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2013考研英语语法指导语法是考研英语的基础,这部分在考试当中虽然没有明确一种题型单独测试,但任何其它一种题型中都贯穿很多的语法知识,这部分基础如果欠缺,其它的综合能力提高起来将会很慢,所以所有复习考研的学生都要重视语法知识。对于英语基础比较差,英语语法基础本来就不好的同学,考研就要放弃吗?当然不,大家不要被眼前的困难吓倒。英语语法固然重要,但是只要你潜心复习,很快就会重拾记忆。当然,其中需要一定的方法和技巧。 语法复习起来应该有所侧重,必须有针对性,否则死扣语法,不但浪费时间,也不一定能有很好的效果。考生在复习语法过程中可以按照以下方法进行: 1.有一本正规的语法书 对于那些语法基础知识较差的考生,一本正规的语法书就像一本词典,随时可以帮助大家重拾记忆。考生可以根据语法书中系统复习一遍,找找当时学习英语的感觉。 2.重点掌握句法 句法对阅读及翻译写作都十分重要,因此必须重点复习。 3.抓住重点重点练习 对于历年真题中常考的从句等,考生要重点强化一下,毕竟这些内容相对来说比较难,需要花费的时间比较多。重点内容是什么呢?万学海文给大家总结的语法知识点如下: 并列句的同等关系、并列句的选择关系、并列句的转折关系、并列句的因果关系、并列句的对比关系;复合句的主语从句、复合句的宾语从句、复合句的表语从句、复合句的同位语从句、复合句的定语从句、复合句的状语从句;非谓语动词;谓语动词的时态;谓语动词的语态(包括其翻译的方法);倒装结构句;比较结构句;省略句结构;关于as与than的特殊用法等。 考研并不是多么难的事情,关键是自己要调整心态,给自己信心和勇气,按照规划长期坚持复习。当然,选报一个考研辅导班,对于考研学生,语法基础又比较好的同学来说是非常好的选择,需要帮助的考生不妨听一听老师的辅导,增加学习的方法和技巧,减少盲目性。 其次,给大家分析一下考研英语语法与英语四六级考试语法的差异:语法考核点不一样。考研侧重对句法的考核,四六级侧重对词法的考核,它有什么区别呢?考研必考的几个语法点: 第一点:虚拟语气。 第二点:动词的时态。 第三点:动词的非谓语形式。 第四点:倒装,倒装在翻译里面考的多,一般一个英文的句序加入它是倒装的,你必须把它译成主动的,否则的话扣0.5分。 第五点:强调,强调在哪儿考的多啊,在阅读理解里面,你一旦发现有强调的句式你就把后面的东西圈起来,都是出题的陷阱。 第六点:主谓一致,主谓一致在完型天空中考的最多。 第七点:省略,省略在翻译里面考的最多,因为一个句子,它把它省略出来了,那么你在翻译的时候要把被省略的内容翻译出来,否则扣1分,记住了,这就是规则。 第八点:从句,包括定语从句,状语从句,都在内。
第九点:THEREBE句型,简单。 这9点是考研英语必考的9个语法点,你自己必须看的,你要是自己有语法书,看我建议的这些部分。 最后,提醒大家,在这里我强调的就是千万不要忽略了历年真题的作用,虽然现在考研不直接出语法题,但是语法贯穿在完型、阅读、翻译、写作等真题的每一个角落里,所以把真题利用好,能给你带来事半功倍的效果,省心、省时、省钱,而且还高效率。原因是出题人不是你,所以要把自己的思路往专家的思路上靠,这个靠的过程,还得是在做真题的过程中不断地总结和体会。自己认为最简单的也许是最真实的,也是最容易忽略的。时态、语态需要掌握的要点: 1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时,同样不用于完成进行时: (1)表示感知的动词:hear,feel,notice,recognize,see,taste,smell; (2)表示意愿、情感的动词:desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear,love,hate; (3)表示思考、看法的动词:believe,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose; (4)表示所有、占有的动词:belongto,owe,own,possess,hold(容纳); (5)其他动词:cost,appear,concern,contain,consist,deserve,matter,seem。 如: I’dsaywheneveryouaregoingaftersomethingthatisbelongingtoyou,anyonewhoisdeprivingyouoftherighttohaveitiscriminal. (1997年考研题,belong表示归属,不用于进行式) Hewasseeingsomebodycreepingintothehousethroughtheopenwindowlastnight. (1990年考研题,see表示结果,不用于进行式) 2.不用will/shall表达将来时的形式: (1)begoingto表示现在的打算和意图; (2)arrive,come,drive,go,leave,retire,return,setoff,start,takeoff等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作; (3)beto(do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事,如: Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageistobeavoided. (4)beaboutto(do)表示将要(做),如: Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabouttopaycomplimentstohispoliticalleaders. (5)beonthepoint/vergeof(doing)表示“马上就要”,一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用; (6)be,begin,come,depart,getoff,go,leave,return,start的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件,如: Ifyouwantyourfilmtobeproperlyprocessed,you’llhavetowaitandpickituponFriday,whichisthedayaftertomorrow. (画线部分一般不用willbe)
(7)在时间、条件、让步从句中,一般现在时代替将来时,但要注意区别从句的类型,如: Idon’tknowwherehewillgotomorrow.我不知道他明天去哪儿。(宾语从句) I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句) 比较:I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句) (8)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that从句中,谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时,如: Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime. (include不能用willinclude或其他形式) 3.完成时是时态测试的重点,注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语: (1)by/between/upto/till+过去时间、since、bythetime/when+表示过去发生情况的从句,主句用过去完成时。如: Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor. Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced. (表示1919年时已发生的情况) (2)by+将来时间、bythetime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句,主句用将来完成时。如: BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks. Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear. (3)bynow、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具体数字)years/days/months,主句用现在完成时,但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中,主句更多的时候不用完成时。如: Thechangesthathowetakenplaceplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury. ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool. (4)在Itisthe+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中,谓语动词常用现在完成时。如: Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation. (5)在nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中,主句常用过去完成时。 (6)其他与完成时连用的时间状语:allthiswhile,allthisyear,forsometime,sofar,already,before,just,long,yet等。 4.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如: Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.
TheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandthathisfollowershadbeendemonstratingfor. 时态、语态答题思路: (1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态,然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语,缩小选择范围,进而选出正确答案; (2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系,确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。 1.不定式做主语 (1)做形式主语的代词: 不定式做主语,通常用it充当形式主语,把做主语的不定式短语后置。如: Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob. Tobefrank,itisagreatrelieftohavethetaskfulfilledinsoshortatime. (2)引导逻辑主语的介词: 不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导: absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如: Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy. It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice. (3)不定式做主语补足语: 掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间,并采用相应形式。如: said reported thought betodosth. believed known supposed Byronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes. Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday. 2.不定式做宾语 (1)必须接不定式做宾语的动词: 掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词: agree,afford,aim,arrange,appear,ask,attempt,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,hope,endeavor,intend,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,pledge,pretend,prepare,promise,proceed,prove,resolve,refuse,request,swear,tend,try,venture,wait,wish。如:
Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom. 注意: 1)有的动词要求特殊疑问词+不定式做宾语,这类动词有: consider,discover,explain,forget,guess,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder,如: Whilestillayoungboy,Bizetknewhowtoplaythepianowellandashegrewolder,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwhichisCarmen. 2)如果该特殊疑问词在不定式中做介词宾语,介词往往置于该特殊疑问词的前面。如: Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgroundsonwhichtobasehisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory. Withoutfacts,wecannotformworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledgeuponwhichtobaseourthinking. (2)可以用不定式做宾语补足语(复合宾语)的动词: 下列动词可以用不定式做宾语补足语(复合宾语): advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,feel,find,force,hate,have,hear,help,inform,invite,let,like,make,mean,need,notice,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,see,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wish。 注意:画线动词后面的不定式不带to。 如: Becauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmetoswimintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus. 分词起形容词和副词的作用,在句中做定语或状语。在概念上考生应清楚: ●现在分词表示主动,表示动作在进行。 ●过去分词表示被动,表示动作结束了的状态或结果。 1.分词做定语,弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别 分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句,考生应掌握: (1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如: It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相当于thechangeswhichtakeplace...) TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相当于whichgave...) Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相当于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...) (2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如: Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.
(相当于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced…) Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout. (相当于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto…) Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature. (相当于…descriptionwhichwasbasedon…) (3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义: deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如: anescapedprisoner一个逃犯 aretiredworker一位退休工人 afadedcurtain一个褪了色的窗帘 anewlyarrivedstudent一个新来的学生 2.分词做状语,注意区分分词的一般式与完成式 (1)表示时间,多置于句首,注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词,要用完成式。如: Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone. (complete先于start之前发生) (2)表示原因,置于句首句尾均可,根据情况有时要用完成式,有时用一般式。如: Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers. Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit. (3)表示伴随、方式,置于句尾,用分词的一般式。如: Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon. Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld. (4)表示结果,置于句尾,用分词的一般式。如: Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable. (5)表示补充说明(同位),置于句尾,用分词的一般式。如: Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother. Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask. 3.分词的独立主格结构 分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语,称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分,但在翻译时经常译成独立的句子,考生要注意英汉两种语言在结构上的区别。如: Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecided
totakethetrain. Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking. 4.分词做表语和补语,尤应注意由使役动词变来的分词的形式 (1)现在分词表示主语或宾语的特征,多以事物做(逻辑)主语。如: HisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingthanIhadexpected. (2)过去分词表示主语或宾语所处的状态或对某事的心理反应和感受,多以人做(逻辑)主语。如: Thesestudentsarequickatlearning.We’llhavethemtrainedinnewmethods. Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled.Fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake. 1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词 牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词: acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,confess,consider,defend,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keepmind,miss,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如: Althoughateenager,Fredcouldresistbeingtoldwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago. 2.动名词做介词短语 考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词,不是不定式符号: objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer…to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。如: TherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally. Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofashavingbeencreatedinashortperiodoftime. Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen. Asthechildrenbecomefinanciallyindependentofthefamily,theemphasisonfamilyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectiontosavingfortheretirementyears. Everyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecoverybeingjustaroundthecornerwasuntrue. 非谓语动词的其他考点
1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以,但在意思上有区别的动词的用法 meantodo想要(做某事)proposetodo打算(做某事) meandoing意味(做某事)proposedoing建议(做某事) forgettodo忘记(要做的事)remembertodo记得(要做某事) forgetdoing忘记(已做的事)rememberdoing记得(已做过的事) goontodo继而(做另一件事)stoptodo停下来去做另一件事 goondoing继续(做原来的事)stopdoing停止正在做的事 regrettodo(对将要做的事)遗憾regretdoing(对已做过的事)后悔 如: Mr.Jankinregrettedhavingblamedhissecretaryforthemistake,forhelaterdiscovereditwashisownfault. Theboyisconstantlybeingtoldnottoscratchthepaintoffthewall,buthegoesondoingitallthesame. 2.不定式的习惯用法 句型:cannothelpbutdocannotbutdo cannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdo havenochoice/alternativebuttodo 上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。其共同的特点是都有一个否定词和but。如: Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift. 3.动名词的习惯用法 句型:bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth. It’snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth. spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth. cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth. Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelpthinkingaboutit. Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem. Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk. 4.therebe非谓语动词的用法 (1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如: Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams. (expect要求接不定式做宾语) (2)做目的状语或程度状语时用fortheretobe,做其他状语用therebeing。如: Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent. (fortheretobe…在句中做目的状语)
Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely. (fortheretobe…在句中做程度状语) Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday. (therebeing…做原因状语) (3)引导主语用fortheretobe。如: Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday. (4)做除for外的介词宾语,用therebeing。如: Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought. 1.主从句谓语动词的时态 (1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配: 主句从句 与现在事实相反would/情态动词过去式+dowere(不分人称)/did 与过去事实相反would/情态动词过去式+havedonehaddone 与将来事实相反would/情态动词过去式+doshoulddo 如: Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied. Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise. (2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念: 主从句谓语动词所指时间不同,这叫做错综时间条件句,动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如: Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis. (主句与现在事实相反,从句与过去事实相反) HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow. (主句与现在事实相反,从句与过去事实相反) (3)识别事实和假设混合句: Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime. (句子前半部分为假设情况,而“父母病了”是事实) Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek. (前半部分为假设,后半部分是事实) 2.名词性从句的虚拟形式 名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉: (1)下列动词做谓语时,that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式: desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。如:
Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome. Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake. (2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时,that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式: advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested。如: Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway. Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice. (3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句中动词用虚拟形式: insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,re-quirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如: JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference. Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule. 3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式 含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达,而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉: (1)连词but,butthat,or,orelse;副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如: Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone. Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark. (2)介词短语暗含假设条件,常用的有:without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如: ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday. (3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如: Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime. (4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如: Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t. 4.常用虚拟形式的句型 (1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型: wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsuppose… hadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposing… Ifonly…Itis(high)timethat…(从句中动词只用过去式) 如: Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalkaboutthematteranymore.
I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather. IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry. Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting. (2)Ifitwerenotfor…(与现在事实相反) Ifithadnotbeenfor…(与过去事实相反)相当于butfor。如: Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded. (3)Ifonly…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如: Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible. (4)lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如: Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself. (5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形,引导让步虚拟从句,这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如: Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon. Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly. 注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义: 1.表示已经发生的情况 (1)musthave+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为“(昨天)一定……”。如: MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?” (2)cant/couldn’thave+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为“(昨天)一定没……”。如: Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow. (3)may/mighthave+过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为“也许……”。如: AtFloridaPower’sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician. 2.表示虚拟语气 (1)needn’thave+过去分词,表示做了不必做的事,译为“其实没必要……”。如: Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn’thavedressedupsoformally. (2)should/shouldnothave+过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做,或本不应该做但实际上做了,译为“本(不)应该……”。如: Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplanned
everythingaheadcarefully. (3)oughttohave+过去分词,表示动作按理该发生了,但实际上未发生,译为“该……”,与should的完成式含义类似。如: Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke. (4)couldhave+过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做,译为“完全可以……”。如: Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully. (5)may/mighthave+过去分词,表示过去可以做但实际未做,译为“(那样)也许会……”。如: Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers. 3.几个情态动词常考的句型 (1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨,最好”,与hadbetter相近。如: Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain. (2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好,怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如: Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar. Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized. (3)usedn’t或didn’tuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。 (4)should除了“应该”一层意思外,考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如: Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat. 1.与所指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致 如:Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect. Itwasduringthe1920’sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint. Ourdepartmentwasmonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme. 2.that的指代作用 that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数,用those),后面通常跟有修饰语,如出现在比较结构中的thatof。如: Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses”byboth. Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor. 3.one的指代作用 one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词,复数为ones。theone指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如: Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.
4.do的替代作用 do代替动词,注意数和时态的变化。如: Forhimtobere’elected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.平行结构 1.注意由并列连词或等立连词连接的成分在语法形式上是否相同,即都是形容词,或都是介词短语,或都是不定式,或都是动名词,或都是句子等。如: Symposiumtalkswillcoverawiderangeofsubjectsfromoverfishingtophysicalandenvironmentalfactorsthataffectthepopulationsofdifferentspecies. Intheteachingofmathematics,thewayofinstructionisgenerallytraditional,withteacherspresentingformallecturesandstudentstakingnotes. 2.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如: Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees. Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit. 3.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。 (1)ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如: Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle. Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired. (2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如: Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials. 形容词、副词及其比较级 1.形容词的句法功能 形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应注意: (1)以“a”开头的形容词如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定语,可做表语或后置定语。 (2)某些以副词词缀“-ly”结尾的词是形容词,如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。 (3)下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词,注意用做系动词时,要求形容词做表语:remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look。如: Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics. 2.副词主要测试其修饰作用
考生应了解:副词可修饰谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、整个句子。如: Thispairofshoesisn’tgood,butthatpairishardlybetter. (与前半句的否定意义吻合) It’sessentialthatpeoplebepsychologicallyabletoresisttheimpactbroughtaboutbythetransitionfromplannedeconomytomarketeconomy. Andrew,myfather’syoungerbrother,willnotbeatthepicnic,muchtothefamily’sdisappointment. Mostofusareoftheopinionthatthissetoftrainingprogramisamongthemostwiselydevisedoneswehaveseensofar. 3.考比较级时,考生应把握 (1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如: Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance. Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition. (2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。如: Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear’s. Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray’s. (3)比较级的修饰语如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather,还有表示倍数比较的词等,他们的位置是:修饰语+as…as…,或修饰语+more…than…。如: Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents. “Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.” (4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念: inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan。如: Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket. 4.最高级形式应注意的问题 (1)最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,among。 in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:inChina,allovertheworld;of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses。 注意:among…相当于oneof…,不说amongall…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来。如: Ofallvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength. (2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用:
anyother+单数名词 theother+复数名词 theothers anyone/anythingelse 上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说:Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。 5.有关比较级的特殊句型 (1)notsomuch…as…与其说……不如说…… Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare. (2)no/notanymore…than…两者一样都不……Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain. Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink. (3)no/notanyless…than…两者一样都……Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister. (4)justas…so….正如……,……也……(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.