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[基础语法]2012英语四级考试基础语法-倒装练习倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装全部倒装:①当首句为方位或时间副词,谓语动词为go,come等时通常用全部倒装。②如果句首出现了地点状语,句子也可以进行全部倒装。③当句子当中出现分词结构的时候,可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首,把be动词留在中间当作谓语动词,主语放在后面。部分倒装:1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时,这个句子就需要部分倒装。2、当句首为only加状语的时候,这个句子需要部分倒装。3、so......that结构中的so位于句首时,常引起部分倒装。4、句子开头的as处在第二个单词的位置上,表示虽然的意思。5、常见的固定搭配结构中需要用倒装的情况。hardly.....when....;scarcely.....when.....;nosooner....than.....:hardly,scarcely,nosooner
后面一定要用过去完成时,when后面用一般过去时;themore......themore...越....越....;实例练习(1):(1):1.直到他完成使命(Notuntilhehadfufilled/finishedhismission)didherealizethathewasseriouslyill.2.Thewitnesswastoldthatundernocircumstance(shouldhelietothecourt)他都不应该对法庭撒谎。3.Onlyinthesmalltown(doeshefeelsecureandrelaxed)他才感觉安全和放松。hefeelssecureandrelaxed.4.Notonly(didhechargemetoomuch)他向我收费过高,buthedidn"tdoagoodrepairjobeither.5.OnlyafterIfoundoutthetruth(didIrealize(that)hewasinnocent)我才意识到他是无辜的。6.Notuntilthegamehadbegun(didhearriveatthesportsground)他才到达运动场。(2):
1.Amongthereportaremoreoutrageous(令人无法容忍的)findings-aGemanfertilizerdescribeditselfas"earthworm-friendly",abrandoffloursaiditwas"non-polluting",andaBritishtoiletpaperclaimedtobe"environmentallyfriendlier".(05.06阅读)该报道当中,有很多让人无法忍受的发现,如:一种德国肥料被描绘成“对蚯蚓无害”;一种新的品牌的面粉写道“没有任何污染”;还有一家英国公司的卫生纸被宣称为“环保者”。2.Thenonedayafewyearsago,outofmymouthcameasentencethatwouldeventuallybecomemereplytoanyandallprovocations:Idon"ttalkaboutthatanymore.(07.06阅读)几年前的一天,我说了一句话并最终成为我对任何和全部挑衅的回答:关于那个问题我再也不讨论了。3.Deeplyinvolvedwiththisnewtechnologyisabreedofmodernbusinesspeoplewhohaveagrowingrespectfortheeconomicvalueofdoingbusinessabroad.(03.01阅读)与新技术息息相关的是一些现代商人,他们日益看重国外生意的经济价值。实例练习(2):1.ReachingnewpeaksofpopularityinNorthAmericaisIcebergWater,whichisharvestedfromicebergsoffthecoastofNewfoundland,Canada.(06.12阅读)
萃取自加拿大纽芬兰沿岸冰山的“冰水”在北美的受欢迎程度一再创出新高。阅读当中遇到的句型:一般情况下开始出现了地点状语或者是分词引导的一个状语结构,中间出现了谓语动词,后面出现一个主语,主语后面接上一些限定(包括从句、补充说明等),这种形式就是出现的全部倒装的形式。2.NotonlyhasthehighwaysystermaffectedtheAmericaneconomybyprovidingshippingrouts,ithasledtothegrowthofspin-offindustrieslikeservicestations,motels,restaurants,andshoppingcenters/malls.(0606阅读)公路系统不但为美国经济的发展提供了运输路线,还带动了一批诸如加油站、汽车旅馆、酒店、购物中心等相关行业的发展。3.Onlywhenit"sgonedoyouwishyou"vedonemoretoprotectit.(0806阅读)当你失去的时候,你才会希望自己原来能够多做点事情以保护好它。only后面必须接状语的时候,句子才可以部分倒装。eg.Onlyyoucandothisjob.4.Notonlydoweevaluatethecauseofthepain,whichcanhelpustreatthepainbetter,butwealsohelpprovidecomprehensivetherapyfordeprssionandotherpsychologicalandsocialissuesrelatedtochronicpain.(0706阅读)我们不仅要找出疼痛的病因,帮助我们更好地治疗;还要提供综合疗法,治疗与慢性疼痛相关的抑郁症和其他心理与社交问题。
5.HadInotattendedthisworkshop,Iwouldhaveautomaticallyassumedthemanwasthebestcandidatebecausethepositionrequiredquiteabitofextensivetravel.(0906阅读)如果我不是参加了这次讲习班,我肯定会不由自主地认为那位男士候选人更合适,因为我们这个空缺的岗位需要频繁出差。6.Itissaidthatneverbeforehasmanbeensohighlysuccessfulinhisattemptstomodifytheweatheronaverysmallscale.据说人们从来没有过这么大的成功尝试用这么小的规模去描述气候。一般情况下,全部倒装会在阅读中出现,只需要看出结构就可以了;部分倒装在翻译题中也会进行考查,在备考过程中还是要特别的关注。否定:全部否定和部分否定:eg.Allthebirdscannotfly.Notallthebirdscanfly.不是所有的鸟都会飞。1.部分否定eg.Allthebirdscannotfly.并非所有的鸟都会飞。Noneofthebirdscanfly.所有的鸟都不会飞。代词或副词如all,both,every,everybody,everyday,everyone,everything,everywhere等与not搭配使用时,表示部分否定,意思为“并非都是"等。
eg.Allisnotgoldthatglitters.发光的并非都是金子。=Notallisgoldthatglitters.2.全部否定英语中常用not,none,nobody,nothing,nowhere,neither,never等表示全部否定的概念。eg.Nothingintheworldisdifficultforonewhosetshismindtoit.世上无难事,只怕有心人。eg.W:Daddy,I"vedecidedtogiveupscienceandgotobusinessschool.M:Well,itisyourchoiceaslongaspayyourownway,butIshouldwarnyouthatnoteveryonewithabusinessdegreewillmakeasuccessfulmanager.Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?A.Themandoesn"thavemoneyforhisdaughter"sgraduatestudies.B.Themandoesn"tthinkhisdaughterwillgetabusinessdegree.C.Themaninsiststhathisdaughtershouldpursueherstudiesinscience.D.Themanadviseshisdaughtertothinkcarefullybeforemakingherdecision.
实例练习:1.M:Wow,that"sabigassignmentwe"vegotforthepsychologyclass.W:Well,it"snotasbadasitlooks.Itisn"tdueuntilThursdaymorning.Q:Whatdoesthewomenmean?。A.Theassignmentlookseasybutactuallyit"squitedifficult.B.Theassighmentistoodifficultforthemtocompleteontime.C.TheycannotfinishtheassighmentuntilThursday.D.Theyhaveplentyoftimetoworkontheassighment.2.M:IranintoourfriendMarkyesterdayonthestreetandhesaidhehadn"theardfromyoufortwomonths.W:Yes,Iknow.ButI"vebeentoobusytophonehim.Q:Whatcanbeinferredfromtheconversation?A.ThemansawMarkonthestreettwomonthsago.B.ThewomanhadforgottenMark"sphonenumber.C.ThewomanmadeaphonecalltoMarkyesterday.D.Markandthewomanhadnotbeenintouchforsome
time.阅读当中:eg.Researchersdocumentedclaimsofenvironmentalfriendlinessmadebyabout2,000productsandfoundmanytoowagueortoomisleadingtomeetISOstandards.调查者将约2,000种产品上所标有的环保声明记录了下来,发现许多声明要么过于模糊,要么误导性太强,都不符合ISO标准。eg."Humansshouldnottrytoavoidstressanymorethantheywouldshunfood,loveorexercise."saidDr.HansSelye,thefirstphysiciantodocumenttheeffectsofstressonthebody.人们不应该躲避压力就像他们不应该躲避食物、爱情或锻炼身体一样,nomore....than...=not....anymorethan...eg.Butthosecapturedwereanythingbutterrorists,mostofthemillegalimmigrantsfromCentralorSouthAmerica.这些被捕获的人绝对不是恐怖分子,他们之中大多数人只是中南美洲的非法移民。eg.Stickingtothelowendofgovernmentestimates,theNationalResourcesDefenseCouncilsaystheremaybenomorethan3.2billionbarrelsofeconomicallyrecoverableoilinthecoastalplainofANWR,adropinthebucketthatwoulddovirtuallynothingtoeaseAmerica"senergy
problems.国家资源防御委员会坚信政府勘探预测中数据的下限,认为在ANWR的沿岸平原地带可以经济性开采的石油只有32亿桶。这个数量对于缓解美国的能源问题实际上起不到什么作用,简直是沧海一粟。