一个贵妇人的画像中伊莎贝尔对于自由的追求 19页

0902014615分类号密级公开10722学校代码学号I106AnalysisonIsabel’sPursuitofFreedominThePortraitofaLady题目对《一个贵妇人的画像》中伊莎贝尔对于自由的追求的分析作者姓名提交论文日期专业名称成绩评定英语文学李雨桐学科门类指导教师吕千平二〇一三年四月 AcknowledgementsThisthesisiscompletedunderthecareandguidancebymymentorteacherlvQianping.Herseriousscientificattitude,rigorouslearningspiritandexcelsiorworkstyleinfectedandinspiredmedeeply.Teacherlvnotonlyguidesmeelaboratelyinacademe,butalsotakesgoodcareofmythoughtandlife.HereIwanttoexpressmysincerethanksandrespecttoteacherlv.Ialsowanttothankthestudentsinthesamegroupwithme,withwhomIhaveapleasanttimeduringthewritingtime,itisbecauseofyourhelpandsupport,Icanovercomedifficultiesanddoubtsonebyone,untilcompletethisthesissmoothly.Myheartcan"tcalmwiththeendingofthisthesis.Therespectableteachers,studentsandfriendswhohavegivenmehelpsilentlyfromthebeginningtoenterthesubjecttothethesisiscompletedpleaseacceptmysincerethanks!Iwouldalsoliketothankmyparentswhobringmeuplaboriously,thankyou!Finally,thanksformyteachersandclassmateswhohavehelpedmesincerelyonceagain. AbstractHenryJamesisoneofthethreeadvocatesofAmericanrealismliteraturein19thcentury.HisThePortraitofaLadyhasbeendescribedasastandwhichcanbereadinvariousways.ThenovelnotonlyhighlightthereasonsforJames’sfameaccordingtothe"internationaltheme",alsoshowsJames’sexquisiteandvividpsychologicalprofilingforIsabel,anditispermalinkforhisbeinghailedasthepsychologicalrealismwriter.ThisarticleusePsychoanalyticalCriticism,especiallytheidandego,toanalyzeIsabel’spursuitoffreedom,orherpursuitforfreedomledhertothetragicmarriage.Keywords:ThePortraitofaLady;psychoanalyticalcriticism;idandego;pursuitoffreedom;tragicmarriage 摘要亨利·詹姆斯被誉为19世纪美国现实主义文学的三大倡导者之一。他的《一个贵妇人的画像》被称作是一部经得住用各种方法阅读的佳作。这部小说不仅突出了詹姆斯的“国际题材”使他一举成名，而且展现了詹姆斯对伊莎贝尔细腻，生动的心理剖析，为他后来被誉为心理现实主义作家埋下了伏笔。文章用佛洛伊德精神分析法，尤其是分析法中的本我与自我，来分析伊莎贝尔对于自由的追求，或者可以说她对于自由的追求导致她悲剧的婚姻。关键词：《一个贵妇人的画像》；精神分析法；本我和自我；追求自由；悲剧的婚姻 Contents1.Introduction11.1IntroductionofThePortraitofaLady11.2IntroductionoftheWriter22.LiteratureReview33.TwoPartsoftheMainCharacters63.1.BeforeMarriage,IdDominates63.2.AfterMarriage,EgoDominates94.Conclusion10Bibliography11 AnalysisonIsabel’sPursuitofFreedominThePortraitofaLadyAnalysisonIsabel’sPursuitofFreedominThePortraitofaLady1.Introduction1.1IntroductionofThePortraitofaLadyThePortraitofaLadyisthenovelofHenryJames.ItisfirstpublishedasaserialinTheAtlanticMonthlyandMacmillan"sMagazineandthenasabookin1881.ItisoneofJames"smostpopularlongnovels,andisalsoregardedbycriticsasoneofhisfinest.ThePortraitofaLadyismainlyaboutaspiritedyoungAmericanwoman,IsabelArcher.SheistakentoEuropebyherrichauntafterherparents’death.There,sherejectstwopreeminentyoungmen,LordWarburtonandGoldWood,wholoveherverymuch,andgetsacquaintedwithMerle.Sheinheritsalargeamountofmoneyfromherunclebecauseofhereldermalecousin,Ralph,andthentravelstoItaly.WhilesheenjoysthehistoricalremainsofFlorenceandRoman,shestepsintothesnarebyMrs.Merlegradually.MerleintroduceshertoanAmericanartist,GilbertOsmond,whoisMerle’slover.Isabelfallsinlovewithhimforhispacificandliteracylook,andalsohastenderaffectionforhislittledaughter,whoisMerleandOsmond’sillegitimatedaughter.ThensheismarriedtoOsmondinspiteofalltheobjectionsofherrelativesandfriends.Aftermarried,shegraduallyfindsthatsheischeatedbyMerleandOsmond.Butsheconcealsallthesetoothersandstillpretendstobehappy.AfterthatshegoestoEnglandtoseehereldermalecousin,Ralph,whoiscriticallyill,ignoringtheobjectionofherhusband.IsabelgoesbacktoRomanunexpectedlyafterRalphdead.ThisnovelissetmostlyinEurope,mostlyEnglandandItaly,likemanyofJames"snovels.ItreflectsJames"sinterestinthedifferencesbetweentheNewWorldandtheOld,andisregardedasthemasterpieceofJames"searlyperiod.Thenovelshowsahugeviewoftrans-Atlanticlife,andhasfar-reachinginfluenceoffreedom11 AnalysisonIsabel’sPursuitofFreedominThePortraitofaLadyandresponsibility.Isabel’slovetragedycontainscomplexandprofoundmeaningunderthelightsadness.Itisdifferentfromthetraditionallovetragedywhichisformedbecauseoftherejectionofothers.Itisatragedyformedallbecausetheprotagonistchoosesherfateherself.IsabelisanAmericanwhoiseducatedbythespiritofEmerson,whichadvocatesbelievingoneselfandrespectingoneself.Shesays,“Itrytojudgethingsallmyself;Ithinkitismoreglorythannomyjudgmentevenitiswrong.”Hertragedycomesfromherownjudgment.Alltheexternalforceswhichopposethismarriagefromheraunt,eldermalecousinandfriendsareallprovedtobetrueatlast,andonlyherjudgmentiswrong.Andthemostlamentableisthatherfaultnotbecauseofherstupidbutsheistoocleverandoftenthinkalot.Sherejectsthesuitorswhoarerichandpostedbecauseshedoesn’twanttoaccepttheready-madeandeasylife,andshelikeoffering,soheridealmarriagepartnerisOsmond.Shechoosesherfateonherown,butismockedrelentlessly.Shelosesfreedomfromherpursueofitandruinsindependencefromherrequireofit.Allthesehavesomethingtodowithherweakness.Sheistoonaïveandtooself-confidentandhastoomanyromanticillusion.Butthesearejustherlovelyaspect,orshecan’tbeafascinatinggirl.Hertragedyisacharactertragedy,anditisnearlyinevitable.1.2IntroductionoftheWriterHenryJames(15April1843–28February1916)wasborninNewYorkCity,andheisbornintoawealthyfamily.HisfatherisHenryJamesSr.andwasoneofthebest-knownintellectualsinmid-19th-centuryAmerica.HewasagreatwriterinAmericaandbothinEurope,regardedasoneofthekeyfiguresof19th-ceturyliteraryrealism.Forthefirst20yearsofhislifehealternatedbetweenAmericaandEurope,afterwhichhesettledinEngland,becomingaBritishsubjectin1915,oneyearbeforehisdeath.HewaschieflyknownfortheseriesofnovelsinwhichhedescribestheencounterofAmericanswithEuropeandEuropeans.Hecontributedsignificantlytoliterarycriticism,especiallyinhisproposalthatwritersbeallowedthegreatestpossiblefreedominpresentingtheirviewoftheworld.Jamespointedoutthatatextmustfirstandforemostberealisticandcontainsarepresentationoflifethatis11 AnalysisonIsabel’sPursuitofFreedominThePortraitofaLadyrecognizabletoitsreaders.ToJames,goodnovelsshowlifeinactionandare,mostimportantly,interesting.Itisjudgeduponwhethertheauthorisgoodorbadthattheconceptofagoodorbadnovel.Inhisownnovelsandtales,hisimaginativeuseofpointofview,interiormonologueandpossiblyunreliablenarratorsbroughtanewdepthandinteresttonarrativefiction.Heisanextraordinarilyproductivewriter,inadditiontohisvoluminousworksoffictionhepublishedarticlesandbooksoftravel,autobiography,criticismandbiography,andwroteplays,someofwhichwereperformedduringhislifetimewithmoderatesuccess.Histheatricalworkisdeemedtohaveprofoundlyinfluencedhislaternovelsandtales.HenryJames’sworkhasremainedpopularwiththelimitedaudiencereaderstowhomhespokeduringhislifetime,andremainedfirmlyintheBritishcanon,butafterhisdeathAmericancritics,suchasVanWyckBrooks,expressedanimositytowardsJames’slongexpatriationandeventualnaturalizationasaBritishcitizen.OthercriticslikeE.M.ForstercomplainedofwhattheysawasJames’ssqueamishnessinthetreatmentofsexandotherpossiblycontroversialmaterial,ordismissedhisstyleasdifficultandvague,relyingheavilyonextremelylongsentencesandexcessivelyLatinatelanguage.SimilarlyOscarWildecriticizedhimforwriting“fictionasifitwereapainfulduty”.VernonParrington,composingacanonofAmericanliterature,blamedJamesforhavingcuthimselfofffromAmerica.JorgeLuisBorgesoncewrote,“DespitethescruplesanddelicatecomplexitiesofJameshisworksuffersfromamajordefect:theabsenceoflife.”AndVirginiaWoolfwrotetoLyttonStrachey,asked,“PleasetellmewhatyoufindinHenryJames.…wehavehisworkshere,andIread,andIcan’tfindanythingbutfaintlytingedrosewater,urbaneandsleek,butvulgarandpaleasWalterLamb.Istherereallyanysenseinit?”Despitethesecriticisms,Jamesisnowvaluedforhispsychologicalandmoralrealism,hisimperiouscreationofcharacter,hislow-keybutplayfulhumor,andhisassuredcommandofthelanguage.2.LiteratureReviewSigmundFreud (6May1856 –23September1939)wasanAustrian11 AnalysisonIsabel’sPursuitofFreedominThePortraitofaLadyneurologistwhobecameknownasthefoundingfatherof psychoanalysis.Whenhewasyoung,hisfamilymovedfromFreiberg,MoraviatoViennawherehespentmostofhislife.BeforeenteringhiminSpurlingGymnasiumhisparentstaughthimathome.Atschool,hewasthefirstinhisclassandgraduatedSummacumLaude.FreudworkedandgainedrespectasaphysicianafterstudyingmedicineattheUniversityofVienna.HebecamefascinatedwiththeemotionaldisorderknownashysteriathroughhisworkwithrespectedFrenchneurologistJean-MartinCharcot.Later,Freudandhismentor,Dr.JosefBreuer,wereintroducedtoacasetotreatapatientnamedAnnaO,whosesymptomsincludedanervouscough,tactileanesthesiaandparalysis.Thewomanrecalledseveraltraumaticexperiencesoverthecourseofhertreatment,whichFreudandBreuerbelievedcontributedtoherillness.ThetwophysiciansperoratedthattherewasnoorganiccauseforAnnaO"sdifficulties,buthavinghertalkaboutherexperienceshadapositiveeffectonthesymptoms.FreudandBreuerpublishedthebookStudiesinHysteria in1895.ItwasAnnaOherselfwhoreferredtothetreatmentas"thetalkingcure."LaterhewrotethebooksTheInterpretationofDreams (1900)and ThreeEssaysontheTheoryofSexuality (1905),andthesebooksbecameworldfamous.Buthistheoryofpsychosexualstageshaslongbeenasubjectofdebateandcriticism.Freud’sworkcontinuestoinfluencepsychologyandmanyotherdisciplinestothisdaywhilehistheoriesareoftenviewedwithskepticism.Freud’stheoryincludesfiveparts;theyare“dynamic”,“economic”,“developmental”,“structural”and“adaptive”level.The“dynamic”levelofFreud’s(1964)theorydealswithinstinctualforces.Hedescribesallinstincts,andinacertainsensethereforeallactionsbacktotwoinstincts;theyaretheEros(“sexualinstinct”or“libido”)andthe“destructive(aggressive)instinct.”Freud"s(1964)theoryoftheinstinctsisfurtherrealizedinthe“economic”levelofthetheory.Thisattemptabstractlyquantifiesthepowerofinstinctsthroughtheconceptof“psychicenergy”.Itisdescribedthroughasysteminwhichtheenergyininvestedtowardsinstinctualgoalsthroughcatheters,towardmaximizingthepleasurefortheindividual.Thisisbalancedbytheconceptofanti-catheters,inwhichtheenergyisinvestedasaforceagainsttheinstinct,viadefenseintheego.Thethird11 AnalysisonIsabel’sPursuitofFreedominThePortraitofaLadypartofFreud"s(1964)theoryisthe“developmental”.Henotedthreemajorideasinhistheorythatcontradictedcommonbeliefs.Firstly,sexuallifebeginsatbirth.Secondly,adistinctionbetween‘sexual’and‘genital’hastobemade,becausetheformerisabroadertermencompassingmanythingstotallydisconnectedfromthegenitals,forexampleoralandanalpleasure.Thirdly,physicalpleasuremaybebroughtintotheserviceofreproduction,butthetwooftenfailtocoincidecompletely.Hismodelofdevelopmentisfourstageslong,andonlylaststhroughhisearlylife.ThefourthpointofFreud"s(1964)theoryistheall-important"structural"divisions,whichcomeundertwomaincategories:thestructuralandthetopographicalmodels.Thestructuralmodelconsistsofthreeparts:theid,theego,andthesuperego. AccordingtoFreud,wearebornwiththeId.Asnewborns,itallowsustogetourbasicneedsmet,sotheidisanimportantpartofourpersonality. Freudpointedoutthattheidisbasedonourpleasureprinciple. Furthermore,theidwantswhateverfeelsgoodatthemoment,withnoconsiderationfortherealityofthesituation. Whenachildishungry,theidwantsfood,otherwisethechildcries. Whentheid’sneedsbechanged,thechildcries. Whenthechildisuncomfortable,forexample,inpain,toohot,toocold,orjustwantsattention,theidshowitoutuntilhisorherneedsaremet.Theidcaresonlyaboutrealityandneedsofanyoneelse,butitsownsatisfaction. Babiesarenotrealconsiderateoftheirparents"wishesifyouthinkaboutit.Theyarenotcarefortime,whethertheirparentsaresleeping,bathing,eatingdinner,orrelaxing. Oncetheidwantssomething,nothingelsecanbeimportant.Inthelatterthreeyears,asthechildinteractsmoreandmorewiththeworld,thesecondpartofthepersonalitybeginstodevelop. Freudcalledthispartthe Ego,whichisbasedontherealityprinciple. Theegoknowsthatotherpeoplehaveneedsanddesiresandthatsometimesbeingimpulsiveorselfishcanhurttheminthelongrun. Whiletakingintoconsiderationtherealityofthesituation,it’stheego"sjobtomeettheneedsoftheidThe Superego develops bytheageoffive,ortheendofthephallicstageofdevelopment.TheSuperegoisthemoralpartofusandisdevelopedduetothemoral11 AnalysisonIsabel’sPursuitofFreedominThePortraitofaLadyandethicalrestraintsplacedonusbyourguardian. Thesuperegoisequalwiththeconsciencebysomepeopleasitdictatesourbeliefofrightandwrong.AccordingtoFreud,theegoisthestrongestinahealthypersonsothatitcansatisfytheneedsoftheid,notupsetthesuperego,andstilltakeintoconsiderationoftherealityofeverysituation. Itisnotaneasyjobbyanymeans,butimpulsesandselfgratificationwouldtakeovertheperson"slifeiftheidgetstoostrong. Andthepersonwouldbedrivenbyrigidmorals,judgmentalandunbendinginhisorherinteractionswiththeworldifthesuperegobecomestoostrong. ThelastpartofFreud’stheoryisthe“adaptive”level,whichhasbeengivenmuchgreateremphasisbymodernanalysis.Freudaddresseditonlyinafairlyscatteredway.Thisfinalmajorpartishowthefirstfourpartsrelatetotheworld.Asintheexampleoftemporaryrestraintinordertogainorretainlong-termhappinesstheegoactstobalancethepsychewithreality.Oneimportantthingtonotehereishowmuchemphasistheanalystsputonperson-to-personrelationships,whichisthemostimportantofthemotherandchild.3.TwoPartsoftheMainCharactersIsabelisasmartandbeautifulgirl,whoisfullofvisionandimagination,dedicationtothepursuitoftruthandalsolovelifeandfreedom.Sheisverydevout,determinedandneverblindly.InthearrangementsandhelpofhercousinRalph,shebecameanheiress.Butsheneverpursuespleasure.Despitesheisfullofcuriosityoflife,constantlyexploreslifeandisveryconfident,butisveryromantic.Thenoveldescribeshowshespendsalotoftimetothinkaboutbeauty,brave,generousandsoon.Shedeterminestokeeptheworldasaplacefulloflight,whereshecandoanythinganddevelopmentfreely.However,hersimple,ignorant,stubbornletsheknownothingaboutaseriesofquestionsonwhatismoney,whetherthereisevilintheworld,orevenwhatispain.Sheisenergeticandeagertolinktheactivitiesofthetrendoftheworldwithitssoul.Therefore,shelikesbigman,bigareas,likestoreadaboutthestoryoftherevolutionandwarandgainsfunsfromthealbumaboutthehistory.AsoutlinedbyJames,Isabelislackofknowledgeandexperience，heridealsisunlimitedexpansion,herself-confidenceisbothnaïveanddogmaticandherpersonalityistoocriticalandtooforgiving.Isabel"spersonalityresemblesaGreek11 AnalysisonIsabel’sPursuitofFreedominThePortraitofaLadytragichero,notonlyhasthequalityofahero,butafatalweakness.Thisdeterminesthatherultimatefateisaninevitabletragic.AndIsabel’spursuitoffreedommainlyreflectsinthechoiceofmarriage.3.1.BeforeMarriage,IdDominatesInthisperiodheriddominatesandsheignoresherego.HerseekingfortrueloveandsheisdeceivedbyOsmondaretheresultofherstrongfreedomfactor,the“stronger”sheisthe“moreperceptional”sheshows.That’swhywhenallthepeopleagainsthermarriedtoOsmondshepersisteditandfeltagreatpleasure.Intheportraitofalady,althoughGoldWoodandLordWarburtoncanletherliveahappy,prosperouslife,shestillhasrefusedtheminsteadtoacceptOsmond.GoldWoodisapromisingyoungAmerican.HeisafamousinventorofthecottonginintheUnitedStatesandhasseveralwell-knowncottonmills.HecanberegardedasanindustrialgiantinAmericansociety.Heisrude,stubbornbutmarchedforwardbravely,andisextremelyinfatuatedtoIsabel.Everytimeheproposedinthenovelareinjectedwithhisheartandsoulofpassionandsincerity,butwhatitchangedissadanddisappointed.AndIsabelrejectshisproposalofmarriage,becauseshefeelsGoldWoodcannotbringherrealfreedom.ShedoesnotdenythatGoldWoodisanexcellentmanonthemall,young,andhasasuccessfulcareer,butjustbecauseofhisyoung,shefeelshewastoopowerfulandfearlessandwithalimitingpeople"stemperamentatanytime.Itwilljustbecomeanobstacletoherpursuitoffreedom.EvenGoldWoodcanwininAmericansocietyandhaveacertainposition,whichmakesIsabelconfirmherrejection.Becauseinheropinion,GoldWoodistherepresentativeoftheU.S.industrialbourgeoisieuppersocialclass,ratherthanhisown.ThishappenedtobeoppositewithIsabel’sdeterminationoftheexistenceoftheself.So,inordertoremovetheobstaclesontheroadoffreedom,IsabelhasrefusedGoldWood’sproposal.Evenattheendofthenovel,sheisinthepainofmarriagetragedy,shestillchoosetorefusehisproposalonceagain.LordWarburton,Isabel"sanothersuitor,isfullofexperiencesandisatypicalEnglishgentleman.Hehasnobleancestryandrich,towhomnineteenwomenin11 AnalysisonIsabel’sPursuitofFreedominThePortraitofaLadytwentywillrobtomarryhappily.However,hehasalwaysfailedtocombinewithIsabel.IfGoldWoodrepresentstheemergingindustrialbourgeoissociety,LordWarburtonrepresentstheEuropeantraditionofaristocraticpoliticssociety.AndthesameasGoldWood,LordWarburton,intheeyesofIsabel,alsoisnotfree.Herepresentsthesocialsystemthatherelieson.Hiswayoflife,interestsandhobbiesareallrootedinthebackwardtraditionalsocialsystem.Asmentionedinthenovel,LordWarburtonisabletogiveherthe"charming"senseofsecurity,butthisisnotthemostimportantthingshedesires.Shedesiresthefreedomoflife,especiallytheideologyoffreedom.ButLordWarburtoncouldn"tmeetherwishthatshehasthefreedomtochooseherfate.Combinedwithhimmeansbeingintegratedintothearistocraticsocietywhichhasnumerouscomplicatedetiquetteandinvariable,andgaveupthejudgmentandexploreopportunitiesinlife.Asaresult,LordWarburton’sproposalofmarriagemakesIsabelunconsciouslyfeelthatapoliticalandsocialaspectofthelocalgiantisbreedsanintention,whichpullsherintohissystemtothesurvivalandactivity,andthesurvivalandactivitywayisobjectionable.Atthesametime,sheiswellawarethatthereisanotbossybutpersuasiveinstinctinherdeepheart,whichtellsher,infact,shehasherownsystemandorbit,shecannotliveaccordingtoLordWarburton’sway,andtheircombinationcanonlyleadtomisfortune.So,Isabeleventuallyrejectedhismarriageproposal,whichpurposeisinordertocontinuetopursueherdreamoffreedomandexperiencethelifereally.That"soneofthemostfundamentalreasonsthatshechoosestomarrytoOsmond.InIsabel"sinitialimpression,Osmond’spersonalityandhislifeissomysterious,whichletherconfusedthatwhysoapolite,elegantmancancalmlylivedinaremotemountainvilla,hecanspentalldaywithgreatconcentrationinthestudyofartappreciation,beindifferenttosocialsecularandalsodon"tcareabouthisownpovertyandloneliness.However,thisisjustthenoblelifethatIsabelpursuitofwhichiselegantandfreefromvulgarity.Osmondhasnoproperty,notitle,nohonor,nohouse,nostatus,nofameandnoanythingglorious.ButitmakesIsabelwronglythinkthatheisarealindividual.Hedoesnotrelyonandnotbesubjectedtoanysocialsystem,sohedoesnotreflectanysocialclass,buthisown.Ifcombinedwithhimshecanhave11 AnalysisonIsabel’sPursuitofFreedominThePortraitofaLadyenoughspacetocontinuetoenjoythepleasureasafreeperson,alsocantrulyexperiencelife.Idlikesalargepotboilingtheinstinctsanddesires.Itactsonthepleasureprinciple,islookingforoutleturgently,alwayspursuitformeet.Everythinginidisunconscious.Isabel’sidgoesbeyondherego;shemakesdecisionsaccordingtoherwishesandpursuitsfreedomblindly.HercoldandheartlesstoGoldWoodmakesheisscoldedbyherbestfriendanditisalmostdestroyedtheiryearsofpreciousfriendship.WhensherejectsLordWarburton,shewaspersuadedbyMrs.TouchettandRalphmanytimes,alsoadvisedtothinktwice,butitisuselessandletthemregrettomissagoodmarriage.ShegetstheconsistentofalloppositionbyacceptingOsmond.Butshedoesnotinterferebyothers,shemakesachoicefreely.3.2.AfterMarriage,EgoDominatesInthisperiodheregodominates.Inthenovel,theliesalwayswillbeexposed;Osmondcan"thidehishypocrisy,uglynature.Aftermarriage,accordingIsabel’srediscovertoOsmond,andatthemomentshefinallyfindheandMrs.Merle’srealface,undertheextremestateofmind,shesetsinthedarkroomandreflectsonherselfandrealizesthatshemadethewrongchoice.ButtheoutcomeisIsabelrejectsGoldWoodproposalofmarriageagainandchoosestoreturntoOsmond.Itisreallysurprising,puzzled.Manycriticshavepublisheddifferentopinions.AlthoughIsabelhasloftyaspirations,shecan"tavoidallsortsofpossibilitiesanddangersintheroadoflife,shehasnotbeensparedfromtheexperiencesandsufferingsthatmostpeopleknow.Whatlifelefttoherareonlyresponsibilityandself-control,nothingelse.Isabelusedtouseanewwoman"simagetopursuethefreedomandindependenceofthelife,shechoosesOsmondasherhusbandaccordingtoherownfreewillintheabsenceofanyexternalthreat.Manyreadersofthe20thcenturyseemsunbelievabletoIsabel’srefusingtoGoldWoodandreturningtoOsmond.Whyshelostthecouragesheusedtorefuseothersuitorstoescapethisunfortunatemarriage?IfIsabel’spersonalityofthepursuitoffreedomandindependencehasnotchanged,sheshouldhavethiscourage.Whatshedoesintheendprovesthatsheisjustaconformismtraditionalist.11 AnalysisonIsabel’sPursuitofFreedominThePortraitofaLadyTothis,wecanonlyunderstandthatIsabel’segodominates.Egoisbetweentheidandthesuperego,standsfor rationalityandmechanism,withfunctionfordefenseandintermediary,itactsinaccordancewiththeprincipleofrealityandasamediator,Supervisesid’sactionandgivesappropriatecontent.Ego’smentalenergymostlyusesuponthecontrollingandsuppressionofid.Anythingthatcanbeaconsciousnessisintheego,buttheremaybestillsomethingintheunconsciousstate.AfterknowingOsmond’srealface,Isabelbeginsreflectingherselfandrealizesherownmistake.Thatisheregostartawakening.Finally,Isabelbackstoherhusband,becauseshehadmadeapromisetoOsmond’sdaughterthatshewillcomebackandbethebestparents.Shemusttakeresponsibilityforherownactions.4.ConclusionThePortraitofaLadyisagiganticachievementofHenryJames’earlyliterarycareer.Jameshimselfacknowledgedtheimportanceofthisbookinhiscareer.Thebackgroundofthenovelisinthelatenineteenthcentury.Americaisundergoingsocialupheaval,inachangingage.Atthesametime,traditionalideas,customsandstandardizestillprofoundlyaffectsthecontinentofNorthAmerica.Althoughwomen’spolitical,economic,legalandsocialstatuesarealsoveryhumble,theAmericanwomen,forexample,Isabel,tryingtobreakthetraditionalsocialrole,seektheirownfreedom,independentandsoon.However,theeffortsarerestrictedbyherpursuitoffreedom.ThisthesisanalysesIsabel’spursuitoffreedomleadtohertragicmarriagebyPsychoanalyticalCriticism’sidandego.Accordingtotheanalysisnotonlycanweunderstandtheportraitofaladybetter,butalsogetamoreprofoundunderstandingabouthowshouldwechoosewhenfreedomandmoralconflict.Everyoneispursuingfreedom,but,afterall,humansocietyisrestrictedbythemoral,ifwebreakthislayerboundtopursuitabsolutefreedom,therewillbenoorderinthehumansociety.11 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