2019版高考英语语法专题突破全国通用版（全解析）专项训练：专题13构词法word版含解析 12页

高考感知k1.(2017•全国卷I，69)However,be(care)nottogotoextremes.答案：careful名词加后缀-ful变成形容词，作表语或定语。此句用于becareful(not)todosth.结构。2.(2017•全国卷III,70)Itis(certain)funbutthelifestyleisalittleunreal.答案：certainly此处应用副词修饰形容词fun，certain加后缀-ly构成其副词形式。3.(2017•全国卷III，66)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher(educate).答案：education形容词性物主代词通常在名词前作定语。由此可知her后面的空格处应为名词education。-tion为名词后缀。4.(2017-江苏高考，29,改编)OnlyfiveyearsafterSteveJobs’death,smart-phonesdefeated(convention)PCsinsales.答案：conventional分析句子可知，名词PCs前缺少一个定语，故用形容词形式。-al为形容词后缀。句意：仅仅在史蒂夫•乔布斯去世五年之后，智能手机的销售额就打败了传统的个人电脑。5.(2016•全国卷I,42)Handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’llfeelarealsenseof(achieve).答案：achievement介词of后要用名词作宾语。动词achieve 加后缀-ment构成名词。asenseofachievement“成就感”。 常用的英语构词法一、名词加后缀构成形容词常见形容词后缀例词-lycostly昂贵的friendly友好的lovely"f爱的brotherly兄弟般的manly男子气概的monthly每月的fatherly父亲般的orderly有糸理的；整齐的yearly毎年的-fulcareful小心滿愤的hopeful希错的useful右川的graceful优雅的•ticathletic运动的enthusiastic热悄的；热心的energetic充满活力的：粘力充沛的；积极的optimistic乐观（主义〉的-ablefavourable心利的changeable对改变的reasonable合悄理的；讲道理的》公道的fashionable吋屯的，施行的comfortable舒服的；安逸的；舒眼自在的valuable货IE的；存价（ft的•ibleaccessible可接近的；可进入的；可使用的sensible明智的horrible可怕的；恐怖的responsible有街任的；负贵的-ydusty积满灰尘的guilty犯罪的》有掣的；内疚的messy凌乱的；脏的greedy贪吃的；贪婪的；贪心的handy方便的；有用的wealthy富裕的•alagricultural农业的》农艺的logical逻辑的*合悄理的personal私人的；个人的：亲自的classical古典的>古典文艺的magical巫术的；墘术的：存埯力的cultural文化的-ousambitious有雄心的;有野心的courageous勇敢的，有胆量的humorous啪默的；恢谐的nervous沖经紧张的dangerous位险的religious宗教上的；信奉宗教的；虔诚的-iveactive积极的；活跃的effective有效的sensitive敏涵的：易受伤宵的：灵敏的alternative供选择的；将代的expensive昂贵的-lessbreathless喘不过气来的1屏息的endless无穷的；无止境的hopeless没有希翅的；绝規的careless粗心的•漫不经心的homeless无家的；无家可归的selfless无私的！忘我的-ualspiritual精神的actual实际的；实在的factual银实的sexual性的；性别的二、动词加后缀构成形容词•ingamazing令人吃惊的exciting令人激动的astonishing令人感到惊讶的encouraging鼓舞人心的convincing令人信服的fascinating迷人的；吸引人的•edinterested感兴趣的determined1单定的complicated纪杂的：难侦的disabled伤残的distinguished著名的educated受过教疗的i有教花的-ouscontinuous持续的：选续的various各•种各■样的poisonous打海的三、动词加后缀构成名词 常W.名闻后缀例间-sionconclusion结论：结束permission许"f;允许discussion论impression印象；感想expression词语：表达：表4possession（尤作复数）所有；财产•ingopening（出入的〉通路：开口！hearing听力；听觉开端surrounding（pi.）周同的水物bowling保於球1环境reading阅速；读物shopping购物；采购-mentsettlement定居；解决amusement消逍；娱乐（活动）achievement成就；功绩appointment约会;任命adjustment调整；调节*argument争论；争辩；争吵-tionaddition加；增加;加法association社团；联系；联想affectionH愛；感悄attraction行吸引力的韦物；吸引application应用；用途1申请celebration庆祝；庆贺-ationadaptation适应（性改编本examination冬试•测试：检☆:屯卉consideration考彪；体谅expectation顶枓；期待；期望combination结合；组合imagination想象（力〉：创造力：幻想物-anceacquaintanceftli只；f解；熟人endurance忍耐，持久，耐（性）appearance外观；外稅；出现assistance协助；援助performance表滴；表现insurance保险-erannouncer广播贸；告知片；报筋员designer设i|•师invader侵略者writer作家employer廂主diver讲水员worker工人-orcompetitor克争者operator（电脑）操作员；接线员editor编辑sailor水手；海员；船员educator教疗工作者；教竹家survivor幸存者；生还者；残存物-ure/luredeparture出发，离开pressureJli力；挤压;压迫（感〉enclosure田地，田场mixtureHi合物failure失败pleasure离兴•乐趣-encecompetence能力；胜利：木领existence生存；存在preference再爱：偏愛-ityprosperity繁荣｝吕盛equality均等；平等-altrial审判，审汛，试验approval赞成;认可arrival到来》到达＜到达者survival幸存：幸存者-thgrowth成长，生长warmth温啖、名词加后缀构成相应意义的抽象名词-hoodchildhood儿童时代；童年neighbourhood街区；四部boyhood少年时代brotherhood手足情意，兄沿关系•shipchampionship冠军称马friendship友谊，友悄scholarship芡学金：学叫：学术成就citizenship公民身份•公民的职责和权力relationship关系；血缘关系；交往leadership领导地位：颂导权五、形容词加后缀构成副词actually实际上；事实上entirely完全地；全然地；整个地exactly确实如此;恰好；确切地 -lyfrequently常常;解繁地gradually逐渐地；逐少地personally就个人而言，糸Aselflessly尤私地；忘我地sincerely盘诚地：貪•平地unfortunately不芋:地 六、形容词加后缀构成名词-nessbrightness明亮》亮度;聪解happiness幸福;快乐darkness災昭；漆尤illness疾病fitnessftt谈kindness(:慈1好意sadness恕哀；！伤seasickness带船sickness疾病；恶心七、形容词加后缀构成动词（一）-enblacken使变惠shorten缩短•使变短weaken（对浆书的决心〉动摇brighten使史愉快；使史有希空deepen（加深）使深ripen使成熟；成熟sharpen削尖widen拓宽;减弱1（使）变弱harden变硬•硬化-izemodernize使现代化realize实现organize组织-ifysimplify简化diversify使•••…多样化八、形容词加前缀构成动词（二）en-前缀.表示“使得成为……”•使enlarge扩大enable使能够enrich使富裕I充实；改辞九、常见的表示特定含义的前缀re•（蚕&•再）rearrange重新整理reconfirm再证实reappear再现recount虽新计搏rebuild重建recover琅新扶得anii-（反•抗拒）anti-war反战的anii-pollution防止环境汚染的anti-social反社会的bh（二，双）bilingual双语的bilateral双边的ex•（以前的）ex-president前总统ex-husband的•夫ex-serviccman退役军人十、表示“人”的名词后缀-istarchaeologist有古学家cyclist骑1*1行车的人novelist小说家tourist旅行冉，现光再artist艺术家dentist牙科医生pianist钢琴家;钢琴演奏者typist打字员chemist药剂师：化学家journalistid者；新闻T.作者scientist科学家violinist小捉琴浪奏再-an/-ianVAmerican英国人Russian俄国人politician政抬家Australian渡大利亚人Asian亚洲人librarian|妇书符理贸European欧洲人musician音乐家historian历史学家十一、常用的否定前缀un-（不，非）+形容词unable不能的；不会的uncertain不确切的；无把拥的unfair不公正的；不公平的unbearable难以忍受的；不能容忍的uncomfortable不奸服的；不舒适的unusual不同寻常的；独特的dis-dislike不喜欢disorder欠凋；紊礼disagree不間总disappearancejfjdisbelief不相倍disagreement分歧：小一致 il-,im-，in->ir-illegal违法的impossible不可能的irregular不规则的illiterate没受教台的；文盲immoral不道德的inaccurate不准确的incorrect不正确的irresistible不可抵抗的non•否定前缀non-stop中途停的：立达的non-smoker不吸烟的人non-violent非法力的non-profit非廠利的专项训练kI.单句语法填空1.(fortunate),Natalie"sfamilyescapedtoBrooklynshortlybeforethecity"sbridgeclosed.答案：Fortunately此处表述“幸运地是”，修饰整个句子，应当用副词形式。2.It’sstillausefulandpleasantformof(communicate).答案：communication介词of之后要用名词形式communication作宾语。3.Itisnot(surprise)thatyoungpeoplearelikelytoburstout,particularlywhentherearereasonstodoso.答案：surprising此处表述that从句所陈述的事情是surprising“令人吃惊的’’。惯用句式：Itis+€z4/.+thatv.---ing-^adj.o4.Chinesescientists(recent)hadachancetostudyawildfemalepandawithanewbornbaby.答案：recently修饰谓语动词应用副词形式。形容词recent+-ly—副词。5.Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportant(grow)inautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.答案：growth前面有形容词important修饰。此处应填名词growth和后面的development构成并列关系。6.Someschoolswillhavetomake(adjust)inagreement withthenationalsoccerreform.答案：adjustmentsmakeadjustments“做出调整”，固定短语。1.Weshouldsee(fail)asarequirementformovingtowardsourgoals.答案：failure设空处应填名词作动词see的宾语，且此处为抽象名词，不可数。由派生构词法可知，v.---ure-^n.9故填failure。2.Youcanliveamore(power)lifewhenyoudevotesomeofyourtimeandenergytosomethingmuchlargerthanyourself.答案:powerful修饰后面的名词的应是形容词，依据派生构词法，名词加后缀-ful构成形容词；powerful“强有力的”。3.Antsaregatheringtheirwinterfoodinthemiddleofsummerandmake(prepare)forthelongcoldwinter.答案：preparationsmakepreparationsfor...“为作准备”。4.Itis(danger)forawomantowalkaloneatnight.答案：dangerous所填词位于系动词is之后，作表语，应填形容词；根据派生构词法规则可知，可在名词后加后缀-ous，构成形容词，故填dangerous,意为“危险的”。n.单句改错1.Witheachshovelofdirtwhichhithisback,thedonkeywasdoingsomethingamazed.答案：amazed-^amazing形容词修饰不定代词something应位于其后，且此处表示“令人惊讶的事”，故改为amazing。2.Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon’tnaturallysharefoodeither.Humanchildren,ontheotherhandareextremelycooperate.答案：cooperate—cooperative此处用形容词作表语。由派生构 词法可知v.---\e^adj.o1.ItwasareliefandIcametoasuddenlystopjustinthemiddleoftheroad.答案：suddenlysudden句中，stop是名词，应由形容词修饰；根据副词的构词法规则可知，此处应将表示副词的后缀-ly去掉，故改suddenly为suddeno2.Thefruitsaresmallinsize,butjuicyandtaste.答案：taste—tasty形容词small,juicy和句子最后一个词为并列表语，故句末的词应改为其形容词形式。由派生构词法可知，R+-y-^adj.o3.Theyaretruegoodbirdsthatarewortheveryeffortweputintorecoveringthem.答案：truetruly此处用副词形式修饰后面的形容词good。III.语法填空Onthefirstdayofherwork,Sallyfoundthataclassfullofproblemswaswaitingforher.Shewastoldsixteachers1(quit)beforeher.Whenshewalkedintotheclassroom,itwaschaos:twoboyswerefightinginacomer,yet2restoftheclassseemednottonoticethem;somegirlswerechattingandsomewererunningaboutwithpaper，foodpackagesandothergarbage3(leave)everywhere.Sallywalkedontotheplatform,4(pick)upapieceofchalkandwroteontheblackboard:“Rule1:Wearefamily!”Allstudentsstopped5(look)ather.AndshecontinuedwithRule2,Rule3...Inthefollowingweeks,Sallyworkedout10classrulesandpostedthem6thewallsoftheclassroom.Shepatientlyexplainedalltherulestothestudentsandrequiredeveryonetofollowthem.7(surprise),Sallywasnotdrivenoutliketheformerteachers;8，shewonrespectfromthestudents.Overtheyears,shewitnessed gradualchangesintheclass.Atthegraduationceremony,just9sheexpected,shewasveryproudtostandwithaclassofcare,mannersand10(confident).1.2.3.4.5.1.7.8•9•10.篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了一名老师通过努力最终将问题班级转化成优秀班级的故事。1.hadquit(ted)考查动词的时态。辞职动作发生在“Shewastold”之前，因此需用过去完成时。2.the考查冠词。“therestof...”是固定短语，意为“其余的……”。3.left考查非谓语动词。过去分词作宾语补足语，表示被动。4.picked考查动词的时态。老师走上讲台，拿起粉笔在黑板上写字，构成并列谓语。and连接三个并列的谓语动作，由walked,wrote可知，此处填所给词的过去式。5.tolook考查非谓语动词。所有学生都停下当时所做的事情来看老师，故使用“stoptolook”。6.on/onto考查介词。把规则张贴到墙上，故使用“post...on/ontothewall”。7.Surprisingly考查词性转换。副词修饰整个句子，翻译为“令人惊讶的是……”。8.instead考查副词。承接前文可知此处表述令人惊讶的是，Sally并没有像其他老师那样被赶出去，反而臝得了学生的尊重。副词instead“反而，相反”，符合语境。9.as考查定语从句。正如她所期待的那样。as引导非限制性定语从句。10.confidence考查词性转换。此处应用名词作介词of的宾语。IV.短文改错 BorninAmerica,ThomasEdisonwasagreatscientistandaninventor.Hewasoncethoughttobeaboywhomwasnotwortheducating.Infact,hewasamanfullofimaginations.IadmireEdisonalotbecausehisgreatcontributionstotheworld.Heissaidtohavingmorethan1,000inventions.Inhislifetime,hewerealwayseagertoknowhowthingsworked.Hewasalsoverydiligentandworkdayandnight.Andthisexplainedwhyhehadsomuchgreatinventions.Successcanneverbeeasyachieved.ProbablyIcan’tbeanotherEdisonhimself,butIwillworkhardtobeaworthyperson.答案：BorninAmerica,ThomasEdisonwasagreatscientistanddu①inventor.Hewasoncethoughttobeaboywhomwasnotworth②whoeducating.Infact,hewasamanfullofimaginations.③imaginationIadmireEdisonalotbecauseAhisgreatcontributionstothe④ofworld.Heissaidtohavingmorethan1,000inventions.Inhislifetime,⑤havehewerealwayseagertoknowhowthingsworked.Hewasalsovery⑥wasdiligentandworkdayandnight.Andthisexplainedwhyhehadso⑦workedmuchgreatinventions.(8>manySuccesscanneverbeeasyachieved.ProbablyIcan’tbeanother⑨easilyEdisonhimself,butIwillworkhardtobeaworthyperson.⑯myself1.去掉inventor前的an考查冠词。前后两个名词同指一个人，所以去掉inventor前面的an。2.whom—who考查关系代词。定语从句部分缺主语，所以应 用who。1.imaginations—imagination考查名词的数。imagination是不可数名词。2.because后加of考查固定搭配。because后面为名词短语，所以加介词of。3.having—have考查非谓语动词。besaidtodosth.“据说做某事”，固定搭配。4.werewas考查主谓一致。主语是he，谓语应用单数was。5.work^worked考查动词的时态。由本句前面的was可知，work应使用一般过去时。6.muchmany考查形容词。inventions是可数名词，其前应用many修饰。7.easy—easily考查副词。此处easily用来修饰谓语动词beachieved。8.himself-^myself考查反身代词。由句子的主语I可知，句意为“我本人无法成为另一个爱迪生”。