从功能对等理论看歇后语的英译英文_毕业论文 24页

湖南科技大学毕业设计（论文）题目作者学院专业学号指导教师二0一三年月日 OntheEnglishTranslationofTwo-partAllegoricSayings:FromthePerspectiveofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryAThesisSubmittedtoSchoolofForeignStudiesHunanUniversityofScienceandTechnologyInPartialFulfillmentofTheRequirementsforTheDegreeofBachelorofArtsByXieXiang-pingUndertheSupervisionofLecturerFangXiao-qingJune,2013i 湖南科技大学毕业设计（论文）任务书外国语学院应用英语系（教研室）系（教研室）主任:（签名）年月日学生姓名:谢湘平学号:0912010108专业:英语1设计（论文）题目及专题：从功能对等理论看歇后语的英译2学生设计（论文）时间：自2012年12月5日开始至2013年6月10日止3设计（论文）所用资源和参考资料：1）Nida,E.A.1964.TowardaScienceofTranslating[M].Leiden:Brill.2）Nida,E.A.1984.OnTranslation[M].Beijing:ChinaTranslation&PublishingCorporation.3）Waard,J.D.1986.FromOneLanguagetoAnother[M].Chicago:ThomasNelsonIncPublishers.4)陈军，2009，歇后语的文化内涵与翻译策略[J].温州大学学报（2）：25-27.5)温端政，1985，歇后语[M].北京：商务印书馆.4设计（论文）应完成的主要内容：歇后语作为一种特殊的文本形式有其独特的特征。而歇后语的翻译至今为止仍然是翻译的一个难题。本论文拟以奈达功能对等理论为依据研究影响歇后语翻译的主要因素，并列出歇后语翻译的相应方法。5提交设计（论文）形式（设计说明与图纸或论文等）及要求：1）要求学生认真、独立完成毕业论文的写作2）要求按照学校规定的论文格式撰写论文3）要求及时同指导老师进行沟通，按步骤完成论文的写作和答辩工作。6发题时间：2012年12月10日指导教师：（签名）学生：（签名）ii AcknowledgmentsTherearesomanypeoplewhomIwishtoextendmygratitudetoduringmycompositionofthethesisandthepastfouryearsofstudyintheuniversity.IwouldfirstexpressmyappreciationtoLecturerFangXiao-qing,mysupervisor,whoseguidanceandinsightfulcriticismhavebeengreatlyhelpfulinthewritingofthethesis.Ihavebeenimpressedandinspiredbyherpatienceandencouragement,withoutwhichthispresentstudywouldnothavebeenwhatitis.MythanksalsogototheSchoolofForeignStudies,HunanUniversityofScienceandTechnology,whereIhadgreatopportunitiestoattendclassesandimprovemyselfinknowledgeaswellasmycharacterformation.Mygratitudewillalsoextendtomyclassmatesandfriendswhohavehelpedmeallalongthepastfouryearsandwhohavegivenmygoodadviceinmystudy.Lastbutnotleast,I’dliketoexpressmythankstomyparents.Theirloveandconcernformegivesmeendlessstrengthandcourageonthewaytograduation. AbstractLanguageisthecarrierofculture,andtheidiomistheessenceoflanguage.Moreover,two-partallegoricsayingsofidiomsaremoreuniqueintheirexpressions.ThereisnocompletelycorrespondingexpressioninEnglish.Therefore,theculturalconnotationoftwo-partallegoricsayingsformedcommunicationgapinthetranslation.Thepurposeofthispaperistodiscusstheguidingsignificanceofequivalenttranslationtheoryinthetranslationpracticeoftwo-partallegoricsayings,torevealtheculturalcharacteristicsoftwo-partallegoricsayingsandtheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineselanguage,andtoexplorethetranslationmethodsoftwo-partallegoricsayingsaccordingtoNida"sfunctionalequivalencetheory.KeyWords:Two-partallegoricsayings;Nida;functionalequivalencetheoryii 中文摘要语言是文化的载体，习语又堪称是语言的精华，而汉语习语中的歇后语更是中国文化独有的表达方式，英语中没有与之完全相对应的表达法。因此，歇后语所传递的文化内涵在汉译英中便形成了交际空白。本文旨在以奈达功能对等理论为理论依据，探讨等效翻译理论在歇后语翻译实践中所具有的指导意义,揭示歇后语的文化特色以及英汉语之间的文化差异，进而探讨歇后语的翻译方法。关键词：歇后语；奈达；功能对等理论ii ContentsAcknowledgmentsiAbstractii中文摘要iiiIntroduction1I.IntroductiontoTwo-partAllegoricSayings21.1DefinitionofTwo-partAllegoricSayings21.2TypesofTwo-partAllegoricSayings21.3CharacteristicsofTwo-partAllegoricSayings31.4FunctionsofTwo-partAllegoricSayings31.4.1CommunicativeFunctionofTwo-partAllegoricSayings41.4.2RhetoricFuctionofTwo-partAllegoricSayings4II.AnOverviewofFunctionalEquivalence.52.1DefinitionofFunctionalEquivalence52.2LevelsofFunctionalEquivalence62.2.1LexicalEquivalence62.2.2SyntacticEquivalence62.2.3ContextualEquivalenceandCulturalEquivalence................................................7III.InfluentialFactorandMethodsofTwo-partAllegoricSayingsTranslation83.1InfluenceofCulturalFactorUponTwo-partAllegoricSayingsTranslation.83.2MethodsofTwo-partAllegoricSayingsTranslation...................................................93.2.1LiteralTranslation.......103.2.2FreeTranslation.113.2.3CombinationofLiteralandFreeTranslation..................................................113.2.4LoanTranslation................................................................................................123.2.5Annotation................................................................................................13iii 3.2.6PartialTranslation143.2.7UseofAllusions14Conclusion15Bibliography16iv Introduction“Two-partallegoricalsayings,whosesecondpartsbearthemainsemanticweight,exhibitsrichsemanticandphonologicaloperations,theyarenotunanalyzedfixedstructuresmemorizedbytheusers;instead,two-partallegoricalsayingsareconceptualinnature,exhibitingmultiplesemanticoperationsamongmetaphor,metonymy,andknowledgeframe”(Lakoff&Johnson2003:58).Asforthestudyoftwo-partAllegoricSayings,althoughmanyeffortshavebeentakentoexploreit,therearestillsomedifferentideasaboutitsclassifications,translationmethodsandsoon.InordertohelpthetargetlanguagereadershaveabetterunderstandingaboutChinesetwo-partallegoticsayingsandChineseculture.Itisofgreatimportancetointroducetwo-partallegoticsayingstoforeigncountries.Sotheultimatepurposeofthispaperistoexplorethetranslationmethodsoftwo-partallegoticsayingsunderNida"sfunctionalequivalencetheory.Basedonthepreviousresearches,thispapertendstoanalyzethetranslationoftwo-partallegoticsayingswithFunctionalEquivalenceasaguidingtheory.Thisthesiscanbedividedintothreechaptersasfollows:ChapterOneprovidesanintroductiontotwo-partallegoricsayings,includingitsdefinition,classification,characteristicsandfunctions.ChapterTwomakesanoverviewofFunctionalEquivalencetheorywhichconsistsofitsdefinitionandlevels.ChapterThreestartswiththeinfluenceofculturalfactorupontwo-partallegoricsayingstranslation.Thenseveralmethodsoftwo-partallegoticsayingstranslationhavebeencomeupwith.SuchasLiteraltranslation,freetranslation,thecombinationofliteralandfreetranslationandsoon.-15- I.IntroductiontoTwo-partAllegoricSayingsTwo-partallegoticsayingsisaveryspecialpartofChineseculture,andcreatedbyancientpeopleaccordingtotheirrichlifeexperiences.ItisakindofspecialhumorouslanguageformandauniquewaytoexpresstheChinesenationalculture.Soitiswidelyusedinpeople’sdailylifeandsometraditionalworks,suchasADreamofRedMansions.Two-partallegoticsayingshasitsowncharacteristics.Firstly,itconsistsoftwopartsinitsform.Secondly,figuresofspeechsuchassimileandpuncanbeeasilyfoundinitscontent.1.1DefinitionofTwo-partAllegoricSayingsTwo-partallegoticsayingshasbeendiscussedsince1930s,butitsdefinitionstillremainscontroversialinspiteofnumerousresearchesanddefinitionsprovidedbyChinesescholars.Two-partallegoticsayingsbelongstothecommonsayings(idioms),exceptthatithasaparticularstructureofariddle.Two-partallegoticsayingsissimilartoaphraseforitexplainsthemeaningofaphraseintwoparts---thefirstpartcanberegardedasasimileorastatementdescribesariddle,whilethesecondpart,sometimesunstated,carriedamessageastheanswertotheriddle(TheContemporaryChineseDictionaryofIdioms).1.2TypesofTwo-partAllegoricSayingsThediscussionsabouttheclassificationhavenotcometoanagreementtillnow.TherepresentativeandwidelyacceptedonesareproposedbyMaGuofanandGaoGedong,SunWeizhang,andeachofthemwinsmanysupporters.MaGuofanandGaoGedongsaid,“Two-partallegoticsayingscanbedividedintotwotypes:metaphoricalonesandhomophoniconesaccordingtowhetherthesecondpartuseshomophonesornot”(1979:18).Theformeronesrefertothosewhosefirstpartsaremetaphorsandsecondpartsareexplanationsforthefirstparts.However,thelatteronesarerelatedtothosewhosesecondpartsusehomophonestoexpressasenseofpun.Asforthelatterone,wecanseethatitisnotall-sidedbecausethesecondpartoftwo-partallegoticsayingsexpressingpunysensewithahomophoneisnotalwaysright.Ontheonehand,forinstance,“七十岁戴眼镜——老花(话)(aseventy-oldpersonwearsglasses—presbyopia(anoldsaying)”(刘淑娟-15- 2011:5).Whileontheotherhand,insomeothercases,suchpunnysensecanbeindicatedbyusingapomograph.Forexample,“一顿饭能吃三升米——肚量大(apersoncaneatthreelitersofriceinonemeal—abigstomach(abroadtolerance)”(刘淑娟2011:6).SunWeizhang(1989:289-291)dividestwo-partallegoticsayingsintotwotypesmetaphoricalonesandpunyones.Andmetaphoricaltwo-partallegoticsayingsincludeexplanatoryones,revealingonesandassociatingonesbasedontherelationshipbetweentwoparts.1.3CharacteristicsofTwo-partAllegoricSayings“Two-partallegoticsayingsisubiquitous,vividlyemployingthefullspectumoftraditionalChinesehistoryandimagery,fromtheloftytothemundane”(Rohsenow1991:59).Which,undoubtedly,isfullofthecolorfulChineseculture.Thefirstpartoftenprovidesavividimageandthesecondpartintendstoexplaintheimplicitmeaningofthefirstpart.Forexample,猫哭耗子——假慈悲(Acatcryingoveramouse"smisfortune—shammercy).Itiseasyforthereaderstoimagineaclearpicturefromthevividdescriptionofthefirstpart,nevertheless,thesecondpartisthetruthandexplanationtothefirstpart.Asweallknow,catandmouseareapairofnaturalenemy,soitisimpossibleforacattoshowsympathyforamousesincerely.Theonlyresultofthesituationlistedaboveisthatthecatshowshammercytothemouse,andeatthemousewhenitisunprepared.1.4FunctionsofTwo-partAllegoricSayings“Generallyspeaking,two-partallegoticsayingsplaystwokindsoffuctionsinitsapplication:communicativefuctionsandrhetoricalfuxtions”(许家群2010:7).MostpeoplefocustheirattentionsontheapplicationofTwo-partallegoticsayingsinindailylife,thatisthecommunicativefunctionsoftwo-partallegoticsayingshaveattractedmuchattention.However,infact,therhetoricaleffectofTwo-partallegoticsayingsisitsmainfunction.Anyhow,thetwotypesoffunctionsarerelatedtoeachotherandcannotbeseperated.1.4.1CommunicativeFunctionofTwo-partAllegoricSayings-15- “ForJakobson,languageisaboveall,asanysemioticsystem,forcommunication”(胡壮麟2011:9).Infact,two-partallegoticsayingsasaformoflanguage,actuallyitactsasatoolofcommunicationandoftenappearsinpeople"sdailylifeaswellasotherlanguageforms.1.4.2RhetoricFuctionofTwo-partAllegoricSayings“Themostimportantrhetoricaleffectachievedbytwo-partallegoticsayingsishumor,ironyorsarcasmembodiedinit”(温端政1985:30).SomeTwo-partallegoticsayingsprovideasenseofhumour.Forexample,蚊子叮菩萨——认错人(AmsquitobitesaclayBuddha—mistakingdentity).Thefirstpartofthistwo-partallegoticsayingsshowsapicturethatamosquitofliesintoatempleandtriestobiteaclayidolwhoseappearanceissimilartoarealperson.Thesecondpartexplainsthatthemosquitomistakestheidolforatrueperson.Ironicandsarcasticeffectcanbeachievedinsomeothertwo-partallegoticsayings.Forinstance,黄鼠狼给鸡拜年——没安好心(AweaselpaysaNewYearcallonahen—notwithagoodintention).Theweasel,aseveryoneknows,isoneoftheworstenemysofhens,therefore,ifaweaselpaysaNewYearcallonahen,itcouldnothavegoodintentionsbutwanttoeatthehen.-15- II.AnOverviewofFunctionalEquivalence“Functionalequivalencetheory”wasproposedbyAmericanfamoustranslationtheorist,EugeneNida.Thistheoryisconsideredastherepresentativeworksofcontemporarytranslationtheorybythewesterntranslationfield.Thetheoryemphasizestheequivalenttranslationfromsourcelanguagetotargetlanguageinitsculture.Beforegoingtoproblemsandsolutionstofunctionalequivalenceintwo-partallegoticsayingstranslation,thedefinitionandlevelsoffunctionalequivalencearediscussedfirst.2.1DefinitionofFunctionalEquivalence“Dynamicequivalence”,akeyconceptinNida"stranslationtheory,definedas“theprincipleofequivalenteffect”.Bythemid-1980s,“dynamicequivalence”wasreplacedby“functionalequivalence”.“Functionalequivalence”allowsawiderangeofdiversityintranslating,sothetranslatorcanhavemorefreedomtodealwithproblemsintranslation.Insuchatranslation,dynamictranslation,oneisnotsoconcernedwithmatchingthereceptor-languagemessagewiththesourcelanguagemessage,butwiththedynamicrelationship,thattherelationshipbetweenreceptorandmessageshouldbesubstantiallythesameasthatwhichexistedbetweentheoriginalreceptorsandthemessage(Nida1964:150).“Dynamicequivalenceisthereforetobedefinedintermsofthedegreetowhichthereceptorofthemessageinthereceptorlanguagerespondtoitinsubstantiallythesamemannerasthereceptorsinthesourcelanguage”(Nida1969:24).Therelationshipbetweenthetargetlanguagereceptorandthesourcetextshouldgenerallybeequivalenttothatbetweenthesourcelanguagereceptorandthesourcetext.Functionalequivalencetranslationpaysmuchmoreattentiontothereceptor"sresponseandnaturalnessoftargetlanguagethanlanguageforms.“Atranslationoffunctionalequivalenceaimsatcompletenaturalnessofexpression,andtriestorelatethereceptortomodesofbehaviorrelevantwithinthecontextofhisownculture;itdoesnotinsistthatheunderstandtheculturalpatternsofthesource-languagecontextinordertocomprehendthemessage”(Nida1964:159).-15- 2.2LevelsofFunctionalEquivalenceTranslationinvolvesmessagetransmissionbetweentwolanguagesandcultures.ThedefinitionoftranslationproposedbyNidashowsthattranslationisnotonlyrelatedtoequivalenceoflexicalmeaning,butalsotheequivalenceoftextconnotationandstyle,whilemessagetransmissionincludessurfacelexicalmessageanddeepculturalmessage.Functionalequivalencemainlycontainsfourlevels:lexicalequivalence,syntacticequivalence,contextualequivalenceandculturalequivalence.2.2.1LexicalequivalenceThemeaningofawordliesinitsusageinlanguage.Intranslationactivities,itishardtofindthecorrespondingmeaningintargetlanguage.Forexample,“Anappleaday,keepsthedoctoraway”,both“apple”and“doctor”haveseveralmeaningswithoutaconcretecontext.Therefore,wecanunderstandthissentenceintwodifferentways:(1)Onecankeephealthybyeatinganappleeveryday;(2)OnecannotgetadoctordegreewithplayinganiPhoneeveryday.2.2.2SyntacticequivalenceSyntacticequivalenceisbasedonthefoundationoflexicalequivalenceandmorecomplicatedthanlexicalequivalencebecausedifferenttargetlanguages,numberandtenseshouldbetakenintoconsiderationinsentencetranslationactivities.Thus,thetranslatorshouldbeclearaboutdifferentgrammarsofdifferentlanguages.2.2.3ContextualequivalenceandculturalequivalenceContextualequivalenceconsistsofthreeparts,passageequivalence,sceneequivalenceandculturalequivalence.Infact,culturalequivalenceisthemostimportantthingintranslationoftwo-partallegoticsayings.Thereareagreatnumberofreasons,suchasdifferentbackgrounds,languagebarriersandsoon.Forexample,山中无老虎——猴子称霸王(Whenthecatisaway,themicewillplay).Thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetween“tiger”and“monkey”inthewesternculture,thereforeitisabigmistakeifthetranslatortakestheculturalequivalenceoutofconsiderationandtranslatesthistwo-partallegoticsayingslike-15- this,(Whenthetigerisaway,themonkeyistheking).Anyway,inordertobeagreattranslator,peopleshouldtrytheirbesttoovercomeanydifficultyandtoachievethegoalofculturalequivalencetranslation.-15- III.InfluentialFactorandMethodsofTwo-partAllegoricSayingsTranslationInthispart,sometwo-partallegoticsayingstranslationmethodsareprovided,butbeforethatitisnecessarytodiscusstheinfluentialfactorsoftwo-partallegoticsayingstranslation.3.1InfluenceofCulturalFactorUponTwo-partAllegoricSayingsTranslationNowadays,manyforeignersareenthusiasticaboutlearningChineselanguageandChineseculture.However,two-partallegoticsayings,asapartofChineseculture,isnotsopopularamongforeigncountriesbecausemanyforeignerscannotunderstandtwo-partallegoticsayingsintheirownthoughts.Whydoessuchanembarrassingsituationappear?AsfarasIamconcerned,somebarriersintwo-partallegoticsayingstranslationleadtothatproblem.InordertosolvethatproblemandspreadChinesecultureintothewholeworldbetter,itisimportantfortranslatorstohaveagoodknowledgeoftheinfluentialfactorsofTwo-partallegoticsayingstranslation.Two-partallegoticsayingsbelongstoapartofChineseculture,soformmypointofview,themostimportantinfluentialfactorupontranslationoftwo-partallegoticsayingsisculturalfactor.In1871,thefamousBritishanthropologistEdwardBTaylordefined“culture”as“thecomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety”(Richard&Levine1984:41).Mosttwo-partallegoticsayingscontainculturalconnotation,sotranslatorsshouldmakeouttherealmeaningofcultural-loadedwordsandexpressions.Take狗戴帽子——装人(adogwearingacap—pretendingtobeahumanbeing(aninsult)forexample,ifthetranslatordoesnotexplainitisaninsult,manyforeignersmaybeconfusedbecause“dog”means“goodfriends”or“somethinggood”inwesternculture,whichisabigdifferenceinChineseculture.Inaddition,eachcountryhasformeditsowncustomsduringtheirrespectivehistoryprocess.Withalongsplendidhistory,Chinesepeoplehavedevelopedtheirowncustomsand-15- conventions,whichconstitutesomedistinctivefeaturesofitslanguage.Suchas,三十晚上贴“福”字——倒着贴(pastingupthecharacter“fu”ontheNewYear"sEve—pastedupsidedown).ThisreferstotheChinesecustomofpastingthecharacter“fu”(blessing)upsidedowntoelicittheremark“nidefudaole”,whichmeansyourgoodluckhasarrived.Moreover,therearesuchlanguageitemsthathavethesameorsimilarliteralmeaning,butdifferentconnotationsorassociativemeaningsbetweenChineseandEnglishculture.Asiswell-knowntoChinese,“狗”，anegativewordwhichisoftenusedasaninsultingcommentonpeople,butthemeaningof“dog”inEnglishmostlyisapositivewordwhichmeans“agoodthing”,suchas“topdog”,“luckydog”.Consequently,onaccountofthedifferenceincustoms,sometimes,itisnecessarytoaddsomeexplanationsforforeigners"comprehensionofChineseculturalconnotationsintranslationoftwo-partallegoticsayings.What"smore,thedifferenceofreligionamongdifferentnationsisalsoanimportantfactorofthetranslationoftwo-partallegoticsayings.Fromtimeimmemorial,ChinesepeoplehavebelievedinBuddhismforthousandyears.ThereforeChineseculturewillbemuchrelatedtoBuddhisminevitably.However,Christianityisembracedinmostofthewestcountries.Thus,communicationbarriersmaycomeintobeingduringthetranslationofreligiousTwo-partallegoticsayings.Forinstance,泥菩萨过河——自身难保(likeaclayidolfordingariver—hardlyabletosaveitself),小和尚念经——有口无心(ayoungBuddhistmonkrecitingscriptures—notbeingawarewhathereallymeans).Itisquitehardforforeignerstounderstandtherealmeaningsofthosetwo-partallegoticsayingswithoutaawarenessofChinesereligion.3.2MethodsofTwo-partAllegoricSayingsTranslationTwo-partallegoticsayingsasaspeciallanguagehasitsownuniquecharacteristics.However,thetranslationoftwo-partallegoticsayingshasstillbeenaproblem.Whatkindoftranslationcanmaketwo-partallegoticsayingsbeeasilyunderstoodbythetargetlanguagereaders?Howtoreproducetheimagesofthesourcelanguagereadersinthemindsofforeigners?Howtoachievetheequivalenceeffect?Thosequestionsarewhatwearegoingtosolve.Themethodsoftwo-partallegoticsayingstranslationareasfollows:-15- 3.2.1LiteralTranslationLiteraltranslationreferstoamethodthatputsthefaithfulnesstotheoriginalcontentinthefirstplace,thefaithfulnesstotheoriginalforminthesecondplace,thefluenttranslationforminthethirdplace(许渊冲1978,translatedbytheauthor).Literaltranslationcannotonlyreproducethemeaningoftheoriginaltextbutalsokeepthesourcelanguageformanditsvividmetaphorandimagedescription.Literaltranslationcanmakethereaderoftargetlanguagebetterknowthecultureofsourcelanguage.Literaltranslationisoftenusedintwo-partallegoticsayingstranslationbecausetherearesomecommonfeaturesbetweenChineseandEnglish.Thatistosay,someChinesetwo-partallegoticsayingscanfindtheircorrespondingexpressionsinEnglish.Thus,literaltranslationcanbeusedwhenthetwoexpressionsareequivalentinbothculture.Wecanseesomeexampleasfollows:(1)芝麻开花——节节高Asesamestalkputsforthblossomsnotchhigherandhigher—risingsteadily.(2)千里送鹅毛——礼轻情意重Tosendthefeatherofaswanonethousandli—thegiftinitselfmaybeinsignificant,butthegoodwillisdeep.(3)泥菩萨过河——自身难保Likeaclayidolfordingariver—hardlyabletosaveitself(陈军2009).Insuchkindoftwo-partallegoticsayingsaslistedabove,bothtargetlanguagereadersandsourcelanguagereaderssharethesameorsimilarmeaningsofthosewords.Thus,thetargetaudiencecouldgetsimilarcontextualinformationabouttheoriginaltextwithoutanyeffort.3.2.2FreeTranslationFreetranslationisemployedforthepurposeofexpressingtheoriginalmeaninginsteadofreproducingtheoriginalsentencestructureorrhetoricaldevices.“Freetranslationmeansgivinguptheoriginalvehicleorimageandmakingefforttofindanproperwaytoexpresstheintendedmeaningoftheoriginal”(谭卫国2005:18).Freetranslationputsthefaithfulnesstotheoriginalcontentinthefirstplace,thefluenttranslationforminthesecondplace,ratherthanstickstotheoriginalform(许渊冲1978,translatedbytheauthor).Inotherwords,free-15- translationpaysmoreattentiontocontentratherthanforminthetranslatingfromthesourcelanguagetothetargetlanguage.Formoftheoriginal,includingsentencestructureandmetaphor,couldnotbetakenintoaccountinfreetranslation,butitdosenotmeanthatthetranslatorcouldomitoraddcontenttothetargettext.Freetranslationrequiresthetranslatortoknowthecultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Freetranslationmethodisoftenusedintranslatingsometwo-partallegoticsayings,especiallythosethatcontainrhetoricaldevices,suchas:(4)我这人说话向来是“袖筒里入棒槌”——直出直入Ihavealwaysbeenspeakingfranklyandtothepoint(5)一切似乎都是外甥打灯笼——照舅（旧）Thingsseemedtobethesameasbefore(韩庆果2002).3.2.3CombinationofLiteralandFreeTranslationWangZuoliangsays“Agoodtranslatorisalwaysdonebyliteraltranslationaswellasfreetranslation”(奚永吉2001:950).Justaseverycoinhastwosides,bothliteralandfreetranslationshavetheirownadvantagesanddisadvantages.Literaltranslationalwayskeepstheoriginalforms,stylesandimages,thusprovidestheoriginalculturetothetargetlanguagereaders.Whileinsomecasesliteraltranslationmayleadtomisunderstanding.Atthistime,itisnecessarytocombineliteraltranslationandfreetranslationtomakeabettertranslation.Suchas:(6)卷起袖子抓刺猬——棘手Rollingupone’ssleevestocatchahedgehog—athornyjob(7)杀鸡给猴看——杀一儆百Killingthechickentofrightenthemonkey—punishingsomeoneasawarningtoothers(韩庆果2002).3.2.4LoanTranslationAloantranslationisatypeofborrowingfromanotherlanguageinwhichtheelementsofaforeignwordareassumedtobetranslatedliterallybycorrespondingelementsinanotherlanguage.TherearesomanydifferencesbetweentheChinesecharactersandEnglishwordsthatthetranslatorhastochangetheoriginalimagewhichisdifficulttounderstandintoafamiliaronetothetargetreaderssometimes.Whenthathappens,theloantranslationmethod-15- isused.Therearemanyexamplesasfollows:(8)冰冻三尺——非一日之寒Romewasnotbuiltinaday(9)老王卖瓜——自卖自夸Nomancries“stinkyfish”(10)猫哭耗子——假慈悲Acatcryingoveramouse’smisfortune—shammercy/Toshedcrocodiletears(石延芳2012).Asforexample(10),dueto“cat”isnotaevilbutalovelypetinforeigners’eyesandEnglishculture,sotheTwo-partallegoticsayings“猫哭耗子——假慈悲”maynotbeunderstoodwellbyforeignreaderswhenitisusedliteraltranslationmethodliketheformer.However,thelatterisusedtheloantranslationmethod,“crocodiletears”notonlyexpressthemeaningofthetwo-partallegoticsayingsbutalsocaneasilybeacceptedbyforeigners.(11)山中无老虎——猴子称大王1)Whenthetigerisawayfromthemountain—themonkeycallshimselftheking2)Inthekingdomoftheblind,theone-eyedisking3)Whenthecatisaway,themicewillplay(石延芳2012).Thefirstoneisliteraltranslation,aseveryknows,“tiger”isthekingofanimalsinChineseculture,butthekingofanimalsinEnglishcultureis“lion”.Inaddition,themonkeyinEnglishcultureisnotascleverasthatinChineseculture.Astothesecondandthethirdones,loantranslationmethodisemployedandtheirmeaningsaresimilartotheoriginalone.Moreover,suchexpressionscaneasilybeunderstoodbytargetlanguagereaders.Inaword,loantranslationismoresuitablefortranslatingthiskindoftwo-partallegoticsayings.3.2.5AnnotationAseveryknows,two-partallegoticsayingsisdeeplyoriginatedwithcolorfulChinesecultureandChinesehistorybackground.Thus,inordertointroducetwo-partallegoticsayingstoforeignreadersbetter,someannotationsareneededintwo-partallegoticsayingstranslation.Forexample:(12)王羲之写字——横竖都好AcharacteroutofWangXizhi’shand—verticalstrokesareasgoodashorizontalones(likeWangXizhi’-15- scalligraphy,itisgoodineveryway)(许家群2010:76).WangXizhiwasafamousChinesecalligrapherandaChinesecharacterusuallyconsistsofsomestrokeswhicharemainlycomposedofverticalandhorizontalones.“横竖”herecanbeunderstoodintwoways:1)Thehorizontalandverticalstrokes;2)nomatterwhathewrote,isagoodcharacteranyway.(13)猪八戒戴眼镜——假斯文ZhuBajiewearingapairofglasses—pretendingtobeagood-manneredscholar(likeZhuBajiewearingapairofglasses,thewearerispretendingtobeagood-manneredscholar;apretentiouscivilizedact)(许家群2010:37).AsmostoftheChineseknow,wearingapairofglassesisasymbolofascholarinChineseculture.Thus,ifapersonisalwaysrudeandimpolitebutpretendstobegentleandgood-manneredtootherssometimes,peoplewillsaythatheisnotarealscholarbutafakewiththepurposeofpretendingtobeagood-manneredscholar.JustlikeZhuBajie,oneofthemostimportantcharactersofJourneytotheWest,whoseimageisfarfromthatofagood-manneredscholarthoughhewearsapairofglasses.(14)咸菜烧豆腐——有盐在先(有言在先)Saltedvegetableswithbeancurd—thereissaltatthebeginning(therearewordsbeforehand)(许家群2010:38).Thereisapuninthetwo-partallegoticsayings,“言”(word)and“盐”(salt)areapairofhomophones,imaginethatwithouttheexplanationwhichtellsthereaderstherearesomeagreementsorpromisesbeforesomeonedoingsomething,readersarenotlikelytounderstandwhatthistwo-partallegoticsayingsreallymean.3.2.6PartialTranslationInsometwo-partallegoticsayings,theimageorthemetaphorisveryeasytobeunderstoodbythetargetlanguagereaders,whentranslating,itisonlynecessarytotranslatethefirstpart.Forexample:(15)咳！这一来，竹篮打水——一场空了！Ah!Weweredrawingwaterinabamboobasket(陈军2009).-15- Partialtranslationisusedinthetwo-partallegoticsayingsmentionedabove,theimagessuchas“basket”and“water”andtheirmeaningsaresoeasytobeunderstoodthatalmosteveryoneknowstheresultofgettingwaterwithabamboobasket.Therefore,itisunnecessarytotranslatethesecondpart.3.2.7UseofAllusionsTherearemanytwo-partallegoticsayingscontainallkindsofallusionswhichthetargetlanguagereadersmayknownothingaboutthem,thusabriefintroductiontotheallusionisneededforabettercomprehensionoftargetlanguageaudiences.Forexample:(16)宋襄公失败的教训——对敌人不能讲仁慈ThelessonlearnedbyDukeXiangofSongfromhisdefeat—oneshouldnotbebenevolenttotheenemy.(DukeXiangofSongwasoneofthefeudallordsintheSpringandAutumnperiod.Onceheallowedtheenemytocrossariverratherthanattackthemintheriver.Asaaresult,theenemydefeatedandfatallywoundedhimfinally)(温端政1985:35).(17)周瑜打黄盖——一个愿打，一个愿挨ThatisZhouYubeatingHuangGai—shillfuliygivenbyoneandgladiltakenbyyheother.(ZhouYuandHuangGai,bothwereguneralsoftheKingdomofWuwhichwereinvolvedinwarintheperiodoftheThreeKingdoms(211-265).ZhouYucruellybeatandthensentHuangGai,hisclosecomrade-in-arms,totheenemycampinordertowinthebattlebydeceivingtheenemy)(许家群2010:78).Allusionisinthiskindoftwo-partallegoticsayings,givingabriefintroductiontothisstorycanhelpthereadersunderstandthetwo-partallegoticsayingsbetter.Inaddition,suchkindoftwo-partallegoticsayingscanarouseforeigners’interestinlearningChineseculture.-15- ConclusionTwo-partallegoticsayings,asapartofChineselanguageandChineseculture,itsuniquestyleandhumorousexpressionsmakeitpopularamonghomeandbroad.Itisnoteasyforthetranslatortotranslatetwo-partallegoticsayingsaccuratelyduetosomanyculturalandlinguisticdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish.Accordingtothisresearch,thispaperisaboutthetranslationoftwo-partallegoticsayings,intheguidanceoffunctionalequivalencetheory.Therefore,itisvitaltointroduceTwo-partallegoticsayingsitselfanditsguidingtheoryfunctionalequivalence.Attheverybeginning,theauthorintroducedsomebasicinformationabouttwo-partallegoticsayingsincludingitsdefinition,classifications,characteristicsandfunctions.Inthisway,thereaderscanhaveageneralunderstandingoftwo-partallegoticsayings.Thenanoverviewoffunctionalequivalenceoftheauthorhasbeenputforward,withitsdefinitionandlevelsinthispaper.Lastbutnotleast,thethirdchapteranalyzedtheinfluenceofculturalfactorupontwo-partallegoticsayingstranslationandproposedsometranslatingmethodsoftwo-partallegoticsayings.Theauthorthinks,thereisanimportantrelationshipbetweenthetwopartsbecauseonlywhentheinfluentialfactorsarefound,canthetranslatingmethodsbeusedbetter.Todrawaconclusion,thispaperisastudyoftwo-partallegoticsayingstranslationwithinthefunctionalequivalencetheoryandtheauthorhopesthatitwillmakeacontributiontothestudyoftwo-partallegoticsayingstranslationandhelpmoreandmoreforeignersknowwellaboutChineseculture,especiallyaboutChinesetwo-partallegoticsayingsinthefuture.However,somemistakesandshortcomingscanbefoundinthisthesisduetothelimitedtime.Firstly,theclassificationsoftwo-partallegoticsayingsarenotveryclear.Secondly,themethodsoftwo-partallegoticsayingstranslationarenotperfectbecausetranslatingactivitiesshoulddependontheconcretesituationandcontext.Thirdly,theanalysiscoveredalargerangeofelements,buttheyarenotdiscusseddeeplyenough.-15- BibliographyLakoff,G.&M.Johnson.2003.MetaphorsWeLiveBy[M].Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.Nida,E.A.1964.TowardaScienceofTranslating[M].Leiden:BrillAcademicPublishers.Nida,E.A.1984.OnTranslation[M].Beijing:ChinaTranslation&PublishingCorporationpress.Nida,E.A.1993.LanguageCulturalandTranslating[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.Nida,E.A.2001.TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.Nida,E.A.&C.R.Taber.1969.TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation[M].Leiden:BrillAcademicPublishersNewmark,P.2001.ApproachestoTranslation[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.Richard,A.S.&R.A.Levine.1984.SelfandEmotion[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Rohsenow,J.S.1991.ABCDictionaryofChineseProverbs[M].Hawaii:HawaiiUniversityPress.Waard,J.D.1986.FromOneLanguagetoAnother[M].Chicago:Chicago:ThomasNelsonIncPublishers.陈军，2009，歇后语的文化内涵与翻译策略[J].温州大学学报（2）：25-27.胡壮鳞，2011，语言学教程[M].北京：北京大学出版社.韩庆果，2002，“歇后语”一词的英译名及歇后语翻译初探[J].外语与外语教学（12）：42-45.刘淑娟，2011，歇后语的新分类与英译——关联理论原文本意图翻译观阐释[D].硕士论文：华东师范大学.马国凡，高歌东，1979，歇后语[M].内蒙古：内蒙古人民出版社.孙维张，1989，汉语熟语学[M].长春：吉林教育出版社.石延芳，2012，功能对等理论与汉语习语的英译[J].国际关系学院学报（3）：33-39.谭卫国，2005，新编英汉互译教程[M].上海：华东理工大学出版社.温端政，1985，歇后语[M].北京：商务印书馆.奚永吉，2001，文学翻译比较美学[M].武汉：湖北教育出版社.许渊冲，1978，翻译中的几对矛盾[M].河北：河北人民出版社.许家群，2010，目的论视角下的歇后语翻译[D].硕士论文：山东大学.-15-