英语语法（05动词b） 37页

UnitFive:Auxiliary,Infinitive,Participle（II）Issuesofthisunit:1)Auxiliaryverbs助动词2)Verbinfinitives动词不定式3)Participlesof-edand-ing分词 英语中一共有3个基本助动词：do,have,be和13个情态动词（modalverbs）（Page281）。do作助动词：加在否定词前构成否定句(donot)可以加在主动词前表示强调Dobehonest!Idowantit!have作助动词：主要协助构成完成体等havedonebe作助动词：主要协助构成进行体、被动态等bedoingbedone1)Auxiliaryverbs助动词 这里我们关注的是情态动词，它们分别表示能力、可能、必然、义务、许可、意愿、决心等。Mostlikely,youarealreadyexpertsonwhattheymean.Forinstance:IbelieveIcanfly./Youcanusemycar.Weoughttoabidebythetrafficrules.Itmusthaverained,‘causethegroundiswet.Thetruthwillout. 所以，接下来我们看看一些需要注意的问题。1.canandbeableto:由于can没有多少形态变化，所以表示能力时一般表示现在的能力，而过去和将来的能力一般用beableto(时态的区别)。could虽然也可指过去的能力，但一般不指具体能力。IcanspeakEnglish=I’mabletospeakEnglish.CAFUCstudentswillbeabletowintheCCTVCUP.Thegeniuscould(wasableto)writeatage4.But:Schumacherwasabletodrivetheracingcarwhenhewasachild. 还有：can可以表示机会、条件等，ableto则不能。Everychildcandreamofbecomingthepresident.Shecangotouniversitynotbecauseshestudieswell,butbecauseshedanceswell.注1：在否定句中，cannot=notbeableto;couldn’t=was(were)notableto;could即可指一般能力，也可表示具体能力.Wecouldn’t(weren’tableto)reachthesummitofthemountainbecauseofthestorm.注2：can表示“许可”时不能用beableto替换；如：Youcanalwaysusemytypewriter.Youarealwaysabletousemytypewriter.× 3.那么need的否定是什么？作动词：--DothestudentsneedtosubmittheirtermpaperbeforeFriday?--Notnecessarily/No,theydon’tneedto.作助动词：Youneedn’tmaketwocopies.Onewilldo.Needwecometomorrow?而maynot的含义为“也许不”，例如：Ishereallyright?Hemaynotberight. 4.Dare的用法：1）dare用作实义动词，此时其后的动词不定式可带to也可不带to。Idaretojumpdownfromthetopofthewall.Shedoesn"tdare(to)meetherteacher"seyes.2）dare用作情态动词，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中。Howdareshedothingslikethattome?Dareyoucatchthemouse?---Idaren"tdothat. 5.情态动词＋不定式进行或完成体,表示推测或可能性：Theymay(might)beleavingtomorrowmorning.Hemayhavemissedthetrain.Youcouldn"thavemetsisterMary.Shediedbeforeyouwereborn.It’ssolate,andhecan’tbestillworking.Sincetheditchisfullofwater，itmusthaverainedlastnight.表示与设想相反的事态：Sheshouldhaveletmeknowitsooner.Imighthavehelpedhersome.Ihaveneverexpectedthatthepickpocketshouldhavereturnedmypurse!ItisreallyatragedythattheYangtseRiverdolphinshouldhavebeenextinct. 6.can，could，may，might都可以表示可能性can，could表示潜在的可能性或理论上或逻辑判断上存在的可能性；而may，might则表示事实上的可能性。此外，can还具有“有能力”的意思，而may与might则不具此意。例如：Accordingtotheweatherforecast，itmayraintomorrow.Anymanwithalittlesensecanseethatheiswrong. 1)1)Thephoneisringing,_______________(但是没人接听。她一定不在家)2)Ican’tfindmysunglasses. Imayhavelefttheminthecoffeeshopyesterday_______________(我可能昨天落在咖啡店里了).3)Youscreamedinyoursleeplastnight.youmusthavedreamedofsomethingterrible_______________(你一定梦见什么可怕的东西了).4)It’sapity.Youshouldhaveinvitedhertoyourgraduationceremony_______________(你本应该邀请她来参加你的毕业典礼的).5) Ineedn’thaveputonmybestsuittogototheparty_______________(其实我没必要穿上我最好的套装去参加那次聚会的);mostoftheguestswerewearingjeansandsweaters. 2)Verbinfinitives动词不定式1.to+动词原形的时、体、态：WestillalongwaytogoinlearningEnglish.Thatnightowlissaidtobesleepingatlunchtime.Therescueteamwastoolatetocomeandthevictimswerefoundtohavedied.Thetrafficaccidentisreportedtohavebeencausedagainbydrunkdriving.2.不定式一般带有to，但也有不带to的场合：（Pages325-329）Gogetmybeer! 下面这些动词前需要加“to”吗:1.Godsaid:“Letthere_belight!Andthereislight.”2.We’drather_dieonourfeetthan_liveonourknees!3.Wecannotbut_marvelathumanslandingonthemoon.4.Icoulddonothingbut_wait．5.Youhadbetter_doyourjobwell,oryougetfired.6.Sorrythatyouhavetomake_dowiththepoorlivingconditionshere. 7.Theneighborsseeher_sleepwalkalmosteverynight.8.Sheisseen_sleepwalkalmosteverynightbytheneighbors.9.It’simportanttorelyonourselvesratherthan_waitforhelpfromothers.10.Ratherthan_riskbreakinguphismarriagehetoldhiswifeeverything.11.EverybodysaysI‘dmakeagreatengineerbutwhatIreallywanttodois_write．12.Wemustn"tlet_slipsuchanopportunity. 3.“to”后面动词的省略Youmaygoondaydreaming,ifyouwantto.I’mnotbeingperfunctory.Ineverwanttobe.Theyhavenotfoundanythingastheyexpectedtohave.4.区分不定式“to”与介词“to”；(pp.334-338)Ilookforwardtohearingfromyou.Theboyswearstolovethegirlallhislife.TheboyswearstohavingwitnessaUFO.Theswimmerusedtowarmupbeforeamatch.Theswimmerwasusedtowarmingupbeforeamatch. Someexercises:1.I’mnotaccustomedto(burn)midnight’soil.2.Icamenearto(tell)himthewholetruth,butthenthoughtbetterofit.3.Inpolicedepartment,theboywitnessedto(have)seenthedrunkendriveroftheBMW.4.Hewastheonlyonewhoobjectedto(resume)thejourneyrightaway.5.Finally,thecandidateresignedto(lose)thecampaign.6.Whattheteacherhassaidisthekeyto(do)theexperiment. 5.不定式与形容词、名词、动词搭配使用Thesearewhatyouhavealreadylearned.Thestructuresareusually:be+adj.+todosth.be+NP+todosth.VP+todosth.e.g.:Dogsareeasytokeepaspets.ThisismyfirsttimetoteachEnglishgrammar.Iconsiderallofyoutobehoneststudents. 6.“to”的一个特例：Ahumanbeing,inthetruesenseoftheword,shouldeattolive,butnotlivetoeat.TheRedArmyarrivedattheJinshajiangRiver,onlytofindthattherewasnoboatonit.todo表示目的；onlytodo却表示结果。 1.没有钱的时候，人都努力为金山银山而奋斗；真的有了很多钱，却觉得还不如挣一个吃一个的时候幸福。Withanemptypocket,onestrivesforanoceanofwealth,buthehashispocketfull,onlytofindthathe’snohappierthanthetimewhenhelivesfromhandtomouth. 2.纳粹法西斯曾试图征服世界，到头来却以惨败而告终。TheNazifascistsattemptedtoconquertheworld,onlytoendupinfiasco. 3.我们都想追求完美，结果发现世界上没有最好，只有更好。Weallendeavortobeperfect,onlytorealizethatthereisonlysomethingbetter,andnothingthebest. 4.他很自私，不愿为孤儿们做任何事情。Itwasselfishofhimnottodoanythingfortheorphans. 4.她做了这么多牺牲是为了送她的孩子进大学。Shehassacrificedsomuchinordertosendherkidtotheunicersity. Pointstonotice:1.主动与被动的问题：Ihavealotofbookstoread.Thisisagoodbooktoread.(Cf.Thisisagoodbooktobereadbyveryyoungchildren.)Tomiseagertoplease.Tomiseasytoplease.Wehavenotimetolose(tobelost). 2.转换为it结构，有的可以，有的不可以：Oneistoofoolishtomakethesamemistakesagain.Itisfoolishtomakethesamemistakesagain.But:Sheischarmingtolookat./Itischarmingtolookather.×Theriveristoonarrowtosailup./Itistoonarrowtosailuptheriver.×Key:“it”是个傀儡主语，真正的主语是“todo”结构。比较：ItiscomfortabletosleeponGreatWallmattress.ItisbittertodrinkBraziliancoffee.(×) 3.同词根的词结构一般相同：Iamabletodoit.Ihavetheabilitytodoit.Thevictim’sfamilyaccusedSimpsonoffirst-degreemurder.TheaccusationagainstSimpsonoffirst-degreemurderhasbeenreported.Speakingdiffersfromwriting.Speakingisdifferentfromwriting.Ourhappinessdependsontheothers’smile.Ourhappinesshasitsdependenceontheothers’smile. Pointstoknowabout-ingparticiple:1.有的动词后面只能跟-ing，不能跟todo。p.356e.g.:escape,avoid,insiston,admit,giveup…特别是：VP+NP+into(from)+-ing结构：MyparentstalkedmeintogoingtoSCU.Let’shoaxthekidintogoingtobed.Parentsshouldkeeptheirchildrenfromdangers.Thereisnowaywecanstoptheaccidentfromhappening.3)Participlesof-edand-ing分词 2.既能带todo，又能带-ing的动词分为两类：p.366a)意义差别不大者：attempt,begin,deserve,hate,Plan,intend,love,start,require,etc.Idon’tliketoswiminsuchabadweather.Idon’tlikeswimminginsuchabadweather.TheTVsetneedsrepairing.TheTVsetneedstoberepaired. b)意义不同者：P367forget,remember,goon,leaveoff,stop,regret,meanIremember(forgot)tellinghimaboutit.I’llremembertotellhimaboutit.Westoppedhavingourcoffee-breakat10a.m.Westoppedtohaveourcoffee-breakat10a.m.Don’tyouevertryusingdrugs!Notevenonce!Hetriedtomovethestone,butitwastooheavy. Pointstoknowabout-edparticiple:1.differentsemanticmeaningfrom-ingparticiple:p.374aninterestingshowtheinterestedaudienceavanishinglanguageavanishedlanguagepolishingoilpolishedshoesadevelopingcountryadevelopedcountryboilingwaterboiledwaterThetimeyouenjoywastingisnotwastedtime.Iseethestudentslininguponthesquare.Iseethestudentslineduponthesquare.Ifindherchanginginmanyways.Ifindherchangedinmanyways. 2.少数几个过去分词作形容词和作补语时，所用的形态可能不同。p.376-377Adrunkendriverisonewhodriveswhenheisdrunk.Blessedarethosewholivetheirlivesinblessedcalmness.Whenacandleislit,itisalightedcandle.3.有些词（have）后的动词需要留意：Ihavemyhaircut./Ihavehimcutmyhair.makesth.understood/makesb.understandsth. 最后：Danglingparticiples(悬垂分词结构)悬垂分词又叫无依着分词，只-ed或-ing分词结构找不到它的逻辑主语而处于“悬垂状态”。一般，分词从句的逻辑主语是主句的主语：Sleepinginthecradle,theinfantissopeaceful.Defeatedinthematch,theathleteisinabadmood.但有时，这种关系不存在，语句可能导致误解：Rotteninthecellar,hethrewthepotatoesaway.Openingthecupboard,theskeletonfellout.Walkinginthepark,theflowersarebeautiful. 悬垂分词结构的可接受性：一般尽量避免，但如果不影响句意理解，在严谨性要求不高的文体中可以使用，如：Havingfailed,itseemstohimthattheworldhascometoitsdoomsday.另有一些是约定俗成的表达结构，已被接受，如：Generallyspeaking,northernersaretallerthansoutherners.Judgingbytheaccent,themanisfromGuangzhou. （1）悬垂分词作状语表示说话人的看法。例如：Judgingfrom（或by）hisaccent,hemustbefromLondon.Strictlyspeaking,thatschoolisnotveryold.Heleadsaveryactivelife,consideringhisage.以上句中的悬垂分词作状语，这类状语也可看作为独立成分(IndependentElement)。（2）悬垂分词的逻辑主语是泛指，而不是特指。例如：Whenpackingthegoods,greatestcaremustbegiventoreinforcingthecasesasanydamageintransitwouldcauseusheavylosses.该例句中的packing不是特指某一个包装者，而是泛指包装者。又如：Whendrivingcarelessly,itiseasytohaveanaccident.此句中悬垂分词driving的逻辑主语并不是某个具体的开车人，而是泛指开车人。 (3)悬垂分词的主语隐含在句义中。例如：Standingonthetower,thewholetowncouldbeseen.Fallingdownfromthebike,mylegswerehurt.该句中Falling的主语也是隐含在句义中，不难看出，它的主语是“I”。(4)已变成介词的悬垂分词。例如：Theyhadaheateddiscussionconcerningcertainlinguisticproblems.Hesolvedaseriesofproblemsregardinghowtocarryoutguerrillawarfareintheenemy’srear.目前，一些英语词典上已将concerning和regarding等这样的悬垂分词注明是介词（prep.） （5）已成为连词的悬垂分词。例如：Supposingwelose,whatthen?Grantedthathesaidso,hemaynotkeephispromise.在以上两个例句中，悬垂分词Supposing和Granted分别为这两个句子的从属连词，类似的还有：Given；Provided/Providing;Assuming;等等。例如：Provided/ProvidingIamwellenough,Iwillcome. ThisistheendoftheLecture.Seeyounextweek!Pleasepreviewthetextbookinthisorder:形容词、副词、介词