新概念英语语法精粹 24页

新概念语法精粹GuidetoNewConceptEnglishGrammar（二册初级班）第一章英语动词时态(Tenses)英语时态是英语语法中的第一道难关，攻下此难关是作文、阅读、口语之关键。汉语用不同词表达相应时态，而英语用同一词的不同变化形式表达时态。英语各种时态构成表：以play为例：一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在playplaysisamplayingarehashaveplayedhashavebeenplaying过去playedwaswereplayinghadplayedhadbeenplaying将来shallwillplayshallwillbeplayingshallwillhaveplayedshallwillhavebeenplaying过去将来shouldwouldplayshouldwouldbeplayingshouldwouldhaveplayedshouldwouldhavebeenplaying一、一般现在时：1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。（1）直接加“s”，works，takes（2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”carry→carries（3）以“o,s,x,ch,sh”结尾的动词加“es”goesdresseswatchesbrushes2．功能：（1）表现在的事实、状态或动作：eg:►.Birdsfly.►.Shelovesmusic.►.Mary"sparentsgetupveryearly.（2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，everyweek，seldom，occasionally，frequently等时间副词连用。eg:►.Ialwaystakeawalkaftersupper.►.Shewritestomeveryoften.►.Tomandhisgirlfriendgoouttotakeapicnicoccasionally.（3）表客观真理，格言警句或事实：►.Theearthmovesroundthesun.24 ►.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.►.Twoandtwomakesfour.►.Nomanbuterrs.人非圣贤，孰能无过。（4）表将来：A．在由when，after,before，as，assoonas，although，because，if，evenif，incase，till，until，unless，solongas，where，whatever，wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。（黄金重点，所有考试都不放过它！）例如：►.I"lltellherwhenshecomestomorrow.►.Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,I"llmeetyou.►.Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.（不错的句型，背下！！）►.I"llberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.（很感人的句型！）B．按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。►.Theplaybeginsat6:30thisevening.►.Whendoestheplanetakeoff?►.Heleavesforthatcitynextweek.►.Accordingtothetimetable,theexpresstraintoShanghaistartsatnineinthemorning.（按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。）测试精编1.TheBrowns________anicecarandBrown"sbrother________anicejeep.A.have/haveB.has/hasC.have/hasD.has/have2.Iftheirhouse________notlikeours,what________itlooklike?A.is/isB.is/doesC.does/doesD.does/is3.-________youthinkhewillcome?-Ifit________tomorrow,hewillnotcome.A.Do/rainsB.Are/rainsC.Do/willrainD.Are/willrain4.Thelittlechild________notevenknowthatthemoon________aroundtheearth.A.do/moveB.do/movesC.does/movesD.did/moved5.Manyastudent________fondoffilms,butagoodstudentseldom________tothecinemaA.are/goesB.is/goesC.are/goD.is/go二．现在进行时：is/am/are+现在分词1．表示现在正在进行的动作。如►.Thekettleisboiling.ShallImaketea?►.Don"tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You"reputtingonweight（体重增加）。►.Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeacrosstheriver.2．表现阶段正进行的动作。►.Heistakingphysicsthissemester（本学期）。►.Wearepreparingforourfinalexaminationthisweek.3．go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。►.Look!Thebusiscoming.看！车来了！►.Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andheisdying.►.AliceisleavingforBeijingwithhermother.4．与always,forever,continually,constantly等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩：赞赏或厌恶。►.Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.（他总是想着别人。）24 ►.Theboyiscontinuallymakingnoises.（这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。）►.Theteacherisconstantly(always)criticizingherforbeinglate.（老师一直在批评她迟到。）5．下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。（此条戒律请背10遍！！！）believe（相信），doubt（怀疑），see（看见），hear（听见），know（知道），understand（理解），belong（属于），think（认为），consider（认为），feel（觉得），look（看起来），seem（看上去），show（显示），mind（介意），have（有），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来），require（要求），possess（拥有），care（关心），like（喜欢），hate（讨厌），love（喜爱），detest（憎恨），desire（意欲）【简单记忆】：●永远不要说I"mbelieving...或Heisseeingahouse.再简单一点说，这些动词后面不要随意加-ing.●可怕的是：我们在写作及口语中，常犯此类大错！●注意：haveaparty/thinkabout可以用进行时，因为这里have意为“举行”；think意为“考虑”。测试精编：1.Howcanyou________Ifyouarenot________?A.listening/hearingB.hear/listeningC.belistening/heardD.behearing/listeningto2.Thegirlevenwon"thaveherlunchbeforeshe________herhomework.A.willfinishB.isfinishingC.hadfinishedD.finishes3.Thosewhohaveappliedforthepost（职位）________intheoffice.（此题超前）A.arebeinginterviewedB.areinterviewingC.interviewingD.tobeinterviewing4.Theoldscientist________todomoreforthecountry.A.iswishingB.hasbeenwishingC.wishesD.hasbeenwished5.Ifhe________,don"twakehimup.A.stillsleepsB.isstillsleepingC.stillhasbeensleepingD.willbesleepingstill三．一般过去时。定义动词的过去式：1．表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。►.Wevisitedtheschoollastspring.►.IwenttoschoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.►.Chinawasfoundedin1949.2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。（参）►.Shetoldmethatshewouldnotgowithusifitrainedthenextday.►.Theywouldnotleaveuntilshecameback.►.Myfriendpromisedtomarrymeonceshemadeherfinaldecision.3．一般过去时，现在时和过去时的几组差异：（别以为这很简单，下面的差异你不一定明白。）●Herbrotherwasachemist.（已去世）●Herbrotherisachemist.（尚健在）●That"sallIhadtosay.（话已说完）24 ●That"sallIhavetosay.（言之未尽）●Itwassonicetoseeyou.（离别时用）●Itissonicetoseeyou.（见面时用）●Janedidalotofworkthismorning.（已是当天下午或晚上）●Janehasdonealotofworkthismorning.（仍是上午）［本句现在完成时，此乃后话！］测试精编I：（用所给动词的正确进态填空）。1.YesterdayI________(think)thatyouwerenotinBeijing.2.Aliceusually________(sit)inthefrontoftheclassroom,butshe________(sit)atthebackthismorning.3.He________(tell)thenewstousthreedaysago.4.He________(begin)toteachChinesein1990.5.Shewouldnottelephonemeifshe________(have)notime.测试精编II：1.They________thetripuntiltherainstopped.A.continuedB.didn"tcontinueC.hadn"tcontinuedD.wouldcontinue2.Thelocalpeasantsgavethesoldiersclothesandfoodwithoutwhichthey________ofhungerandcold.（without在这里表条件，你知道吗？）A.woulddieB.willdieC.wouldbedeadD.wouldhavedied3.ItwasnotuntilthenthatIcametoknowthattheearth________aroundthesun.A.movedB.hasmovedC.willmoveD.moves4.Whenallthosepresent（到场者）________hebeganhislecture.（重点题）A.sitB.setC.seatedD.wereseated5.IfIhadhadtime,Iwouldhavewrittentoyou.ButinfactI________not.A.haveB.wouldhaveC.hadD.hadhad四．过去进行时：were/was+现在分词。1．表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。►.Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.►.WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.►.Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.2．用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。►.Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.►.IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasIwasdrivingtoofast.3．过去某时将发生的事。可参考—2（4）►.TheytoldmethattheywereleavingforNewYork.►.HewasgoingoutwhenIarrived.测试精编：1.Mybrother________whilehe________hisbicycleandhurthimself.A.fell/wasridingB.feel/wereridingC.hadfallen/rodeD.hadfallen/wasriding2.He________hislegsashe________inafootballmatch.24 A.broke/playedB.wasbreaking/wasplayingC.broke/wasplayingD.wasbreaking/played3.-Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow.-Ithoughtthathe________today.A.wascorningB.iscomingC.willcomeD.comes4.Jackwasgoingoutoftheshopwhenhecollidedwithanoldwomanwho________in.A.comeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.hadcome5.Michikecouldn"tcometothetelephonewhenMr.Smithcalledherbecauseshe________inthelab.A.hadbeenworkingB.hasbeenworkingC.wasworkingD.worked五．现在完成时：have/has+过去分词1．表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet，just，before，recently，lately（最近），ever，never等,表时间的副词搭配使用。●Hehasn"tseenherlately.●Ihaven"tfinishedthebookyet.2．表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：sofar（迄今为止），uptillnow（直到现在），since,foralongtime（很长时间），uptopresent（直到现在），inthepast/inthelastfewyears（在过去的几年里），thesedays（目前）……►.Hehasworkedherefor15years.►.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.►.TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.►.Sofar,Ihaven"treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.3．某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。黄金要点：I．常见的非延续动词：die,arrive（到达），join（加入），leave（离开），go,refuse（拒绝），fail（失败），finish，buy，marry，divorce（离婚），awake（醒），buy，borrow，lend...（背三遍！）II．这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。III．但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。●Shehasgoneawayforamonth.（误●Shehasbeenawayforamonth（正）●Themanhasdiedfortwoyears.（误）●Themanhasbeendeadfortwoyears.（正）●Howlonghaveyouboughtthebook?（误）●Howlonghaveyougotthebook.（正）4．注意since的用法：►.Theyhaven"thadanytroublesincetheycamehere.►.Ithasbeentenyearssincewemetlasttime.►.Hehasbeenheresince1980.►.Hehasbeenheresincetenyearsago.5．几组对比：24 HehasgonetoShanghai.他到上海去了。HehasbeentoShanghai.他去过上海。Shehasgone.她已走了。Sheisgone.她缺席了。（or她死了。）Thedoorhasbeenclosed.门关上了。（动作）Thedoorisclosed.门是关着的。（状态）测试精编：1.Theprices________goingupallthetimeinthepastfewyears.A.keepB.keptC.havekeptD.arekeeping2.Forthewholeperiodoftwomonths,there________noraininthisarea.A.isB.willbeC.hasbeenD.havebeen3.TodayisJane"sweddingday.She________John.A.havejustmarriedwithB.wasjustmarriedtoC.hasjustbeenmarriedtoD.justhasbeenmarriedto4.Nowondertheflowerhavewithered,they________anywaterforages.A.hadn"tB.haven"tC.haven"thadD.hadn"thad5.Nowadayscomputer________awideapplicationwiththedevelopmentofproductionandscience.A.foundB.hasfoundC.findsD.hadfound六．现在完成进行时：have/has+been+现在分词1．表示从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在且可能延续下去的动作。（最好将此定义读5遍）►.I"vebeenwaitingforanhourbutshehasn"tcome.►.Hehasbeenrunningafterherfor8years.（runafter:追求）2．表某种感情色彩。►.I"vebeenwantingtoseeyouforsomanyyears.►.Who"sbeentellingyousuchnonsense.释惑要点：现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比：现在完成时强调“结果”，而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。►.Ihavethoughtofit.（我已想到了这一点。）►.Ihavebeenthinkingofit.（我一直在想这一点。）►.Jimhaspaintedthedoor.（杰姆已将门油漆过了。）►.Jimhasbeenpaintingthedoor.（杰姆一直在油漆门。）测试精编：1.They________ussincefiveo"clockthismorning.A.arehelpingB.havebeenhelpingC.havebeenhelpedD.havehelped2.I________thebookthewholeday,yetIhaven"tfinishedit.A.havebeenreadingB.havereadC.amreadingD.hadbeenreading3.Pleasecomein.We________aboutyourpaper.A.talkB.hadbeentalking24 C.havebeentalkingD.wouldhavetalked4.Suchnaturalresourcesascoalandpetroleum________.A.graduallyareexhaustedB.arebeinggraduallyexhaustedC.havegraduallyexhaustingD.havebeenexhaustinggradually5.It________almosteverydaysofarthismonth.A.israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining用所给动词正确时态填空。1.Youshouldgotobed.You________(watch)TVfor5hours.2.I________(write)letterssincebreakfast.3.I________(write)3letterssincebreakfast.4.Sorry,butMr.Smith________(leave)forBeijing.5.I________(look)forhimeverywhere,wherecanhebe?七．过去完成时：had+过去分词1．表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。●TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIcame.●TheplayhadbegunbeforeIgottothetheaterwithmyboyfriend.2．过去完成时常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than等固定句型结构中。（此乃超级重点句型，意为：“一……就”）●Shehadhardly/scarcelygonetobedwhenthebellrang.●Nosoonerhadhearrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.（注意nosooner在句首时句型倒装。）3．intend（打算），mean（意味），hope（希望），want（想要），plan（计划）等动词的过去完成时用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。●Ihadintendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenIwasabouttoleave.（……原想昨天去看你……）●Theyhadplanedtoholdafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelitbecausethebadweather.（……原计划上周举行一场足球赛……）测试精编：1.-Let"shurry!Thepresidentiscoming.-Oh,Iwasafraidthatwe________.A.alreadymisshimB.hadalreadymissedhimC.willmisshimalreadyD.havealreadymissedhim2.YourlettercamejustasI________myoffice.A.wasleavingB.wouldleaveC.hadleftD.left3.I________mykeys,Ican"trememberwhereIlastsawthem.A.waslosingB.lostC.hadlostD.havelost4.Nobodyknewwheretheteacher________.A.hasgoneB.wouldhavegoneC.hadgoneD.wouldbegone5.Thesportsmen________trainingfor3hourswhenthecoachtoldthemtobreakoffforrest.A.havebeenB.areC.hadbeenD.were24 八．一般将来时：shall/will+动词原形1．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。●Hewillgraduatefromthecollegenextyear.●Weshallfinishourworkasquicklyaspossible.2．将来时的其它结构：（务必背下！）I.begoingtodosomething.打算做某事。（美国口语中常读作begonna）●I"mgoingtobuyanewcoatthisfall.[begoingto与will的对比：下列情况须用will]●I"llbesixteenyearsoldnextyear.●Itwillbethe20thofAugusttomorrow.●Whenhecomes,Iwillgivehimyourmessage.I.be+todosth.表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。●AmItotakeoverhiswork?●Wearetomeetatthegate.III.beabouttodosth.即将做某事。●Thetalkisabouttobegin.3．重点补充：beonthepointofdoingsth.正要做某事setouttodosth.着手做某事setaboutdoingsth.开始做某事测试精编：1.-"Themeetingisscheduledtobeginat7o"clock."-"But________adelay."A.itwillbeB.there"dbeC.therewillbeD.thereis2.He"llleaveforParisbeforeyou________nextweek.A.willcomebackB.willbebackC.comebackD.cameback3.Ournextmeeting________on1stDecember.A.hasbeenheldB.willholdC.istobeheldD.isholding4.Where________awill,thereisaway.A.therewillhaveB.hasbeenthereC.thereisD.therehasbeen5.It________beWednesdaytomorrow.A.isgoingtoB.willC.isabouttoD.isto九．过去将来时：should/would+动词原形1．表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态。●Hesaidthattheywouldmeetmeatthestation.2．此用法常用于间接引语中。24 测试精编：1.Ontelevisionlastnightthenewscasterannouncedthattheleader________onSaturday.A.isarrivingB.willarriveC.wouldbearrivedD.wouldarrive2.Hetoldusthathewouldbeginthedictationwhenwe________ready.A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wereD.are3.Myaunt________toseeus,shewouldbeheresoon.A.iscorningB.wascomingC.cameD.hadcame4.Theywouldbegivenanewhouseifmore________thenextyear.A.willbebuiltB.wouldbebuiltC.arebuiltD.werebuilt十．过去完成进行时：hadbeen+现在分词表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。●ShesaidthatshehadbeentypingapaperbeforeIcamein.比较：►.Thegirlhadcleaneduptheroom,soitwastidy.►.Thegirlhadbeenclearinguptheroom,sowehadtowaitoutside.测试精编：1.It________forfourdayswhenwearrived,sotheroadswereverymuddy.A.wasrainingB.wouldberainingC.hadbeenrainingD.hasrained2.Hetoldusthathe________theresince1982.A.hasbeenlivingB.hadbeenlivingC.wouldhavelivedD.wasliving3.HehadbeenlearningEnglishfor3yearsbeforehecamehereand________now.A.isstilllearningB.hadbeenlearningC.wasstilllearningD.hasbeenlearning4.Bytheendoflastweek,he________inthecompanyfor10years.A.hadworkedB.hadbeenworkingC.willhaveworkedD.wouldhaveworked5.Notuntilthendidpeopleknowthathe________importantmilitaryinformationtotheenemyforalongtime.A.soldB.wouldsellC.hadsoldD.hadbeenselling十一．将来进行时：shall/willbe+现在分词1．表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作：►.Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?〖比较：〗►.Tomwon"tcutthegrassbecauseheisafraidofbeingtired.（说明意图）►.Tomwon"tbecuttingthegrass.（无意图、仅陈述事实）2．用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。►.Willyoubehavingsupperwithusthisevening?24 3．将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。►.ShewillbearrivingatShanghaitomorrowmorning.►.Thecarwillbegoingatthespeedof100milesanhour.十二．过去将来进行时：should/wouldbe+现在分词表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。►.HeaskedmewhatIshouldbedoingwhenhecamethenextday.测试精编：1.Tomorrow,I________thebookallmorning.A.amreadingB.willbereadingC.willreadD.haveread2.-"Canyouattendthemeetingtonight?"-"No,________themanageraboutsomethingurgent."A.IseeB.I"llhaveseenC.I"llbeseeingD.Icansee3.OfthemillionswhosawHaley"scometin1986,howmanypeople________longenoughtoseeitreturninthetwenty-firstcentury?A.willtheyliveB.theywillbelivingC.willliveD.living4.Hetoldusthathe________visitingJapanbythistimenextyear.A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wasD.is5.It________whenyouwakeuptomorrowmorning.A.issnowingB.willsnowC.willbesnowingD.snows十三．将来完成时：shall/willhave+过去分词表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作。►.Theywillhavebeenherefor5yearsnextFriday.►.Bytheendofnextterm,thestudentswillhavefinishedthebook.十四．过去将来完成时：would/shouldhave+过去分词表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作。Hesaidthattheywouldhavearrivedbyseveno"clock.十五．将来完成进行时：shall/willhavebeen+现在分词表示某一动作将继续到将来某时，且该动作此时尚未发生。►.WeshallhavebeenstayinghereforfourweekswhenTomarrives.►.Itwillhavebeenrainingforaweekifitdoesnotstoptomorrow.［注：此句型过于复杂，人们很少运用，了解而已。］单项自测题（综合训练）1.Simplephotographiclensescan"t________sharp,undistortedimagesoverawidefield.A.toformB.areformedC.formingD.form24 2.Ofallthefactorsaffectingagriculturalyields,weatheristheone________themost.A.itinfluencesfarmersB.thatinfluencesfarmersC.farmersthatitinfluencesD.whyfarmersinfluenceit3.Bytrackingtheeyeofahurricane,forecasterscandeterminethespeedatwhich________.A.isastormmovingB.astormismovingC.ismovingastormD.amovingstorm4.Duringthefloodof1927,theRedCross,________outofemergencyheadquartersinMississippi,setuptemporarysheltersforthehomeless.A.operatesB.isoperatingC.hasoperatedD.operating5.Ofalltheeconomicallyimportantplants,palmshavebeen________.A.theleaststudiedB.studytheleastC.studylessandlessD.tostudytheless6.Duringaneclipseofthesun,________intheshadowoftheMoon.A.theEarthliesB.theEarthwhenlyingC.thattheEarthliesD.thelyingEarth7.Thephotoperiodicresponseofalgaeactuallydependsonthedurationofdarkness,________.A.thelightisnotonB.andnotonlightC.butisnotonthelightD.isnotonlight8.Thewallflower________becauseitsweakstemsoftengrowonwallsandalongstrongcliffsforsupport.A.socalledisB.soiscalledC.issocalledD.calledisso9.Becauseofitsimportanceinmodernliving,________inallpartsoftheworld.A.algebraisstudiedinschoolsandcollegesB.studyingalgebrainschoolsandcollegesC.andthestudyofalgebrainschoolsandcollegesD.inschoolsandcollegesarealgebrastudies10.Sociologistshavelongrecognizedthatsocialtension________.A.elementsfromgrouplivingB.elementsofanormalgrouplifeC.livingareagroupofelementsD.arenormalelementsofgrouplife第二章名词（Nouns）（一）名词变复数：1．规则名词复数形式：在单数名词后加“s”day→daysweek→weeks2．在以o,s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加“es”。hero→heroesbox→boxesclass→classesbush→busheswatch→watches3．黄金重点：I．有些以o结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加“s”。II．以元音字母加o结尾的单词只加“s”。（不认识的单词，请你查词典，懒惰是学英语的唯一大忌。）piano，photo，zero，radio，bamboo，tobacco，solo，cuckoo，dynamo，cameo，soprano24 教你一招☆如果以O结尾的名词有生命力，则该词汇一般加-es。hero，tomato，potato，Negro（黑人）[简记：黑人英雄吃西红柿马铃薯。]4．以辅音加y结尾的名词变y为i再加“es”family→familiescity→cities5．y前面是元音字母只加“s”key→keysboy→boysplay→playstoy→toys6．以f、fe结尾的名词，变f/fe为v加es。calf→calvesknife→knives۩当心当心：I．下列名词直接加“s”。（请大声朗读三遍，然后背下。注意读音！）roof（房顶），reef（暗礁），chief（首领），cliff（悬崖），grief（悲痛），turf（草皮），belief（信仰），gulf（港湾），dwarf（侏儒），safe（保险箱），sheriff（长官），tariff（关税）II．scarf（头巾），wharf（码头），staff（全体职员），handkerchief（手帕）和hoof（蹄）既可直接加“s”，又可变f为v加es.（二）不规则名词复数形式：1.foot→feetmouse→micegoose→geesechild→childrenox→oxenlouse→licewoman→womenman→men2．单复数同形：sheep,deer,fish,means,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,works,barracks（兵营）bellows（风箱）kennels（狗窝）3．一些英语外来词的复数形式：crisis→crises危机analysis→analyses分析oasis→oases绿洲parenthesis→parentheses括号axis→axes轴心ellipsis→ellipses日蚀hypothesis→hypotheses假定synopsis→synopses内容提要erratum→errata勘误误表addendum→addenda补遗、附录medium→media媒体（以上单词熟悉即可）（三）．复合名词复数形式：1．中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数：bookshelf→bookshelveshandful→handfuls2．man和woman构成的复合名词，二者均变为复数。manservant→menservantswomanteacher→womenteachers3．中间有连字符的合成次，在主体词（中心意义的词）末尾变复数：sister-in-law→sisters-in-law24 looker-on→lookers-oneditor-in-chief→editors-in-chief4．下列合成名词在后一个词上变化：sit-in→sit-ins,grown-up→grown-upsstand-by→stand-bystouch-me-not→touch-me-notsgo-between→go-betweens（四）．名词所有格1．在大多数名词末加“"s”theboy"stoy,men"swork2．以s结尾的复数名词直接加“"”thestudents"readingroom3．以s结尾的单数名词加“"”Dickens"novelstheactress"performance4．合成名词在最后一个词上加“s”herbrother-in-law"spiano.Somebodyelse"sbooks.（重要！）【金牌重点】：除用于有生命的人外，“"s”格还可用于度量衡、地域、天体及一些习语中：anhour"sdrive,amile"sjourneytenpounds"weight.Beijing"sweathertheearth"ssurfaceastone"sthrow投石之距离atone"switsend智穷计尽toone"sheart"scontent尽情地byahair"sbreadth千钧一发atasnail"space缓慢地5．双重所有格：如果被修饰的名词前有不定冠词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词修饰。则要采用双重所有格。afriendofmine（名词性物主代词）achildofhersthelovepoemsofyoursister"s注意区别：●aportraitofhermother她母亲的画像（画中人）●aportraitofhermother"s她母亲拥有的画像中的一幅（不一定是她母亲的画像）测试精编：1.Juliewenttothe________tobuyapairofshoes.A.shoesstoreB.shoe"sstoreC.shoestoreD.shoes"store2.Asasafetyprecaution,allcitycabdriverscarryonlyenoughmoneytomakechangefora________bill.A.ten-dollarB.ten-dollarsC.tens-dollarD.ten-dollar"s3.Recently,hehaslostallhis________atcards.A.wageandsavingB.wagesandsavingC.wageandsavingsD.wagesandsavings4.Iwant________.A.adollarworthcandyB.candyadollar"sworthC.adollar"sworthofcandyD.adollarworth"scandy24 5.Thesurroundingsachildgrowsupinusually________aneffectonhisdevelopment.A.haveB.hadC.doD.has第三章形容词、副词比较级和最高级Comparativedegree&Superlativedegree:比较级构成方式：A．adj/adv+er/estpoor→poorer→poorestfast→faster→fastestB．词尾e+r/stlarge→larger→largestfine→finer→finestC．重读闭音节中短元音+辅音词尾→双写辅音词尾+er/est.big→bigger→biggesthot→hotter→hottestD．辅音+y→i+er/estdry→drier→driestangry→angrier→angriestE．多音节形容词及副词：more+adj/advmost+adj/advF．不规则变化：good/well→better→bestbad/ill→worse→worstmany/much→more→mostlittle→less→leastlate→later→/latestlate→latter→lastfar→farther→farthestfar→further→furthest【用法示例】比较级用于二者相比较，由than构成比较状语从句：（1）►.HelooksstrongerthanI(do).►.TheclimateofShanghaiishotterthanthatofBeijing.►.MySchoolbagislargerthanhers.►.Thebookismuchmoreinterestingthanthatone.笔记要点：两个相比较的主语必须相对应。（2）►.Itisgettingcolderandcolder.►.Sheisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.笔记要点：两个形容词比较级由and连在一起，表示“越来越……”（3）►.Theolderwegrow,thepoorerourmemorywillbe.►.Theearlierwestart,thesoonerwe"llgetthere.笔记要点：这种句型结构表示“越……越……”（4）►.Ipreferthecheaperoneofthetwobooks.►.Ofthetwobrothers,heisthecleverer.笔记要点：二者之比较。而Ofthethreegirls,sheisthecleverest.最高级构成方式：三者或三者以上进行比较，“the+形容词/副词est”。(1)Johnisthetallestofthethree.24 Herunsfastestinourclass.（副词的最高级the可省略）ThisisthemostdifficultbookI"veread.(2)Heisclevererthananyotherboyintheclass.（有than时只用比较级）Sheisyoungerthanalltheotherstudents.测试精编1.Sheis________than________.A.busier/usB.busier/weC.morebusy/usD.morebusy/we2.Janeis________thanBetty.A.lesstallerB.lesstallestC.lesstallD.notastall3.John"srecordwasnotsogoodas________inhisteam.A.alltheplayersB.anyplayer"sC.otherplayersD.anyotherplayer"s4.Chinais________countryintheworld.A.thethirdlargestB.thelargestthirdC.thethirdlargeD.athirdlargest5.Shanghaihasalargerpopulationthan________inchina.A.anycityB.allthecitiesC.anyothercityD.allothercities用所给词的比较级、最高级填空：1.Thewindowis________(narrow)ofthetwo.2.Whereisthe________(near)bus-stop?3.Heisoneof________(famous)Politicians.4.Doyouhaveany________(far)questionstoask?5.Tomdrivesmuch________(careful)thanJohn.第四章被动语态(PassiveVoice)1．何时运用被动语态：（1）强调动作的接受者：AmericawasdiscoveredbyColumbus.（2）不知谁是动作的执行者：Youarewantedonthephone.（3）作客观说明：Itissaidthatthemeetinghasbeenputoff.（经典句型）2．主动变被动的基本方法：（说起来容易，掌握起来需要用心！）（1）主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语。（2）谓语动词变为由“be+过去分词”的形式，配合时态作相应变化。（3）主动语态主语置于介词by之后，如无必需，则省略。（4）不及物动词没有被动语态。现在do(does)→am/is/are+doneWekeepthepianointheliving-room.→Thepianoiskeptintheliving-room.过去did→was/were+doneTheybuiltthebridgein1980.→Thebridgewasbuiltin1980.将来shallshallwilldo→will+be+done24 Hewillreadthebooktomorrow.→Thebookwillbereadtomorrow.现在完成havehavehasdone→has+been+doneWehavedeliveredthenewspaper.→Thenewspapershavebeendelivered(byus).过去完成haddone→hadbeendoneShehadseenthefilmbeforeshecamehere.→Thefilmhadbeenseenbeforeshecamehere.将来完成shallshallwillhavedone→willhave+been+doneBytheendofthistermweshallhavefinished80texts.→Bytheendofthisterm80textswillhavebeenfinished.现在进行amamisdoing→is+being+doneareareTheyaredrawingthepicture.→Thepictureisbeingdrawnbythem.过去进行wasdoing→was+being+donewerewereHewasreviewingtheirlessonsatthismomentyesterday.→Theirlessonswerebeingreviewedatthismomentyesterday.情态动词maymaycancanmustmustshoulddo→should+be+doneoughttooughttousedtousedtoYoumustwriteanarticleonthesubject.→Anarticlemustbewrittenonthesubject.测试精编单项选择：1.Sincethefirstspacemission,manycommunicationsatellites________.A.waslaunchedB.arelaunchedC.havebeenlaunchedD.hadbeenlaunched2.Whatkindofadvice________you?A.hasgaveB.wasgaveC.hadbeengiventoD.hasgiven3.Theslave________frommorningtillnight.A.madetoworkB.wasmadeworkingC.wasmadeworkedD.wasmadetowork4.Theconstructionofthelaboratory________bytheendofJuly.A.mustbecompletingB.mustcompleteC.musthavecompletedD.musthavebeencompleted5.Yourproposal________bythecommitteesoon.A.isdiscussedB.hasbeendiscussedC.isgoingtobediscussedD.willhavebeendiscussed第五章非谓语动词24 一．不定式1．定义：具有名词、形容词及副词性质并具有时态、语态变化。2．形式：（以do为例）主动语态被动语态一般时todotobedone进行时tobedoing完成时tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行时tohavebeendoing3．用法：（1）用作主语：TospeakgoodEnglishisnoteasy.or:ItisnoteasytospeakgoodEnglish.（采用形式主语it以避免头重脚轻）Ittookmeanhourtodothework.（2）用作宾语：Shedecidedtotaketheexamination.Ihopetomeethimsoon.（3）宾语补足语：Theyexpectedustohelpthem.Hewantshissontostudyhard.金牌重点：不定式作宾补，如谓语动词是感官动词，使役性动词（see,hear,notice,watch,make,have,let...），则不定式符号“to”须省略，但在被动语态中不能省。Iheardthemsingintheclassroom.Imadehercleantheroom.ThegirlisheardtosinganEnglishsong.（4）用作表语：Toteachistolearn.Hisjobistosellcars.（5）用作状语，表示目的，结果。WecometoschooltostudyEnglish.（目的）=inordertoIhurriedtothestore,onlytofinditclosed.（结果）（6）定语：不定式短语作定语须位于名词之后。Heaskedforapieceofpapertowriteiton.=towriteitonthepieceofpaper.Thepoormanhasnohousetolivein.=toliveinthehouse.Haveyouanythingtodo?=todoanything4．不定式的时态意义：Sheseemstodanceverywell.（现在情况）Sheseemstobedancinginthedancinghall.（正在进行）Sheseemstohavedancedwell.（过去情况）Haswashappytohavebeenstayingwithhisuncle.（动作持续一段时间）5．不定式语态：Thedoctorrecommendedhimtoairtheroom.24 Thedoctorrecommendedtheroomtobeaired.Sheexpectsthepolicetofindherbicycle.Sheexpectsherbicycletobefoundbythepolice.Shefeltabitpuzzledashehadaskedhersuchaquestion.Shefeltabitpuzzledtohavebeenaskedsuchaquestion.6．不定式否定形式：nottodo...Hegotupearlyinordernottomissthetrain.测试精编1.Didyoufindout________thepieoutofoven?A.totakeB.havetakenC.whentotakeD.beingtaken2.Youwouldbeirritatedifyouwatchedthemail________onyourdeskeveryday.A.puttingupB.tobeputupC.topileupD.pileup3.WeshallsetJim________thepassage.A.explainingB.explainedC.toexplainD.explain4.Infact,shewouldratherleaveforSanFrancisco________inLosAngeles.A.tostayB.thanstayC.thanstayingD.thanhavestayed5.MadameCuriesisbelieved________theradium.A.discoveringB.havingdiscoveredC.tohavediscoveredD.todiscover二．动名词：1．动名词定义：具有名词性质，可在句中担任主语，宾语表语，定语，具有所有格作修饰语。2．形式：以do为例doing→beingdonehavingdone→havingbeendone3．用法：（1）主语：Savingiseasierthandoing.Hiscomingherewillbeagreathelp.Itisnousewaitinghere,hehasleft.Itisnogoodsmoking.Thereisnogettingalongwithhim.（简直无法和他相处）……以上例句皆必须要背诵！……（2）表语：Hisjobiskeepingthehallcleanaspossible.Seeingisbelieving.（3）宾语：a.动词宾语：Headmittedtakingthebook.Idomindyoursmokinghere.重磅要点，请读20遍：下列动词须跟动名词作宾语：admit,appreciate,avoid,complete,delay,deny,enjoy,fancy,finish,mind,practice,resent,risk,suggest,allow,permit...特注：以allow为例：allow+doingsth（动名词作宾语）。但可以：Allowsbtodosth（不定式作宾补）。这类动词常见如advise,allow,permit,recommend,etc.b.作介词宾语：Heleftwithoutsayinggoodbyetous.I"mlookingforwardtomeetingyou.（to在这里是介词）（4）定语：readingroomswimmingpoolwalkingstick24 4．动名词复合结构：由名词所有格或物主代词与动名词构成。Hisleavingisagreatloss.Motherdislikesmy(me)workinglate.John"shavingseenherdidnotmakeherworried.注：动名词复合结构多作主语或宾语，作主语是必须是所有格。如上二例，但作宾语时可以用所有格，也可用普通格。（解释得很拗口，请将例句看透即可！）5．动名词时态：Iamthinkingofsettinganewdictionary.（以后）HenevertalkedtomeabouthishavingbeeninParis.（以前）6．动名词语态：Hedoesn"tlikebeingflattered.Iheardofhishavingbeenchosentobethecoachoftheteam.7．动名词与不定式在用法上的几点比较：（1）在begin，start，continue等词后用动名词或不定式区别不大。Hebeganwriting/towritein1980.（2）下列动词跟不定式或动名词所表示意义差别很大，注意使用。（用心咀嚼！）Hestoppedtalking.停止讲话。Hestoppedtotalk.停下来开始讲话。Pleaseremembertoposttheletter.记住寄走这封信。Irememberpostingtheletter.我记得寄出了这封信。Iforgottolockthedooryesterday.昨天我忘记锁门了。（未锁）Iforgottellinghimthenews.我忘了我曾告诉过他这个消息。（做过的事情忘记了）测试精编1.Theworkersfavor________fundstobuildthebridge.A.toraiseB.raisingC.raisedD.rising2.Noonecanavoid________byone"ssurroundings.A.tobeinfluencedB.havinginfluencedC.influencingD.beinginfluenced3.Shedoesn"tfeellike________tonight.A.dancingB.todanceC.danceD.tobedancing4.DoesMrWangobjectto________herthemoney?A.thatwelendB.belentC.lendingD.lend5.Icanstillrecall________withhimmanyyearsago.A.tostayB.tostayingC.tohavestayedD.havingstayed三．分词1．分词的性质：具有形容词性质，可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语，现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行：过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。2．分词的形式：例：write(vt)rise(vi)主动语态被动语态主动过去分词时态现在时writingbeingwrittenrisingrisen/完成时havingwrittenhavingbeenwrittenhavingrisen/3．分词的用法：（1）定语分词置于被修饰名词前24 分词短语于置于被修饰名词后asleepingbaby=ababywhoissleepingarunningdog=adogwhichisrunningabrokenglass=aglasswhichisbrokenabeatenteam=ateamwhichisbeaten（beaten是被打败的意思）Thisistheproblemdiscussedatthelastmeeting.Theproblembeingdiscussedisveryimportant.（2）表语：Thebookisinteresting.Heisinterestedinthebook.Thenewsisexciting.Hefeelsexcited.（3）宾语补足语：WhenIwokeup,Ifoundmymothersittingbesideme.I"dliketohavethispackageweighed.掌握精髓：动词不定式作宾语表示动作的全过程，而现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动概念。（4）状语：（以下例句值得一背！）①Ifyouturntotheleft,you"llfindthestation.→Turningtotheleft,you"llfindthestation.②AsIdidn"treceiveherletter,Icalledherupbytelephone.→Notreceivingherletter,Icalledherupbytelephone.③WhileIwaswalkingtoschoolyesterdaymorning,Imetafriend.→Walkingtoschoolyesterdaymorning,Imetafriend.④Whenshewasaskeditshehadanybadhabit,sheansweredthatshewasaheavysmoker.→Askedifshehadanybadhabit,sheansweredthatshewasaheavysmoker.你知道吗？注意：在运用此类句型时主语前后要保持一致。①Whenschoolwasover,theboyswenthome.→Beingover,theboyswenthome.×Schoolbeingover,theboyswenthome.√②Asmyhomeworkhasbeendone,Ihavenothingelsetodo.→Myhomeworkhavingbeendone,Ihavenothingelsetodo.③Ifweatherpermits,I"llstarttomorrow.→Weatherpermitting,I"llstarttomorrow.④Ifwejudgefromhisface,hemustbeill.→Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.（这里应该是wejudging...，但若主语是we,one,you表示“一般人”，主语可省略）实际上，这里涉及到独立主格结构问题，以后在作分解！4．分词的时态：现在分词一般时表示此动作与主句谓语动词同时发生。现在分词完成时表示此动作在主句谓语动词之前发生。Enteringtheroom,hesawhe.（几乎同时）Nothavingtriedhisbest,hefailedintheexam.（分词动作在前）5．语态：现在分词一般时被动表动作正在被进行，完成时被动强调分词所表示的动作先被完成。Theshipsbeingloadedandunloadedbelongtous.Havingbeenwarnedoftyphoon,thefishermensailedforthenearestharbor.（渔民先被告知而后驶向港口）测试精编Exercises:24 1.The________newsmadethem________.A.excite/excitingB.exciting/excitedC.exciting/tobeexcitedD.excited/excited2.________ananswerfromthecommittee,hewasworried.A.HavingnotgotB.GettingnotC.NothavinggotD.Havingnotbeengot3.________,allthequarrelscametoanend.A.ThelostmoneywasfoundB.WasthelostmoneyfoundC.BecausethelostmoneyfoundD.Withthelostmoneyfound4.Manyofourdreams________impossibleinthepasthavecometrue.A.wereconsideredB.tobeconsideredC.consideringD.considered5.Thehallwassonoisyforthespeakertomakehimself________.A.hearB.beingheardC.hearingD.heard6.Afterawholeday"sheavywork,theoldworkerreturnedhome,________.A.hungryandexhaustedB.hungryandexhaustingC.hungryandbeingexhaustedD.hungryandexhaust第六章英语句型基本结构BasicEnglishSentenceStructures精要：五种基本句型1．主+谓（不及物动词）Mancanthink.Thefireisburning.不可忽视：常用不及物动词有break,breathe,burn,smoke,swim,skate,appear,disappear,work,thinketc.2．主+谓+表语（系动词）Hebecameascientist.Sheisgettingmoreandmorebeautiful.不可忽视：常用系动词：be,get,turn,feel,seem,appear,looktaste,sound,smell,become,go,proveetc.3．主+谓+宾（及物动词）Welovepeace.Theywillpaintthedoor.常用动词有：see,watch,need,love,like,study,answer,carry,etc.4．主+谓+宾+宾补Weelectedhimpresident.Theypaintedthedoorwhite.Iadvisedthestudentstorecitethetexts.王牌重点：常用作宾补的形式：（请将每个例句大声朗读一遍）（1）名词：ThecouplenamedtheirbabyJohnson.（2）形容词：Ikeepthedooropen.（3）副词：Thenaughtyboyknockedthebottleover.24 （4）不定式：Heorderedhismentofire.（5）分词：Heheardmesinging.Isawthevasebroken.（6）介词短语：Theylookonhimasateacher.（7）名词性从句：Iaskedhimwhathewasdoing.5．（1）主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语Myfriendboughtmeagift.Ipassedhimthebook.（2）主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾Myfriendboughtagiftforme.Ipassedthebooktohim.忘记就意味着背叛→常与介词for搭配的动词有：buy,make,doget,play,call,choose,cook,fetch,find,keeporder,save,etc.常与介词to搭配的动词有：bring,give,grant,hand,pass,lend,offer,pay,promise,sell,send,show,each,tell,throw,write,etc.第七章主谓一致PrincipleRulesforSubjectandVerbAgreementI．单数主语：1．当every-,some-,any-,no-等构成的不定代词及each,either,neither作主语时，谓语动词为单数。Someonehastoldmeaboutit.Neitherofuslikesthefilm.2．当every或each位于两个由连接词连接的单数主语前，谓语动词用单数。（必记之要点！）Eachgirlandboyhasanickname.Everymanandwomaniswelcome.3．位于主谓之间的介词短语不影响谓语动词的数，谓语动词须和主语一致。常见介词短语有：inadditionto,togetherwith,aswellas,alongwith,but,except,etc.（这是一几乎所有考试都不愿放过的重点。）Theteacheralongwithhisstudentsisgoingtotheparty.Hisparentsaswellashiseldersisterhavecometoseehim.II．复数主语：1．当主语由and或both...and连接，通常采用复数谓语动词。●Boththegirlandtheboyarehisfriends.2．如主语是both,few或主语前有both,few,several,many等限定词时，谓语动词须用复数。24 ●Severalnovelshavebeenwrittenbyher.●Bothgotthenewsatthesametime.3．下列名词总是复数形式且谓语动词必须用复数。trousers,pants（裤子），jeans,glasses,scissors（剪刀），tweezers（镊子），plier（钳子），scales（天平），compasses（圆规），etc.●Thetrousersherearemine.别忘了：如果以上名词受“apairof”“thepairof”修饰时，谓语动词用单数。Thepairofpantsistoodirty.III．单、复数的灵活运用：1．当主语由neither...nor,either...or,notonly...butalso或or连接时，谓语动词与nor,or,butalso后面的词一致，在英语语法中，这被称之为“就近原则”。●NeitherhenorIamgoingtotheairport.●NotonlyMarybutalsoherparentshavegoneabroad.2．当主语前面有none,all,some,any,most,half,majority等词时，谓语动词则根据主语的具体情况而采用相应的单、复数。Allofthemoneyhasbeeninthebank.(money是不可数名词)Allofushavebeenhere.3．“anumberof”是复数，修饰可数名词，谓语动词为复数，“thenumberof”也修饰复数名词，但谓语动词用单数。（黄金要点！！）●Anumberofstudentshavepassedtheexam.●Thenumberofstudentsinthisclassis50.IV.用作单数的复数形式主语：1．如主语是指：time,money,weight,volume,etc.虽为复数形式，但谓语用单数形式。Twoyearsisashorttime.Onehundreddollarsisneededbyme.2．下列单词如：physics，economics，mathematics，statistics，etc；measles，mumps，herpes，etc，news，ethics，politics，etc.为复数形式，但谓语动词用单数。Statisticsisadullsubject.Politicsisimportant.3．书、报、杂志、电影的名称作主语，谓动用作单数。TheNewYorkTimesisagoodnewspaper.V．下列名词在形式上保持不变，但谓语动词的数取决于其意义：1．family，team，class，committee，group，audience，faculty，etc.Thefamilyisbig.（总体）HisfamilyliketowatchTV.（家庭所有成员）2．species，series，etc.Thespeciesisrare.Thesespeciesarecommon.24 3．sheep，deer，etc.Thesheepareeatinggrass.Thesheepisbig.VI.Chinese,English,French,etc指语言时，谓动是单数，如与"the"搭配，指人民时，谓语动词用复数。Englishisusedwidely.TheEnglishlovepeace.VII.注意下列外来语的单复数形：24单数basiscrisiscriterion（标准）phenomenonradius（半径）alumnus（男校友）datum（资料）medium（媒体）index（索引）appendix（附录）alga（海藻）vita（生命）复数basescrisescriteriaphenomenaradiialumnidatamediaindicesappendicesalgaevitae24测试精编1.Studentstodayarewriting________ofpoetry.A.agreatmanylinesB.quantitiesoflinesC.lotslinesD.alargenumber2.Thebookstorehadnotordered________textsforallthestudentsinthecourse.A.plentyofB.enoughC.asmanyD.enoughof3.—Whatdidyousee?—Wesaw________policethere.A.manyB.muchC.littleD.the4.—Doyouwanttowait?—Twoweeks________toolongformetowait.A.isB.areC.wereD.was5.TheretheyweregreetedbyawomancalledZenobia,________.A.beingabeautifulwomanofwealthandpositionB.whoisbeautifulwomanofwealthandpositionC.abeautifulwomanofwealthandpositionD.andabeautifulwomanofwealthandposition24