初学者必看的英语语法 21页

初学者必看的英语语法一、句子成分（-）初步学习英语句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有重要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语跟同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，普通位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。初步学习英语例如：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）TherichshouIdhelpthepoor.（名词化的幵$容词）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作幵拭主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）(三)谓语：谓语阐明主语所做的动作或存在的特点和状况。动词在句中 作谓语，个别放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其余助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.初步学习英语表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）TheweatherhasturnedcoId.（开溶词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词）Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（畐個）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，正常位于及物动词和介词后 面。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）Howmanydietionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词）TheyheIpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化开溶词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）宾语品种：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才华使句子的意思完整。带有宾语补足语的畸形句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语4•宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（开溶词）Letthefreshairin.（副词） Youmustn"tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（当初分词）WefoundeverythingintheIabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。初步学习英语定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.（名词）HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）（八）状语：润饰动词、形容词、副词或全体句子，说明动作或状态特色的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下情势表示：Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentraneeexamination.（不定式短语） Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语）Waitaminute.（名词）Oneeyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）状语种类如下:Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（起因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesn"train.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目白勺状语）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）Iamtailerthanheis.（比较状语）练习一一、指出下列句子划线部门是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.1shallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabedutifulChinesepainting! 4.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.5.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.6.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.7.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.8.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.9.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.10.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.11.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.12.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.13.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?14.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.15.WouldyoupleaseteIImeyouraddress?16.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.17.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.18.Henoticedamanentertheroom.19.Theapplestastedsweet.二、初步学习英语的填空练习：()1.willleaveforBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather.A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold ()3.Theappletasted.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter()5.Theactorattheageof70.A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.deaded()6.wereallverytired,butnoneofwouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch.A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.1thinknecessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis()9.Thedogmad.A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked()10.1willneverforgetthedayIjoinedthearmy.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where二、简单句、并列句和复合句(-)句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1)陈述句(断定、否定):Heissixyearsold;Shedidn"thearofyoubefore.2)疑难句(个别、特殊、决定、反意):Dotheylikeskating?How oldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can"tshe? 3）祈使句：BecarefuI,boys;Don*ttalkinclass4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的构造可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2）并列句：由并列连词（anctbut,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简略句连在一起形成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.（二）简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g.Heisastudent.2、主语+不迭物动词：e.g.Wework.3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g.Henryboughtadictionary. 4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）:e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）:e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注：其余各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变革或省略而构成。（三）并列句的分类1、表示连接两个等同概念，常用and,notonly...butalso…，neither...nor...,then等连接。e.g.Theteacher"snameisSmith,andthestudent"snameisJohn.2、表示取舍，常用的连词有or,either...or...,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou"lImissthetrain.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for,therefore等。e.g.AugustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvestzsoeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（四）高考考点探讨1、简单句的五大句型是最基础的句型。诚然近多少年单纯考查这种根本句型的题不久，然而在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表白中不最基本的遣饲造句的才干是不可能用地道的英语句子来抒发现白的 2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考察。一个题目，多少个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。3、高考对简单句、并列句跟各种复合句的考核常表现在对连词的抉择和利用上。女□:and,but,or,while,以及其它衔接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时光从句与前提从句中，如果主句是未来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。如:Wewillgooutingifitdoesn"traintomorrow。训练二、简单句、并列句和复合句一、断定下列句子是简单句、并列句仍是复合句：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn"tthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschooIathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit? 1.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.2.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.二、判断下歹U短文中各句是简单句、并歹U句还是复合句:IhopeyouareveryweII().I"mfine,buttired().RightnowitisthesummervacationandI"mhelpingmyDadonthefarm().Augustisthehottestmonthhere().Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.()Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors().WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat().WehaveaIotofmachinesonthefarm().Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim().Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest().Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden().Itdoesn"toftenraininthesummerhere().Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden().Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell().Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden().MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime().Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy().Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside()•It"sgreat()!Americanseatalotofmeat-toomuchinmyopinion()•Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer().1don"t,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty().Inyourletter youaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates().TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates().InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime().HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina()?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep()•Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents().三、取舍填空：1.GivemeonemoreminuteI"llbeabletofinishit.A.andB.orC.ifD.so2.It"sthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenIate,?A.hasn"theB.isn’theC.isn"titD.hasn"tit3.joyfulhewastomeethisbrotheragain!A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Whatan4.Letuspass,?A.shan"tweB.shaIIwe〔.won’tweD.willyou5.1supposehe"sserious,?A.doIB.don"tIC.isheD.isn"the6.Youhadbetternotsmokehere,?A.wiIIyouB.hadyouC.shallyouD.haveyou7.Trainashardasyoucanyou"llwintheswimmingcompetition.A.thenB.butC.andD.or 6.I"msorrytohavetosaythis,youforgottoturnoffthelightswhenyoulefttheroomlastnight.A.andB.butC.soD.because9.Johnhasnotyetpassedthedrivingtest,and.A.Henryhasn"ttooB.HenryalsohasnoteitherC.neitherHenryhasD.neitherhasHenry10.TherearemanysportsIoversinhisoffice.Someloveclimbing,othersenjoyswimming.A.orB.forC.whileD.so11.——Doyoufeellikegoingoutwouldyouratherhavedinnerathome?——I"dliketogoout.A.orB.andC.butD.so12.——"isthetemperaturetoday?"——"It"s38degrees,A.WhichB.HowC.HowhotD.Howhigh13.——Youruncleisn"tanengineer,ishe?——.A.Yes,heisn"tB.No,heisn"tC.No,heisD.Heis14.friendlytoeveryone!A.How,issheB.What,issheC.How,sheisD.What,sheis15.Marywenttobedearly,shefeltverytired.A.orB.soC.forD.yet16.Motheradresswhenshecutherfinger.A.wasmakingB.makesC.ismakingD.made 17.Helayinbedreadsomethingborrowedfromlibrary.A.butB.andC.orD.yet18.——I"dreallylikesomelunchbutIhavesomuchworktodo.——whatyouwantandIcangetitforyou.A.TellmeB.IfyouwouldsaytomeC.YouwilltellmeD.Ifyoutellme19.Asheisstrong,canliftonehundredpounds.A.yetheB.butheC.andD.he20.——Ithoughtyouhadanumbrella.——Ihad,I"velostit.A.sinceB.butC.becauseD.so21.downtheradio——thebaby"sasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn22.——Idon"tlikechickenfish.——Idon’tlikechickenIlikefishverymuch.A.and,andB.and,butC.or,andD.or,but23.——Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight?——I"dliketo,I"mtoobusy.A.andB.soC.asD.but24.Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffeeshallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwise25.Shesetoutsoonafterdarkhomeanhourlater. A.arrivingB.toarriveC.havingarrivedD.andarrived26."Can"tyouread?"Marysaidtothenotice. A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointed27.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,,infactzIwastalkingaboutmydaughter.A.whomB.whereC.whichD.while28.itwithmeandI"lIseewhatIcando.A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave29.——Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,?——ButIfedityesterday.A.doyouB.willyouC.didn"tyouD.don"tyou30.himandthentrytocopywhathedoes.A.MindB.GlanceatC.StareatD.Watch!U、按恳求实现下列句子:1.HedarestotelIthetruth.（改为否认句）2.Theyhavelivedhereformorethantenyears.（对画线部分提问）3.Therewillbeasportsmeetattheendofthismonth,?（实现反意疑难）4.Youmustbecarefulwithyourpronunciation.（改为祈使句）5.Theywentforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening.（改为一般疑问句）6.Itisaninterestingstory.（改为感叹句） 1.Thismagazinecomesout（出版）everyotherweek.（对画线部分提问）2.Theycouldhardlybelievehiswords,?（完成反意疑问）3.Themoonisshiningbrightly.（改为感慨句）10.OurEnglishteacherisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass.（对画线局部发问）初步学习英语答案：训练一:一、1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真正宾语；14、宾语、定语；15、插入语，状语；16、宾语（间宾+直宾）；17、状语，状语；18、形式主语，表语，宾补；19、宾补；20、表语二、1〜5CBDBB6~10ACBAB练习二：一、1、简单句；2、复合句；3、简单句；4、简单句；5、并列句；6、复合句；7、并列句；8、复合句；9、简单句；10、简单句二、Ihopeyouareverywell（复合句）.I"mfine,buttired（简单句）.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI"mhelpingmyDadonthefarm（并歹拘）.Augustisthehottestmonthhere（简单句）.11isthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（并歹拘）Sometimeswegoonworkingafter darkbythelightsofourtractors（简单句）.Wegrowriceinthesouthofhavealotofmachinesonthefarm（简单句）•Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim（复合句）.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest（简单句）.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden（简单句）.Itdoesn’toftenraininthesummerhere（简单句）.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden（简单句）.EveryeveningwepumpwaterfromawelI（简单句）.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden（简单句）.MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime（简单句）.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy（简单句）.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside（简单句）.It"sgreat（简单句）！Americanseatalotofmeat-toomuchinmyopinion（简单句）.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer（简单句）.IdorVt,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty（复合句）JnyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates（简单句）.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates（简单句）.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime（简单句）.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina（简单句）？WelI,Imuststopandgetsomesleep（简单句）.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents（简单句）.三、1〜5ACADD6~10BCBDC11~15ADBCC16〜20ABADB21〜25DDDCD26-30ADDBD四、1.Hedoesn"tdaretotellthetruth.或Hedarenottellthetruth.2.Howlonghavetheylivedhere?3.won’tthere4.Becarefulwithyourpronunciation.5.Didtheygoforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening?6.Whataninterest!ngstory(itis)!或Howinterestingthestoryis!7.Howoftendoesthis magazinecomeout?8.couldthey9.Howbrightlythemoonisshining!10.WhoisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass?