考研英语语法讲解(动名词和分词) 3页

考研英语语法讲解三、动名词　　1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词　　牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：　　acknowledge，advocate，anticipate，appreciate，advise，avoid，admit，confess，consider，defend，delay，deny，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，fancy，favor，finish，forgive，imagine，include，involve，justify，keepmind，miss，mention，pardon，practice，postpone，permit，report，resent，resume，recall，recollect，risk，resist，suggest，tolerate.如：　　Althoughateenager，Fredcouldresistbeingtoldwhattodoandwhatnottodo.　　Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.　　2.动名词做介词短语　　考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：　　objectto，resortto，reactto，contributeto，lookforwardto，beaccustomedto，becommittedto，beexposedto，besubjectedto，bedevotedto，bededicatedto，beopposedto，bereconciledto，becontraryto，be（get）usedto，comecloseto，getdownto，giveoneselfupto，prefer…to，seeto，setto，taketo，inadditionto，withregardto，withaviewto，onthewayto.如：　　TherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin，whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit，wouldintervenepersonally.　　Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofashavingbeencreatedinashortperiodoftime.　　Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree，owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements，mostcommonlywithoxygen.　　Asthechildrenbecomefinanciallyindependentofthefamily，theemphasisonfamilyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectiontosavingfortheretirementyears.Everyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecoverybeingjustaroundthecornerwasuntrue.四、分词　　分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上考生应清楚： 　　●现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。　　●过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。　　1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别　　分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：　　（1）现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：　　It""seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.（相当于thechangeswhichtakeplace……）　　TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.（相当于whichgave……）　　Howmanyofusattending，say，ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion？（相当于Howmanyofuswhowillattend……）　　（2）过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：　　Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely，withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.　　（相当于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced…）　　Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem，sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.　　（相当于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto…）　　Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.　　（相当于…descriptionwhichwasbasedon…）　　（3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：　　deceased，departed，elapsed，faded，fallen，gone，grown-up，retired，returned，risen，set，vanished，much-travelled，newlyarrived，recentlycome.如：　　anescapedprisoner一个逃犯　　aretiredworker一位退休工人　　afadedcurtain一个褪了色的窗帘 　　anewlyarrivedstudent一个新来的学生　　2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式　　（1）表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：　　Havingcompletedonetask，westartedonanotherone.　　（complete先于start之前发生）　　（2）表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：　　Hewasn""taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety，beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.　　Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer，havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest，wouldfindhiswaythroughit.　　（3）表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：　　Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.　　Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction，completelylosttotheoutsideworld.　　（4）表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：　　Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown，themunusable.　　（5）表示补充说明（同位），置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：　　Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports，eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.　　Fordtrieddividingthelabor，eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.