英语语法课件 非谓语动词 59页

区分三大非谓语动词间的句法功能 动名词动词不定式分词主语宾语表语定语状语补语 动词不定式的基本形式主动语态被动语态一般式完成式进行式完成进行式todotobedonetohavedonetohavebeendonetobedoingtohavebeendoing 分词的基本形式主动语态被动语态现在分词一般式完成式过去分词doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendonedone 作主语:Toobeylawiseveryone’sduty.Todosuchthingsisfoolish.不定式作主语时,谓语用单数，为了平衡句子,通常用it作形式主语,构成句型:It’s+n.(adj.)+for(of)sb.+todosth.Tofindoutwhostolethemoneyisnoteasy.It’snoteasy(foryou)tofindoutwhostolethemoney. 如果要表示不定式动作的执行者,要在不定式短语前加上一个forsb.的短语，语法上称为不定式的复合结构.ItisusefulforyoutolearnsomespokenEnglish.Itisverykindofyoutocomehere.Itisfoolishofhimtodosuchathing.Itwouldberudeofustorefusetheirinvitation.在某些形容词如clever,good,nice,kind,foolish,careless,right,wrong,rude,impolite等词之后的不定式前，常加of短语,这是对人做某事的赞扬，责备或感激等。 动词不定式（短语）做主语时，可用it做形式主语，通常是一些特定的形容词，动词和名词．adj.做表语．常见的adj.有important,difficult,easy,hard,possible,impossible等Eg.Itisimpossibletodoitwell.It’seasytogettheworkfinishedbeforefive.２）V.做谓语．常见的v.有take,require,need,cost,amuse,delight,irritate(激怒),annoy(打扰，扰乱)Eg.Ittookusthreehourstofinishthework.Itrequiresanotherthreepersonstodothework. 3)n.做表语．Eg.It’sagreatpleasuretohelpyou.It’sanhonourtobeinvitedtoyoubirthdayparty.It’sagoodideatodotheworkinanotherway.动名词做主语时，it也可作形式主语．用于这种形式的是一些特定的adj.和n.，但这类次较少.adj.:enjoyable,good,worthwhile,nice,worth,useless,等；n.:nouse,nogood,fun,ahard/difficultjob,awonder,awasteoftime等Eg.It’sworthwhiledoingit.It’snousedoingit.It’sawasteoftimetryingtopersuadehimnottosmoke. 作宾语I’mpreparingtotaketheexaminationnextweek.Whentheboywasonlyfour,hisfatherdecidedtomakeanartistofhim.attempt,afford,agree,aim,arrange,beg,carechoose,decide,demand,determine,enable,expect,hope,intend,long,learn,manage,offer,plan,pretend,prepare,promise,refuseseek,wish,want,etc. allow,mind,miss,excuse,enjoy,doubt,escape,consider,admit(承认)，advise,appreciate=enjoy（欣赏）,avoid,finish,face,practise,suggest,delay（延迟）,imagine,include,keep,quit（离开）,resist(抵抗),risk（冒险）,understand,beusedto,lookforwardto（期望）,objectto,payattentionto,etc.以及介词后接动名词doing动名词作宾语 有些动词后既可接不定式做宾语，也可接动名词做宾语,两者意义差别不大.这些词有like,hate,begin,start,love,continue等．①区别：like和hate等．②start,begin后面，一般接不定式和动名词无多大区别。但在下列情况下，多用动词不定式：a．自然界变化：Itstartedtorain.Snowstartedtomeltasspringcame.心理活动，在understand,know,realize等词前Ibegantorealizemymistakes.begin,start本身为进行时：Peoplearebeginningtotakesomemeasurestostoppollution. 有些动词后既可接动词不定式做宾语有可接动名词做宾语，但意义截然不同。trytodotrydoingmeantodomeandoingforgettodoforgetdoingremembertodorememberdoingstoptodostopdoing尽力去做某事试一试，试试看打算做某事意味着做某事忘记做过了某事忘记要做某事记得要做某事记得做过了某事停下（某事）去做某事把某事停下来 goondoinggoontodoregrettodoregretdoing注意：这组短语后接不定式时一般表示将来，此动作还没有发生；而接动名词时，常表示过去，此动作发生在过去need,require,want译作“需要”时，跟v-ing作宾语，主动表被动，相当于tobedone.继续做同一件事继续做另一件事遗憾地要做某事后悔做了某事can’thelptodocan’thelpdoing情不自禁做某事不能帮助做某事 不定式既可作动词的宾语也可作介词的宾语.不定式作介词的宾语时,介词之后一般不直接接不定式，一般都是:疑问词+不定式作宾语.I’mworryingaboutwhattodonext.Marxgavesomeadviceonhowtolearnaforeignlanguage.动词+疑问词+不定式Idon’tknowwhattodonext.Wehaven’tdecidewheretospendourholiday.这类词有:advise,decide,discuss,explain,know,learn,show,tell,teach,understand 个别介词例外:需要注意的是,此句型中but/except前必须要有实义动词do时，but/except后的不定式to才能省略，否则to则不省.我们用一句话概括就是：有do无to，有to无do．Shehasnochoicebuttowaitforthenews.Therewasnothingshecoulddobutcry.Hehadnochoicebuttowait.Hecoulddonothingbutwait. 作表语不定式：具体的，将要发生的动作动名词：抽象的，习惯性的动作分词：现在分词：令人．．．的过去分词：感到．．．的Thesituationisencouraging.Hefeltencouragedbytheteacher’swords.Shelookeddisappointed.Thenewsisverydisappointing.Ourworkisservingthepeople.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps. 做定语不定式做定语时常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后．Shewasverybusyandhadnotimetovisitherfriends.Ladiesandgentlemen,Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.当名词被thefirst,thelast以及theonly等序数词以及形容词最高级修饰时，常用不定式作定语，而不管动作是否已完成．Heistheonlypersontoknowthetruth.Sheisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave. Ihavenothingtodobutwait.Doyouhaveanythingtosay?不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot,anything等习惯上用不定式做宾语．以“即将发生的动作”修饰事物时，可用不定式做定语．Hewillwritemorebooksintheyearstocome.Thestudentsarepreparingfortheexaminationtotakeplacesoon. 分词做定语：分词前置：Wecanseetherisingsun.Heisaretiredworker.分词后置：Therewasagirlsittingthere.Thisisthequestiongiven.Thereisnothinginteresting.单个的分词做定语分词短语，个别分词如given,left以及修饰不定代词something等时要后置． 动名词与分词做定语的区别：asleepingbabyasleepingcartheboilingwatertheboiledwaterthesurprisedpeoplethesurprisingnewsaswimmingpoolareadingroomthechangingworldthechangedworld 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词往往存在着两种逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语或逻辑宾语．Aliceisalwaysthefirststudenttocometoschool.(主谓关系)TheteachergavemesomeEnglishbookstoread.(动宾关系)Mr.Brownhasalargefamilytosupport.(动宾关系) 当被修饰的名词或代词是不定式逻辑上的宾语，而该不定式动词又是不及物动词时，应在该动词后加上一个介词以形成逻辑上的动宾关系．Pleasepassmesomepapertowriteon.There’snothingforustoworryabout.Shehasanicepentowritewith.Heboughtaflatforthefamilytolivein. 不定式,分词做宾语补足语的区别:①　“动词+宾语+动词不定式”ask,get,allow,forbid,prefer,force,announce,press,inspire,request,advise,remind,beg,report,invited,command,show,drive,mean,train,cause,instruct,require,tell,direct,order,warn,enable,need,encourage,want,lead,teach,permit,wish,etc. 在被动语态中，不定式则由宾语补足语变成了主语补足语Teacheraskhimtocleantheblackboard.Hewasaskedtocleantheblackboard.Hisbossorderhimtogothereatonce.Hewasorderedtogothereatonce.在被动语态中不定式一律带to，不存在省略问题 但当以上的动词用于被动式，to要还原：Theysawtheboyfallsuddenlyfromthetree.Theboywasseentofallsuddenlyfromthetree.不定式在感官动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语时，要省略toWithalotofdifficultproblems_____,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.AsettledBsettlingCtosettleDbeingsettled 表示感觉或心理状态的动词see/watch/notice/observe/lookat,hear/listento,feel/think/find/want/like２，使役动词have,make,get,keep3,with+宾语　＋　宾补dodoingdonetododoingdone 需要注意have,make的用法：Iwon’thavehimcheatme.“允许,让,使”Ihavealotofworktodo.“有”Hisstorymadeuslaugh.“使”Fathermadeakiteforhissontofly.“制造,做” 在谓语动词think,consider,prove,find,suppose,believe,imagine,等后面跟tobe作宾补，不跟todo.Imagineyourself(tobe)inhisplace.Wefoundhim(tobe)honest.Weconsiderhimtohavefinishedthework. have,get后接三种形式做宾补时,表示”使,让,叫…”①havesth.done=getsth.done让某人做某事I’llhave/getmybikerepairedtomorrow.此外，havesth.done还表示“使遭受…”Tomhadhislegbrokenwhileplayingfootball.Mr.Smithhadhishousebrokenintowhilehewasawayonholiday.havesth.todo havesb./sth.doing让／使某人/物持续地做某事getsb./sth.doing使某人开始行动起来Thepeasantshadthetractorworkingdayandnightattheharvesttime.Thecaptaingotthesoldiersmovingtowardthefrontafterashorttime.③havesb.dosth.getsb.todosth.使/让/叫某人去做某事.Motherhadmegototheshopandbuysomesalt.Ican’tgethimtostopsmoking.Hewon’tlistentome. havehavesbdosth.doingsth.havesthtododonemakemakesb.dosth.makesth.donemakeoneselfdonegetsb.todosth.getsth.doneget It’swrongofyoutoleavethemachinerunning.(主动，进行）Theguestsleftmostofthedishesuntouched,becausetheydidn’ttastedelicious.(被动，完成）Heleft,leavingmetodoalltherestwork.(主动，进行）Wehurriedlyendedourmeeting.Leavingmanyproblemstobesettled.(被动，将来）leave后接几种形式作宾补时，其中的leave保留了原来的意思“留下”但表达的确切之意应是“使．．．处于某种状态” 能用现在分词做宾补的动词有：see,find,discover,lookat,observe,notice,watch,hear,listento,feel,smell,keep,bring,imagine,sense,set.Shesensedthedangercomingnear.Hiswordssetuslaughing.Wesmellsomethingburninginthenextroom. 能用过去分词做宾补的动词有have,get,see,hear,find,make,want,feel,keep等．Youshouldmakeyourselfheard(understood).You’dbettergetyourmistakescorrected.试比较：－－Didyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?－－Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.－－Yes,Idid.Iheardthedoorknockedthreetimes. 作状语（动词不定式与分词）Hecameheretoattendanimportantmeeting.(soasto不能置于句首，inorderto可以)(目的)HewenthometofindhisoldfriendGeorgewaitingforhim.（结果）Shewasverysurprisedtohearthenews.（原因）Ihurriedtothestation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.(结果)作结果状语用的不定式常表示一种意料之外的结果，（经常与only连用）出乎意料①动词不定式 不定式用作结果状语时，还可以用:(主动表被动)“so…asto…/such…asto…(如此…以致于…)”Jimgotupsoearlyastocatchthefirstbus.“too…to…”Themathsproblemistoodifficultforustoworkout.“adj./adv./n.+enoughtodo…Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.Iamgladtoseeyou.Iamsosorrytohearyourmotherisill.在某些形容词做表语，表示喜怒哀乐后跟不定式表示原因。 主动形式表被动意义的不定式E.g.:Thequestionisverydifficulttoanswer.Theproblemisdifficulttodealwith.主语＋be+adj.+todo能用于此句型的形容词有：difficult,easy,comfortable,fit,hard,pleasant,tiresome(使人疲劳的),lightinteresting,nice,heavy,dangerous,important,etc. 在therebe结构中，作定语用的不定式如修饰主语时，即使表示被动的意义，也可用主动式来表示．Thereisalotofworktodo/tobedone.Hurryup!There’snotimetolose/tobelost.Therearethreeletterstoanswer/tobeansweredthismorning.不定式的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词之前．I’mgladtohaveseenyourfather.Sheseemedtohaveheardofitalready. therebe的非谓语形式1)theretobe:做宾语（expect,like,mean,intend,want,prefer,hate,etc.)和介词for的宾语Theyhatetheretobelongqueueseverywhere.Itisnotuncommonfortheretobeproblemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.2therebeing做状语和介词宾语（除了for）Therebeingmoclasses,theydecidedtohaveapicnic.Johnwasrelyingontherebeinganotheropportunity. 改错：1.Seeingfromthetopofthehill,theparklooksverybeautiful.seen2.Notknowingheraddress,soIcan’tgetintouchwithher.3.Beingdark,shedidn’tdaretogooutalone.It 分词做状语，逻辑主语与句子的主语应该是一致的，否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构不是句子，因为没有实际的主语和谓语．分词独立主格结构一般放在句首或句尾，做状语表示时间，原因，方式等．例如：Themeetingbeingover,theywenthome.(时间)Motherbeingillinbed,hecouldn’tgotowork.（原因）Timepermitting,Ishallstayhereforanothertwodays．（条件）Shelayagainstthewall,thesunshininguponherface.（伴随）Shesatstillinthechair,withhereyesclosed.（伴随） 难点内容：用分词做状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致的，否则，就应使用状语从句，调整句子的主语,独立主格结构，with的复合结构或．例如：（１）Givenmorehelp,theprojectwillbecompletedearlier.改:Ifwearegivenmorehelp,theprojectwillbecompletedearlier.(状语从句)Givenmorehelp,wewillcompletetheprojectearlier.（调整主语）Brokenhisleg,hecouldn’tgotoschool.改:Hislegbroken,hecouldn’tgotoschool.（独立主格结构）Hecouldn’tgotoschoolwithhislegbroken.（with的复合结构）(F)(F) 现在分词与过去分词做状语的区别Havingfinishedtheirwork,theyhadarest.Walkingalongthestreet,Imetafriendofmine.Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Givenmoretime,shecoulddoitbetter.当and或or连接同一概念的不定式时，或者当它们之间的关系并列时，可将and或or后面的to省去I’dliketogoandseeafilm.Hehadtohaveajoborgohungry.有关动词不定式句型cannothelpbutdo,cannotbutdo,cannotchoosebutdo,candonothingbutdo,havenochoicebuttodo 1.---WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?---____hernewbicycle.(97上海13)A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing2._____isagoodofexerciseforboththeyoungandtheold.A.ThewalkB.WalkingC.TowalkD.Walk3.Itwassocoldthattheykeptthefire________allnight.A.toburnB.burnC.burningD.burned4.Thelibraryneeds______,butit’llhavetowaituntilSunday.A.cleaningB.becleanedC.cleanD.beingcleaned5.—Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?—Oh,excellent.It’sworth______asecondtime.A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.beingreadCBCAC 6.Thespeakerraisedhisvoicebutstillcouldn’tmakehimself____.(NMET9134)A.hearB.tohearC.hearingD.heard7.____areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.(MET9239)A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived8.___fromhearttroubleforyears,ProfessorWhitehastotakesomemedicinewhetherhegoes.A.SufferedBSufferingCHavingsufferedDBeingsuffered9.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_____behindhisback.A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied10.Therewasaterriblenoise_______thesuddenburstoflight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowedDCCDB 11.Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher____upfromchildhood.A.growB.grewC.growingD.togrow12.The___boyswerelastseen____neartheriver.A.missing;playingB.missing;playC.missed;playedD.missed;toplay13.Mr.Smith,___ofthe___speech,startedtoreadanovelA.tired,boringB.tiring,boredC.tired,boredD.tiring,boringAAA14.Thepicture___onthewallispaintedbymynephew.A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghungB15.Thesalesmanscoldthegirlcaught___andletheroff.A.tohavestolenB.tobestealingC.tostealD.stealingD Hefeltitagreathonour____tothepalaceball.AtohavebeeninvitedBtohaveinvitedChavinginvitedDbeinginvited _____withthesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesn’tseemhighatall.AWhencomparedBTocompareCWhilecomparingDItcomparedThediscoveryofnewevidenceledto_____AthethiefhavingcaughtBcatchthethiefCthethiefbeingcaughtDthethieftobecaught -----Ihatetalkingwiththatguy.Look,heiscoming.WhatshouldIdo?-----Don’tspeakuntil_______.AspeakingBspokentoCspokenDspeakingtoUnless______tospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.AinvitedBinvitingCbeinginvitedDhavinginvitedFriendshipislikemoney:easiermadethan______AkeptBtobekeptCkeepingDbeingkept Theprofessorenteredthelab,______bytwoassistants.AfollowingBfollowedCfollowDbyfollowingDon’tleavethewater_____whileyoubrushyourteeth.ArunBrunningCbeingrunDtorun“Wecan’tgooutinthisweather,”saidTom,_____outofthewindow.AlookingBtolookClookedDhavinglooked Helookedtired.Heseemed_____asleeplessnight.AtohaveBtohavehadChavingDhehadWhatworriedthechildmostwas_____tovisithismotherinthehospital.AhisnotallowingBhavingnotbeingallowedChisnotbeingallowedDhisbeingnotallowed _____Sunday,thestudentsareathome.ABeingBTobeCItisDItbeing_______stoneandsticks,theyranintothestreetandjoinedinthefightingAArmedBArmingCArmedwithDArmingwithShetoldmethathercamerawas_____AmissedBrobbedClostDlain ______hard,you’llmakeit,Ibelieve.AWorkBToworkCWorkingDWorkedBreakfastwillbereadybythetime______AyoudressedupByouwillbedressedCyouwillhavedressedDyouhavedressedInthedays_____,hewasstillinlowspirits,anditseemedhardforhimtogetoverit.AfollowingBfollowedCthatfollowedDtofollow LastsummerItookacourseon____.AhowtomakedressesBhowdressesbemadeChowtobemadedressesDhowdressestobemadeI’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat______inmynewjob.AexpectedBtoexpectCtobeexpectingDexpectsTherearefivepairs____,butIamatalosswhichtobuy.AtobechosenBtochoosefromCtochooseDforchoosing Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_____itmoredifficult.AnotmakeBnottomakeC.notmakingDdonotmakeIwouldlove___tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.AtogoBhavinggoneCgoingDtohavegone____lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.ATosleepBSleepingCSleepDHavingslept Tomkeptquietabouttheaccident＿＿losehisjob.AsonotastoBsoasnottoCsoastonotDnotsoastoJohnwasmade____thetruckforaweekasapunishment.AtowashBwashingCwashDtobewashingShecan’thelp____thehousebecauseshe’sbusymakingacake.AtocleanBcleaningCcleanedDbeingcleaned Thepatientwaswarned___oilyfoodaftertheoperation.AtoeatnotBeatingnotCnottoeatDnoteatingIt’ssaidthattheOlympicGames____inBeijingin2008willcovermoreeventsthananyotherOlympicsdid.AholdingBtobeheldCheldDtobeholdingWillyoupleasetellmewhyyouhadnopen___inclass,Kate?AtohavewrittenBtobewrittenwithCtohavebeenwrittenDtowritewith Yesterdayastreet-beggarboughtalotteryticketpurposelessly,____himamillionaireovernight.AmakingBmakesCtomakeDmade BYE