苏教版牛津高二英语语法总结 33页

--牛津高中英语－模块五第一单元一动词不定式：带to的动词不定式带to-的动词不定式的构造是to+动词原形，如，todo,towork.它可以单独使用，也可以组成动词不定式短语。如：Iwasdeterminedtobecheerful.1．带to-的动词不定式可以做：1〕句子的主语如：Tofindabestfriendisdifficult.=Itisdifficulttofindabestfriend.2〕句子的宾语如：Ineedtosleepforeighthourseverynight.1）宾语缺乏语如：Iaskedhimtoeover.2）定语如：Ihaveaveryimportantmeetingtoattend.3）同位语如：Hisintentionwastocheermeup.4）状语如：Mydadarrangedsomeswimminglessonstosurpriseme.-.word.zl- --2．带to-的动词不定式有进展时态和完成时态如：Thingsseemtobegettingbetter.Johnpretendednottohaveseenme.二动词不定式：不带to的动词不定式1．可用于不带to的动词不定式的动词有：1〕letmakehave〔有时候〕如：Iletherborrowmybook.Shemademepromisetowriteeveryday.Theteacheroftenhashisstudentsreadaloudinclass.2)感官动词：feelhearseewatch如：Isawhertalktohernewfriends.3〕wouldratherhadbetterwhynot如：Iwouldrathergoswimming.YouhadbettertidyyourbedroomWhynotvisityourcousininJapan?注：感官动词后可以接v-ing如：Isawhertalktohernewfriend.(见证谈话的整个过程)Isawhertalkingtohernewfriend.(见证谈话正在发生，但不一定见证整个谈话过程)2．当有and,or,except,but,than,ratherthan,连接两个动词不定式时，后一个不定式往往省略to。-.word.zl- --如：Shetoldmetobecheerfulandlookonthebrightside.Doyouwanttogoshoppingorwatchafilm?WehadnothingtodobutwatchTV?Idecidedtowriteratherthanphone.三V-ing作名词1．V-ing可以充当名词用。可以被用做：1〕做主语〔指一般性的动作〕如：Swimmingisgoodforyourhealth.2〕做宾语〔指一般性的动作〕如：Iloveswimmingintheseaduringthesummer.3)介词之后如：Ikeepfitbyswimmingeveryday.4〕物主代词之后如：Herswimminghasimprovedsinceshestartedtrainingeveryday.注：如果所谈论的人比拟明确，那么物主代词可以省略。如：Thankyouforing.5〕组成复合名词如：Thereisashoeintheswimmingpool.2．以下动词后面接v-ingAdmitdislikeimaginedelayconsidermindunderstandavoidenjoypracticemissfinishkeepsuggest-.word.zl- --3．以下常用词组后面接v-ingWouldyoumindcannothelplookforwardtofeellikecannotstanditisnouse/goodputoffkeepon如：Wouldyoumindhelpingmewithmyhomework?Icannothelpwonderingwhyshedoesnotlikeme.Ilookforwardtoseeingyouattheparty.Idon’tfeellikedoinganythingnow.Shecannotstandseeingthatboy.Ithinkitisnousecryingaboutyourexamresultsnow.Ihadtoputoffshoppingforawhile.Hekeptonaskingmeformyphonenumber.4．以下动词后面可以接v-ing或todo，意思上几乎没有区别。Continuepreferbeginhatelikestart5．一些动词后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接todo，但意义和用法上有区别。在使用时要确保形式的正确。如，forgetregretremembermeantrygoonforget+todo(事情还没做)如：Heforgottoclosethedoorwhenheleft.Forget+doing(事情已经做了)如：I’llneverforgetwinningmyfirstgoldmedal.-.word.zl- --第二单元一V-ing充当形容词或副词1．v-ing可作：1〕定语v-ing可以放在名词前，像形容词一样修饰名词。如：Thiswillhavealastingeffect.有时候会把一个副词放在v-ing前。如：Thatwasanextremelyinterestingspeech.v-ing可以和副词或名词构成复合词。如：Thefast-growingeconomyhascausedenvironmentalproblems.Awood-burningstoveisenvironmentallyfriendly.v-ing可以放在名词后，像定语从句一样修饰名词，v-ing还可以被改成定语从句。如：peoplerunningthesefactoriesareveryconcernedabouttheenvironment.=Peoplewhorunthesefactoriesareveryconcernedabouttheenvironment.2〕表语如：Thisdestructionisfrightening.1）宾语补足语如：Weallfoundhisargumentconvincingandinteresting.2．v-ing可放在stand,sit,lie的后面，表示动作同时发生。-.word.zl- --如：Theystoodtalkingtoeachother.=Theystoodwhentheyweretalkingtoeachother.3．v-ing有完成时态，如，havingworked如：Havingworkedsidebysidewithmanyenvironmentalists,Iknowthatahealthyenvironmentandstableeconomyshouldbepossibleatthesametime.二V-ing短语v-ing短语可以单独使用，后面也可以接宾语或状语。如：Theysattheresmiling.Theysattheresmilingateachother.1．v-ing短语可以表示：1〕时间如：Askingaround,Ifindmanypeoplewillingtopayslightlyhigherpricesforthingsthatareenvironmentallyfriendly.=WhenIaskaround,Ifindmanypeoplewillingtopayslightlyhigherpricesforthingsthatareenvironmentallyfriendly.Havingobservedtheproblemformanyyears,heannouncedthatwearenowfacingthebiggestenvironmentalproblemofourtime.=Afterheobservedtheproblemformanyyears,heannouncedthatwearenowfacingthebiggestenvironmentalproblemofourtime.2〕原因-.word.zl- --如：Wearemakingbiggerholesinthenets,hopingtoavoidcatchingfishthatarenotfullygrown.=Wearemakingbiggerholesinthenets,becausewehopetoavoidcatchingfishthatarenotfullygrown.3〕结果如：Thefactorykeepsreleasingsmoke,makingtheairdirty.=Thefactorykeepsreleasingsmoke.Asaresult,theairismadedirty.4)条件如：Preparingfully,wecanachievegreatthings.=Ifwepreparefully,wecanachievegreatthings.2．连词+v-ing也可以来表示时间。常用的连词有：whenwheneverwhileonceuntil如：Wehavetotakeenvironmentalprotectionintoconsiderationwhendevelopingtheeconomy.3．v-ing从句的逻辑主语通常和主句的主语一致。如：Hetraveledontheplanelikethis,keepingthetortoiseinablanket.=Whenhetraveledontheplanelikethis,hekeptthetortoisehiddeninablanket.4．否认形式是：not+v-ing如：Hesatthere,notknowingwhattosay.-.word.zl- --第三单元一V-ed形式v-ed在句中可以充当形容词和副词的用法。1．v-ed可以被用作：1〕定语v-ed放在名词的前面，像形容词一样修饰名词。V-ed可以改成定语从句。如：IfIhadthechance,Iwouldhaveaclonedbaby.=ifIhadthechance,Iwouldhaveababywhoiscloned.大局部名词前的v-ed表达被动的含义。但有些v-ed表达过去的含义，如，escapedretiredfallen。比拟下面的短语：表被动：thehighlypraisedscientist(Thescientisthasbeenhighlypraised.)表过去：theretiredscientist(Thescientisthasretired.)有时候可以把副词放在v-ed之前。如：well-trainedteachersv-ed可以和副词或名词连用构成复合词。如：underdevelopedregionhandmadefurniturev-ed可以像定语从句一样放在名词后修饰名词。如：Ithinkthescientificadvancesmentionedinyourarticleareinteresting.=Ithinkthescientificadvancesthatarementionedinyourarticleareinteresting.2〕表语-.word.zl- --如：MygrandfatherwasdelightedtohearIpassedmyexams.3〕宾语补足语如：Aftertherobbery,theyfoundthefrontwindowsbroken.2．v-ed可以接在动词后面表示动作同时发生。如：standsitlie如：Shelaytrappedunderthebuildingforthreedays.(Shelaythereandwastrapped.)二V-ed短语v-ed短语可以是v-ed单独使用，也可以后面接宾语和/或状语。如：Shelefttherestaurant,disappointed.Shelefttherestaurant,disappointedwiththebadservice.1．表被动的v-ed短语可以表示：1〕时间如：Thescientisthascopiedahumancell,assistedbyrecentadvancesinmedicalscience.=Thescientisthascopiedahumancell,andatthattimewasassistedbyrecentadvancesinmedicalscience.2〕原因如：Shockedbythearticle,thewomanwrotealettertothenewspaper.=Thewomanwrotealettertothenewspaperbecauseshewasshockedbythearticle.3)条件-.word.zl- --如：Treatedwithelectricity,thecelltissuewillsplitintoseveralparts.=Ifitistreatedwithelectricity,thecelltissuewillsplitintoseveralparts.2．v-ed形式有一个逻辑主语。在上述例子中，逻辑主语都是主句的主语。如：thescientistwhowasassistedbyrecentadvancesinmedicalsciencethewomanwhowasshockedbythearticlethecelltissuewhichistreatedwithelectricity所有这些主语都跟主句的主语一致。三V-ed和V-ing都可以做形容词1．v-ing形式用来描述某人或某物给人造成某种感觉，在意义上通常是主动的。如：Inoticedanamazingdifference.Somepeoplefinditexcitingthattheycouldmakecopiesofthemselvesinthefuture.2．v-ed形式用来表达我们对某人或某事的感觉，在意义上通常是被动的，因为它表示我们被一个动作所影响。如：Iwassurprisedtolearnthattheyhadcopiedahumancell.Theboywasmorefrightenedthanhurt.-.word.zl- --牛津高中英语－模块六第一单元时态的概要1：现在时态现在时态可以用来谈论现在的时间，包括一般现在时态，现在进展时态，现在完成时态和现在完成进展时态。1．我们用一般现在时态来谈论：1〕现在或一直是正确的事情。如：Iamataedyshow.Thesunrisesintheeast.2〕经常发生的事情。如：TheAcademyAwardsshowisontelevisioneveryyear.Everytimeapropediantellsajoke,heorsheusesathing,calledaprop.2．我们用现在进展时态来谈论：1〕现在正在发生或正在进展的动作如：Theaudienceislaughingatthejoke.Idon’tunderstandwhyIamnotlosingweight!2〕现在正在被方案，但在将来发生的动作。如：TheedyClubisgivingalectureaboutstand-upnextmonth.TheyaregoingtotheAcademyAwardsshowinFebruary.-.word.zl- --3〕重复发生的动作，和always一起使用，通常带有否认的附加含义如：Youarealwaysmakingthesamemistakes!Sueisalwayschanginghermind.3．我们用现在完成时态来谈论过去和现在是如何联系起来的。它用于：1〕重复的经历。如：Hehashostedtheshoweighttimes.BillyCrystalhasbeeninmanyfilmsandtelevisionshow.2〕过去发生的事情，但对现在有影响的事情。如：Doctorshavefoundthatpeoplewholaughalotlivelonger!Somestand-upedianshavebeefamousastelevisionandfilmactorslateroninlife.3〕过去开场，但现在仍在发生的事情。如：Peoplehavealwaysenjoyedlaughing.edianhavealwaystoldjokesandperformedicacts.4．我们用现在完成进展时态来谈论从过去开场，持续到现在，并且还有可能继续进展的事情。如：Doctorshavebeenresearchingthatquestion.Thecurtainsfinallyopen—theaudiencehavebeenwaitinganhourfortheshowtostart.-.word.zl- --第二单元时态的概要2：过去和将来时态过去时态用来谈论过去的事情，包括一般过去时态，过去进展时态，过去完成时态等。1．我们用一般过去时态来谈论发生在过去并且现在已经完毕的事情。如：SangLanwasborninNingbo,Chinain1981.2．我们用过去进展时态来谈论发生在过去，并且持续了一段时间的事情。如：Sheknewthatinthoseyearsshewasmakingherparentsproud.3．我们用过去完成时态来谈论：1〕在过去的过去发生并且在过去的某一个动作发生之前就已经完毕的事情。如：Insteadofcryingaboutwhatshehadlost,SangLanthoughtabutwhatshecoulddotogetbetter.2)在过去的一个动作发生的同时所发生的事情。如：BythetimeshepetedintheNewYorkGoodwillGames,shehadbeenadedicatedjuniorgymnastforelevenyears.将来的时态用来讨论将来的事情，包括一般将来时态，将来进展时态，过去将来时态等。1．我们用一般将来时态来讨论将来将要发生的事情。如：Shewillewithustowatchthefootballmatchtomorrow.一般将来时态的构造：1〕willshall〔用于提供有关将来的信息〕如：IknowIwillthinkaboutherwhenevermylifefeelsunbearable.Ishallworkhardandlearntobeeagymnast.-.word.zl- --2〕begoingto+do〔用于谈论将来的方案和意图〕如：Today,I’mgoingtotalkabouthowtofindhappiness.2．我们用将来进展时态来谈论始于将来并且要持续一段时间的动作。如：DrBrainwillbetalkingaboutsuccessnexttime.3．我们用过去将来时态来谈论在过去的时间被提起的时候发生在将来的事情。如：BeforeshewenttotheGoodwillGames,SangLantoldherparentsshewasgoingtowinherevent.第三单元非真实条件句非真实条件句阐述的条件或情况是不真实的或是想象的。1．我们用非真实条件句来阐述不真实的或想象的一个现在的条件。如：IfIgotmarriedintheUSA,Iwouldexpectapresent.IcouldreachthebookifIwereabittaller.IfIhadthechance,Imightwanttobeatranslator.2．我们用非真实条件句来指代一个想象的过去的动作。如：Ifyouhadjoinedthechatroomtenminutesago,youwouldhaveknownwhatweweretalkingabut!IfthemanhadpointedwithhisfirstfingerwhilehewasinBrunei,everyonewouldhavethoughtthathewasveryrude.3．我们用非真实条件句来谈论想象的将来的情况。-.word.zl- --如：IfIhadtimetomorrow,Iwouldcertainlyhelpyou.4．非真实条件句的构成：现在If…was/were/did…,…would/could/mightdo…过去If…hadbeen/done…,…would/could/mighthavedone…将来If…was/were/did…,…would/could/mightdo…注：would，could，might经常可以互换，但在意思上有一些不同。Would表意图，方案；could表能力，可能性；might表可能性非真实条件句还有几点需要注意：1．在书面英语或正式的场合中，我们通常用were来代替条件句中的was.但在日常谈话中，was也经常用到。如：Ifhewas/werehere,hewouldbeabletohelpus.2．在表将来的非真实条件句中，还可以用wereto/should如：IfIweretofailmyMathstest,Iwouldhavetotakeitagainattheendoftheterm.Ifheshouldetomorrow,Iwouldtalktohimaboutit.3．在非真实条件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were，had放在条件句的前面。如：Shouldyoumakeamistake,youshouldnotbeembarrassed.Hadyoutoldmeearlier,Iwouldnothavethisproblemnow.Wereyoutotakethetrain,youwouldbetheremuchsooner.4．在if从句中还可以用到could+havedone来表示非真实的条件。如：IfIcouldhavetoldyouaboutculturaldifferencesbetweenItalyandtheUK,Iwouldhave.-.word.zl- --第四单元非真实条件句：其它情况非真实条件句还有以下其它情况。1．当主句是有关现在发生的事情，而从句是有关过去发生的事情，或相反，我们可以用混合的条件句。如：IfyouhadlistenedtothetalkabouttheUNyesterday,youwouldknowtheanswertothequestionnow.IfTangNingwereintown,Iwouldhaveheardaboutit.2．我们用otherwise,or，及以with，without，butfor开头的短语来替代if条件句，来表达隐含的条件的意思。如：With(ifIhad)moremoney,Icouldhelpmorepeopleinneed.Without(Ifwedidn’thave)theUNGoodwill,Ambassadors,peopleworkingonprojectswouldnotbeencouraged.Butforthe(Iftherewasno)helpfromtheUN,thosewomenwouldnothavebeenabletosetuptheirmind.I’mtoobusynow,otherwise/or(IfIweren’tsobusy)Iwouldhelpyoudothework.3．我们也可以用evenif，asif，asthough，ifonly来引导非真实条件句。如：IwouldnevergothereevenifIweregiventhechanceto.-.word.zl- --Nicholasissmilingasifheknewnothingabout.MiketalksasthoughhehadbeentotheGreatWallbefore.IfonlyIwereaGoodwillAmbassador!4．Wish和wouldrather后面可以表达非真实的情况。如：Iwishtherewerenowarsintheworld.Iwouldratheryouhadn’ttoldmeaboutit.牛津高中英语－模块七第一单元一介词介词可以放在名词或名词短语的前面来表达时间，地点，行动等等。介词也可以放在v-ing的前面。1．时间介词at,in,on,for,by和since可以被用来表示时间。At后接点时间，in后接段时间，on后接具体某一天。For用来表示某事延续了多长时间，by指的是不晚于什么时间〔到为止〕，since指从过去某个时间到稍晚的某个时间或现在为止。其它表示时间的介词还有during，after，before，between，from，until等。如：Atthattime,therecordplayerhadtobewoundupbyhand.RegularpublicTVbroadcastingfirstbeganin1928.-.word.zl- --Thefirstrecordplayersonlyplayedarecordfortwominutes.By1967,mostTVbroadcastswereincolor.Sincethebeginningof1999,thepopularityofMP3hasincreasedgreatly.注：我们经常说inthemorning/afternoon/evening,但当谈论具体的早上，下午和晚上时，那么要用on，如onSundaymorningontheafternoonof5thJune.2．地点介词at，in和on是表示地点的介词。At后接小地方或一个场合，in后接方，on表示在某个东西的外表。其它表示地点的介词还有above,against,behind,between,by,near,opposite,under等。如：I’llmeetyouatthedepartmentstore.WangLiisatamediaandtechnologyexhibition.CableTVbeganin1948intheUSA,butittook50yearsbefore66percentofUSAfamilieshaditintheirhomes.ThisnewtypeofTVcanbehungonthewall.3．行动介词介词to经常用来表示行动，意思是“朝着方向〞。其它的介词还有across,along,down,into,off,over,outof,past,round,through,under,up等。如：Theinventionofthetransistorledtothedevelopmentofcassetterecorders.-.word.zl- --二介词短语介词可以和动词，名词，和形容词连用构成介词短语。1．介词与动词连用许多介词可以跟动词连用构成词组，如：agreewith,lookfor,lookinto,headfor,standfor.如：ScientistsagreewitheachotherthatthedevelopmentofTVwillnotstop.Iamlookingforthemostrecentmodel.Doyouhaveanyinstore?TheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofSciencewilllookintothecase.TheshipsetsailandheadedforShanghai.MDstandsforMiniDisc.2．介词与名词连用介词可以跟名词连用，如：intimefor,ontime,bymeansof,byaccident/mistake,for/onsale,onthemarket,inthatcase,uptodate如：Wethoughtwewouldbelate,butwewereintimefortheprogramme.Theproductsweredeliveredontime.YoucanconnecttheCDplayertotheputerbymeansofaspecialjack.Becarefulnottopress“delete〞byaccident/mistake!Whenwillthenewmodelbefor/onsale?Thereareseveralnewmodelonthemarket.YouwantaTVlinkedwiththeInternet?Inthatcase,getaWebTV!Thistechnologyisquiteuptodate.-.word.zl- --注：当uptodate出现在名词前时，要用连字符，如：up-to-dateproducts3．介词与形容词连用一些介词可以和形容词连用，如：goodat,capableof,fondof,satisfied/happywith如：Iamgoodatscience.Theprogramisofcapableofcalculatingourbudgetfortheyear.Iamfondofwatchingblack-and-whitefilms.SuMeiissatisfiedwithhernewjob.第二单元动词短语动词短语是由一个动词加副词或介词构成的。动词+副词：Ifyouopenupanymedicinecupboardintheworld,thereisahighprobabilitythatyouwillfindasprin.动词+介词：Itwasoveradecadebeforesomeoneelseturnedpenicillinintothegreatdrugofthe20thcentury.在使用动词短语时有一些规那么需要注意：1．在动词短语里，副词可以放在名词的前面或后面。如：Flemingtriedoutthismouldonanotherbacterium.Flemingtriedthismouldoutonanotherbacterium.注：如果宾语是代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：Flemingtrieditoutonotherbacteria.-.word.zl- --2．动词短语后面不一定要接宾语。如：Thefirebrokeoutatmidnight.Flemingdidnotgiveup.3．在有介词的动词短语里，介词的宾语总是放在介词的后面如：Doctorsarelookingintothecasefornewtreatment.Sometimespeopleaskformedicinethattheydonotreallyneed.4．有时候动词短语里的副词后会接一个介词。如：Howcanyouputupwiththisforsolong?ItisnotrighttolookdownupthosewhohaveAIDS.1．动词词组有特殊的含义，如：动词词组含义例句tryouttestDon’ttrythedrugoutonanimals.giveupstopdoingsomethingTellyourfathertogiveup.washupcleanplates,bowls,etc.afteramealSheiswashingupinthekitchen.talkoverdiscussthoroughlyLet’stalktheissueover.setupcreateorstartDrArmstrongsetuphisownsurgeryin2000.lookaftertakecareofIspentawholedaylookingaftermysickdog.turnuparriveTheydidnotturnupuntil10o’clock.6．许多动词短语的意思不止一个，如，makeout-.word.zl- --就有许多不同的意思，以以下举其它三个意思：1〕能够看见或听见某事如：Itwastoodark,andIcouldn’tmakeoutthewordswrittenonthewall.2〕理解某事〔用于否认句和疑问句中〕如：Ican’tmakeoutwhatthearticlesays.3)阐述可能不是正确的事情如：Hemadeoutthathewasafamousdoctor.第三单元系动词系动词是连接主语和说明主语是什么样状态的成分的动词。最常用的系动词是“tobe〔be/am/is/are/was/were/been〕〞如：Theinformationistrueandacute.1．Appear,seem,prove,keep,stay,remain是系动词。如：Nowitseemsverymonforfamiliestospendalotoftimeapart.TheyappearinfavoroftheInternet.Theinternetprovedofgreatvaluetousduringourproject.Youshouldn’tkeepquietinadebate.Peoplestayedsilentandlistenedtous,andapplaudedattheend.Forthesereasons,IbelievetheInternetremainsapositivetoolthathelpsmakeourlivesbetter.-.word.zl- --2．感官动词是系动词，sound，taste，feel，look，smell如：Thatsoundswonderful,butsomepeopleclaimthattheinternetisawasteoftime.Ifyoualwayseatfastfood,vegetablesmaynottastedelicioustoyou.ItfeelsgoodtositinfrontoftheTVafterahardday’swork.Whenhegotuponstage,helookedalittlenervous.TheairoftensmellsbadinInternetcafes.3．暗指变化的词是系动词：turn，go，fall，grow，get，bee如：Leavesturngreeninspring.Theboywillgomadifyoudon’tallowhimtousetheputer.Alishafellasleepthemomentshegotintobed.Yoursonhasgrownmuchtaller.Johngetseasilyexcitedwhenheplaysputergames.TheamountoffalseinformationontheInternetbeesmoreofaproblemeveryday.1．大多数情况下，系动词后面接形容词。但有时也接名词或介词短语。如：IfeelitremainsimportantforuseitherorlimitouruseoftheInternet,ortolearnhowtosolvetheproblemsithascaused.Hebecameateacheraftergraduationfromcollege.ThearticleisaboutusingtheInternettohelppeopleorallages.-.word.zl- --第四单元V-ed和V-ingv-ed和v-ing通常被称作分词。分词可以做定语修饰名词，或做时间，原因，结果和方式状语。1．v-ed和v-ing可以像形容词一样使用1〕v-ing通常表达正在进展的动作，或某事是什么样子。如：shesatbesidethewindow,watchingthefallingleavesfloatingintheair.Itwasanexcitingdevelopment.2)v-ed通常表达被动的含义，或指代一个完成的动作，或告诉别人我们对某事的感觉。如：Thepolicefoundthestolencar.Therewasathicklayeroffallenleavesontheground.Manyexcitedwantedtotravelontheunderground.3〕分词短语通常放在它所修饰的名词的后面。如：ThetrainsgoingtoLondonstopattheedgeofthecity.In1933,apublicorganizationcalledtheLondonPassengerTransportBoardwascreated.2．v-ed和v-ing可以像副词一样使用。1〕v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示原因。如：Realizinghewouldhavetotaketwodifferenttrains,hedecidedtotakeataxiinstead.EncouragedbythesuccessoftheMetropolitanRailwaypany,the-.word.zl- --MetropolitanDistrictRailwayopenedanotherlinein1868.2〕v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示时间。如：Travelingthroughthetunnel,themanfeltunfortablebecauseofthenoise.Whenaskedhowoldtheundergroundsystemwas,shemadenoreply.3〕v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示方式。如：ThetrainheadedforLondon,puffingandrattling.4)v-ed和v-ing可以用来表示条件。如：Turningtotheleftatthecrossroad,youwillseetherailwaystationonyourright.注：v-ing也可以表达紧随主句动作之后的动作。如：Arrivingattheairport,hestartedlookingforthetouristguide.3．v-ing有被动和完成形式。1〕being+v-ed表示进展时态的被动态。如：Theundergroundsystembeingbuiltinthecitywillbeopennextyear.2〕having+v-ed表示完成时态的主动形式：havingbeen+v-ed表示完成时态的被动形式。如：Havingseenthesituation,awealthyAmericanbusinessman,CharlesYerkes,triedtoimprovethesystem.Havingbeendevelopedovermanyyears,theundergroundsystemisnowabletotransportmillionsofpeopleeffectively.4．当v-ed和v-ing被用做状语时，它的逻辑主语就是主句的主语。-.word.zl- --如：Havingbeentrappedintraffic,hewaslateforwork.Givenenoughtime,wewillseethewholecity.5．否认形式：not+v-ing/v-ed如：Notknowingwhichlinetotake,sheturnedtomeforhelp.牛津高中英语－模块八第一单元否认句否认句用来改正一个错误的观点。如：Moneydoesnotbuyhappiness.在这句话里，钱能买来幸福的错误观点被改正了。注：否认句有是表达肯定含义。如：Hedidn’tleaveanythingtohissonbutabiglibraryofbooks.我们有几种方式来表达否认含义。最常用的否认词有：no，not，never，和neither。1．助动词+not在最简单的否认句里，not或n’t放在助动词后表否认。如：Theymightnot(mightn’t)havebeenwrittenlastyear.Idonot(don’t)thinkso.2．Not和其它词连用-.word.zl- --1〕当把not放在一个前面加上否认前缀〔如：un-dis-in-〕的单词的时候，意思就变成肯定的了。但这种肯定没有直接的肯定句强烈。如：Itisnotunmontofindherreadingthenewspaper.(Itisquitemontofindherreadingthenewspaper.)2〕当not放在表示时间，距离，数量的短语前时，那么起到了强调否认含义的作用。如：Notmanypeopleheardthespeech.(Veryfewpeopleheardthespeech.)3．If-从句中额外的否认含义有时候，我们把否认的表达放在whether和if的后面来表达对一种情况的疑心。这种表达更加随意而且常被用在英语口语中。如：Iwonderwhether/ifIshouldn’tbringanumbrella.(Iwonderwhether/ifIshouldbringanumbrella.)Iwouldn’tbesurprisediftheydidn’tmovesoon.(Iwouldn’tbesurprisediftheymovedsoon.注：当表达有关自己的事情时，用Iwonderwhether/if…,当表达有关别人的事情时，用Iwouldn’tbesurprisedif…4．还有许多其它的否认表达。一些常用的有hardly，farfrom，seldom,unless，freefrom,和wouldrather…than。如：Pipcanhardlywaittobeginhisnewlife.Theclassicarefarfromdisappearing.Pip’ssisterseldomhasakindwordtosay.Unlessyoureadthenovelyourself,youwillneverknowwhathappensattheend.-.word.zl- --Thefortunesetshimfreefromfinancialworries.JoewouldratherdiethanseanyharmetoPip.第二单元省略当我们不想重复含义比拟明显的单词或短语时，我们就用省略。省略是使句子简明的有效的方法。1．省略可以用于1〕祈使句中，主语常被省略。如：(I)Thankyouverymuch.(You)ehere,please.2)答句，省略助动词后面的单词。如：“Didyouenjoytheopera?〞“Yes,Idid(enjoyit).〞3)动词不定式短语中，省略to后的容。如：Althoughhewouldliketo(breakhispromise),theemperorcannotbreakhispromise.4〕非正式英语中，省略句中的某些单词。如：(Areyou)Ready?How(isit)abouttheresult?5〕hence后如：Hence(es)thehappyendingofthestory.6)在介词或than之后。如：Mum:Couldyouwatertheplantsforme?-.word.zl- --Son:Whatabout(wateringthem)afterIfinishmyhomework?Theoperahousenowlooksbetterthan(itdid)whenIvisiteditlastyear.7)同一个句型和同一个动词后的两个从句中。如：PucciniwroteTurandotand(healsowrote)MadamButterfly.Theactorwasbornin1961,andhiswife(wasborn)in1964.2．为了节省空间和时间，一些单词被省略，包括：1〕标志和标签如：Nosmoking(Nosmokingisallowedhere.)2)报纸标题如：Turandotonstage(TheoperaTurandotisbeingperformedonstage.)3)说明如：Donotbend(Donorbendthisenvelope.)4〕明信片和日记如：Havenothadtimetowritediary(Ihavenothadtimetowritemydiary.)5)笔记如：OperaOK,costumesgreat(TheoperawasOKandthecostumesweregreat.)-.word.zl- --第三单元倒装倒装就是改变句子中单词的顺序。当我们用倒装的时候，我们把谓语提到主语的前面，因此我们强调的是谓语而不是主语。倒装用于以下情况。1．最常见的倒装的形式出现在问句里如：DidyougotovisittheLouvre?WhatdoyouknowaboutvanGogh?2．在以下情况下，我们把助动词放在主语的前面1〕以否认词或短语开头的句子，如：neither,nor,never,not,atnotime,seldom,hardly如：Hedidnotlikethepainting.NeitherdidI.NeitheramIimpressedbythepaintingsnordoIlikethem.NeverinmylifehaveIseensuchwonderfulpictures.Notaworddidhesayabouthisvisittotheartmuseum.AtnotimeduringthetourwasIbored.Seldomdoeshepaintnow.HardlyhadIgottoAmsterdamwhenitbegantosnow.2〕以so和only开头的句子如：LiMingenjoyedthemuseum.Sodidhisgrandmotherandaunt.SocrowdedwastheartgallerythatIcouldhardlymoveabout.OnlyonsuchatripcanyoulearnasmuchaboutEuropeanartists.-.word.zl- --注：当only修饰主语时，不需倒装。如：Onlyteacherswenttotheartgalleryyesterday.3在以下情况，主语放在动词的后面1〕句子是直接引语或局部是直接引语。如：“I’dliketoebackandseeMonet’sgarden,〞saidmyaunt.“This,“saidtheartist“isthemostbeautifulplaceIhaveeverseen.〞2)主语太常。如：Presentatthepartywereagroupofyoungpeoplewhocalledthemselvespioneersofmodernart.3)以here，there，in，out，up，down，on等开头的句子。如：Look!Hereesthebus.ThedooropenedandincameMr.Smith,theartist.Outrushedthechildren.Downcamethewaterfromthetopofthemountain.注：当主语是代词时，不需要倒装。如：HereIaminAmsterdam.Thereitgoes.4〕在正式的非真实条件句中，我们把should,were，hadto放在句子的开头。如：Shouldyouhavegoneonthetrip,youwouldhavelearntalotaboutpainting.Werethepictureunique,itwouldbevaluable.Hadthemuseumbeenclosed,wewouldhavebeenupset.-.word.zl- --第四单元强调句当我们需要用英语表达自己观点的时候，我们必须要考虑的不止是词汇和发音。我们选择强调的单词和句子成分能改变我们想要传达的含义。1．强调句可以借助某些单词来表达，如：so，such，really，和just。如：Everyonewassoexcitedaboutherspeech.Itwassuchaninterestingtelevisionshow.Ireallywanttoseeitagain.Actually,thefestivalinVenicedoesn’tjustfeatureHollywoodfilms.2．如果强调的不是动词，而是句子某一成分，我们可以用以下句型“It+be+强调局部+that从句。如：ItwasbecauseofhisHollywoodbackgroundthatheknewhowmanysmall,unknownactorswerebeingignoredbyHollywood.1)上述句型可以用来强调主语，宾语或状语。如：RobertRedfordtookoverthefestivalin1981.强调主语：ItwasRobertRedfordthat/whotookoverthefestivalin1981.强调宾语：ItwasthefestivalthatRobertRedfordtookoverin1981.强调状语：Itwasin1981thatRobertRedfordtookoverthefestival.2)当强调的主语是代词时，代词通常要用宾格。-.word.zl- --如：ItwasmewhorepresentedtheTorontoInternationalFilmFestivallastyear.注：当强调的是人时，引导词用that或who。3)强调构造还可以用语问句。如：IsittheCannesFilmFestivalthatgivesawardsmostlytoAmericanfilms?HowoftenisitthatfamousactorsanddirectorsetoToronto?Whowasitthattoldhimwhathadhappened?4〕我们用“Itwasnotuntil…that…〞构造来强调时间短语。如：ItwasnotuntilIspoketoKathythatIknewhowspecialtheSundanceFilmFestivalwas.3．如果我们想强调一般现在时态和一般过去时态中的肯定句中的动词，我们可以在动词前加助动词do或did。如：ManyofthefilmsarefromtheUSA,butwedogiveawardstofilmsfromothercountries.Wedidwanttohaveafestivalthatwasfair.Dotellusalittleaboutthefestivalyourepresent.-.word.zl-