.dare,need①dare。HowdareyousayI’munfair?Hedaren’tspeakEnglishbeforesuchacrowd,darehe?Ifwedarenotgotherethatday,wecouldn’tgetthebeautifulflowers.②need。Youneedn’tcomesoearly.—NeedIfinishtheworktoday?—Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.dare和need。Idaretoswimacrossthisriver.Hedoesn’tdare(to)answer.Heneedstofinishhishomeworktoday.5.shall,should①shall用于第一人称,表示。Whatshallwedothisevening?②shall用于第二、三人称,表示。Youshallfailifyoudon’tworkhard.(警告)HeshallhavethebookwhenIfinishit.(允诺)③表示。Itwouldbeaboutteno’clockwhenshelefthome.6.will,would—14— 考研英语语法高分特训①表示。Will/wouldyoupassmetheball,please?②表示。Iwillneverdothatagain.Theyaskedhimifhewouldgoabroad.③would。Thegirlwouldlistentomusicwhiledoinghomework.Thegirlusedtostudywell.(暗示Shedoesn’tstudywellnow.)④表示。Itwouldbeaboutteno’clockwhenshelefthome.7.should,oughtto①表示“”,。Ishouldhelpherbecausesheisintrouble.Yououghttotakecareofthebaby.②表示。Youshould/oughttogotoclassrightaway.ShouldIopenthewindow?③表示。Mr.Blackshould/oughttobehomebynow.Youshouldn’t/oughtn’ttohaveanyproblemwithyourjob.五、情态动词表推测表示推测的情态动词有等。1.情态动词+动词原形,表示。Idon’tknowwheresheis.ShemaybeinWuhan.2.情态动词+动词进行式和完成进行式这两种结构表示:“”,“”等。例如:Shemightbestillthinkingofyou.Hemusthavebeenworkinghardtheseyears.3.情态动词+动词完成时。表示。具体来说,分为以下几种情况:1)must+完成时表示“”Hefellasleepimmediatelylastnight;hemusthavebeenverytired.2)may/might+完成时表示“”Hemayhaveleftwhenyougetthere.Shemayhavediedbeforebereturns.“mighthave+过去分词”还可表示。Hemighthavetriedthismedicine.Theproposalmighthavebeenrefused.Imighthavetakenanotherpath.Imighthavegotintotrouble.—15— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:40068853653)could+完成时表示“”Inthosecircumstanceswecouldhavedonebetter.4)should+完成时表示“”或者“”Youshouldhavegivenhermorehelp.Youshouldhaveleftanote.Itwasveryinconsiderateofyoutodoso.Itisincrediblethatsheshouldhavefinishedsomuchworksosoon.5)wouldrather+完成时表示“”Hewouldratherhavesleptthanworkedlastnight.6)can’t/couldn’t+完成时表示“”Thedoorcan’thavebeenopen.Ihadlockeditmyselfandthekeywasinmypocket.7)shouldn’t/oughtn’tto+完成时表示“”Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothavebeendisallowed.8)needn’t+完成时表示“”Youneedn’thavewateredtheflowers,foritisgoingtorain.推测的否定形式用can’t,couldn’t表示。练习:翻译以下句子Sincethegroundiswhiteitmusthavesnowedlastnight.Heconceivedthatthesolarsystemandtheuniversemighthavecomeintoexistencebyanaturalprocess.Inmyview,thisaccidentcouldhavebeenprevented.Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.I’msorrythatthisshouldhavehappened.Infact,PeterwouldratherhaveleftforSanFranciscothanstayedinLosAngeles.Hecouldn’thavecaughtthe8:20busbecausehedidn’tleavehometill8:25.Hiswifeisvainandselfish.Heoughtn’ttohavemarriedher.Youneedn’thaveleftthedoorunlocked.Johnhasakey.—16— 考研英语语法高分特训第六部分动词的时态一、一般现在时用法:1.用于表示现在习惯反复性的动作或状态。例:Igetupat7everymorning.2.客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例:Theearthmovesaroundthesun.3.表示格言或警句中。例:Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。4.现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。二、一般过去时1.用于表示过去某段时间里反复性的动作或状态。2.用于表示过去某一时间发生的动作或所处的状态。一般现在时&一般过去时陈述句S.+be+其他.否定句S.+be+not+其他.一般现在时中用be的现在动词是be一般疑问句Be+S.+其他?式,一般过去时中用be的过肯定回答Yes,S.+be.去式否定回答No,S.+be+not.主语陈述句S.+动词s形式+其他.是单否定句S.+doesn’t+动词原形+其他.数第一般疑问句Does+S.+动词原形+其他?动S.+动词过去式+其他.词三肯定回答Yes,S.+does.S.+didn’t+动词原形+是人称否定回答No,S.+doesn’t.其他.实义主语陈述句S.+动词原形+其他.Did+S.+动词原形+其他.动是非否定句S.+don’t+动词原形+其他.Yes,S.+did.词No,S.+didn’t.单数一般疑问句Do+S.+动词原形+其他?第三肯定回答Yes,S.+do.人称否定回答No,S.+don’t.三、现在进行时1.用法:1)表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例:Wearewaitingforyou.—17— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:40068853652)表示现阶段正在发生的动作例:Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态)3)表示渐变的动词有:get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。例:Theleavesareturningred.4)与always,constantly,forever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例:Youarealwayschangingyourmind.2.不用进行时的动词1)事实状态的动词have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue2)心理状态的动词know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hate3)瞬间动词accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse4)系动词seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn四、过去进行时1.用法:表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或者过去某一时段正在持续进行的状态。例1:Hewasplayingbasketballatfiveo’clockyesterdayafternoon.例2:Itwassnowinglastnight.昨晚一直在下雪。进行时态(现在进行时&过去进行时)现在进行时中陈述句S.+be+现在分词.用be的现在否定句S.+be+not+现在分词.时,过去进行一般疑问句Be+S.+现在分词?时中用be的肯定回答Yes,S.+be.过去时否定回答No,S.+be+not.2.过去进行时和一般过去时的区别1)过去进行时可以表示过去反复地做的动作,而一般过去时表示只做一次的动作。Shewaswavingherhand.她不断地挥手。Shewavedherhand.她挥了挥手。2)leave,arrive,start,die等的过去进行时表示“快要完成,即将……”,而一般过去时表示“已经完成”。Thetrainwasstopping.火车快要停了。Thetrainstopped.火车停了。五、现在完成时1.用法1)表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态对现在造成的影响或结果。与它连用的时间状语有:already,yet,ever,never,just,before,once,twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如thesedays,today,thisyear,sofar等连用.already用于肯定句yet用于否定句,疑问句。—18— 考研英语语法高分特训Ihavealreadyfinishedmyhomework2)表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到现在,今后可能还会继续。此时谓语动词一定是延续性动词。与它连用的时间状语有:for+一段时间,since+时间点,since+时间段+ago,since+从句inthelasttenyears等。WehavelearnedEnglishforfiveyears.2.构成1)肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他2)否定句:主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他3)一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)3.现在完成时注意四个分清(考点)1)分清与一般过去时的用法2)分清终止性动词和延续性动词。3)分清havebeento,havegoneto,havebeenin/at4)分清for,since,ago的用法I.分清一般过去时与现在完成时Icleanedtheblackboardhalfanhourago.(只说明“擦”和其发生的时间)Ihavecleanedtheblackboard.(说明现在黑板是干净的)Theteacherhaswrittensomenewwordsontheblackboard.(黑板上现在有单词)Theteacherwrotesomenewwordsontheblackboardjustnow.(可能黑板上现在没有单词)总结:一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系。(强调动作发生的时间)现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在。(侧重动作的结果)II.分清终止性动词和延续性动词1.我买了这块手表五年了。Ihaveboughtthiswatchforfiveyears.(×)Ihavehadthiswatchforfiveyears/since5yearsago.(√)Iboughtthiswatchfiveyearsago.(√)2.这位老人已经死了十年了。Theoldmanhasdiedfortenyears.(×)Theoldmanhasbeendeadfortenyears/since10yearsago.(√)Theoldmandied10yearsago.(√)总结:终止性动词表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,如begin,start,die,buy,leave,come,join等;终止性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语:for+时间段,since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在howlong引导的特殊疑问句中。终止性动词要表示持续时,可用以下方法:(1)将时间状语改为时间段+ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时。eg.我弟弟参军两年了.Mybrotherjoinedthearmytwoyearsago.(2)若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句,或用在howlong句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词。常见短暂性动词转化为延续性动词的有:borrow…………keepbuy…………have—19— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365come/arrive…………bein/at+地点go/leave…………beawaybecome…………beopen…………beopenclose…………beclosedstart/begin…………beonstop…………beoverdie…………bedeadgetmarried…………bemarriedfallasleep…………beasleep/sleepjoin…………beamemberof/bein+组织名称Exercises:1.他已经回来三天了。Hefor3days/since3daysago.Heback3daysago.2.Tom和Mary已结婚五年了。TomandMaryforfiveyears.TomandMaryfiveyearsago.3.你离开家乡多长时间了?Howlongyouyourhometown?Whenyouyourhometown?III.分清havebeento,havegoneto,havebeenin/athave/hasgoneto“去了某地”。说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的途中或已在某地。have/hasbeento“去过某地”。表示某人的一种经历,once,twice,already,ever,never等连用。have/hasbeenin/at逗留在某地(已经一段时间)常和fortendays,sinceIcamehere等连用。Exercises:1.TranslatethesesentencesintoEnglish.1)他以前曾去过上海。2)他去上海了。3)他在上海10年了。Ⅳ.分清for和since的用法for+一段时间since+时间点/一段时间+ago/一般过去时的从句Itis/hasbeen+一段时间+since从句自从某事发生已有一段时间了。Exercises1.Fillintheblanks.1)Wehaven’tseeneachotheralongtime.2)HisfatherhasbeenintheParty10yearsago.3)Thefilmhasbeenon20minutes.4)MrGreenhasworkedherehecametoChina.5)Hisgrandparentshavebeendeadseveralyears.6)It’sfiveyearswemetlasttime.六、过去完成时1.用法:表示过去某一时间和动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或一直持续的动作(过去的过—20— 考研英语语法高分特训去)。2.结构:①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词+其他②否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词+其他③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词+其他④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(had+主语+过去分词+其他)Bytheendoflastterm,wehadlearned600Englishwords.Hesaidhehadfinishedhishomework.Thefilmhadalreadybegunwhenwegottothecinema.IhadstudiedEnglishbeforeIcamehere.3.过去完成时态的标志:1)和by+过去时间点连用,如:bythetime,bythen,bylastyear,bytheendoflastyear/month...,byfiveo’clockyesterdayevening...Bytheendoflastterm,they(learn)10Englishwords.2)和before+过去时间点连用We(arrive)thestationbeforeteno’clock.3)和uptill/until+过去时间点连用,如:uptillthen,upuntillastnight...LiLei(wash)thedishesuptillthen.4)常用于宾语从句中Shesaidthatshe(write)threeemails.5)和when,before,after,assoonas,until/till等引导的状语从句连用或用于从句中Theairplanealready(leave)whenIgottotheairport.Lastnight,assoonasI(finish)mywork,Iwenttosleep.6)根据上下文判断IwenttoLiHong’shouse,buthe(go)out.4.过去完成时注意两个分清(考点):I.分清过去完成时与现在完成时Tomisnothungry.Hehasjusthadbreakfast.Tomwasnothungry,Hehadjusthadbreakfast.总结:过去完成时与现在完成时的时间出发点不同。过去完成时以过去某个时间为基点,而现在完成时以现在作为时间的基点。因此,过去完成时是现在完成时的过去时。Ⅱ.分清一般过去时与过去完成时Thetrainhasarrivedjustnow.Thetrainhasjustarrived.ShehasreturnedfromParisyesterday.ShehasreturnedfromParis.Wegottothestationat8:00,butthetrainhadleft.我们八点到达车站,但火车已开走了。Wegottothestationat8:00,butthetrainleftat7:30.我们八点到达车站,但火车七点半就开走了。—21— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365总结:一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态;而过去完成时表示在过去某一时间之前完成的动作。一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday,lastyear,threedaysago,justnow,等。现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语往往是since...,for...,just,ever,never,before,already,yet,sofar等或无时间状语。如果两个动作紧接着发生,则通常不用过去完成时,用过去时态即可。七、一般将来时1.用法:一般将来时表示在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。2.构成1)will/shall+动词原形shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。例1:WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst.例2:Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?2)begoingto+动词原形,表示将来。a.主语的意图,即将做某事。例:Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.计划,安排要发生的事。例:Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。c.有迹象要发生的事。例:Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.3)be+todosth.表将来,按命令、计划或正式安排将发生的事。例:WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.4)beaboutto+动词原形,意为马上做某事。例:HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意:beaboutto不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。1)begoingto/will:用于条件句时,begoingto表将来,will表意愿。例1:Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you’dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.例2:Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.2)beto和begoingto:beto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。begoingto表示主观的打算或计划。例1:Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(客观安排)例2:I’mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主观安排)八、过去将来时1.用法:过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用于宾语从句中。例:Theysaidtheywouldcomethenextday.2.构成a.由“助动词would+动词原形”构成,常表示根据计划或安排即将发生的事。如:Hesaidhewouldcometoseeme.—22— 考研英语语法高分特训注意:would+动词原形可以用来表示过去经常做某事。b.由“助动词should+动词原形”构成。如:Iknewthatweshouldwinthematcheasily.c.由“was/weregoingto+动词原形”构成。如:Hetoldmehewasgoingtolearnanotherforeignlanguage.d.由“was/wereto+动词原形”构成。如:Theteacherhopedthatweweretoplanttreesonthehillsbehindtheschooltomorrow.e.由“was/wereaboutto+动词原形”构成。如:Thetrainwasabouttostart.九、现在完成进行时1.构成:have/hasbeen+现在分词2.功能:1)表示一个从过去某时开始发生,一直延续到现在并可能延续下去的动作I’vebeenwaitingforanhourbutshestillhasn’tcome.Sinceshelefthome,Ihaven’tbeensleepingatallwell.2)表示动作刚刚结束(有时指出结果)I’vejustbeenwavinggoodbyetoher.Theyhavebeentalkingaboutthebook.3)表示某种感情色彩I’vebeenwantingtoseeyouforalongtime.(愿望)Who’sbeentellingyousuchnonsense?(气愤)Youhavebeengivingmeeverything.(感激)十、过去完成进行时1.构成:hadbeen+现在分词2.功能:1)表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作ShesaidthatshehadbeentypingapaperbeforeIcamein.Hehadbeenwritingthisnoveluptothattime.2)表示反复的动作、企图、情绪、最近的情况等Hehadbeentellingyouthis.他多次跟你说这件事。3)过去完成进行时后可接when引导的从句,含有“突然”的意思Hehadbeenlyinginbedafewminuteswhenthedoorbellrang.十一、将来进行时1.构成will/shallbe+现在分词2.功能:1)表示将来某个时刻正在进行的或持续的动作—23— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365I’llbetakingmyholidayssoon.Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?一般将来时既可表示将来,也可表示意志、意图,而将来进行时则表示纯粹的将来,指说话者一种无意图的动作。2)表示某种可能和推测,有“我料想,我估计”的含义Shewillbetellingyouaboutittonight.Youwillbemakingamistake.十二、将来完成时1.构成:shall/willhave+过去分词2.功能:1)表示将来某时之前或某动作发生之前已经完成的动作IshallhavefinisheditbynextFriday.2)表示一个持续到将来某时或某动作发生之前的动作BynextMonday,shewillhavestudiedhereforthreeyears.3)表示对现在或将来可能已完成动作的推测Shewillhavearrivedbynow.确定句子时态要确定一个动词在具体的句子中到底用什么样的时态,首先是理解各种时态的概念、其语法形式和基本用法,其次是要记住与各种时态经常配合使用的时间状语及相关的信息词,如:atthistimeyesterday经常与过去进行时态连用;often,always经常与一般现在时态或一般过去时态连用;yet常与现在完成时态连用;Look!或Listen!暗示其后的句子应该用现在进行时态等等。1.简单句,最基本,时间状语是线索,信息词汇要留心。例1.MrKingtaughtusEnglishlastterm.例2.Hisunclewillreturninthreedays.例3.Listen!SomeofthegirlsaretalkingaboutHarryPotter.2.并列句,前后看,时间关系是关键。一个并列句,如果两个分句的谓语动词在同一时间发生(过去、现在或将来),前后两分句的时态应保持一致;如果两个分句的谓语动词表示不同时间的动作或状态,则前后两个分句的时态就不一样。所以确定并列句谓语动词的时态关键是要分析谓语动词所表示的动作或状态发生或存在的时间关系。例4.Heturnedoffthelightthenleft.3.复合句,句套句,动词时态要呼应,习惯用法须记清。复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的,故主、从句之间有一种时态呼应关系。如果主句是一般现在时态,则宾语从句根据需要选择相应时态;如果主句是一般过去时态,则宾语从句用一般用过去时态,即一般过去时态,过去进行时态,过去将来时态或过去完成时态。有时语法规则并不能概括所有的语言现象,所以一些习惯用法必须遵循。如果宾语从句表示的是不受时间限制的客观真理,尽管主句是一般过去时态,宾语从句也得用一般现在时态;when,assoonas,until等引导的时间状语从句或if引导的条件状语从句,通常用一般现在时态表示将来。其基本格式是:一般将来时态的陈述句或祈使句+时间或条件状语从句。还需要注意积累一些其它的时态搭配关系。—24— 考研英语语法高分特训例5.Shedidn’ttellushowoldthepatientwas.例6.—Whenwillyoutellhimthegoodnews?—Iwilltellhimaboutitassoonashecomesback.例7.Ourphysicsteachertolduslighttravelsfasterthansound.—25— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365第七部分被动语态一、语态的分类英语动词有两种语态,主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。这正如汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词构成句子来表示被动。二、被动语态关键问题小结三、主动语态变被动语态的方法四、语态转换时所注意的问题1.Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正确)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(错误)2.Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.注意:1)一般在下列动词后,常在间接宾语前用介词to,如:bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。①Thebookwasshowedtotheclass.②Mybikewaslenttoher.2)一般在下列动词后,间接宾语前用介词for,如:build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。①Anewskirtwasmadeforme.②Themeatwascookedforus.②Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.3.不及物动词+介词,如:agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn’tbetalkedabout.及物动词+副词:如:bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather.4.—26— 考研英语语法高分特训如:(1)Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.→Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.(2)Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.→Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意:Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.5.如:Nobodycananswerthisquestion.误:Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.正:Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody.6.如:Theyhaven’tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.误:Anythinghasn’tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.正:Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean.7.如:Whowrotethestory?误:Whowasthestorywritten?正:Bywhomwasthestorywritten?8.如:(1)Theclothwasheseasily.这布很好洗。(2)Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。对比:Thebookssellwell.(主动句)Thebooksweresoldout.(被动句)Themeatdidn’tcookwell.(主动句)Themeatwascookedforalongtime.(被动句)9.下列情况主动句不能改为被动句:第一,。如:Doyoulikethematerial?—Yes,itfeelsverysoft.误:Itisfeltverysoft.Thefoodtastesdelicious.误:Thefoodistasteddelicious.Thepopmusicsoundsbeautiful.误:Thepopmusicissoundedbeautiful.第二,。如:Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook.误:Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot.Shehadherhandburned.误:Herhandwashadburned.—27— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365第三,。如:takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto等。如:Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.误:Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.第四,。如:rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等。如:Whenwegottothetopofthemountain,thesunhadalreadyrisen.误:Thesunhadalreadybeenrisen.Aftertheearthquake,fewhousesremained.误:Aftertheearthquake,fewhouseswereremained.第五,。如:ItaughtmyselfEnglish.误:MyselfwastaughtEnglish.Weloveeachother.误:Eachotherisloved.五、被动语态的用法(真题重现)1.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.2.Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytothesocalleddigitaldivide———thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.3.ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.4.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30minutesurgicalprocedure.5.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotime,questionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.—28— 考研英语语法高分特训第八部分动名词和不定式第一节动名词一、动名词的时态和语态主动式被动式一般式完成式二、动名词的语法用法1.动名词作例:Drivingacarat10km/hisexcitingforJim.=ItisexcitingforJimdrivingacarat10km/h.例:It’snousequarrelling.争吵是没用的。2.动名词作例:Mr.Liu’sjobisteachingEnglish.思考:此结构与现在进行时有何区别呢?Mymotheriswashingclothesnow.(现在进行时)3.动名词作(1)作例:Shelikesdancingchachaverymuch.(2)作例:MaryisthinkingofgoingbacktoNewYork.Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyouagainsoon.注:英语中的to有两种基本用法,一是用作;另一种是用作。例:等。(3)作例:Thisbookiswellworthreading.思考:下句中的it是什么用法?例:Wefounditnogoodmakingfunofothers.4.动名词作例:Doyouknowthemanstandingatthegate?三、动名词的复合结构动名词前可以有自己的逻辑主语,表明动名词动作发出者,能做动名词逻辑主语的词类有:物主—29— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365代词、名词所有格。普通动名词动名词复合结构Clintinsistedonreadingtheletter.Clintinsistedonmyreadingtheletter.Hedislikedworkinglate.Hedislikedhiswife’sworkinglate.四、动词need,want,require,deserve,worth,like(想要),bear后接表示,除bear外,这些动词也可接。Asyourinstructoradvised,yououghttospendyourtimeonsomethingworthresearchinginto.Whoeverformulatedthetheoryoftheoriginoftheuniverse,itisjusthypotheticalandneedsproving/tobeproved.第二节不定式一、不定式的时态和语态以动词do为例主动被动一般式完成式进行式1.不定式的一般式。Isawherenterthehall.(saw和enter两动作同时发生)Wejumpedtohearofyoursuccess.(jumped与tohearof前后紧接发生)Ihavesomethingtodo.(todo在have之后发生)2.不定式的完成式。I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.(tohavekept发生在am表示时间之前)3.不定式进行式。Theyaresaidtobedirectingthetraffic.(tobedirecting与aresaid同时发生)二、不定式的语法用法1.作Toconsiderthecostandthesupplyofamaterialisimportant.(Itisimportanttoconsiderthecostandthesupplyofamaterial.)—30— 考研英语语法高分特训2.作Inthatcountry,gueststendtofeeltheyarenothighlyregardediftheinvitationtoadinnerpartyisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.思考:下句中的it是什么用法?Whenworkersareorganizedintradeunions,employersfindithardtolaythemoff.3.作Christiestaredangrilyatherbossandturnedaway,asthough(shewere)togooutoftheoffice.4.作Amanhastomakeprovisionforhisoldagebyputtingasideenoughmoneytoliveonwhenold.AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggenerations.5.作ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.I’mverygladtoknowthatmybosshasgenerallyagreedtowriteoffmydebtinreturnforcertainservices.6.作真题重现:1.WiththousandsofcareerrelatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopeningscanbetimeconsumingandinefficient.2.Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.3.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.4.Creatinga“Europeanidentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.—31— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365第九部分分词一分词的语法功能分词主要起形容词和副词作用,在句中充当等。1.分词作Thatisreallyanexhaustingdaytoallofus.Wecanseethepartofthemoonlightedbysunlight.2.分词作Travelingisinterestingbuttiring.3.分词作Iseehimpassingmyhouseeveryday.Whentheygetbackhome,theyfoundtheroomrobbed.4.分词作1)作Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy.Thecoupletookcareofthebabywhileoccupiedbytheirwork.2)作Workinghard,youwillsucceed.Seeninthislight,thematterisnotasseriousaspeoplegenerallysuppose.3)作Thefanswaitedforhours,hopingtoseethemoviestar.Theoldmanwentintotheroom,supportedbyhiswife.4)作Pleaseanswerthequestionusinganotherway.Asscheduled,thecommunicationssatellitewentintoorbitroundtheearth.5)作Notknowingheraddress,Ican’tgetintouchwithher.Givenadvicebythefamousdetective,theyoungladywasnolongerafraid.6)作Althoughworkingfrommorningtillnight,hisfatherdidn’tgetenoughfood.Beatenbythepolice,senttojail,Gandhiinventedtheprincipleofnonviolentresistance.—32— 考研英语语法高分特训二分词的变化形式语态主动被动否定形式类别一般式doingbeingdone现在分词完成式havingdonehavingbeendonenot+分词过去分词——————done1.现在分词有一般式和完成式一般式用来指;完成式用来指。Sallywaslyinginbedsmiling.Notrelyingonourownefforts,wecan’tovercomeallthedifficulties.Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn’twanttogotothecinema.Havingfailedseveraltimes,theyneedsomeencouragement.2.现在分词有一般式和完成式,且有主动语态和被动语态当时,分词用被动语态;如果,就用分词完成式的被动形式。Thequestionbeingdiscussedisimportant.Thebuildingbeingrepairedisourlibrary.Havingbeenencouragedbythesesuccesses,theydecidedtoexpandthebusiness.Havingbeeninvitedtospeak,I’llstartmakingpreparationstomorrow.三分词三种被动形式的区别1.现在分词一般式的被动形式(beingdone)表示。Thatbuildingbeingrepairedisourlibrary.2.现在分词完成式的被动形式(havingbeendone)表示。Thefirstquestionhavingbeenanswered,wemustnowanswerthesecondquestion.3.过去分词(done)表示。Thesebuildingsnewlybuiltinthatareaareinusenow.四非谓语动词之间的区别1.分词和动名词现在分词和动名词在形式上和时态上完全相同,但它们的不同之处在于用法上的不同:现在分词:定、状、表、补动名词:主、宾、表、定1)作表语时:Heisplaying.Hishobbyisplaying.2)作定语时:—33— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365asleepingcarasleepingboy2.动名词和不定式动名词:主、宾、表、定不定式:主、宾、表、定、状、补一般来说,两者在起同一语法作用时有如下区别:动名词表示不定式表示具体区别如下:1)作主语时:Transformingfoodsintoenergyandbodymaintenanceistheirtask.Itwasaboldideatobuildapowerstationinthedeepvalley,butitcameoffaswellaswehadhoped.TostudyabroadisJack’sambition.2)作宾语时:3)作表语时:4)作定语时:3.不定式和分词不定式和分词均可作定语、状语、表语、补语,这里特别注意它们作定语和状语时的区别。1)作定语时:YouwanttoseetheexperttobeinvitedfromShanghai.Youwanttoseetheexpertworkingontheexperiments.Thenewsitemaboutthefireisfollowedbyadetailedreportmadeonthespot.2)作状语时:HesatinthearmchairwatchingTV.HesatinthearmchairtowatchTV.Readingforalongtime,hefeltuncomfortable.Walkingalongthestreet,Isawabuilding.Readingcarefully,you’lllearnsomethingnew.真题重现:1.Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.2.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.3.RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoods,havemaids,ownMercedes,andtradestocks,andtheyarelesslikelytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsinacommunity.4.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.—34— 考研英语语法高分特训第十部分独立主格结构一、独立主格结构的定义非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中,非谓语动词主动用v.ing,被动用v.ed。二、独立主格结构的形式1.一般独立主格形式:与主句逻辑关系松散名词/主+分词/不定式/介词短语/形容词/副词A.名词/主格代词+现在分词:名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是关系,且往往表示。如:Thegirlstaringathim(=Asthegirlstaredathim),hedidn’tknowwhattosay.姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。Timepermitting(=Iftimepermits),wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。B.名词/主格代词+过去分词:名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是关系,且往往表示。如:Theproblemssolved(=Astheproblemsweresolved),thequalityhasbeenimproved.随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。Herglassesbroken(=Becauseherglasseswerebroken),shecouldn’tseethewordsontheblackboard.由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。C.名词/主格代词+不定式:名词/主格代词与不定式之间是关系,且强调的是。如:Heisgoingtomakeamodelplane,someoldpartstohelp.借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。Theysaidgoodbyetoeachother,onetogohome,theothertogotothebookstore.他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。D.名词/主格代词+形容词Anairaccidenthappenedtotheplane,nobodyalive.Somanypeopleabsent,themeetinghadtobecalledoff.E.名词/主格代词+副词Heputonhissweater,wrongsideout.Themeetingover,theyallwenthome.F.名词/主格代词+介词短语Theboygoestotheclassroom,bookinhand.—35— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365Marywassittingnearthefire,herbacktowardsthedoor.2.with引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密with+名词/主格代词+分词/不定式/介词短语/形容词/副词a)Withthetreegrowingtall,wegetmoreshade.b)Shefeltnervous,withsomanyeyesfixedonher.c)Frankstaredathisfriend,withhismouthopen.d)Hestoodbeforehisteacher,withhisheaddown.e)Withhimtogiveusalead,ourteamisboundtoturnoutwell.f)Theoldmanstoodthere,withhisbackagainstthewall.g)Hedied,withhisdaughteryetaschoolgirl.3.其他形式Therebeing+名词(代词)Therebeingnothingelsetodo,wewenthome.没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。Therebeingnofurtherbusiness,Ideclarethemeetingclosed.没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。Itbeing+名词(代词)ItbeingChristmas,thegovernmentofficeswereclosed.由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。Itbeingaholiday,alltheshopswereshut.由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。三、独立主格结构的特点1.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。2.名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。3.独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。四、独立主格结构的功能1.主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。用作时间状语Theworkdone(=Aftertheworkhadbeendone),wewenthome.用作条件状语Weatherpermitting(=Ifweatherpermits),theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.用作原因状语Animportantlecturetobegiventomorrow(=Asanimportantlecturewillbegiventomorrow),theprofessorhastostayuplateintothenight.用作伴随状语Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishandscrossedunderhishead(=andhishandswerecrossedunderhishead).表示补充说明Weredoubledourefforts,eachmanworkingliketwo.—36— 考研英语语法高分特训注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。独立主格结构的功能:2.作定语,独立主格结构作定语,要放在它所修饰的名词之后,其句法功能相当于一个定语从句。ClosetothebankIsawdeeppools,thewaterbluelikethesky.(=ClosetothebankIsawdeeppools,thewaterofwhichwasbluelikethesky.)靠近岸时,我看见几个深池塘,池水碧似蓝天。独立主格结构的功能:3.作主语,在意义上相当于复合句中的主语从句。Mary(being)introublewastheamplereasonformygoingthere.(=ThatMarywasintroublewastheamplereasonformygoingthere.)玛丽遇到了困难,是我去那儿的充分理由。五、独立主格结构的注意事项1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:Afterclasswasover(=Classbeingover/Classover),thestudentssoonlefttheclassroom.下课后,学生很快离开了课室。2.不能省略being(havingbeen)的情形:在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或havingbeen)不能省略。a.独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:ItbeingSunday,wewenttochurch.因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。b.在Therebeing+名词的结构中。如:Therebeingnobus,wehadtogohomeonfoot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。3.在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如:MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,bookinhand.史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如:MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,withabookinherhand.4.独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如:Thechiefeditorarriving,webeganthemeeting.主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构)六、分词独立主格结构和状语从句的比较分词独立主格结构和状语从句的区别在于:试比较:I)Theletterhavingbeenwritten,hetookittothepost.()—37— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365Whenhehadwrittentheletter,hetookittothepost.()Ⅱ)Healwayssingswhendoinghiswork.()Healwayssingswhenheisdoinghiswork.()Hisworkbeingdone,healwayssings.()由上述句子可以看出,七、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同1.有的分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有:generallyspeaking;franklyspeaking;judgingfrom;supposing等。例:Generallyspeaking,theruleisveryeasytounderstand.Judgingfromwhathesaid,shemustbeanhonestgirl.2.有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场和态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:tobehonest;tobesure;totellyouthetruth;tocutalongstoryshort;tobefrank;tomakethematterworse等。例:Totellyouthetruth,whatIsaidatthemeetingwasnotmyopinion.Tomakethematterworse,helockedhiskeysinthecar.独立主格结构知识英语Notfarfromtheschooltherewasagarden,ownerseatedinitplayingchesswithhislittlegrandsoneveryafternoon.A.itsB.whoseC.whichD.that1)Hewrotealotofnovels,manyoftranslatedintoforeignlanguages.2)Hewrotealotofnovels,manyofweretranslatedintoforeignlanguages.3)Hewrotealotofnovels,andmanyofweretranslatedintoforeignlanguages.A.itB.themC.whichD.that—38— 考研英语语法高分特训第十一部分句子的结构ThefamousdoctorhelpedthepregnantwomentogivebirthtoababylastFriday.ThepregnantwomanwashelpedtogivebirthtoababylastFriday.英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构如果出现更多动词:●●●英语句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句一、简单句英语简单句七种基本句型:总结:英语句子一般需要有主语和谓语动词才算完整。简单句就是一个主语和一个谓语的组合。练习1:将下列句子排成正确的顺序。ThefilmIenjoyedyesterdayAtreeinthecornerofthegardenheplanted.ThismorningabookIfromthelibraryborrowedAnewschoolbuilttheyinourvillagelastyear.练习2:判断下列句子是否是简单句。Iamateacher.MybrotherandIarebothteachers.Mybrotherissinginganddancing.MybrotherandIaresinginganddancing.Hearingthenews,shefeltverysad.Whenmybrotherwasaboy,helikedfishing.练习3:改错。MynameHelen.Theyeatrice,andweeat,too.Friendlypeople,anotherthingIlikeaboutcollege.二、并列句两种形式:A,+(and,but,so,for)+BA;B特点:两个分句之间没有主从或者互相修饰的关系—39— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365例句:Theheavyrainstartedsuddenly,sowestoppedplantingourtrees.Theheavyrainstartedsuddenly;westoppedplantingourtrees.Frankwantedtogoswimming,butMarydecidedtogoshopping.Frankwantedtogoswimming;Marydecidedtogoshopping.Janeworksatahospital,andherhusbandSmithdoesresearchworkforthesamehospital.Janeworksatahospital;herhusbandSmithdoesresearchworkforthesamehospital.三、复合句有主句有从句,由从属连词连接练习:改错Becausethehighbloodpressurepillsproduceddangeroussideeffects,sogovernmentbannedthem.Althoughheisyoung,butheisveryexperienced.Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguagesquickly.Becausetheyknowhowtolisten.Idislikedogsbecauseverysmelly(气味难闻).ThedogsalwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisit.Waysofnamingnewbabiesdifferentaroundtheworld.Becausewedon’thaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet.Abookthatyoulike.真题重现:1.Theemphasisondatagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacrossculturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.2.Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.3.Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.4.Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.5.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.—40— 考研英语语法高分特训第十二部分名词性从句一、主语从句(一)主语从句的定义:主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾,句子的谓语动词用法同第三人称单数。That/Whether/Where/When/Whyhewaschosenmadeuspuzzled.Itmadeuspuzzledthat/whether/when/where/whyhewaschosen.(二)主语从句的引导词主语从句通常由连词that和whether、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导。1.that引导Thatheisstillaliveisawonder.Thatweshallbelateiscertain.引导主语从句的that有时可省,有时不能省,其原则是:若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首,则that不能省略;若that引导的主语从句位于句末,而在句首使用了形式主语it,则that可以省略:Thatyoudidn’tgotothetalkwasapity.Itwasapity(that)youdidn’tgotothetalk.2.whether、if引导Whetheritwilldousharmremainstobeseen.Whethertheywouldsupportuswasaproblem.if引导主语从句时,只能用it作形式主语,放在句首,而将if引导的主语从句放到句末。如:ItisuncertainifhewillleaveforBeijingtomorrow.3.连接代词引导Whichevercomesinfirstwillreceiveaprize.Whicheveryouwantisyours.Whoeverbreaksthislawdeservesafine.Whoevercomesfirstcangetaticketfree.请做以下试题:(1)withagoodeducationcanapplyforthejob.A.WhoB.WhoeverC.AnyoneD.Whoever(2)hasagoodeducationcanapplyforthejob.A.WhoB.WhoeverC.AnyoneD.Whoever(3)havingagoodeducationcanapplyforthejob.A.WhoB.WhoeverC.AnyoneD.Whoever(4)seensmokingherewillbefined.A.WhoB.WhoeverC.AnyoneD.Whoever(5)isseensmokingherewillbefined.A.WhoB.WhoeverC.AnyoneD.Whoever(6)smokingherewillbefined.—41— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365A.WhoB.WhoeverC.AnyoneD.Whoever(7)smokesherewillbefined.A.WhoB.WhoeverC.AnyoneD.Whoever4.连接副词引导Whenwearrivedoesn’tmatter.Howmanypeoplewearetoinviteisstillaquestion.WhereIspendmysummerisnobusinessofyours.5.关系代词型what引导Whatweneedismoney.Whathesaysisnotimportant.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别:。例如:1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.2)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation.(三)主语从句与形式主语it1.有时为了考虑句子平衡,通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it,而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这分三种情况:(1)对于以连词that引导的主语从句,通常用形式主语代主语从句:It’sapitythathedidn’tcome.Itisimportantthatheshouldknowaboutthis.(2)对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句,可以使用形式主语代主语从句,也可直接在句首使用主语从句:Whethertheywouldsupportuswasaproblem.Itwasaproblemwhethertheywouldsupportus.(3)对关系代词型what引导的主语从句,通常直接将主语从句放在句首。如:Whatweneedismoney.WhatIwanttoknowisthis.有时也可将助用形式主语。如:Itisclearenoughwhathemeant.(4)如果句子是疑问句,则必须用带形式主语it的结构:Isittruethatheisthegirl’sfather?Howisitthatyouarelateagain?2.主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况(1)Itissaid,(reported)…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:ItissaidthatthePresidentwillvisitourschoolnextweek.(right)ThatthePresidentwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.(wrong)(2)Ithappens...,Itoccurs...结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.(right)Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.(wrong)(3)Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether...结构中的主语从句不可提前。—42— 考研英语语法高分特训例如:Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.(right)Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.(wrong(4)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?(right)Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?(wrong)3.it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较主语从句有以下的引导词:what,who,whom,whose,which,whatever,whoever,whichever强调句的引导词只有:that,who。Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.(四)在主语从句中须注意例如:(1)Howheworkeditoutisstillasecret.(2)WhattheymakeinthisfactoryareTVsets.二、宾语从句(一)宾语从句的定义:宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。作动词的宾语Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.作介词的宾语Iamcuriousastowhattheyaregoingtodonext.作形容词的宾语Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.(二)宾语从句的引导词宾语从句通常用连词that引导,that本身无意义,只起引导作用,在口语或者非正式文体中常省去。例如:Ireallybelieve(that)hewillcome.动词allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如:Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.(right)Iadmirethattheywonthematch.(wrong)宾语从句也可以用连词whether或者if引导。例如:Idon’tknowwhether/ifhecancomeplaythepiano.宾语从句还可用连接代词(what,which,who,whom,whose,whoever,whatever)和连接副词(when,where,why,how)引导。例如:Theydidn’tsaywhattheywanted.—43— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365I’lltellwhoeverwantstoknow.(三)宾语从句的时态:。(四)宾语从句的语序:。例如:Idon’tthink(that)hewillcome.注意:Ihopeyouweren’till.(五)it不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如:Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.三、表语从句(一)表语从句的定义:在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。Thequestioniswhowilldoit.(二)表语从句的构成:(系动词)+引导词+简单句WhatIwanttosayisthatIamtired.(三)引导表语从句的关联词的种类:1.可接表语从句的系动词有be,look,seem,sound,appear等。Chinaisnolongerwhatsheusedtobe.Thequestionremainswhethertheywillbeabletohelpus.2.从属连词whether,as,asif/though引导的表语从句Helookedjustashehadlookedtenyearsbefore.Itsoundsasifsomeoneisknockingatthedoor.3.because,why引导的表语从句That’sbecausehedidn’tunderstandme.(That’sbecause...强调原因)That’swhyhegotangrywithme.(That’swhy...强调结果)名词reason作主语时,后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导,不宜用because。ThereasonwhyIwassadwasthathedidn’tunderstandme.4.连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever连接副词where,when,how,why.如:Thequestionishowhedidit.5.从属连词that.that在表语从句中部充当任何句子成分,也没有任何意义。如:ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.6.特殊句型AistoBwhatCistoDAiristouswhatwateristofish.Readingistothemindwhatfoodistothebody.四、同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。(一)同位语从句的功能:同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导例如:Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.—44— 考研英语语法高分特训(二)同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如:HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportmeetingwasputoff.(三)同位语从句与定语从句的区别1.。2.。例如:ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.真题重现:1.Whatwaslessvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.2.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.3.Whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyinmonkeysandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.4.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.5.Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.6.(2011)ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.—45— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365第十三部分定语从句一、定语从句的概念和结构ThisistheplacewhichIwanttovisit.DoyourememberthegirlwhotaughtusEnglish?1.概念2.结构3.功能二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句:①②1.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别2.非限制性定语从句和并列句的区别(1)Ihavetwouncles,bothofwhomareengineers.(2)Ihavetwouncles,andbothofthemareengineers.(3)Therearetworoomsupstairs,neitherofwhichhasbeencleaned.(4)Therearetworoomsupstairs,butneitherofthemhasbeencleaned.总结:。练习:Ifthemanisonlyinterestedinyourlooks,justshowshowshallowheis.A.asB.whichC.whatD.thatIfyoupromisetogowithus,willbeOK.A.asB.whichC.anditD.thatIfyouwantadoubleroom,willcostanother£15.A.asB.whichC.whatD.thatWhetheryougoornot,isquiteallrightwithme.A.thatB.whichC.anditD.soWhenIsaytwohours,includestimeforeating.A.asB.whichC.whatD.that3.真题重现(1)Evenwhenhomelessindividualsmanagetofindashelterthatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachdaywanderingthestreet.(2006)(2)InEurope,aselsewhere,multimediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful;groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousethatworkinrelationtooneanother.(2005翻译47题)(3)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessof—46— 考研英语语法高分特训thought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.(2004年61题)(4)Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.三、关系代词与关系副词如何确定选取关系代词或关系副词来引导定语从句呢?总结:。四、由关系代词引导的定语从句1.关系代词的基本用法表格指代人指代物指代人或物主语宾语定语例一:Thestudentswhodon’tstudyhardwillnotpasstheexam.don’tstudyhard.例二:ThewomanwhoyousawintheparkisourChineseteacher.yousawinthepark.例三:ThewomanwhomyousawintheparkisourChineseteacher.Yousawinthepark.例四:TheletterwhichIreceivedyesterdayisfrommybrother..Ireceivedyesterday.例五:ThetrainwhichwasgoingtoGuangdongwaslate.wasgoingtoGuangdong.例六:Thehouseismine.Thewindowofthehouseisbroken.Thehousewhosewindowisbrokenismine.whose=thehouse’swindowthewindowofwhichisbrokenThehouseismine.ofwhichthewindowisbroken2.关于介词+关系代词注:“介词+which+名词”atwhichpoint()bywhichtime()—47— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365forwhichreason()inwhichcase()练习:(1)Yesterdaywevisitedamodernhospital,aroundsomefruitshops.A.whichisB.itisC.whichareD.themare(2)Themurderhappenedinanoldbuilding,besidethecitypolicestation.A.whichareB.itisC.whichisD.themare(3)Nextmonthwe’llmovetoanewbuilding,nexttoanicerestaurantswherewecanhaveChinesefood.A.whichareB.itisC.whichisD.themare(4)Amanwithableedinghandhurriedinandasked,“IsthereahospitalaroundIcangetsomemedicineformywoundedhand?”A.thatB.whichC.whereD.what(5)Hehadalotoffriends,onlyafewofinvitedtohiswedding.A.whomB.themC.whichD.who(6)Theyputforwardalotofplansatthemeeting,noneofcarriedoutintheirwork.A.whichB.themC.whatD.that(7)Theyputforwardalotofplansatthemeeting,noneofwerecarriedoutintheirwork.A.whichB.themC.whatD.that(8)Theyputforwardalotofplansatthemeeting,butnoneofwerecarriedoutintheirwork.A.whichB.themC.whatD.that五、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词被代替的先行词在从句中的作用when(=at,during,in,onwhich)表示时间的名词时间状语where(=at,inwhich)表示地点场合的名词地点状语why(=forwhich)reason原因状语whereby(=bywhich)表示方式方法的名词方式状语例七:ThetimewhenIjoinedtheANCwasthe5thofAugust.IjoinedtheANC例八:ThemineswhereIworkedwere9kmfrommyhome.Iworked例九:ThereasonwhyIgotajobwasbecauseofmyhardwork.Igotajob—48— 考研英语语法高分特训注意:关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如:Thereasonwhy/forwhichIgotajobwasbecauseofmyhardwork.IgotajogThegovernmentbuildingwhere/inwhichwevotedwasverytall.ThevotedThedatewhen/onwhichIarrivedwaslateatnight.Iarrived关系副词实际上是介词+先行词六、由特殊关系词引导的定语从句1.as引导的定语从句(1)as引导限定性定语从句Suchpeopleaswererecommendedbyhimwerereliable.I’veneverseensuchatalentedyoungmanasheis.I’dliketousethesametoolasisusedhere.SuchbooksasIhavereadareclassicalwork.(2)as引导非限定性定语从句注意:和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别真题重现:(1)Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.(2)Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).(3)IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM%26amp;Mwavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlarged.2.than引导的定语从句例:Familieshavealsoexperiencedchangestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;consequently,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathomewascommoninthetraditionalfamilystructure.—49— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365A.thanB.thatC.whichD.as3.but引导的定语从句七、分隔定语从句八、定语从句与其他句型的区别1.定语从句与同位语从句的区别2.定语从句和强调句型的区别—50— 考研英语语法高分特训第十四部分状语从句一、状语从句概述状语从句就是用连词将几个分句连接起来,以表达分句之间特定的逻辑关系。考研英语中涉及到状语从句的考题主要是出现在“UseofEnglish”中,让考生依据上下文来判断两个分句之间的逻辑关系,从而填入能使语义连贯的连词。此外,在“英译汉”和以前的“语法选择题”、“改错题”中也会出现有关状语从句的考题。状语从句根据逻辑关系的不同可以分成原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、时间状语、地点状语、让步状语、目的状语、比较状语、方式状语等九大类型。只要认识连词,就能够识别是何种状语从句,从而正确分析句子结构并理解句子意思。二、时间状语从句1.when,whenever,as和whilewhen表示某个具体的时间,所引导从句的动作或是与主句的动作同时发生,或是先于主句动作。when可指一段时间,也可指一点时间,既可表示一时性的动作,又可表示持续性的动作。whenever指的是“任何一个不具体的时间”。as所表示的动作与主句动作同时发生,具有延续的含义,一般同延续性动词连用。while只能表示持续性的动作或状态,不能表示一时性或短暂性的动作。as和while可译为“一边……一边……,正当……的时候”。例如:Note:①while还可以作并列连词,引导并列分句,相当于whereas,表示对比,可译为“……面……,……但是……”,有时相当于although(尽管)。例如:IamfoundofEnglishwhilehelikesmaths.我喜欢英语,而他却喜欢数学。(此名中不能用when或as)WhileIadmitthattheproblemisdifficult,Idon’tthinkthattheycan’tbesolved.尽管我承认这个问题很难,但我并不认为无法解决。②when有时表示“虽然,尽管”的含义,相当于although;有时具有“既然考虑到”的含义,相当于since;when还可作“如果”解,相当于if。例如:Hewalkedwhenhemighttakeataxi.尽管他可以乘出租车,不过他还是步行。HowcanIhelpthemwhentheywon’tlistentome?既然他们不听我的话,我怎么帮助他们呢?2.before和afterbefore和after表示的是两个时间或两个事件之间的先后关系。before引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之后,如果从句是过去时,语句一般要用过去完成时。after引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之前,如果主句用过去时,从句要用过去完成时。例如:TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIarrived.在我到达之前他们已经把一切都准备好了。Afterhehadworkedinthefactoryfortenyears,hewentabroad.他在这家工厂工作了十年后就出国了。Note:如果不强调时间的先后,或是因为从句中使用的是某个状态动词,after和before句子结构中的谓语动词也可以都用一般过去时。例如:Hearrivedafterthegamestarted.比赛开始后他才到达。ShedidnotunderstandmebeforeIexplainedittoher.在我向她解释之前,她不理解我的意思。3.nosooner...than和hardly(scarcely)...when(before)这几个连词词组都是表示主句和从句动作随即相继发生,意为“一……就,刚刚……就”,主句动词用过—51— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365去完成时。如果nosooner,hardly或scarcely位于句首,主句要倒装,即把had放在主语前。例如:Hehadhardlygonetobedwhenthedoorbellrang.他刚刚睡下,门铃就响了。Nosoonerhadhegotoffthetrainthanhisdaughterrantowardshim.他刚一车,女儿就跑了过来。4.assoonas,themoment,directly,immediately,presently,once和theinstant这几个连词引导的从句都表示从句动作一发生,主句动作随即发生,通常译为“一……就”。instantly语气最强,immediately次之,directly又次之,presently最弱。5.till和until这两个词的意思都是“直到……,一直……为止”,相当于uptothetimethat,表示一个动作持续到某一时刻或某一动作发生为止,它们引起一个表示一段时间的状语,其后的词或从句表示这段时间的终点,用法相近,但在句首只能用until。在肯定句中,主句要用延续性动词;在否定句中,until或till可以和非延续性动词连用,这时,until和before近义,参阅下文。not...until和not...before意思相同,表示“直到……才,在……以前不”。例如:Shestoodtheretill(until)hehadpassedoutofsight.她站在那里看着,直到望不见他的身影。{HeenteredtheroomuntilIreturned.(误)Hedidn’tentertheroomuntil(before)Ireturned.(正)直到我回来他才进入房间。在itwasn’tuntil...that强调结构中,不用before。例如:Itwasn’tuntilSundaymorningthatIheardthenews.直到星期天上午我才听到这个消息。(相当于Ididn’thearthenewsuntilSundaymorning)Itwasn’tuntiltheyhadadiscussionthattheymadeuptheirmind.他们直到讨论过之后才下了决心。notuntil可以位于句首,表示强调,句子倒装,不可用before。例如:NotuntilyesterdaydidIseethewriter.我直到昨天才见到那位作家。Notuntilafterthewardidtheymeet.他们直到战后才相见。6.sincesince所引导的从句一般要用非延续性动词,主句中用完成时态。三、地点状语从句地点状语从句由where,wherever和everywhere引导,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后。where指“在某个地方”,wherever指“在任何一个地方”,everywhere指“每一……地方”。例如:Youshouldputthebookwhereitwas.你应该把书放在原来的地方。Whereveryougo,youshoulddoyourworkwell.不论到什么地方都要把工作做好。Where除表示地点外,还可以表示条件、对比和让步等。例如:Wherethereislove,thereisfaith.只要有爱情就会有真诚。(条件)Wewanttostayathome,wherechildrenwouldratherspendtheholidayinthecountry.我们想留在家里,而孩子们却宁愿去乡间度假。(对比)Gowhereyoushould,keeponstudying.无论你到哪里,你都应该继续学习。(让步)四、条件状语从句1.if和unlessif表示下面的条件,意为“如果”;unless表示反面的条件,意为“除非,如果不”(if...not)。例如:Ifhedoesn’tcomebefore12o’clock,wewon’twaitforhim.如果他12点前不来,我们就不等他—52— 考研英语语法高分特训了。Ishallgotomorrowunlessitrains.除非明天下雨,否则我就要走了。(如果明天不下雨,我就要走了。)Note:①if引导的从句既可以表示好的条件,也可以表示不好的条件;表示好的条件时,可用providingthat,providedthat,onconditionthat等替换;而表示不好的条件时,则不可用这几个条件连词替换,但可以用so(as)longas替换。例如:Ifitsnowstomorrow,weshallplaysnowballs.(好的条件,可用providingthat等替换)Ifitsnowstomorrow,weshalldelayourtriptotheseaside.(不好的条件,可用solongas替换)②if...not和unless通常是可以换用的。例如:Ifyoudon’thaveagoodcommandofEnglishgrammar,youwon’twritegoodEnglish.UnlessyouhaveagoodcommandofEnglishgrammar,youwon’twritegoodEnglish.③if有时相当于when或where,可译为“每当……就”。例如:IfIfeelanydoubt,Ienquire.我一有不解的地方就问。④if有时相当于since或seeingthat,可译为“既然”。例如:Ifyoulikethedictionary,whydon’tyoubuyit?你既然喜欢这本词典,为什么不买呢?⑤if可同否定词连用,多以感叹句的形式出现,表示“惊讶”等情感,意为“不是……才怪哩,这不是”。例如:Ifheisn’tthelaziestguyonearth!他不是天下最懒的家伙才怪呢!⑥if可在简单句中表示与事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用虚拟语气,相当于Iwish,ifonly,意为“要是……多好”。例如:Ifshewereherewithme!她要是在这里同我在一起该多好!2.providing,provided(that),supposing,suppose(that),aslongas,solongas,onconditionthat和incase这些连词(词组)意思相近,有“如果,只要,假如,假使,在……条件下”等意义例如:So(As)longasyoukeepontrying,youwillsurelysucceed.只要你继续努力,你就会成功。Suppose/Supposing(that)Idon’thaveadayoff,whatshallwedo?假如我没有假,那该怎么办?IncaseJohncomes,pleasetellhimtowait.假如约翰来了,请让他等一下。Note:incaseof后接名词,意为“万一,假如”,inthecaseof意为“就……来说”。3.onlyif和ifonlyonlyif引导的从句用陈述语气,意为“只要……”;ifonly引导的从句要用虚拟证据,意为“但愿……,要是……就好了”。比较:Onlyifwepersistincarryingouttheopendoorpolicy,wewillachievegreatersuccessineveryfield.只要我们坚持改革开放,我们就能在各个方面取得更大的成就。Ifonlythatphotographweren’tmissing!要是那幅照片没丢失该多好!4.条件概念的其他表示法1)分词Borninbettertimes,hewouldhavedonecredittothecountry.Ihaveanincomelargeenoughtotakecareofme,livingasIdo.2)不定式Tolookathim,onewouldthinkheisonlyinhisthirties.—53— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365Onewouldbeafoolnottotaketheopportunity.3)if,unless引导的省略句Ifindoubt,askapoliceman.Shewon’tcomeunlessinvitedproperly.4)从句Anyonewhoshoulddothatwouldbelaughedat.Hethatwouldeatthefruitmustclimbthetree.想吃果子就得爬树。5)并列句(祈使句+and,祈使句+or)Givehimaninchandhewilltakeamile.6)butfor,butthat,sothat,onlythat和intheeventthatbutfor(接名词短语)和butthat意为“倘若不是,要不是”,主句要用虚拟语气;sothat相当于solongas;onlythat相当于wereitnotthat,意为“如果不是”;intheeventthat相当于incase。例如:Butforairandwater,nothingcouldlive.没有空气和水,什么也活不了。Shecouldnothavebelievedit,butthatshesawit.要不是亲眼看见,她是不会相信的。Sothatitbedone,Idon’tcarewhodoesit.只要能完成,我不在科谁去做。Hewouldhavecome,butthathewasengagedtodineout.要不是他约定好了外出吃饭,他本来会来的。(=but)Butthatheisshortofmoney,hewouldbuyacar.要不是缺钱,他会买辆车的。Thesunsetischarming,onlythatitisneardusk.夕阳无限好,只是近黄昏。(=exceptthat)7)must/haveto...before...can(could)...这个结构意为“必须(只有)……才能……。例如:Onemustsowbeforeonecanreap.只有播种才有收获。五、原因状语从句1.because,since,as和forbecause表示原因的语气最强,常用于回答以疑问词“why”引导的疑问句。because从句一般位于主句后面(也可放在主句前面),但是当because从句表示理由时,只能放在主句后面。for引导的从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因,只是提供一些有助于说明情况的补充说明,且不可位于主句前。since表示一种附带的原因,或者表示已知的、显然的理由,意为“既然”,引导的从句常放在句首。as所表示的理由最弱,只是对主句的附带说明,重点在主句。as从句通常放在主句前,有时也可改用so引导的复合句。2.seeing(that),now(that),considering(that)和inthat这几个连词同since,as意义相近,都有“鉴于某个事实,原因是”的意思。3.用介词表示因果关系常用的介词:becauseof,dueto,owingto。因为是介词,所以后边只能接名词,不能接从句。请比较:【例句1】Wehadanaccidentbecauseofhiscarelessness.由于他的粗心大意,我们出了车祸。【例句2】Wehadanaccidentduetohiscarelessness.(注意:不能说“duetohewascareless”)—54— 考研英语语法高分特训【例句3】Owingtohiscarelessnesswehadanaccident.4.inthat:inthatis基本意思是“原因就在于…”,其引导的从句要放在主句后边,而且主句通常是在作比较。真题再现【例句1】Hydrogenisthefundamentalelementoftheuniverseitprovidesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.(1995语法)A.sothatB.butthatC.inthatD.providedthat【例句2】Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon,hydrogen,oxygenandsometimesnitrogen.Theyaredifferenttheirelementsarearrangeddifferently.(1996年第46题)A.inthatB.sothatC.suchthatD.exceptthat六、让步状语从句1.though,although,evenif,if和eventhough这几个词、词组都有“尽管、虽然、即使”的意思。Evenif和eventhough带有强调的意为,语气较强,though和although语气较弱。Though比although通俗,但不如其正式。Ihadaverygoodtimealthough/though/evenif/eventhoughIdidn’tknowanybodyattheparty.2.while和whereas:引导让步状语从句,突出对比主句和从句所表示的两种差异的情况。Heisexperiencedwhile/whereasheisyoung.3.whatever,whenever,wherever,whoever,whichever和howeverWhatever/nomatterwhathappens,weshallneverlosehope.Whoever/nomatterwhoyouare,youmustobeytheschoolregulations.Wherever/nomatterwhereyougo,Iwouldkeepyoucompany.Whoeverelsemayobject,Ishallapprove.4.admitting(that)和assuming(that)即使Admitting(that)itisso,youarestillinthewrong.Assuming(that)sheisveryclever,shecan’tsucceedwithoutworkinghard.可以表示让步的还有despite,inspiteof,despitethefactthat,inspiteofthefactthat等,可译为“虽然”。Despitethefactthatsheiswealthy,sheisnothappy.Inspiteofthefactthatheisable,hecan’tdoit.5.让步状语从句的倒装Though引导的让步从句可以倒装,在倒装句中,though可以用as或that代替,但用as和that引导的让步状语从句必须倒装;如果动词或现在分词提前放在句首,谓语要补加助动词do,does,did或will等。作表语的单数可数名词放在句首时,该名词前不可加定冠词或不定冠词。形容词/副词/动词/分词/名词+though/as/that+主语+谓语Patientthough/ashewas,hewasunwillingtowaitthreehours.Hardas/thoughshetried,shefailedtopasstheexam.Failthoughhedid,hewouldnevergiveup.Childas/thathewas,hehadagoodcommandofEnglish.—55— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:40068853656.让步状语从句中的虚拟语气如果让步状语从句表示的是事实,动词就用陈述语气。如果从句的情况是假设的、非事实性的,动词常用虚拟语气(动词原形或should+动词原形)Thoughtheweatherbeunfavourable,Ishallleavetomorrow.七、方式状语从句1.as和justas这两个连词的意思是“如……,犹如……,正如……”,justas比as强调性更强。PleasedoitasItoldyou.2.asif和asthoughasif和asthough可以用陈述语气,也可以用虚拟语气,意思是“好像,仿佛”。Itlooksasif/asthoughitisgoingtorain.HetreatsmeasifIwereastranger.3.theway:可以连接两个句子,表达就像……一样Ishoulddothejobthewaymyfatherdid.八、结果状语从句so+adj./adv.+thatso+adj.+a/an+n.+thatso+adj.+n.so+adj.+U.such+a/an+adj.+n.+that九、目的状语从句lest,forfearthat和incase这三个连词词组意思是“以防,以免”。Lest从句一般用虚拟语气,形式为“should+动词原形”。forfearthat和incase一般用虚拟语气,但有时也可以用陈述语气。十、比较状语从句(详见比较结构)真题重现:(1999.71)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.(2002.65)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.(2008Text3)Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.—56— 考研英语语法高分特训(2008Text3)Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations—apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.—57— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365第十五部分倒装句一、英语倒装句分为两种:1.整个谓语在前的句子,叫完全倒装。Herecomesthebus.2.部分谓语(情态动词、助动词、系动词)位于主语之前,叫部分倒装句。NeverwillIvisitthisplaceagain.二、完全倒装1.表示地点的here和there位于句首时,其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come,go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词。Here’sTom.汤姆在这里。There’sJim.吉姆在那儿。Herecomesyourhusband.Herecomesthebus.公共汽车来了。Theregoesthebell.铃响了。Theregoesthelasttrain.最后一班火车开走了。2.地点副词away,down,in,off,out,over,round,up等位于句首时,其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常是come,go,rush,等表示动态的不及物动词。Awaywenttherunners.赛跑选手们跑远了。Roundandroundflewtheplane.飞机盘旋着。ThedooropenedandincameMr.Smith.门开了,史密斯先生进了来。Downcametherainandupwenttheumbrellas.下雨了,伞都撑起来了。3.状语或表语位于句首时的倒装为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密,有时可将状语或表语置于句首,句中主语和谓语完全倒装:AmongthesepeoplewashisfriendJim.他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。Bythewindowsatayoungmanwithamagazineinhishand.窗户边坐着一个年轻人,手里拿着一本杂志。4.分词和不定式置于句首的倒装有时为了强调,可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首,从而构成倒装:Buriedinthesandswasanancientvillage.一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。Standingbesidethetablewashiswife.站在桌旁的是他的妻子。Tobecarefullyconsideredarethefollowingquestions.下列问题要仔细考虑。5.在直接引语置于句首时,表示“某人说”时用倒装。“Itisjustunbelievable!”saidhe.三、部分倒装1.某些表示愿望的感叹句用倒装语序。—58— 考研英语语法高分特训Mayyourcountrybecomerichandstrong.Mayyoubothbeveryhappy.2.so/neither/nor表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时,用“so/neither/nor+助动词+主语”这样的倒装句式。AfishcanswimandsocanI.Hedidn’tdoitandneitherdidI.Hedidn’tsmoke,nordidhedrink.注意:为了避免歧义,有时必须用soitiswith...Tomlikessinging,buthedoesn’tlikedancing.SoitiswithMaryTomiscleverandhestudieshard.SoitiswithMary3.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词,可将if省略,把were,had,should移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。WereITom(=IfIwereTom),Iwouldrefuse.如果我是汤姆,我就会拒绝。HadIrealizedthat(=IfIhadrealizedthat),Iwouldhavedonesomething.我要是明白了这一点,我可能会采取某种行动。4.含否定意义的词(如never,hardly,seldom,little,few,notuntil,not,notonly,nosooner,nolonger,nowhere,bynomeans等)置于句首时,其后用部分倒装。NeverwillIvisitthatplaceagainSeldomdidtheboyreadnewspaper.Notuntilweknowmorewillwebeabletoimprovethesituations.(主句倒装,从句不倒装)注意:Neither…nor连接的两个句子都要倒装;notonly…butalso连接两个句子时,notonly后面的句子要倒装。如果notonly…butalso引导的不是句子,而是并列主语时,则句子不倒装。Neitherhashecalledonher,norwillhedoso.Notonlyshallwelearnfrombooks,butalsoweshouldlearnfrompractice.NotonlyyoubutalsoIamgoingtoattendthemeeting.5.only加状语(副词/介词短语/从句)放在句首时,其后用部分倒装。Onlyinthisway,canyoulearnEnglishwell.OnlywhenyouhavefinishedyourhomeworkcanyouwatchTVatnight.(主句倒装,从句不倒装)6.so/such...that句型中的so/such位于句首时,so/such后面的句子用倒装。Soexcitedwashethathecouldn’tsayawordSocoldwastheweatherthatwehadtostayathome.天气太冷,我们只好呆在家里。7.由as,though,however构成的让步状语从句,从句要倒装,一般结构为:形容词(副词或名词等)+as/though+主语+谓语;however+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语四、真题重现1.ImplicitwithinTylor’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.2.Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivity.3.Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed———andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsin—59— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365Europe.4.Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics.5.Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.6.Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.—60— 考研英语语法高分特训第十六部分否定结构一、部分否定1.all,both,every,everybody,everyday,everyone,many,everything,entirely,altogether,absolutely,wholly,completely,everywhere,always,often等与否定词not搭配使用。常常翻译为“并非所有,并不是都。如:all...not(),both...not(),every...not(),notalways(),notoften(),notaltogether(),notnecessarily()等。Allthatglittersisnotgold.Boththewindowsarenotopen.Everybodydoesnotbelievetherumor.TheyarenotalwaysintheofficeonSundays.Theresponsibilityisnotaltogethermine.Thesituationisnotnecessarilyso.2.“all...not”和“every...not”等结构。现代英语中采用“Notall...”和“Notevery...”。Notallmetalsaregoodconductors.Noteveryoneacceptshisproposal.二、全部否定never(),no(),not(),none(),nobody(),nothing(),nowhere(),neither(),nor(),notatall()。Heisnoprofessor.Noneofmyfriendssmoke.Ourgreatmotherlandhasneverbeforebeensoprosperousasitistoday.Nothingintheworldisdifficultfortheonewhosetshismindtoit.世上Neverhavewebeendauntedbydifficulties.我们任三、双重否定常见的双重否定形式主要有:no...not(),without...not(),never(no)...without(),never(no)...but(),not(none)...theless(),not(never)...unless(),not...anytheless()。Nownospaceshipcannotbeloadedwithman.Youwillneversucceedunlessyouworkhard.Thereisnothingunusualthere.Themachineisworkingnonetheworseforitslongservice.Shedidnotworkanythelessforherillness.That’snothinglessthanamiracle.Notaskissodifficultbutwecanaccomplishit.—61— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365四、形式肯定但意义否定1.morethancan...结构morethancan...在意义上相当于英语的cannot...,可以翻译为“”;而morethanonecanhelp相当于aslittleaspossible,可以翻译为“”。Thebeautyoftheparkismorethanwordscandescribe.Theboyhasbecomeveryinsolentanditismorethanhisparentscanbear.Don’ttellhimmorethanyoucanhelp.Sheneverdoesmoreworkthanshecanhelp.2.anythingbut...结构表示否定意义,常常翻译为“”。Heisanythingbutascholar.Thewoodbridgeisanythingbutsafe.3.haveyettodo...结构相当于havenotyetdone...,常常翻译为“”。Ihaveyettohearthestory.Ihaveyettolearnthenewskill.4.may(might)aswell...结构表示否定意义,常常翻译为“”。Itisstillraininghardoutside;wemayaswellstayhereoverthenight.Youmightaswellburnthebookthangivethemtoher.五、形式否定但意义肯定。这一类翻译方法与上面一类“形式肯定但意义否”结合起来,就是通常人们所说的“正话反说、反话正说”的翻译技巧。常见的带有隐含肯定意义的词组或单词主要有:not...until(),not...too(),nonebut(),nothingbut(),nothingmorethan(),nosooner...than(),noneotherthan(),nonetheless(依然,仍然),notbutthat()“makenothingof”(),fornothing(),notonly...butalso(不仅……而且),not…longbefore(),nomorethan(),nootherthan()等等。Youcan’tbetoocarefulindoingexperiments.Thereisnomaterialbutwilldeformmoreorlessundertheactionofforces.Itisnomorethanabeginning.Theygavemethewrongbook,andIdidn’tnoticeituntilIgotbacktomyroom.—62— 考研英语语法高分特训第十七部分虚拟语气虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实,而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中);一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等(在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。一、非真实条件句中的虚拟语气二、宾语从句中的虚拟语气三、主语从句中的虚拟语气四、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气五、状语从句中的虚拟语气六、几种特殊的虚拟语气一、非真实条件句中的虚拟语气:分为三种。1.虚拟条件句一种是叙述与现在事实相反的情况,一种是叙述与过去事实相反的情况,还有一种用于推测将来的情况,也称作推测条件句。表示与事实情况相反条件从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式过去式(did)would/could/might/should(用于与现在事实相反(be常用were)第1人称)+动词原形(do)与过去事实相反过去完成式(had+done上面4个情态动词+havedone①过去式(did)推测将来情况②should+do4个情态动词+do③weretodo例:1)Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhavemethim.要是你早来几分钟的话,你就能见到他了。(与过去事实相反)2)Ifitweresunnytomorrow,Iwouldcometoseeyou.明天要是天气好的话,我来看你。(对将来的推测)3)IfIwereyou,Iwouldgoatonce.假如我是你的话,我会马上走。(与现在事实相反,事实上我不可能是你)2.省略if的条件从句当从句中有were,had或should时,可省略if,而把它们放在句首。如果没有were,had和should则不能省略if,当然也不能倒装。—63— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365IfIweretomeethimtomorrow,Ishouldaskhimaboutit.WereItomeethimtomorrow...Ifheshouldfailintheexperimentthistime,hewouldtryagain.Shouldhefailintheexperiment...ShouldIhavetime,Iwouldcallonher.CouldyoumeetMary,youshouldnotbeabletorecognizeher.Wereitnecessary,Imightresign.Werehelivinghappily,Iwouldbeverymuchastonished.3.错综时间的条件句即从句与主句的动作发生的时间不同。此时,需要按时间来确定虚拟形式。如:1)Iftheyhadstudiedhard,theycoulddoiteasilynow.如果他们以前努力学习的话,现在干的就会容易些。2)Ifhehadnottakenmyadvice,hewouldn’tdoitmuchbetterlikethis.如果他不听取我的建议,他就不会干得这样好。4.条件句有时用with(out),butfor,but+从句,undercondition,intheabsenceof等介词或介词短语,也可通过上下文暗示来表示,而主句将根据情况运用相应的形式。Butfor/withoutyourhelp(Ifyouhadnothelpedme),Iwouldn’thavepassedCET6.二、宾语从句中的虚拟语气1.wish引导的宾语从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气,可译为“但愿……”,“要是……该多好啊”。从句(例词do)用法动词用过去式或did,be用were表示现在未实现的愿望动词用过去完成时haddone表示过去未实现的愿望动词用would/could/might+do表示将来不大可能实现的愿望Iwishshewouldbeonmyside.我希望她能站在我一边。IwishIwere30yearsyounger.我但愿自己能年轻三十岁。Iwish(that)youwouldgetagoodjob.我希望你能找到一个好职业。Hewishedhehadn’tdoneit.他想要是他没这样做该多好。2.wouldrather,hadrather,hadbetter,would(just)assoon,wouldsooner均作“但愿,宁愿”讲时:1)后接动词原形表示现在或将来的一种主观愿望或选择2)后接从句,动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望,动词用过去完成时表示过去的愿望。Iwouldratherstayathomeandseetomysickgrandmother.I’djustassoonyoudidn’tspeakrudelytoher.I’dratheryouhadnotdonethat.3.这些动词后面接的宾语从句:表示愿望(wish),建议(suggest,advice,propose,recommend),要求(demand,request,require,insist),命令(order,command)等后面用should+do构成,should可以省略。Heorderedthatthestudents(should)washtheclotheseveryweekbythemselves.—64— 考研英语语法高分特训Thedoctorsuggestedthatshe(should)haveanoperationatonce.insist/suggest各有两种意思,要用不同的语气insist表示“坚决要求”时,用虚拟形式,即should+do;insist表示“坚称,坚持说”时,用陈述语气,表示事实。suggest表示“建议”时,用虚拟形式。suggest表示“表明、暗示”时,用陈述语气。1)Theteachersuggestedthatwe(should)cleantheblackboardafterclass.老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。2)Heinsistedthatallofusshouldbethereontimebyanymeans.他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。3)Heinsistedthathewasright.三、主语从句中的虚拟语气1.Itbe+suggested/proposed/requested/ordered(that)+主+(should)+do2.Itbe+形容词+that...+(should)+动词原形+……3.Itbe+名词(apity/ashame/nowonder+(that)+主+should+do四、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气Mysuggestion/proposal/order/advice/decisionisthatsb.(should)doMysuggestion/proposal/order/advice/decisionthatsb.(should)dois五、状语从句中的虚拟语气1.在asif/asthough从句中,常用虚拟形式,即表示与现在事实相反,用过去式;与过去事实相反用过去完成式(haddone).Shelookedasifsheweremadeofice.Helookedasifhehadn’tsleptfortwodays.Shelookedaftertheboyasifhewereherownson.Hespeakstousasifhehadbeenthere.2.虚拟语气在evenif/eventhough引导的让步状语从句,若表示与事实相反,其动词用虚拟语气形式,主从句中的谓语动词形式,与非真实条件句相同.Evenif/EventhoughIwererich,Iwouldwork.3.由sothat/inorderthat引导的从句中谓语动词常使用may/might/can/could+do4.用在lest,forfearthat(免得,惟恐)引导的状语从句中,这时谓语动词用should+动词原形或动词原形。六、几种特殊的虚拟语气1.It’s(high)timethat...(早该……)It’s(about)timethat...(早该……)。that后谓语动词用动词过去式或should+动词原形。should不可省略。Itistimethechildrenwenttobed.孩子们早该上床睡觉了。(表示催促)—65— 考试点(www.kaoshidian.com)名师精品课程电话:4006885365It’shightimethathebegantothinkhowtodealwithmoney.他早该开始考虑如何与钱打交道。2.在ifonly引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。LookattheterriblesituationIamin!IfonlyIyouradvice.A.followB.hadfollowedC.wouldfollowD.havefollowed—66—