英语语法总结 18页

语法总结：句子结构的一致性二.知识总结与归纳：(一)由and连接的两个名词或代词做主语：(1)这部分主语表示的是两个人或两件不同的事物，谓语动词用复数形式。1.MybrotherandIhavebothseenthatfilm.China2.Bothriceandwheataregrowninthispartof.3.Thepoetandthenovelistwerebothpresentatthemeeting.4.Reading,writingandarithmeticarecalledthethreeR’s.5.JoeandBobaresmart.(2)这部分主语表示具有两个身份或性质的同一个人或一个完整的事物，谓语动词用单数形式。1.Theprofessorandwriterisspeakingatthemeeting.2.Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.3.Onemoreknifeandforkisneeded.4.ThestatesmanandpoetwasengagedinwarfareaIIhislife.5.Lawandorderhasbeenestablished.6.Breadandbutterisourdailyfood.7.Fishandchipsisapopularfastfood.8.ThestarsandstripesisthenationalflagofU.S.A.(3)这部分主语前面有each,every,manya,no等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。 1.Eachdoctorand（each）nursewasgivenanewshirt.2.Nosoundandnovoiceisheard.3.Manyaboyandgirlhasmadethesamemistake.4.Everyminuteandeverysecondisprecious.（二）由连i司or,either...or,neither.*.nor,notonly-butalso,连接的两个名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词和离它最近的哪个名词或代词的人称和数一致，这就是就近原则。1.EitheryouorJeanistobesenttoNewZealand.2.NeitherhenorIhavefinishedtheexperiment.3.NotonlyhisfamilybutalsohelikesChaplin"smovies.4.NeitherTomnortheB「ownsenjoytheirjourneytoBeijingowingtothebadweather.5.GeorgeorTomiswanted.注意：Therebe句型中be的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。1.Therearen"tanylettersinthemailforyoutoday.2.Thereisalamp,twopensandthreebooksonthedesk.3.Herearesomeenvelopesandpaperforyou.（三）名词后面带有with,alongwith,togetherwith,besides,except,but,like,including,aswellas,ratherthan短语共同做主语时，谓语动词与这些短语前面的那个名词的数一致。例句： 1.AIIbutonewereherejustnow.2.Alibrarywithfivethousandbooksisofferedtothatnationasagift.3.Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants"wassenttohelpinthiswork.4.YouaswellasIarewrong.5.Theteacher,asmuchastheparents,istoblamefortheaccident.6.ThefactorywithaIIitsequipmenthasbeenburnt.（四）动名词，不定式，主语从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。1.Readingisagreatpleasureinlife.2.Tolivemeanstocreate.3.Thatweneedmoretimeisobvious.1.Whatisneededisfoodandmedicine.（五）表示时间，金钱，距离，重量的复数名词表示数量做主语时，被视为一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。例句：1.Threethousandmilesisalongdistance.2.Fiftykilogrammesisnottooheavytobecarried.3.Eighthoursofsheepisenough. （六）限定词短语allof…;noneof…；alotof…;以及分数/百分数+Of….修饰名词构成的名词短语做主语时，谓语动词的形式由of后面的名词形式决定。例句：1.Noneofthismoneyisyours.2.NoneofthesesuggestionsareveryheIpful.3.1don’tthinkanyofuswantstoworktomorrow.4.1sthereanymoreofthisstuff?1.Two-fifthsofthestudentsintheclassarefromArabic-speakingcountries.（七）集合名词group,class,family,army,enemy,team等名词的单，复数形式根据它们强调的内容而定。1.Theclasswereallcheerful.2.Thearmyisgoingtoremaininthistown.考点与解题思路主谓一致的考查在高考试题中主要体现在单项选择和短文改错两个题型中。同学们在练习和应试时，遇到这样的题时，要牢 记主谓一致的三个基本原则。具体掌握住主语部分的一些关键性的词汇。【典型例题】单项选择：1.E-mail,aswellastelephones,_animportantpartindailycommunication.A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.areplayingD.play分析：A带有aswellas短语的名词做主语时，谓语动词与这个名词的人称和数一致，不受aswellas短语内容的影响。E-mail是单数形式。tothepi2.—Isthereanybodyintheclassroom?No,theteacher,togetherwiththestudentsayground.A.goB.wentC.hasgoneD.havegone分析：c本题考查的主谓一致的内容与上一题相同，从句子的语境判断，应当用现在完成时。3.EitherJohnorhisfriends_toblameforthebadresults.A.areB.isC.wasD.hasbeen其谓语动词勹离分析：Aeither…or..连接两个名词做主语时它最近的名词的数和人称一致，本题中hisfriends决定了谓语动词的形式。4.Theconductorandcomposer_byacrowdofpeople. A.aregreetedB.isgreetedC.greetsD.havebeengreeted分析：B根据句意，主语部分的Theconductorandcomposer是指一个人即：乐队指挥兼作曲家，所以主语的内容是单数形式。1.—Thetrousersyouwell,madam.Butthecolorme.A.fit;don"tsuitB.fits;doesn"tsuitC.fits;don"tsuitD.fit;doesnztsuit分析：Dtrousers,clothes,glasses,等名词本身就是复数形式。谓语动词用复数形式。color是单数，谓语用单数。6.TheSmith"sfamily,which_ratheralargeone,veryfondoftheiroldhouse.A.were;wereB.was;wereC.were;wasD.was;was分析：Bfamily指“家庭”为单数，指“家庭成员”为复数形式。第一空格前的which指“家庭”谓语用was.第二空格后的fondof指“家庭成员喜欢他们的老房子”谓语为were7.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoawinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen分析：D当定语从句先行词是“oneof+复数形式”时，其后 的从句谓语动词用复数形式。而当one之前有theonly时，定语从句则强调theonlyone,谓语动词用单数。另外，题目中的时间状语forthreeyears表明从句的时态为现在完成时。7.Threefifthsofthepoliceintheschoolnearthetown.A.hastrainedB.havetrainedC.hasbeentrainedD.havebeentrained分析：D分数+名词做主语时，谓语动词的形式由分数所指的名词的形式（可数名词或不可数名词）决定，police是集合名词为复数形式，根据句子意思，police与train为被动关系，应用被动语态。短文改错片段:1.Nowmypictureandtheprizeishanginginthelibrary.分析：本句中主语Nowmypictureandtheprize是复数形式谓语动词is应改为are.2.Sometimes,wetalkedtoeachotherverywelIinclass,butafterclasswebecomestrangeratonce.分析：本句第一行，根据全篇内容的语境，应当是一般现在时，所以谓语动词taIked改为taik.第二行：根据句意：我们下课后立刻又成了陌生人。 Stranger应当与主语we—致，改为复数形式，strangers.1.Butnotallinformationaregoodtosociety.分析:主语information是不可数名词，are应改为is【模拟试题】卑项选择：1.EveryboyandgirIaswellassometeacherswhotovisitthemuseumaskedtobeattheschoolgatebefore6:30inthemorning.A.are;areB.is;isC.are;isD.is;are2.SittingatthebackoftheroombutinfrontofsomeoIdmenandwomen_averyshygirlwithtwobrighteyes.A.wasB.areC.wereD.therewas3.Mr.Bush,togetherwithhiswifeanddaughtergoingtoJapannextweek.A.areB.isC.wilIbeD.wouldbe4.Nottheteacherbutthestudentsexcited.A.isB.hasC.areD.have5.Noteveryoneofthehundredstudentswhotookthetest_passed.A.hasB.haveC.isD.are6.Johnis_ofthestudentswhoabletogetthefirstplace. A.theone;areB.theonlyone;isC.one;isD.onlyone;are1.AsIhaveameetingatfour,tenminutes_allthatIcansparetotalkwithyou.A.areB.wasC.isD.were2.Whichofthebooksdoyouthinkbestamongthebest-sellers.A.sellsB.sellC.issoldD.aresold3.—Haseveryoneinyourclasspassedthedrivingtest?-No,onlyYangLinandIwhopassed.A.itwas;hasB.thereare;haveC.Itis;haveD.itis;has4.ofthelandinthatdistrict_coveredwithtreesandgrass.A.Twofifth;isB.Twofifths;areC.Twofifth;areD.Twofifths;is完型填空：WemayIookattheworld,aroundus,butsomehowwemanagenottoseeituntilwhateverwe"vebecomeusedtosuddenlydisappears.1forexample,theneatly-dressedwomanI2toSee—orlookat—onmywaytoworkeachmorning.Forthreeyears,nomatter3theweatherwaslike,shewasalwayswaitingatthebusstoparound8:00a.m.On4days,sheworeheavyclothesandapairofwoolengloves.Summertime5outneat, beItedcottondressesandahatpulledlowoverhersunglasses.6,shewasanordinaryworkingwoman.Ofcourse,17allthisonlyaftershewasseennomore.ItwasthenthatIrealizedhow8Iexpectedtoseehereachmorning.YoumightsayI9her.‘‘Didshehaveanaccident?Something10?"IthoughttomyseIfabouther11.Nowthatshewasgone,IfeltIhad12her.Ibegantorealizethatpartofour13lifeprobablyin-eludessuchchancemeetingswithfamiliar14:themilkmanyouseeatdawn,thewomanwho15walksherdogalongthestreeteverymorning,thetwinbrothersyouseeatthelibrary.Suchpeopleare16markersinourlives.Theyaddweighttoour17ofplaceandbelonging.Thinkaboutit.18,whilewalkingtowork,wemarkwhereweareby19acertainbuilding,whyshouIdwenotmarkwherewearewhenwepassafamiliar,though20,person?1.A.MakeB.TakeC.GiveD.Have2.A.happenedB.wantedC.usedD.tried3.A.whatB.howC.whichD.when1.A.sunnyB.rainyC.cloudD.snowy2.A.tookB.broughtC.carriedD.turned3.A.ClearlyB.ParticularlyC.LuckilyD.Especially4.A.believedB.expressedC.rememberedD.wondered5.A.IongB.oftenC.soonD.much9.A.respectedB.missedC.praisedD.admired 10.A.betterB.worseC.moreD.less11.A.disappearanceB.appearanceC.misfortuneD.fortune12.A.forgottenB.lostC.knownD.hurt13.A.happyB.enjoyableC.frequentD.daily14.A.friendsB.strangersC.touristsD.guests15.A.regularlyB.actuallyC.hardlyD.probably16.A.commonB.pleasantC.importantD.faithful17.A.choiceB.knowledgeC.decisionD.sense18.A.BecauseB.IfC.AlthoughD.However19.A.keepingB.changingC.passingD.mentioning20.A.unnamedB.unforgettableC.unbelievableD.unreal阅读理解Whatexactlyisalie?lsitanythingwesaywhichweknowisuntrue?0risitsomethingorethan?forexample,supposeafriendwantstoborrowsomemoneyfromyou.Yousay,"IwishIcouldhelpyoubutI’mshortofmoneymyself.Infact,youarenotshortofmoneybutyourfriendisinthehabitofnotpayinghisdebtsandyoudon’twanttohurthisfeelingsbyremindinghimofthis.Isthisreallyalie?UniversityofSouthernCaliforniaProfessorJeraldJellisonofthehasmadeascientificstudyoflying.Accordingtohim,womenarebetter Iiarsthanmen,particularlywhentellinga"whitelie”,suchaswhenawomanatapartyteIlsanotherwomanthatshelikesherdresswhenshereallythinkitIooksterrible.However,thisisonlyonesideofthestory.OtherresearcherssaythatmenaremoreIikelytotellseriouslies,suchasmakingapromisewhichtheyhavenointentionofcarryingout.ThisisthekindofIiepoliticiansandbusinessmenaresupposedtobeparticularlyskilledat:theIiefromwhichtheliarhopestoprofit（获利）orgaininsomeday.Researchhasalsobeenoneintothewaypeople’sbehaviorchangesinanumberofsmall,apparentlyunimportantwayswhentheylie.Ithasbeenfoundthatiftheyaresittingdownatthetime,theytendtomoveaboutintheirchairsmorethanusual.Tothetrainedobservertheyaresaying"IwishIweresomewhereelsenow."Theyalsotendtotouchcertainpartsofthefavemoreoften,inparticularthenose.OneexplanationofthismaybethatIyingcausesaslightincreaseinbloodpressure.Thetipofthenoseisverysensitivetosuchchangesandtheincreasedpressuremakesititch（痒）.AnothergesturewhichgivesliarsawayiswhatthewriterDesmondMorrisinhisbookManwatchingcalls"themouthcover”.Hesaysthereareseveraltypicalformsofhis,suehascoveringpartofthemouthwithfingers,touchingtheupper-liporputtingafingerofthehandatonesideofthemouth.Suehagesturecanbeunderstoodasan unconscious（无意识的）attemptonthepartoftheliartostophimselforherselffromlying.Ofcourse,suchgesturesasrubbingthenoseorcoveringthemouth,ormovingaboutinachaircannotbetakenasproofthatthespeakerislying.Theysimplytendtooccurmorefrequentlyinthissituation.Itisnotonegesturealonethatgivestheliarawaybutawholenumberofthings,andinparticularthecontext（情境）inwhichthelieistoId.1.AccordingtoProfessorJellison,a"whitelie〃appearstobeaIie.A.thataretoldtomeantheopposite.B.thataliartellsunconsciously.C.thatthetellertellstoprofitorgainsomeadvantagefromit.D.whichisharmlessandtoldsoasnottohurtsomeoneelse.2.Researchonlyingsuggeststhatwomen.A.aremoreskilledattellinglessseriousliesthanmendoB.tellmoreliesthanmendoC.liketoflatter（奉承）peoplemoreoftenthanmendoD.arebetterattellingliesatpartiesthanmendo3.Onereasonwhypeoplesometimescovertheirmouthswhilelyingisthat.A.theywishthosewordshadnotcomeoutoftheirmouths.B.mouthisverysensitivetophysicalchangescausedbylying. A.theyaretryingunconsciouslytostopthemseIvesfromtellinglies.B.theyregretthattheirIiesmighthurtotherpeople’sfeelings.4.Wecanrealizefromthepassagethat.A.certaingesturescanbeusedasprooftojudgewhetheraspeakerislyingornot.B.politiciansandbusinessmenIiemoreoftenthanordinarypeople.C.somegesturesareproofsoflyingonlyiftheyoccurtoooften.D.thereisnosimplewaytojudgeifpeopletellliesornot.短文改错MyheartsankwhenIopenthefrontdoorandsaw1Mrs.Liu.Whatevershecalled,shestayedforhours2andhours.Butthistime,shestayedforseveralhours3tillnearly6o"clock.IhadhadIotsofhomework4todo.Icouldn"tstandhermorelonger.SoItried5topersuadeherleavewithoutfeelingunhappy.l6askedherthatherhusbandhadgothomefrom7job,andmaybehewasworriedaboutherbeeauseitwasso8_late.But,insteadofleaving,shewasphonedher9husbandtocomeround,too.Whatunwelcomevisitor!10 【试题答案】单项选择：1.C；whotovisitthemuseum作为定语从句修饰someteachers，someteachers在从句中做主语，是复数形式，全句的谓语asked与主语Everyboyandgirl保持一致，是单数形式2.A；主语部分Sittingatthebackoftheroombutinfrontofsomeoldmenandwornen是动名词形式，是单数形式，3.B；主语部分Mr.Bush,togetherwithhiswifeanddaughter中核心主语是Mr.Bush4.C；Not-but…做主语，谓语动词的形式遵循就近原则。5.A；主语是Noteveryoneofthehundredstudentswhotookthetest，Noteveryone为核心主语1.B；定语从句的先行词部分有theonlyoneof，从句的谓语动词是单数形式2.C；tenminutes作为一个整体内容，做主语是单数形式3.A；全句的主语是Whichofthebooks，为单数形式。4.C;这是强调句型，强调部分是全句的主语onlyYanglinandi 后面的谓语动词为复数形式，第一个空是强调句型的固定结构Itis"...who…"10.D;分数所描述的名词thelandinthatdistrict是单数形式完型填空：1.Btakesb./sth.forexample意力“以力例”。在此题中，sb.即为后面的“theneatly-dressedwoman”。2.C由下文可知，作者过去常见到她，但现在见不到她了。3.AWhat*"belike是一习语，意为“什么样”？4.A这女人穿着厚衣服，戴着羊毛手套，说明天气冷，故在此选snowy5.B根据题意可知，此女士夏天一身整洁出现在众人面前。Bringout意为“causetoappear，showclearly”，为正确答案。Turnedout也有“出现”之意，但其后不宜接宾语。6.A从她的装束能明显地看出她的身份。7.C此句意为：以前并不怎么在意，直到没见到她后，我才想起这些的。8.D本句意为：到那时我才意识到我是多么希望每天早晨都能见到她。much表程度。9.B选项A的意思是“尊敬”；B的意思是“思念，想念”；C是“赞美，表扬”：D是“羡慕，崇拜”乙根据前一句，“我”非常想见到她，可判断只有“思念”最合适。 1.B没见她，担心她出意外，或更糟的事。2.A由上下文可知作者想的是她没露面这回事，至于她幸与不幸，不得而知。3.C不见了那位女士，作者才感觉到自己曾经认识她。4.D本句意为日常生活中我们有可能有类似的经历。5.B指天天见面而不知其为谁的熟悉的陌生人。6.Aregularly意为often，由上卜"文可知，此题应选A。7.C在作者看来，这些不经意在我们生活中频繁出现的人是我们生活中很重要的标志。8.Dsense在此意为powerofjudging；judgmerit,practicalwisdom：9.B根据下文可知，作者在这做一假设。10.C从下文可知，passacertainbuilding与passafamiliar…person相对。11.Aunnamed意为不知名的。从前面可知，作者在这儿指的是一个经常见面但不知名的人。阅读理解1.D根据第二段举的例子：suchaswhenawomanatapartytellsanotherwomanthatshelikesherdresswhenshereallythinkitlooksterrible.可知是“善意的谎言”。 1.A根据第二段However,thisisonlyonesideofthestory.OtherresearcherssaythatmenaremorelikelytotellseriousIies口J以反过来理解妇女的谎言的内容。3.C根据第四段Theysimplytendtooccurmorefrequentlyinthissituation可以得出结论。4.D根据最后一段的结尾可以得出结论。短文改错1.open^opened2.Whatever^Whenever3.But一And1.去掉had5.more—any6.her后加to7.that一if8.job^work9.去掉was10.What后加an